2023 Nepal earthquake explained

2023 Nepal earthquake
Timestamp:2023-11-03 18:02:54
Anss-Url:us7000l8p5
Isc-Event:635879604
Local-Time:23:47 NPT (UTC+5:45)
Magnitude:5.7
6.4
Depth:32.6km (20.3miles)
Affected:Nepal, India
Damages:Severe
Aftershocks:109 (3 above magnitude 4.0,[1] and another measuring 5.3)
Casualties:
  • 153 dead, 375 injured (mainshock)
  • 16 injured (6 November event)

A moment magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck Jajarkot District, Karnali Province, Nepal, at 23:47 NPT (18:02 UTC) on 3 November 2023, killing 153 people and injuring at least 375.[2] [3] [4] [5] The earthquake was widely felt in western Nepal and northern India, and is the deadliest to strike the country since 2015.[6]

Tectonic setting

Nepal lies in the Himalayas, where earthquake activity is associated with ongoing continental collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. These plates converge at a rate of per year. The Indian Plate is thrusted beneath the continental crust of the Eurasian Plate, forming thrust faults along the collision zone. The Main Frontal Thrust predominantly accommodates this motion. Earthquakes along these thrust faults have been devastating in historic times.[7]

Based on a study published in 2013, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a magnitude 8 or larger earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[8] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, large earthquakes such as the 1934 and 2015 events in Nepal may be connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[9] A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s.[10]

Earthquake

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the earthquake had a magnitude of 5.7 and a depth of 32.6km (20.3miles). Nepal's National Earthquake Monitoring and Research Center recorded the earthquake at 6.4 on the local magnitude scale .[11] The epicenter was estimated to be in Ramidanda, in Jajarkot District. The fault plane solution was determined to be reverse faulting along a northwest–southeast trending plane dipping either northeast or southwest.[4] At least 483 aftershocks were recorded following the mainshock.[12] At least six of them were of magnitudes above 4.0.[13] A magnitude 5.3 aftershock occurred on 6 November.[14]

Impact

At least 153 people were killed; 101 deaths occurred in Jajarkot District while 52 deaths occurred in Western Rukum District.[15] The deputy mayor of Nalgad Municipality in Jajarkot, Sarita Singh, was among the fatalities.[16] At least 78 or nearly half of those killed were children.[17] A total of 51 people died in the municipality while 200 houses were destroyed.[18] Another 375 people were injured. Dr. Mandip Subedi, President of Nepal Geotechnical Society, Nepal, who visited the earthquake-affected area immediately after the earthquake, highlighted that despite the earthquake's relatively low magnitude, the high levels of damage and casualties were attributed to substandard construction in the region and because it occurred at night when people were asleep. Many of the collapsed houses were made of stacked logs and rocks.[19]

About 62,039 houses were affected across thirteen districts of Nepal, of which 26,550 collapsed,[20] mostly in Rukum West District.[21] Forty-two people, including five members of a single family were killed and 100 others were injured in Aathbiskot.[22] [23] More than 5,000 houses were damaged or destroyed in the municipality.[24] Eight others died in Sani Bheri. At least 40 percent of houses near the epicenter were damaged.[25] At the earthquake's epicenter in Barekot municipality, only five injuries were reported and no fatalities, while nearly all 3,500 houses in the municipality were damaged, 1,000 of them severely.[26] Several homes were damaged or destroyed in Jajarkot District. Among municipalities severely affected were Bheri, where 42 people died and 344 houses were destroyed, Kushe, where seven died and 95 houses were destroyed, and Chedagad, where one person died and 100 houses were destroyed.[26] [16] At least 13 people died in Chiuri, and the village's 40 houses were either destroyed or heavily damaged.[27] In Chiuritol, 13 people were also killed while 56 houses were destroyed. Five houses in Junichande and one house in Shivalaya were also destroyed.[28]

Nepalese officials said around 5,000 houses were damaged and 3,000 more were destroyed.[29] In Western Rukum, 2,136 houses were destroyed, 2,642 houses were partially damaged and 4,670 houses sustained minor damage. The total damages in the district was estimated at more than US$500 Million. In Jajarkot, 905 houses were destroyed and 2,745 partially damaged. Three major landslides damaged the Pasagad-Rimna section of the Bheri Corridor running from Jajarkot to Dunai, while another landslide was reported at the Khalanga-Panchkatiya section. A bridge in Rimna in Jajarkot suffered minor damage.[30] A total of 91 schools were destroyed and 122 partially damaged by the earthquake. In Jajarkot, 213 school buildings were damaged.[18] The earthquake also destroyed at least 20 healthcare facilities, including a district hospital and four maternal delivery centres.[31] Around 67,000 families were displaced in Jajarkot,[32] while 2,400 were displaced in Darma. Several deaths were subsequently reported among the displaced due to exposure and cold-related illnesses in the succeeding weeks.[33]

Injuries and damage were also reported in Dailekh, Salyan and Rolpa Districts.[34] In Salyan, around 100 houses were destroyed in Darma municipality, while 30 were destroyed in Kumakh municipality.[28] At least 100 people were injured in Western Rukum while many injuries were recorded in Jajarkot.[5] The Jajarkot district hospital was described as being packed with injured patients.[35]

The earthquake was also felt by residents in Kathmandu.[36] Shaking was felt in the Indian cities of Lucknow, Patna[37] and New Delhi, causing people to panic and flee buildings.[38] In the cities of Bahraich and Jaipur, many houses and buildings, including two hotels, were cracked.[39] [40]

The 6 November aftershock injured 16 people and collapsed three houses in West Rukum and Jajarkot districts. Landslides blocked roads near Rimna.[41] [42] [43]

Response

Domestic

Narayan Prasad Bhattarai, the spokesperson for the Nepalese Home Ministry, said that security forces had been deployed to the area.[37] Helicopters were also deployed to deliver humanitarian aid and staff, while soldiers were sent to clear roads blocked by landslides. At a hospital in Nepalgunj, more than 100 beds were allotted in standby for earthquake victims.[44] A member of Western Rukum's police department said search and rescue teams had to remove landslide debris in order to reach the affected area.[3]

President Ram Chandra Poudel expressed sadness over the loss of human lives and property in the earthquake and appealed to the government and others concerned for effective rescue and relief work in affected areas.[45] He later postponed his ten-day visit to France, Italy and Germany that was scheduled to start on 8 November and cancelled his participation at the Paris Peace Forum on 10–11 November, citing the ongoing situation.[46] Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal also expressed "his deep sorrow over the human and physical damage caused by the earthquake".[37] On 4 November, he visited the area on a helicopter accompanied by a 16-member army medical team.[47] A total of 41 medical workers were sent to the affected areas.

Officials also announced communications with villages of Jajarkot District could not be restored.[48] Helicopters with medical teams and medicines were prepared to fly into the affected area when weather conditions improved.[49] Light aircraft were also requested to be on standby in participating in emergency missions.[50] The Nepalese Army later managed to deploy five helicopters and an aircraft. Nepal Airlines also helped in medical evacuations.[51] The severely injured were airlifted to Kathmandu, Surkhet and Nepalgunj. People with minor injuries were treated at local medical centers and district hospitals.[52]

About 4,000 personnel from the Nepalese Army, Police and Armed Police Force participated in search and rescue operations,[53] while the national government approved a Rs 100 million fund to support in these missions. The fund was divided into Rs 50 million allocated to West Rukum and Jajarkot districts. It also said it would provide free medical treatment to earthquake victims and provide Rs200,000 each to families of those killed,[54] as well as Rs50,000 each to displaced families to be used in the construction of temporary housing.[55] The government of Bagmati Province also pledged Rs 15 million to support the affected population in Jajarkot. The Nepali Congress party also pitched Rs 5 million in financial aid for the national government.[56] Buddha Air granted Rs 10,000,000 for earthquake victims.[57]

Search and rescue operations ended 36 hours after the earthquake, on 5 November. In Jajarkot District, an official said the emphasis was providing assistance to survivors.[58] Nepal Telecom said voice, SMS and Wi-Fi services would be free for its customers in Rukum East, Rukum West and Jajarkot Districts for five days to facilitate information exchange.[59] The Ministry of Health and Population requested additional food aid from the World Food Programme and UNICEF to distribute in affected areas.[60]

International

Countries

Supranational political and economic union

International organizations

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: 109 earthquake shocks in Jajarkot . जाजरकोटमा भूकम्पका १०९ धक्का . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104100251/https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2023/11/04/439288.html . live .
  2. Web site: 5 November 2023 . Nepal Earthquake Today Live: Death toll rises to 128 as strong quake rocks northwestern Nepal, termors felt in Delhi . 5 November 2023 . The Times of India . en . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104210814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/earthquake-in-nepal-live-updates-dead-toll-rise-several-injured-rescue-search-operation-jajarkot-village-kathmandu/liveblog/104954627.cms . live .
  3. News: At least 119 killed as magnitude 5.6 quake hits western Nepal. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. Al Jazeera. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104053916/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/at-least-69-killed-as-magnitude-5-6-quake-hits-western-nepal. live.
  4. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.7 – Nepal. 3 November 2023. 3 November 2023. United States Geological Survey. 3 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103182212/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000l8p5/executive. live.
  5. Web site: Earthquake in Western Nepal Kills More Than 130. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. The New York Times. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104010241/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/world/asia/nepal-earthquake.html. live.
  6. News: Scores dead after worst earthquake in Nepal since 2015. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. The Japan Times. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104101621/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/11/04/asia-pacific/nepal-earthquake/. live.
  7. Turner . Bethan . Jenkins . Jennifer . Turner . Rebecca . A.L. . Parker . Alison . Sinclair . Sian . Davies . G.P. . Hayes . Antonio . Villaseñor . R.L. . Dart . A.C. . Tarr . K.P. . Furlong . H.M. . Benz . Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010 Himalaya and Vicinity . 4 November 2023 . United States Geological Survey . Open-File Report 2010‒1083–J, Ver. 1.1 . 2013 . 21 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921012748/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/j/ . live .
  8. Return period of great Himalayan earthquakes in Eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust . Journal of Geophysical Research . 10.1002/2014JB010970 . L. Bollinger . S. N. Sapkota . P. Tapponnier . Y. Klinger . M. Rizza . J. Van der Woerd . D. R. Tiwari . R. Pandey . A. Bitri . S. Bes de Berc . 2014 . 2014JGRB..119.7123B . 119 . 9 . 7123–7163 . 10220/25516 . 56236286 . 4 November 2023 . 26 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054141/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110591/file/2014JB010970.pdf . live .
  9. News: Nepal quake 'followed historic pattern'. 27 April 2015. BBC. 4 November 2023. 17 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230817050622/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32472310. live.
  10. Men . Ke-Pei . Zhao . Kai . The 2015 Nepal M8.1 earthquake and the prediction for M ≥ 8 earthquakes in West China . Natural Hazards . 82 . 3 . 1767–77 . 2016 . 10.1007/s11069-016-2268-2 . 2016NatHa..82.1767M . 130330089 .
  11. Web site: Earthquakes - 2023 . 14 November 2023 . National Earthquake Monitoring & Research Center . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106192457/https://seismonepal.gov.np/earthquakes . 6 November 2023.
  12. News: Nepal earthquake: Thousands spend night outdoors in cold . 11 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . 12 November 2023 . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112060347/https://kathmandupost.com/karnali-province/2023/11/11/seismologists-install-equipment-collect-data-from-affected-areas-to-study-quakes . live .
  13. News: Nepal earthquake: Thousands spend night outdoors in cold . 5 November 2023 . BBC . 6 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105120612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67325672 . live .
  14. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.3 - 37 km ENE of Dailekh, Nepal. 6 November 2023. 6 November 2023. United States Geological Survey. 7 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231337/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000l94m/executive. live.
  15. News: Earthquake death toll revised to 153 . 6 November 2023 . Republica . 6 November 2023 . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231338/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/earthquake-death-toll-revised-to-153/ . live .
  16. News: Scores dead as 6.4M earthquake jolts west Nepal . 4 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104093901/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/04/scores-reported-dead-as-6-4m-earthquake-jolts-jajarkot . live .
  17. News: Almost half of deceased in quake were children . 6 November 2023 . Nepal Live Today . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102742/https://www.nepallivetoday.com/2023/11/06/almost-half-of-deceased-in-quake-were-children/ . live .
  18. News: Death toll in Jajarkot earthquake revised to 153 . 6 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106082447/https://kathmandupost.com/karnali-province/2023/11/06/death-toll-in-jajarkot-earthquake-revised-to-153 . live .
  19. Web site: Binaj Gurubacharya . Nepal rushes aid and rescue operations after strong quake shakes its northwest, killing at least 157 . 5 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104154554/https://apnews.com/article/nepal-india-earthquake-katmandu-new-delhi-e3fbed76b72419339d3c0edd9ad44ee2 . live .
  20. Nepal: Western Nepal Earthquake 2023 - Situation Report No. 02, as of 10 November 2023. 10 November 2023. 10 November 2023. ReliefWeb. OCHA. 3 December 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231203062706/http://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-western-nepal-earthquake-2023-situation-report-no-02-10-november-2023. live.
  21. Web site: Jajarkot earthquake damaged 35 thousand houses in 12 districts, how much? (list). जाजरकोट भूकम्पले १२ जिल्लाका ३५ हजार घरमा क्षति, कहाँ कति? (सूची). 7 November 2023. 7 November 2023. Nepal Khabar. ne. 7 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107122206/https://nepalkhabar.com/society/182748-2023-11-7-12-0-28. live.
  22. News: Twenty-two dead after Nepal struck by 6.4 quake . 3 November 2023 . 3 November 2023 . Devdiscourse . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103234708/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/science-environment/2702552-twenty-two-dead-after-nepal-struck-by-64-quake . live.
  23. News: Jajarkot Earthquake Update: Eight twenty Kotma rescue operations completed, 42 dead, 100 injured. जाजरकोट भूकम्प अपडेट : आठबीसकोटमा उद्धार कार्य सकियो, ४२ को मृत्यु, सय घाइते. 3 November 2023. 3 November 2023. Nepal Live. ne. 5 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231105212706/https://nepallive.com/story/317544. live.
  24. News: Rukum West: Where 'not even the remains of a house are recognizable' in the ruins. रुकुम पश्चिमः जहाँ भग्नावशेषमा 'घरको अवशेष नै चिनिँदैन. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. BBC News, नेपाली. ne. 5 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231105121831/https://www.bbc.com/nepali/articles/c0d20vve2e7o. live.
  25. Web site: Nepal – Earthquake (DG ECHO, DG ECHO partners, NDRRMA, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 04 November 2023). 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. ReliefWeb. ECHO. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104235006/https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-earthquake-dg-echo-dg-echo-partners-ndrrma-media-echo-daily-flash-04-november-2023. live.
  26. Web site: Miraculous survival at the epicentre. 5 November 2023. 5 November 2023. Kathmandu Post. 5 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231105064933/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/05/miraculous-survival-at-the-epicentre. live.
  27. News: Tears of a child as Nepalis cremate quake dead . 5 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106061135/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231105-tears-of-a-child-as-nepalis-cremate-quake-dead . live .
  28. Web site: Quake survivors await aid amid essential shortages. 6 November 2023. 6 November 2023. Kathmandu Post. 6 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231106082447/https://kathmandupost.com/karnali-province/2023/11/06/quake-survivors-await-aid-amid-essential-shortages. live.
  29. Web site: Friday's quake damaged around 8,000 houses in Jajarkot and Rukum West . 2023-11-11 . kathmandupost.com . English . 11 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111113741/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/06/friday-s-quake-damaged-around-8-000-houses-in-jajarkot-and-rukum-west . live .
  30. Web site: Friday's quake damaged around 8,000 houses in Jajarkot and Rukum West . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106082443/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/06/friday-s-quake-damaged-around-8-000-houses-in-jajarkot-and-rukum-west . live.
  31. Web site: Earthquake could force more women to give birth at home . 13 November 2023 . 16 November 2023 . . 16 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116145855/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/13/earthquake-could-raise-home-delivery-rate-in-affected-districts . live .
  32. Web site: Two weeks on, earthquake-displaced people are shivering under flimsy tents . 20 November 2023 . 21 November 2023 . . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120101929/https://kathmandupost.com/karnali-province/2023/11/20/two-weeks-on-earthquake-displaced-people-are-shivering-under-flimsy-tents . live .
  33. Web site: Cold taking its toll on quake-displaced in Karnali . 18 November 2023 . 21 November 2023 . . 20 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120172927/https://kathmandupost.com/sudurpaschim-province/2023/11/18/cold-taking-its-toll-on-quake-displaced-in-karnali . live .
  34. News: 24 dead in Nepal after 6.4 magnitude earthquake. 3 November 2023. 3 November 2023. India Today. 3 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103212907/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/multiple-dead-in-nepal-after-64-magnitude-earthquake-2457879-2023-11-04. live.
  35. News: Nathan Williams . Deadly earthquake strikes remote western Nepal . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104025807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67317442 . live .
  36. News: Scores killed by powerful earthquake in Nepal . 3 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . The Guardian . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103230606/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/03/dozens-killed-and-injured-by-magnitude-64-earthquake-in-nepal . live .
  37. News: More than 60 dead in Nepal earthquake. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. France 24. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104023440/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231104-more-than-60-dead-in-nepal-earthquake. live.
  38. News: Breaking News: Extreme panic in Delhi as the night progresses, the ground shook violently, the magnitude of the earthquake is 6.4 on the Richter scale. 3 November 2023. 3 November 2023. Pipa News. 3 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103234708/https://pipanews.com/breaking-news-extreme-panic-in-delhi-as-the-night-progresses-the-ground-shook-violently-the-magnitude-of-the-earthquake-is-6-4-on-the-richter-scale-pipa-news/. live.
  39. News: Earthquake: Ground shook for 55 seconds – Cracks appeared in houses, people ran out of houses in panic. Earthquake : 55 सेकंड तक हिली जमीन – मकानों में आई दरार, दहशत में घरों से बाहर भागे लोग. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. Amritvichar. Jagat. Mishra. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104094919/https://www.amritvichar.com/article/415793/earthquake-the-ground-shook-for-55-seconds-there-was. live.
  40. News: Earthquake tremors in NCR and Delhi including Rajasthan, earth shook in Jaipur. राजस्थान समेत एनसीआर और दिल्ली में भूकंप के झटके, जयपुर में हिली धरती. 4 November 2023. 4 November 2023. Media Manthan. Kumari. Richa. 4 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231104094915/https://www.mediamanthan.com/earthquake-tremors-in-ncr-and-delhi-including-rajasthan-earth-shook-in-jaipur. live.
  41. News: Nepal earthquake: 16 more people injured in aftershocks. 7 November 2023. 10 November 2023. PTI . Hindustan Times.
  42. News: Monday's aftershock: 13 injured, 3 houses destroyed in Jajarkot and Rukum West. सोमवारको परकम्प : जाजरकोट र रुकुम पश्चिममा १३ जना घाइते, ३ घर भत्किए. 6 November 2023. 6 November 2023. Thaha Khabar. ne. 7 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231336/https://thahakhabar.com/news/190195/. live.
  43. News: Magnitude 5.8 earthquake blocks road in Jajarkot, one injured. ५.८ म्याग्निच्युटको भुकम्पले जाजरकोटमा सडक अवरूद्ध, एक घाइते. 6 November 2023. 6 November 2023. Nepal Views. ne. 6 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231106130942/https://www.nepalviews.com/2023/11/06/214935/. live.
  44. Web site: Binaj Gurubacharya . At least 69 dead as strong quake rocks northwestern Nepal, and officials say toll expected to rise . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103191639/https://apnews.com/article/nepal-indian-earthquake-47b0b262ed1aa26957285dd1a55699fb . live .
  45. Web site: Rastriya Samachar Samiti . President's appeal for rescue and relief of earthquake survivors . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104075109/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/presidents-appeal-for-rescue-and-relief-of-earthquake-survivors . live .
  46. News: President Paudel's Europe tour put on hold . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106150703/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/06/president-paudel-s-europe-tour-deferred . live .
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  50. News: Sharma . Gopal . Rescuers struggle to find Nepal quake survivors as deaths reach 157 . 4 November 2023 . Reuters . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104090044/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/rescuers-struggle-find-nepal-quake-survivors-deaths-137-2023-11-04/ . live .
  51. News: Death toll in Nepal earthquake rises to 143 . 4 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104120907/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/04/death-toll-in-nepal-earthquake-rises-to-138 . live .
  52. News: Death toll in Nepal earthquake hits 157, over 375 injured . 4 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104133703/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/04/death-toll-in-nepal-earthquake-hits-157-over-375-injured . live .
  53. News: Thousands of security personnel mobilised in search and rescue efforts . 5 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 5 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105041420/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/05/thousands-of-security-personnel-mobilised-in-search-and-rescue-efforts . live.
  54. News: Government to provide free treatment to quake-injured . 5 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 6 November 2023 . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106023517/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/05/government-to-provide-free-treatment-to-quake-injured . live .
  55. News: Government to provide Rs50,000 per family to construct temporary shelters . 12 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 11 November 2023 . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112025626/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/11/hed-government-to-provide-rs50-000-per-family-to-construct-temporary-shelters . live .
  56. News: Government releases Rs100 million for search and rescue operations in Jajarkot, West Rukum . 4 November 2023 . The Kathmandu Post . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104103647/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/04/government-announces-rs100-million-financial-support-to-jajarkot-west-rukum . live .
  57. News: 1 million aid from Buddha Air to earthquake victims . भूकम्प प्रभावितलाई बुद्ध एयरको एक करोड सहयोग . 4 November 2023 . Nepal Samaya . ne . 4 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105212708/https://nepalsamaya.com/detail/117001 . live .
  58. News: Rescue efforts called off after Nepal quake . 5 November 2023 . Channel News Asia . 5 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105100708/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/rescue-efforts-called-after-nepal-quake-3898571 . live .
  59. News: भूकम्प प्रभावित क्षेत्रमा टेलिकमले ५ दिन निशुल्क सेवा उपलब्ध गराउने . Telecom will provide free service for 5 days in earthquake affected areas . 5 November 2023 . Nepal Watch . 5 November 2023 . ne . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105100723/https://nepalwatch.com/2023/11/05/147349 . live .
  60. News: Health ministry seeks food aid from WFP and UNICEF for distribution in quake-hit districts . 23 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . en . 23 November 2023 . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123110040/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/23/health-ministry-seeks-food-aid-from-wfp-and-unicef-for-distribution-in-quake-hit-districts . live .
  61. News: . 5 November 2023 . PM Hasina expresses condolence for Nepal earthquake victims . . 11 November 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174454/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/330103/pm-hasina-expresses-condolence-for-nepal . live .
  62. News: China announces providing relief materials worth Rs100 million to Nepal . 4 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104151653/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/04/china-announces-providing-relief-materials-worth-rs100-million-to-nepal . live .
  63. Web site: Tweet by IAF MCC . 2023-11-07 . X (formerly Twitter) . en . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107231353/https://twitter.com/IAF_MCC/status/1721155481539100785 . live .
  64. News: 2023-11-07 . India sends over 9 tonnes of relief material to Nepal's Nepalgunj . The Times of India . 2023-11-07 . 0971-8257 . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107164527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-sends-over-9-tonnes-of-relief-material-to-nepals-nepalgunj/articleshow/105027668.cms?from=mdr . live .
  65. News: Iran Red Crescent is ready to help Nepal earthquake victims . آمادگی هلال احمر ایران برای کمک به زلزله‌زدگان نپال . 5 November 2023 . ISNA . 5 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105032110/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402081309487/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84 . live .
  66. News: PM grieved over loss of lives, property in Nepal earthquake . 4 November 2023 . Dunya News . 4 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105001732/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/768101-PM-grieved-over-loss-of-lives,-property-in-Nepal-earthquake . live .
  67. News: Government in no rush to seek foreign help for quake relief . 5 November 2023 . Kathmandu Post . 5 November 2023 . 5 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023351/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/05/government-in-no-rush-to-seek-foreign-help-for-quake-relief . live .
  68. News: Korea to provide $300,000 worth of humanitarian aid to quake-hit Nepal . 10 November 2023 . The Korea Times . 10 November 2023 . 10 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110091205/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/11/113_362932.html . live .
  69. Web site: Press corner . 2023-11-16 . European Commission - European Commission . en . 21 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190621200951/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en . live .
  70. News: Death toll in Nepal earthquake rises to 137 . 4 November 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 4 November 2023 . 4 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104091132/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/death-toll-in-nepal-earthquake-rises-to-137/3043115 . live .

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