2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes explained
| 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes |
| Timestamp: | 2023-02-06 01:17:35 |
| Timestamp-A: | 2023-02-06 10:24:48 |
| Isc-Event: | 625613033 |
| Isc-Event-A: | 625614289 |
| Anss-Url: | us6000jllz |
| Anss-Url-A: | us6000jlqa |
| Local-Time: | 04:17 TRT (UTC+3) |
| Local-Time-A: | 13:24 TRT (UTC+3) |
| Duration: | 80 seconds |
| Magnitude: | 7.8 |
| Magnitude-A: | 7.7 |
| Location: | Şehitkamil, Gaziantep
37.166°N 37.032°W (mainshock) |
| Fault: | Dead Sea Transform, East Anatolian Fault, Çardak–Sürgü Fault |
| Damages: | > US$163.6 billion (estimated) |
| Aftershocks: | ≥30,000 (by May 2023)
540+ with a or greater[1] |
| Casualties: | 59,488–62,013 deaths, 121,704 injured, 140 missing- 53,537 deaths, 107,213 injured, 140 missing in Turkey
- 5,951–8,476 deaths, 14,500 injured in Syria
|
| Type: | Strike-slip, supershear, doublet |
| Affected: | Turkey and Syria |
| Pga: | 2.212 g |
| Engvar: | en-us |
On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), a 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria. The epicenter was west–northwest of Gaziantep. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) around the epicenter and in Antakya. It was followed by a 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered north-northeast from the first. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities.
The 7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake of the same magnitude, and jointly the second-largest in the country, after larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake.[2] It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the Levant. It was felt as far as Egypt and the Black Sea coast of Turkey. There were more than 30,000 aftershocks in the three months that followed.[3] The seismic sequence was the result of shallow strike-slip faulting along segments of the Dead Sea Transform, East Anatolian and Sürgü–Çardak faults.
There was widespread damage in an area of about, about the size of Germany.[4] An estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of Turkey's population, were affected.[5] Development experts from the United Nations estimated that about 1.5 million people were left homeless.[6]
The confirmed death toll in Turkey was 53,537; estimates of the number of dead in Syria were between 5,951 and 8,476. It is the deadliest earthquake in what is now present-day Turkey since the 526 Antioch earthquake[7] and the deadliest natural disaster in its modern history.[8] It is also the deadliest in present-day Syria since the 1822 Aleppo earthquake;[9] the deadliest worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake;[10] and the fifth-deadliest of the 21st century.[11] Damages were estimated at US$148.8 billion in Turkey, or nine-percent of the country's GDP, and US$14.8 billion in Syria.[12] [13]
Damaged roads, winter storms, and disruption to communications hampered the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency's rescue and relief effort, which included a 60,000-strong search-and-rescue force,[14] 5,000 health workers[15] and 30,000 volunteers.[16] Following Turkey's call for international help, more than 141,000 people from 94 countries joined the rescue effort.[17]
Tectonic setting
Geology
Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three tectonic plates; the African Plate, Arabian Plate and Anatolian Plate. The boundary between the African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)—a major zone of left-lateral strike-slip fault—it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with respect to Africa. The northern end of the DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward movement of the Anatolian Plate as it is extruded in that direction by the northward movement of the Arabian Plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash Triple Junction. The EAF continues west of the triple junction, forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates, linking into the Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge.
The EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast; the Karlıova, Ilıca, Palu, Pütürge, Erkenek, Pazarcık and Amanos segments.[18] The Amanos segment is also considered part of the DST by some geologists,[19] or a transitional structure between the EAF and DST by others.[20] A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including the Sürgü, Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar and Düziçi–İskenderun segments. The estimated slip rate on the main strand of the EAF system decreases south-westwards from per year on the Karlıova segment down to per year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, a slip rate of per year was estimated on the Çardak segment.[18] The Sürgü-Çardak Fault is an east–west striking long fault that runs north of the EAF. It branches away from the EAF west of Çelikhan and extends westwards to Göksun.[21] Comprising two segments; the Sürgü Fault runs between Çelikhan and Nurhak; the Çardak Fault runs between Nurhak and Göksun.[22] Seismicity on the fault is low—the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event in 1544.
The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there is some disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 "Active Fault Map of Turkey", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria; the Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz and Narlı segments.[18]
Seismicity
The EAF has produced large or damaging earthquakes in the past few hundred years along various segments, including the 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarcık), 1866 (M 7.2 Karlıova),[23] 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos), 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek), 1971 (M6.6, Karlıova) and 2020 (M 6.8, Pütürge) events.[24] Other large historical earthquakes have been tentatively assigned to segments of the EAF, such as the 1114 and 1513 Marash earthquakes, both thought to have ruptured the Pazarcık segment.[25] [26]
The Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively, for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes.[27] A research paper published by Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 2002 studied stress accumulation and increased seismic hazard along the East Anatolian Fault. The study concluded two sections of the fault with a considerably high potential for future earthquakes. One of these sections was in Elazığ and Bingöl, located between the rupture zones of the 1874 and 1971 earthquakes. The seismic gap ruptured during a 6.1 earthquake in 2010. The 2020 6.8 earthquake ruptured to the southwest between the 1893/1905 and 1874 earthquakes.[28] Another seismic gap was located in Kahramanmaraş—this long section—according to the study, believed to last rupture in 1513 has the potential to produce magnitude 7.3 earthquakes.[29]
Large earthquakes on the northern part of the DST include events in 115, 526, 587, 1138, 1170 and 1822, which resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundreds of thousands of fatalities.[30]
Earthquake sequence
The first and largest earthquake in the sequence struck at 01:17 UTC.[31] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at 7.8 and 7.8, respectively.[32] GEOSCOPE reported 8.0 and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported 7.7 and 7.4. It had an epicenter at 37.166°N 37.032°W, west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of according to USGS and according to KOERI.[33] [34] The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting.[35] [36]
It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake (7.8).[37] These earthquakes are surpassed only by the larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake.[38] [39] Globally it was the strongest recorded since August 2021.[40] Both earthquakes are the largest and only observed to occur on land within a short span of time.
At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring 7.5 according to USGS, 7.6 according to KOERI, or 7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT, struck with an epicenter near Ekinözü, 95 km northeast of the M7.8 event. It had a depth of according to the USGS, by KOERI,[41] and by Geoscope. The shock was also the result of strike-slip faulting; it had an epicenter north of the previous large earthquake.[42]
A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained 7.95 ± 0.013 and 7.86 ± 0.012, respectively.[43] These earthquakes were some of the largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years.[44]
Aftershocks
See main article: List of aftershocks of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the 7.8 earthquake and over 30,000 recorded by May 2023.[3] An aftershock measuring 6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock.[45] There were 25 aftershocks 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later, the USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 total aftershocks.[46] A 6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting.[47] The 7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~ of the EAF.[48]
The 7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence,[49] including two 6.0 aftershocks.[50] [51] Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 February.[52] Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east–west trend corresponding to the Çardak Fault for about .
Seismology
A source model for the 7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from satellite data, uses three fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of > ×, 028°/85° (Segment 1), > ×, 060°/85° (Segment 2) and > ×, 025°/75° (Segment 3). The mainshock produced a maximum slip of along Segment 2, beneath Sakarya in Kahramanmaraş Province, northeast of the junction where it meets Segment 1. Another zone of large slip estimated at occurred further northeast along Segment 2, northwest of Adıyaman.
The USGS source model for the 7.7 earthquake which struck nine hours later has three large fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of > × >, 276°/80° (Segment 1), > × >, 250°/80° (Segment 2) and ~ × >, 060°/80° (Segment 3). Maximum displacement occurred on Segment 1 at .[53]
Three segments of the EAF were involved in the 7.8 rupture; the Amanos, Pazarcık and Erkenek segments. The earthquake ruptured ~ of the EAF, producing a maximum slip of up to ~ along the Pazarcık segment.[54] [55] The northern end of the rupture was about south of the 6.8 earthquake that struck in 2020. This section of the EAF, the Pütürge segment, between both earthquakes, may represent a seismic gap. The southern segment of the EAF rupture was at its termination, near Antakya. Slip peaked at from the surface to depth during the 7.7 earthquake; slip was at the surface. Slip along the fault was compact—mostly confined to within the Çardak Fault; it was also shallower—attenuating from . Slip during the 7.8 event extended to and for the 7.7 event. The 6.4 aftershock that struck Antakya on 20 February had a rupture area of × and produced a peak slip of at depth.[56]
Preliminary analysis of the effects of stress changes caused by the M7.8 earthquake on the Çardak–Sürgü Fault, based on the USGS fault model, indicated up to 3 bars of added stress near the epicenter of the M7.7 shock, sufficient to trigger rupture on that zone, assuming that it was already close to failure.[57] [58] Stress on the Hatay Fault, source of the 20 February 6.4 aftershock, increased by 1 bar following the 6 February earthquakes.
Rupture propagation
See also: Supershear earthquake.
Preliminary analysis based on seismology and observations of surface rupture suggest rupture along a branch of the DST before transitioning onto the EAF where most of the faulting was observed. The initial rupture at the site of the epicenter of the M7.8 shock on the Narlı Fault, the northernmost section of the DST.[59] The fault ruptured unilaterally northwards until it reached the Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian Fault. Ruptures then continued bilaterally to the northeast and southwest along this segment. This subevent on the Narlı Fault corresponded to a 7.0 earthquake which ruptured for 20 seconds. It had a focal mechanism corresponding to oblique-normal faulting. A preliminary analysis of near-field (within of the fault rupture) seismic records indicates that the initial rupture speed transitioned to supershear after propagating about away from the epicenter along the Narlı Fault before it reached the EAF.[60] Back projection suggest the total rupture length was ~.[61]
The rupture continued northeast onto the Ekernek segment and to the southwest onto the Amanos segment. The northeastern rupture ceased 55 seconds after initiation while the southwestern rupture ceased near Antakya about 80 seconds later. A 6.8 aftershock occurring 11 minutes later and west of the first M>7 epicenter may have ruptured along the Sakçagöz Fault, the next segment of the DST to the south. Rupture along the EAF during the event occurred at subshear velocity (maximum per second).[62] An analysis of near-field seismic data revealed transient supershear rupture episodes throughout the EAF rupture. Supershear rupture occurred along the northernmost section of the Narlı Fault where it meets the EAF. The rupture transitioned onto the EAF and propagated northeast at supershear velocity until its termination near Malatya. Rupture towards the southwest was mostly subshear, but at the southern termination in Hatay, where the fault has multiple branches and kinks, supershear was likely observed. Supershear rupture at the southern termination contributed to the intense ground motion in Antakya.
The second M>7 earthquake initiated on a separate fault[63] known as the Çardak–Sürgü Fault Zone, part of the northern strand of the East Anatolian Fault.[18] The rupture propagated bilaterally along the Çardak segment, continuing eastwards onto the Sürgü segment before continuing eastwards to Malatya along the northeast–southwest trending Doğanşehir Fault Zone. Rupture also propagated towards the southwest along the Çardak segment. The total rupture length was estimated at . The westward-propagating rupture occurred at supershear velocity (maximum per second) while the eastward-propagating rupture occurred at subshear velocity (maximum per second). The rupture lasted about 35 seconds.
The 6.4 aftershock on 20 February occurred along the Hatay Fault. The focal mechanism indicated normal faulting along a northeast–southwest striking fault.[64]
Surface rupture
The extent of surface ruptures associated with the M7.8 and M7.7 earthquakes have been mapped using a mixture of satellite imagery and ground observations. Pixel matching on images captured by Sentinel-1 before and after the earthquakes showed sharp discontinuities in displacement, revealing two separate zones of surface rupture. The longer of the pair, produced by the first earthquake, measured while the second earthquake produced of surface rupture.[65] These observations were backed up with direct imaging of the ruptures using other satellite data, such as from the DigitalGlobe's WorldView-1, 2 & 3 and GeoEye-1,[66] and by field work.[67] [68] Remote sensing using satellite imagery indicated of surface rupture with large normal faulting component.
The zone of surface rupture extended from north of Antakya, Hatay Province towards Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province and Gölbaşı, Adıyaman Province.[69] Surface ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in the Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures but cracks in the runway were attributed to ground deformation. A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik. Field observations indicate a maximum displacement of on the surface.[70] Geologists traced a surface rupture trending south from Pazarcık with an offset of . From Golbasi to Nurdağı ground displacements were up to . The surface rupture observed during the M7.8 earthquake was unusually large, comparable to that during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake along the San Andreas Fault.[71]
Large surface offsets of were observed along the Sürgü-Çardak Fault. Along a road west of, the rupture displaced the road left-laterally for . The largest maximum surface offset was ; one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake.[72]
Ground motion
Ground acceleration values recorded in some areas near the fault rupture were in excess of 1 g.[73] Three USGS seismic installations, two at Antakya and one at Hassa, recorded large ground accelerations and velocities. The town of Hassa recorded 0.9082 g in ground acceleration (pga) and in ground velocity. The station data corresponded to a Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). A peak ground acceleration of 1.62 g was recorded by a station at Fevzipaşa.[74] The peak ground acceleration generally exceeded 0.5 g in a large area around the epicenter, near Adiyaman and a large part of Hatay. High pga values of 2 g were recorded in Hatay. The maximum recorded pga was 2.212 g at a station in Pazarcık Belediyesi Parkı, Pazarcık; a government health facility nearby had limited damage but the surrounding town was devastated. The maximum recorded pga during the 7.7 earthquake was 0.59 g at Göksun.
According to Kandilli Observatory, the maximum Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI XI–XII (Extreme) in Antakya and near the epicenter. MMI XI (Extreme) or higher was observed along the fault rupture from the epicenter to Antakya.[75] The MMI also reached IX–X (Violent–Extreme) in Kahramanmaraş and İskenderun, VIII–IX (Severe–Violent) in Malatya and Adıyaman, VII–VIII (Very strong–Severe) in Gaziantep, Kilis, Idlib and Aleppo, and VI–VII (Strong–Very strong) in Adana and Şanlıurfa.[76] The maximum MMI of the second earthquake was X (Extreme).[77]
Geological effects
Liquefaction was identified via satellite and remote sensing along the southern portion of the 7.8 rupture on the East Anatolian Fault from Antakya to Golbasi. Liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed at and near coastal areas, fluvial valleys and drained lake or swamp areas, covered by Holocene sediments. These effects were widespread in the Amik Valley and Orontes River plain, north of Antakya, Hatay Province. Limited observations were made in high-elevation areas due to snow cover and lack of satellite observations. Liquefaction was also observed in Samandağ. At Lake Gölbaşı, Adıyaman Province, lateral spreading occurred along the northern, eastern and southern coast. Parts of the lakeshore were also submerged. Gölbaşı was also damaged by liquefaction and lateral spreading.
Subsidence due to lateral spreading caused extensive damage in İskenderun. Liquefaction produced sand ejecta that buried Atatürk Boulevard in Çay District. Regular flooding in the city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure. The sea inundated parts of the city by as much as . Large areas of the coast and sections of piers were flooded due to lateral spreading. Large waves from bad weather and a tsunami may have contributed to the effects observed at İskenderun.[78]
Both earthquakes caused shaking levels (≥0.12 g) sufficient for landslide-triggering across a area. About 3,673 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified using satellite imagery, aerial photos, and one field survey of the area. Landslides mainly occurred in the northern region of the affected area. Rockslides were the most commonly observed; there were also many bedrock rotational landslides, translational slides and lateral spreads. Surface ruptures propagating through hillsides also triggered landslides. These landslides blocked roads and river channels, destroyed or seriously damaged buildings and caused many deaths.[79]
One of the largest landslides occurred near Tepehan village, Hatay Province; a translational slide which detached a block . This landslide occurred in a region comprising marl and clay-rich limestone. It produced a vertical displacement along its scarp. ITV News reported the landslide scarp was up to long and "wider than a football pitch" in some areas.[80]
Tsunami
Despite an epicenter inland, a tsunami was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea. It was the first recorded tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean Sea region since the one produced by the 1953 6.2 earthquake in Cyprus. The largest wave measured along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Although no underwater surveys results have been made available to identify the sources of these tsunamis, they were likely produced by landsliding at Iskenderun Port and liquefaction on the coastal flatlands of Antakya.[81]
Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, Cyprus, without damage.[82] The tsunami measured, and tsunami waves were recorded at at İskenderun and at Erdemli.[83] Tsunami warnings were issued for the southern Turkish coast, southern and eastern Italian coasts and the whole eastern Mediterranean Sea area, but later withdrawn.[84] [85] [86] [87]
Damage and casualties
In Turkey
There were 53,537 deaths[100] [101] and 107,213 injured[102] across 11 of the 17 affected provinces of Turkey.[103] About 140 people remain missing; 118 in Hatay Province.[104] At least 15.73 million people[105] and 4 million buildings were affected. More than 2 million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Niğde and Konya.[106] At least 518,009 houses[107] and over 345,000 apartments were destroyed.[108] More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture production was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rural infrastructure were heavily damaged. At least 516 university buildings were affected, of which 106 were heavily damaged.[109]
By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed or severely damaged.[110] Another inspection carried out in March revealed that 1,411,304 housing units sustained light to moderate damage.[107] Over 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately damaged.[111] The International Organization for Migration estimated over 2.7 million people were made homeless.[112] A damage assessment by the Turkish government revealed at least 61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmaraş Province and 36,046 in Malatya Province.[113] [114] Broad fissures appeared on roads.[115] During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in the rubble.[116]
In Adana, 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were moderately damaged.[117] Three apartments were among the buildings that collapsed in the city.[118] Across Adana Province, damage assessments revealed 59 buildings, 1,274 apartments and 2,952 houses were destroyed, severely damaged or required demolition.[107]
At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya. Sixty percent of the city's buildings received damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the 968 mosques in the city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged.[119] Two hotels collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties. The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport experienced a partial collapse,[120] as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque.[121] Damage was also reported at the Arslantepe Mound.[122] In Akçadağ, 11 people died, including four attributed to the second earthquake.[123] At least 263 deaths were reported in Doğanşehir.[124]
In Gaziantep, many of the historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle,[125] [126] Şirvani Mosque[127] and Liberation Mosque.[128] The city recorded 16,211 collapses and buildings which were severely damaged or required demolition.[129] In the city center, at least 154 people died after a four-story building collapsed; four other collapsed buildings left another 102 dead.[130] In Nizip, at least 51 people were killed when a six-story apartment building collapsed.[131]
In Nurdağı, nearly 2,500 people died and about 50 percent of the houses were badly damaged or destroyed. An additional 30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage.[132] Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead. Gaziantep Oğuzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights. Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed in Sakçagözü, and 256 people died.[133] In İslahiye, there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries and more than 200 destroyed apartments.[134] There were over 130 deaths in Sulumağara; 200 in Altınüzüm; and 300–400 in Keküklü.[135]
In Hatay Province, 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were heavily damaged,[136] along with 215,255 houses.[107] The districts of Antakya, Kırıkhan and İskenderun were the most affected.[137] In Antakya, 70 percent of homes[138] and 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The runway at Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations.[139] The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February,[140] allowing its reopening.[141] Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed,[142] and a gas pipeline exploded.[143] The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed,[144] as was St. Paul's Church[145] and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque, while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue[146] and the Hatay Archaeology Museum.[145] Several dozen buildings in Güzelburç district[147] and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and coaching staff of the local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director Taner Savut dying.[148] [149] In Kırıkhan District, 1,886 buildings collapsed and 7,190 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 982 buildings were destroyed, 8,894 others were badly damaged and 943 had to be demolished in Defne. In Reyhanlı, 318 buildings collapsed and 1,661 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 187 buildings collapsed, 2,176 others were badly damaged and 194 others had to be demolished in Arsuz. In Kumlu, 131 buildings were destroyed, 738 others were severely damaged and 84 others required demolition. At least 58 buildings collapsed and 669 others were badly damaged or had to be demolished in Payas.
The collapse of the luxury Rönesans Rezidans apartment trapped an estimated 800 people,[150] killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing as presumed dead. In May 2023, an investigation by The New York Times found that inadequate design and safety lapses may have contributed to its collapse. An engineer revealed to the newspaper; "the building violated the basic tenets of engineering," after inspecting its blueprints. Contractors of the building said they adhered to building regulations but those were not enough against the earthquake.[151]
The 13-storey apartment block consists of three closely spaced buildings linked externally, but not structurally; when the collapse occurred, all three buildings separated. The basement, two-storey parking space was considered the "strongest part" of the complex as it had more concrete walls than other parts of the structure. The building's exterior walls and those that separated units and rooms consisted of heavy masonry which may have prevented the structure from swaying and possibly held the building mostly intact despite toppling. The building was considered a soft story structure as the ground floor had fewer masonry walls which meant it was at greater risk of damage from seismic ground motion. Among other factors were that the core concrete columns which housed the elevator systems were situated along the north side which left the south side vulnerable without adequate support. Another reason was that beams emerging from either side of the building were misaligned and did not connect to each other. These features may have contributed to the building overturning onto its south side.
In İskenderun, an industrial city in Hatay Province, a large fire at the port was reported on 6 February at 17:00,[152] believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial oil,[153] forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6[154] and 8[155] February, only for it to reignite the next day each time.[156] [157] It was finally extinguished on 10 February.[158] A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and the port managing authority said it would take three months for operations to resume.[159] The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337 requiring demolition and 4,622 receiving severe damage. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline, inundating streets up to inland.[160] The Cathedral of the Annunciation, seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia, was almost completely destroyed. At least 3,109 people died in the city and over 12,000 were injured.[161] In Erzin District, 31 buildings collapsed and 897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. However, there were no collapses or major damage in Erzin, the largest town in the district. Multiple factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent.[162] In Samandağ, 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212 were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died.[163] At least 1,046 buildings collapsed and 3,452 others were severely damaged or had to be demolished in Hassa District. In Altınözü, 838 buildings were destroyed, 3,892 others were badly damaged and 650 others required demolition. There were 213 collapsed buildings and 1,453 others had been severely damaged or had to be demolished in Yayladağı. At least 139 buildings collapsed, 755 others were badly damaged and 87 others had to be demolished in Belen. In Dörtyol, 115 buildings were destroyed and 2,030 others had to be demolished or were severely damaged.
Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmaraş[164] [165] for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said the mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies.[166] Around 75 percent of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed.[76] In Elbistan, 924 people died and 1,825 were injured.[167] An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed.[168] At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in the village.[169] At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekinözü.[170] In Afşin, at least 180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged.[171] In, a village in Göksun, 95 percent of homes were affected and 152 died.[172] In Nurhak, there were around 200 deaths and all houses were severely damaged.[173] In Türkoğlu, 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition.[174]
In Adıyaman Province, over 20,000 buildings and 56,256 houses were destroyed.[107] In the city of Adıyaman, four neighborhoods were razed.[175] Many buildings along Atatürk Boulevard collapsed.[176] The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and Gölbaşı District's state hospital were also destroyed.[177] [178] [179] Isias Hotel, the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people.[180] [181] Up to 10 percent of Adıyaman's population perished.[182] The mayor of Kömür said the Karapınar and Bahçelievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction was also observed in Barbaros, Çelikhan, Sümerevler and Karapınar districts. In Harmanlı, a village in Gölbaşı District, 80–90 percent of it was destroyed.[183] The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In Gölbaşı, 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center.[184] There were also 410 deaths in Besni District, about 90 percent of them in the town itself.[185] In Kâhta, at least 55 people died.[186]
In Diyarbakir Province, 8,602 houses were severely damaged or destroyed, and 124,432 others were partially damaged.[107] Additionally, 8,086 buildings were damaged, required demolition or collapsed. Diyarbakır Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was also partly destroyed.[187] The adjacent World Heritage Site of Hevsel Gardens was also damaged.[188] Part of the Galeria complex in Yenişehir, which included a shopping mall and dozens of apartments collapsed, killing 89 and injuring 22.[189]
At least 466 buildings were heavily damaged in Şanlıurfa Province; 201 were destroyed. Structures around the Pool of Abraham were damaged. The minaret at the religious shrine partially collapsed, sending rubble into the pools below and discoloring the water, which was also contaminated by seeping sewage.[146] In Eyyübiye District, the minaret of the Eyüp Prophet Mosque was damaged and removed.[190] Thirty-three people were killed in the collapse of the Osman Ağan Apartment.[191]
In Osmaniye Province, of the 22,841 buildings surveyed, 1,739 were heavily damaged, destroyed or required urgent demolition. Additionally, 16,111 houses were collapsed or were badly damaged, with partial damage occurring in 73,588 housing units.[107] At least 1,088 of the 13,667 buildings examined in Merkez District were destroyed, seriously damaged or needed to be demolished.[192]
In Kilis Province, 119 buildings were destroyed and 138 others were heavily damaged,[193] along with 2,514 houses.[107] In Batman Province, 218 buildings were damaged, and an additional 15 were completely destroyed.[194] In Mardin Province, 59 buildings were heavily damaged and another 190 were slightly damaged[195] and a death related to a heart attack occurred in Kızıltepe District.[196] In Bingöl Province, several houses cracked and some livestock were killed by collapsing barns.[197] In Samsun, damage occurred in Samsun Stadium.[198] In Kayseri Province, eight buildings collapsed, while 5,252 others were damaged to some extent.[199] Several houses were damaged and a barn collapsed in Muş Province.[200] In Sivas Province, the second earthquake destroyed a few houses.[201] In Giresun Province, a five-story building was damaged and evacuated.[202] An unoccupied apartment in Elazığ was damaged and later collapsed during the second earthquake.[203]
The dead included member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for Adıyaman Yakup Taş,[204] Yeni Malatyaspor goalkeeper Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan,[205] former Turkish national handball team player Cemal Kütahya and his five-year-old son,[206] [207] and Saul Cenudioğlu, leader of the Jewish community in Antakya, who died along with his wife.[146] Former MP for Kahramanmaraş Sıtkı Güvenç died from earthquake injuries on 9 February.[208] Three Turkish soldiers died during rescue operations.[209] Twenty-six local journalists,[210] four doctors,[211] 120 police officers and 32 gendarmeries were among the dead.[212]
Damage assessment statistics by province (as of 16 February 2023)[213] ! Province! Type! Heavily damaged or destroyed! Moderately damaged! Slightly damaged! Undamaged! Total! Buildings surveyed| Adana | Building | 59 | 304 | 1,688 | 5,313 | 7,364 | 7,724 |
| 1,274 | 7,270 | 38,261 | 78,040 | 124,845 | 127,269 |
| Adıyaman | Building | 6,990 | 2,613 | 11,694 | 9,310 | 30,607 | 34,578 |
| Independent Unit | 29,703 | 11,179 | 38,823 | 21,365 | 101,070 | 115,046 |
| Diyarbakır | Building | 643 | 718 | 6,725 | 18,039 | 26,125 | 28,969 |
| Independent Unit | 6,932 | 10,095 | 86,925 | 178,216 | 282,168 | 294,814 |
| Elâzığ | Building | 664 | 138 | 1,460 | 723 | 2,985 | 3,114 |
| Independent Unit | 4,043 | 801 | 15,532 | 9,503 | 29,879 | 30,703 |
| Gaziantep | Building | 12,964 | 4,361 | 29,471 | 89,092 | 135,888 | 156,482 |
| Independent Unit | 31,522 | 17,050 | 179,149 | 309,389 | 537,110 | 586,628 |
| Hatay | Building | 15,248 | 2,827 | 17,212 | 29,188 | 64,475 | 68,116 |
| Independent Unit | 71,735 | 18,146 | 62,034 | 74,851 | 226,766 | 239,142 |
| Kahramanmaraş | Building | 12,980 | 1,058 | 20,556 | 25,420 | 60,014 | 69,577 |
| Independent Unit | 60,051 | 7,671 | 99,481 | 61,932 | 229,135 | 258,523 |
| Kilis | Building | 812 | 137 | 2,208 | 2,849 | 6,006 | 6,608 |
| Independent Unit | 1,224 | 1,033 | 16,296 | 12,228 | 30,781 | 31,904 |
| Malatya | Building | 8,365 | 945 | 8,960 | 7,463 | 25,733 | 32,344 |
| Independent Unit | 44,996 | 6,617 | 59,825 | 31,894 | 143,332 | 174,293 |
| Osmaniye | Building | 2,531 | 266 | 8,034 | 22,041 | 32,872 | 34,797 |
| Independent Unit | 9,595 | 2,104 | 40,929 | 51,409 | 104,037 | 108,162 |
| Şanlıurfa | Building | 466 | 550 | 13,507 | 19,585 | 34,108 | 39,557 |
| Independent Unit | 2,725 | 4,707 | 112,399 | 86,896 | 206,727 | 229,605 |
| Total | Building | 61,722 | 13,917 | 121,512 | 229,023 | 426,177 | 481,866 |
| Independent Unit | 263,800 | 86,673 | 749,654 | 915,723 | 2,015,850 | 2,196,089 |
|
In Syria
According to Turkish-backed officials on 2 February 2024, 4,537 people died in rebel-held areas while 1,414 died in government-controlled areas. The International Blue Crescent placed the death toll in Syria at 8,476.[214] The Syrian Ministry of Health said over 2,248 died,[215] most were in Aleppo and Latakia.[216] In rebel-held areas, at least 4,547 people died.[215] [217] [218] In a report by the International Medical Corps dated 8 March 2023, 7,259 people were confirmed dead.[219]
Over 14,500 were also injured in Syria.[220] Among the dead included 2,153 children and 1,524 women.[221] The Syrian Network for Human Rights stated 73 medics, five media personnel, 62 workers in humanitarian agencies, and four civil defense personnel were among the dead.[222] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said additional dead were buried before being registered and some victims died in hospitals. Syria's National Earthquake Centre said the earthquake is "the biggest earthquake recorded" in its operational history.[223]
An estimated 5.37 million people across Syria may have been made homeless,[224] while 10.9 million people, nearly half of Syria's population, were affected.[225] More than 123 residential areas, villages, towns and cities were badly damaged. Many power plants, water facilities, hospitals and public infrastructure also sustained damage. At least 453 schools were damaged.[226] Across the country, 22,452 housing units were destroyed and 62,878 others were damaged.[227]
Hundreds were killed in the town of Atarib.[217] In Jindires, over 1,100 people were killed[228] and at least 250 buildings were razed;[229] among the deaths were a family of 7—the only survivor was a newborn.[230] In Jableh, at least 283 people died, 173 were injured and 19 buildings collapsed.[231] Four bodies were recovered and 15 bodies were in the process of recovery during debris clearance on 10 February.[232] On 11 February, six bodies were retrieved from the rubble of a collapsed house along al-Maliyeh Street.[233] Civilians were stuck under the rubble for hours due to the lack of rescue teams in several villages such as Atarib, Besnia, Jindires, Maland, Salqin and Sarmada.[234] [235] [236] In Latakia Governorate, 142,000 people were affected; at least 805 people died and 1,131 others were injured. The region's governor said 105 buildings were destroyed, 247 were at risk of collapse and 900 others were severely damaged.[237] [238] [239] At Tishreen University, 10 students, 3 employees and a professor died.[240] At least 48 people were killed in Hama, of which 43 were from the collapse of an eight-story building.[241]
The Associated Press, citing local residents, said the Afrin Dam had cracked. On 9 February at 04:00, the dam burst and flooded the village of Al-Tloul, which was exacerbated by heavy rains along the Afrin River basin. Nearly all its residents fled; about 500 families were displaced. According to Reuters, citing local residents, between 35 and 40 people died and most buildings in Al-Tloul were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake.[242] In Atarib, 148 bodies arrived at an underground hospital. A doctor at the hospital said some bodies were missing their head or limbs.[243] Various archaeological sites in Tartus Governorate were damaged, including the Khawabi Castle and Aleika Castle, which partially collapsed. Damage to historical towers and infrastructure were also reported in Tartous and Safita.[244]
The president of the Syrian American Medical Society, Amjad Rass, said emergency rooms were packed with injured.[245] In Idlib Governorate, one hospital received 30 bodies.[246] [247] In the village of Azmarin, Idlib Governorate, at least 260 people died, including 51 members of one family; at least 300 were injured and 100 were rescued. Fifteen buildings in the village were leveled and about 50 percent of its housing stock had cracks.[248] Footballer Nader Joukhadar, who played for the national team, was killed alongside his son when their home collapsed in Jableh.[249] [250]
According to the International Rescue Committee, the earthquake struck when rebel-held areas were preparing for a blizzard and experiencing a cholera outbreak.[251] In Aleppo, dozens of buildings collapsed[252] and at least 444 people died, including 163 children.[253] By 8 February, the bodies of 210 victims were returned to their families.[254] The Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums said various archeological sites across the city were extensively cracked or collapsed.[255] Cracks were also reported in the outer façade of the Aleppo National Museum.[256] In Atarib, Aleppo, the Syrian American Medical Society hospital said 120 bodies were recovered.[257] About 20,000 homes were affected in Aleppo, leaving 70,000 homeless.[258] Total damage in the city exceeded US$403 million.[227] In Rajo, the doors and walls of a prison facility cracked. Twenty prisoners, believed to be Islamic State (ISIS) members, escaped the facility.[259]
In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[260] [261] In the northern parts of the city, many buildings were cracked.[262] Many buildings in Syria had already been damaged by an almost 12-year-long civil war.[263] The Crusader-built castle Margat suffered damage, with part of a tower and parts of some walls collapsing. Cracks also opened up in the walls of the Krak des Chevaliers castle.[146] The Citadel of Aleppo was also affected.[264] In addition, one of the towers of Sahyun Castle near Latakia was destroyed.[265] The minaret of the Grand Mosque in Kobanî was also damaged.[266]
Foreign casualties
At least 6,600 Syrians residing in Turkey were killed.[317] According to Turkey's Presidency of Migration Management 1.75 million Syrians live in southern Turkey; 460,150 in Gaziantep; 354,000 in Antakya; 368,000 in Şanlıurfa; 250,000 in Adana. Turkey's health ministry returned the bodies of 1,793 Syrian victims to their relatives in Syria,[318] while thousands of Syrians were buried in Turkey due to difficulties transporting them to Syria.[319] At least 11 Iraqi war refugees died in Turkey.[320]
At least 100 Afghans were killed by the earthquake in Turkey, mostly refugees who fled the country after the Taliban takeover in August 2021.[321] Among the deaths of Lebanese was an entire family of three in Malatya.[275] Ten Azerbaijanis were killed in Turkey, including four students in Malatya.[322] An Italian family of six, and an entrepreneur also perished.[279] Nineteen students, two teachers and a parent from Northern Cyprus died when the Isias Hotel in Adıyaman collapsed.[270] Seven other Turkish Cypriots died in Hatay and Kahramanmaraş.[271]
Effects in other countries
In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep. Buildings in the country shook for up to 40 seconds. In Beirut, residents fled their homes and stayed in streets or drove in their vehicles to flee from buildings. The earthquake damaged 16,200 buildings across the country, including 10,460 in Beirut and 4,000 in Tripoli.[323]
In Ashdod, Israel, a building was evacuated after cracks were observed in a pillar,[324] and Champion Motors Tower in Bnei Brak was slightly damaged by the second earthquake.[325] In Nicosia, Cyprus, some windows cracked, and the wall of a house collapsed, damaging two nearby vehicles.[326] [327] Six Cuvier's beaked whales were found dead along the island's northern coast on 10 February. The Department of Fisheries and Marine Research said there was a possible link between the beaching and earthquake as these whales' echolocation system are affected by sea disturbances.[328]
The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Armenia, Egypt, Palestine, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Russia. In Iraq, minor damage occurred in some houses and buildings in Erbil, and the city's citadel was severely damaged.[329] [330] In Egypt, tremors were strongly felt in the capital Cairo,[331] and is considered the strongest earthquake felt since 1975.[332] A crack appeared in the Corniche in Alexandria.[333]
Aftershocks
On 20 February, a 6.3 aftershock struck near Antakya, causing additional buildings to collapse in Samandağ and further damage in Antakya.[334] Six people died in Antakya, Defne and Samandağ.[335] [336] At least 562 were injured including 18 in serious condition who received immediate medical attention before being taken to Adana and Dörtyol.[337] [338] AFAD warned residents to stay away from the coast as there was potential for a tsunami of up to .[339] The mayor of Hatay said several people were trapped under debris. A bridge was damaged and an empty three-story building in İskenderun collapsed.[340] [341] In Syria, five people died during stampedes and panic across several governates and at least 500 people were injured.[342] [343] The White Helmets said people in Aleppo and Idlib were injured by collapsed buildings. Some residents in Jinderis were injured after leaping off buildings. In northwestern Syria, damaged and abandoned buildings collapsed without casualties.[344] Shaking was felt in Lebanon, Egypt and Jordan.[345]
A 5.2 aftershock occurred on 27 February, near Yeşilyurt.[346] It collapsed about 30 buildings in the town.[347] Two people died and 140 others were injured; 12 in serious condition.[348] One fatality and four injuries were attributed to a factory collapse in Kahramanmaraş Province.[349]
On 25 July, a damaging 5.5 aftershock struck Kozan, Adana Province.[350] The shock left 63 people injured in Adana and Osmaniye provinces.[351] [352] A house in Sumbas was also damaged by rockfalls.[353] Another aftershock struck Malatya Province on 10 August, measuring 5.3.[354] Twenty-three people were injured; 22 in Malatya and one in Adıyaman.[355] One building collapsed and two were damaged in Malatya.[356]
Estimations of losses
The USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) service estimated a 35 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion. There was a 34 percent probability of economic losses exceeding US$100 billion. The service estimated a 36 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000; 26 percent probability of deaths exceeding 100,000.[357] For the second large earthquake, there was a 46 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000; 30 percent probability of deaths between 100 and 1,000. The service also estimated a 35 percent probability of economic losses between US$1 billion and US$10 billion; 27 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion.[358]
Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 23,284 and 105,671.[359] According to geophysics professor, Övgün Ahmet Ercan, "180,000 people or more may be trapped under the rubble, nearly all of them dead."[360] On 11 February, when the death toll was reported at about 28,000, United Nations emergency relief coordinator Martin Griffiths said the death toll was expected to "more than double".[361] [362] [363] The World Health Organization said up to 26 million people may have been affected; 15 million in Turkey and 11 million in Syria.[364]
Immediately after the earthquakes the Turkish lira value struck a record low of 18.85 against the US dollar, but rebounded to its starting position at the end of the day.[365] Turkish stock markets fell; main equities benchmark fell as much as 5 percent and banks fell 5.5 percent but recovered from the losses. The country's main stock market dropped 1.35 percent on 6 February.[366] The Borsa Istanbul fell 8.6 percent on 7 February, and declined by more than 7 percent on the morning of 8 February before trading was suspended;[367] the exchange then announced it would close for five days. When the exchange reopened, Turkey's stock soared nearly 10 percent while the lira fell to a record low of 18.9010 against the dollar.[368] Total cost of earthquake damage in Turkey was estimated by TÜRKONFED at $84.1 billion US dollars; $70.75 billion on rebuilding, $10.4 billion loss in national income, and an additional $2.91 billion loss in workforce.[369] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said rebuilding would cost $105 billion.[370] The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development said potential losses may be up to 1 percent of Turkey's GDP in 2023.[371] The Turkish government released a preliminary report estimating the total damage cost at $103.6 billion; corresponding to 9 percent of its GDP in 2023.[372] About half of residential property in the affected area is thought to be covered by Compulsory Earthquake Insurance.[373]
The United Nations Development Programme estimated between 116 million and 210 million tons of debris must be cleared in Turkey.[374] The volume of building debris was estimated at 100e6m3; greater than any recent natural disaster. The amount is 10 times that produced during the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[375]
In Syria, the World Bank estimated $5.1 billion in damages, excluding economic impact and losses. Nearly half the cost was direct damage to residential buildings and 18 percent on infrastructure.[376] Aleppo Governate, the worst-affected governate, accounted for 45 percent of the damage cost (equivalent to about $2.3 billion),[377] followed by Idlib and Lattakia governates. The amount of destroyed or damaged capital stock was about 10 percent of Syria's GDP. The World Bank estimated the reconstruction cost at $7.9 billion, additionally the economy may contract by up to 5.5 percent in 2023.[378]
Aftermath
Turkey
In the immediate aftermath, thousands were trapped under rubble when buildings collapsed.[379] Many people were missing in collapsed buildings.[380] Survivors trapped under rubble livestreamed their pleas for help on social media.[381] Some trapped survivors shared their location on social media which allowed rescuers to reach them.[382] People who lost contact with their relatives also sent pleas on social media.[383] Several tens of thousands of people across the region were left homeless and spent the night in cold weather. Officials had plans to open hotels in Antalya, Alanya and Mersin to temporarily accommodate the affected population. Authorities were slammed by residents in Hatay Province, who criticized the insufficient search and rescue efforts. Hatay Airport's runway was heavily damaged, making rescue efforts challenging. On 7 February, authorities said 1,846 people in the province have been rescued.
Mosques in Turkey were used as shelters for people unable to return to their homes amid freezing temperatures.[384] In Gaziantep, people sought refuge in shopping malls, stadiums, community centers, and mosques. Nearly 250,000 displaced persons resided in schools across Malatya Province. At least 24 mobile kitchens from vocational schools in the province were distributed across the affected areas.[385]
Several Turkish humanitarian institutions such as Ahbap from Haluk Levent,[386] [387] the Turkish Philanthropy Funds (US-based),[388] and Turkish Red Crescent (besides other IFRC members around the world)[389] also launched emergency appeals to help the victims.
Turkish Airlines said it would provide free flights from the provinces of Adana, Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Malatya, Elazığ and Kahramanmaraş. The Disaster and Emergency Management Authority opened an invitation for citizen volunteers to help with rescue efforts in the affected area. Thousands of volunteers arrived at Istanbul Airport. Bilal Ekşi, CEO of Turkish Airlines, said it has flown 11,780 volunteers on 80 flights to Adana, Gaziantep, Adiyaman and Şanlıurfa.[390] Pegasus Airlines said it evacuated 30,771 people from the affected area on 169 flights between 6 and 9 February.[391] Between 6 and 11 February, Turkish Airlines said it evacuated 139,438 people from the affected area on 790 flights. It carried 7,833 members of search and rescue and aid groups to the affected area on 1,595 flights.[392]
Search and rescue
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Twitter, "search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched" to the affected area. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[393] On 7 February, President Erdoğan declared a 3-month state of emergency in the 10 affected provinces: Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Malatya and Diyarbakır.[394]
The national government declared a level four alert to appeal for international aid.[395] According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, 25,000 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the 10 affected provinces.[396] [397] At least 70 countries offered to help in search and rescue operations.
Emergency services in Turkey were activated and looked for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. By 8 February, more than 8,000 people were rescued from rubble across 10 provinces.[398] [399] About 380,000 individuals took refuge at relief shelters or hotels.[400]
An "air aid corridor" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M and C-130 Hercules planes transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent.[401] Turkey sent an official request to NATO and allies for assistance.[402]
Over 53,000 Turkish emergency workers were deployed to the regions affected from the earthquakes.[403] A team of 90 miners from Soma arrived at Osmaniye to provide assistance. The İzmir Metropolitan Municipality also sent dozens of vehicles and equipment.[404]
Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperatures disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors.[405] Damaged roads also slowed down aid delivery.[406]
On 8 February, Erdoğan visited the town of Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş Province and Hatay Province.[407] He acknowledged "shortcomings" in the response to the earthquake, but denied that there was an insufficient number of personnel involved in rescue operations.[407] He also described people saying they hadn't seen security forces at all in some areas as "provocateurs".[408]
AFAD announced on 19 February that search and rescue efforts in most of the affected provinces had ceased.[409] The chairperson of AFAD, Yunus Sezer, said efforts would largely be discontinued by the night of 19 February.[410] Operations were still ongoing for 40 buildings in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay provinces by 19 February.[411] [412]
Charity and volunteer campaigns
President of the Turkish Red Crescent, Kerem Kınık, said the national blood stock may not be sufficient and made an appeal on social media urging people to donate blood across the country.[413] On 7 February, many search and rescue teams from various cities, many from Istanbul, and AFAD volunteers reached the affected areas.[414] At Istanbul, 12,752 volunteers were flown on 73 flights to the region by 06:00.[415] By 11 February, there were over 159,000 volunteer and professional search and rescue personnel in the affected area.[416]
Eight of Turkey's most-watched television channels organized a joint broadcast of an aid campaign. The channels; ATV, FOX, Kanal D, Kanal 7, Show TV, Star TV, TRT 1 and TV8 ortak organized the Türkiye Beats with One Heart Campaign on 15 February.[417] The broadcast was featured on 213 television channels and 562 radio stations.[418] The campaign received $6.1 billion in donations; the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was the largest donor, pledging $1.6 billion. Ziraat Bank and VakıfBank each pledged $1 billion.[419] The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Turkish Football Federation, Super League Clubs Association Foundation and beIN Media Group organized the Omuz Omuza campaign which raised $44.8 million on the first day.[420]
Government assistance
The government said it would pay compensation to those who have lost their homes.[421] President Erdoğan said ₺15,000 in relocation assistance per household would be given to those whose homes were moderate, heavy or total destruction. Rent assistance of up to ₺5,000 would be given to homeowners and ₺2,000 to tenants.[422]
On 9 February, after touring the city of Gaziantep, Erdoğan promised to rebuild destroyed homes of survivors within one year.[423] He also said the government is working on temporary accommodation for those made homeless.[423] That same day, force majeure was imposed in the affected region and tax obligations between 6 February and 31 July 2023, were postponed until 31 July 2023.[424]
On 10 February, while touring Adıyaman Province, Erdoğan reiterated the promise to rebuild all homes within one year, and added that the government will subsidize rents for those unwilling to stay in tents. He later added that more than 141,000 rescue personnel, including foreign teams, were working in the 10 affected provinces, that 100 billion lira (US$5.3 billion) were allocated to the disaster response.[421] On 22 February, the Turkish government announced plans to construct 200,000 homes in the 11 affected provinces and a further 70,000 in villages.[425]
Over 1.9 million people were rehoused in dormitories, guest houses, tents, hotels and containers.[426] AFAD issued a statement on 16 February, detailing that 387,000 tents had been established in the affected area by local and international organizations. Erdoğan said 890,000 survivors were placed in dormitories and 50,000 in hotels. He added that 1.6 million people had access to shelter.[427] Across the affected region, 162 container cities were established. The Governor of Şırnak, Osman Bilgin, said the district would be demolished and reconstructed.[428]
On 22 April, at an opening ceremony for new homes in Gaziantep, Erdoğan said construction had begun for 105,000—more than half had been completed. He added that the government was constructing 507,000 houses and 143,000 village homes; 319,000 homes were planned for completion by the end of 2023. New facilities including schools, hospitals, bazaars, markets, green areas, and parks were also being built.[429] About 689,000 people continue to live in container homes one year after the earthquake. These containers, generally, are equipped with amenities such as running water, a shower and toilet.[430]
Incidents
On the morning of 7 February, Turkey accused the People's Defense Units of having overseen an MRL attack on its border checkpoint, and that the Turkish army responded with further attacks.[431] [432]
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) declared a ceasefire in its conflict with Turkey.[433] Co-founder of the PKK, Cemîl Bayik, said "thousands of our people are under the rubble" and pushed for the focus on recovery efforts. He requested for all groups engaged to stop military actions and added that the PKK would not be engaged "as long as the Turkish state does not attack".[434]
On 17 February, a Syrian family of seven, including five children, were killed during a fire that struck a home in Nurdağı, Turkey, in which they moved to after surviving the earthquake. Seven other people were injured during the fire.[435] A natural gas explosion at a building in Şanlıurfa on 20 February killed two, left five injured and damaged businesses. Şanlıurfa's governor, Salih Ayhan, said due to the earthquakes, gas supply to the city was cut and an investigation was ongoing.[436] A bus ferrying earthquake survivors from Hatay to Konya collided with a truck on the Tarsus-Adana-Gaziantep Motorway on 23 February, killing two and injuring six.[437]
On 20 April, an IF1 tornado struck a camp housing people affected by the earthquake in Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş; three people died and 50 others were injured.[438] [439] [440] [441]
Crime and conflict
See also: Human rights in Turkey. After the earthquakes, looting was observed in the affected provinces. In Hatay, some desperate survivors tresspassed into supermarkets for food when aid took too long to arrive. However, ATMs were also broken-in and emptied; looters also began ravaging through clothing and electronic stores. President Erdogan said on 11 February that serious actions would be taken to address the issue. A rescuer in the affected area said many looters carried knives with them.[442] Looting occurred at damaged shops and buildings. Videos also circulated online allegedly showing goods stolen from aid vehicles, looting at buildings and alleged looters being beaten by officials or crowds. On 11 February, Anadolu Agency, citing unnamed sources, said Turkish officials arrested 98 people and seized stolen goods.[443] In Hatay Province, 42 people were held for stealing cash, smartphones, computers, weaponries, jewellery and bank cards. Authorities also arrested six people for cheating a survivor in Gaziantep.[444]
Turkey's Human Rights Association recorded several instances of violence and torture against alleged looters in Hatay Province. In one instance, a person died while in custody of officials after he was arrested in Hatay's Altinözü District alongside his brother. The surviving brother said he had been tortured. The siblings' father who identified the body said the victim died from a blood clot and had broken ribs and a broken nose. There were many reports of people mistaken as looters and violently beaten, including the beating of volunteer rescuers. A video which showed the lynching of three alleged refugees was posted on Twitter.[445]
German and Austrian rescuers deployed to Hatay suspended operations, citing a worsening security situation due to the slow arrival of aid or sporadic clashes between armed groups.[446] [447] The teams later resumed operations when the Turkish Land Forces provided protection.[448] On 12 February, rescuers from the Israeli search-and-rescue group United Hatzalah left Turkey, citing "intelligence of a concrete and immediate threat on the Israeli delegation".[449] [450]
On 9 February, three inmates were killed and 12 more injured after soldiers opened fire during a prison riot in Hatay. The prisoners were demanding to see their families affected by the earthquake.[451]
Floods
See main article: 2023 Turkish floods. Floods which struck the provinces of Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa in March killed at least 21 people.[452] The floods swept away cars, affected homes and campsites housing earthquake survivors. Twelve people, including five Syrians, died in Şanlıurfa. An intensive care unit in a hospital in the province was evacuated. In Adıyaman, two drowning deaths occurred when floodwaters swept away a container home with a family. Over a dozen professional divers participated in search and rescue efforts in each province.[453]
2023 elections
Before the earthquake, the government had planned the elections to be held on 14 May 2023, a month earlier than its latest possible date as a snap election.[454] After the earthquake, doubts arose if elections could be held on schedule. On 13 February, Bülent Arınç of the AKP demanded the elections be postponed despite the constitution disallowing such a possibility in the absence of war. Arınç's declaration has been criticized by media outlets and politicians. However, the possibility of this passing through amending the constitution was uncertain, as the governing coalition, with its 333 seats in parliament, could not surpass the 400-number hurdle needed for the motion to succeed.[455] On 18 February, AKP authorities stated that the elections would not be delayed.[456]
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of the CHP opposed its postponement on constitutional grounds. Mustafa Tolga Öztürk, YSK member of the İYİ party stated that YSK does not have any power to postpone an election and only parliament has the right to do so, adding that Turkey had no more time to lose with the AKP. Selahattin Demirtaş of the Peoples Democratic Party (HDP) has described the postponement as a political coup. The declaration of state of emergency in the affected regions was also interpreted as a possible measure to postpone elections. Nevertheless, the earthquake led to the opposition Nation Alliance postponing its 13 February meeting for the selection of its consensus presidential candidate to 6 March, which was eventually assumed by Kılıçdaroğlu.
At the elections on 14 May, Erdoğan's People's Alliance retained its majority in the Grand National Assembly,[457] while Erdoğan won in the first round of the presidential election, receiving 49.5%, and won 52.2% of the vote in the second round against Kılıçdaroğlu on 28 May.[458] This marked the first time a Turkish presidential election went into a run-off.[459] In both instances, Erdoğan retained the support of a majority of voters in most of the provinces devastated by the earthquake.[460] [461]
Education
On 9 February, the Council of Higher Education said education and training at universities in the affected provinces would be suspended until further notice.[462] Student hostels managed by the General Directorate of Higher Education Credit and Hostels would be used to house affected individuals.[463] The minister of national education, Mahmut Özer, ordered a week-long closure of all schools in the country,[464] which was later extended to two weeks. Schools in the affected provinces were suspended until 10 March.[465] Students studying in schools located in the affected provinces would be transferred to other provinces of their choice.[466]
Sports
After the earthquake, Süper Lig was suspended for over a week to mourn the victims. Clubs from affected regions: Süper Lig clubs Hatayspor,[467] Gaziantep FK, TFF First League club Yeni Malatyaspor,[468] Adanaspor, TFF Second League club Adıyaman FK, Diyarbekirspor and TFF Third League clubs Kahramanmaraşspor, and withdrew from competition. Sivas Belediyespor, Tarsus İdman Yurdu and Niğde Anadolu requested to withdraw but TFF did not approve their requests.[469]
On 6 February, it was announced the 2023 ISF World School Winter Games, which were due to be held in Erzurum, were canceled due to the 'force majeure' situation in the country.[470] On 10 February, it was announced the 2023 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup was canceled due to the impact of the earthquake. The tournament was intended to be held from 17 to 19 February in Alanya.[471] [472] In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.[473] [474]
All 39 members of the Northern Cypriot Türk Maarif Koleji's high school volleyball team including players, teachers, parents and a trainer died in the collapse of a hotel in Adıyaman.[475]
Three players from Iran's national paralympic football team died in Turkey.[476] Hatayspor's Ghanaian winger Christian Atsu died in the collapse of Rönesans Rezidans in Antakya. His body was found on the morning of 18 February.[477] [478] Atsu was a former Chelsea, Newcastle, Bournemouth and Everton player.[479] Basketball player Nilay Aydogan died in Malatya.[480]
In the first game of the Super Lig after the earthquake between Fenerbahce Istanbul and Konyaspor, fans protested against the Turkish government and shouted demands for its resignation, which was still heard even after the broadcaster of the game BeIN tried to censor the fans' voices.[481] In another football game in Istanbul between Besiktas and Antalyaspor the fans repeated their calls for the government's resignation and threw cuddly toys onto the field.[482]
Syria
See also: Foreign aid to Syria.
President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan for the affected regions.[483] He identified Aleppo, Hama and Latakia governates as the most affected. Following orders from President al-Assad, all teams of the civil defense, firefighting, health, and public construction groups were mobilized to the affected governates.[484] He also added that medical services, food and shelter were urgently needed. The Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection was ordered by President al-Assad to supply food and organize teams to distribute them. Technical teams were also on site to evaluate building conditions and evacuate residents in at-risk structures. The Ministry of Water Resources was tasked with rapidly assessing damage to dams, reservoirs and water stations, and ensuring people have access to water.[485]
The Syrian government appealed to UN member states, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other humanitarian organizations for international aid. Syria also requested for aid from the European Union's European Civil Protection Mechanism, according to commissioner Janez Lenarčič.[407] The Syrian government, through its representative in the United Nations, said that it should be responsible for aid distribution in all areas of the country, including those held by the rebels. The UK government said it would deliver aid through its long-term partners, the White Helmets civilian defense force.[486] The US State Department said it would use its humanitarian partners on the ground.[487]
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said damaged roads and logistical issues prevented the mobilization of international aid across the border from Turkey. Border crossings into Turkey remained closed on 7 February. Critically injured patients were unable to enter Turkey for medical attention. There were exceptions as to which persons could cross, including individuals holding touristic residence permits who could only cross by foot.[488] The Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing was made accessible on 8 February, according to the UN.[489]
Some hotels including in Latakia and Damascus offered to accommodate to survivors free of charge and ensure basic necessities. Refugees and expatriates also opened their homes as shelters for people. Al-Sham Private University started an effort to receive people. Sports facilities, events venues, university dormitories and halls were also opened to take in people. The Syria Trust for Development announced the establishment of shelters across many governorates. Volunteer groups inspected buildings for damage and distributed food items, blankets, and first aid essentials.[490]
Due to the high number of casualties, including trauma cases, many hospitals became overcrowded. Hospitals were already experiencing a shortage of medical supplies prior to the earthquake. Hospitals in many cities were forced to operate far beyond capacity. Many patients at hospitals slept on floors due to the lack of beds. The Ministry of Health dispatched medical convoys from the Health Directorates of Damascus, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Quneitra, Homs, and Tartus, to Aleppo and Latakia to rebel-held areas. Twenty-eight ambulances, seven mobile clinics, and four trucks carrying medical, surgical and emergency aid were also dispatched.[491] Local charities across the country, which typically distribute food during the month of Ramadan, have been exhausted to their fullest capacity. One of these charities, Saed Initiative, planned to establish a charity kitchen to provide free meals for the rest of the year. Between 2,500 and 4,000 meals were distributed every day in Aleppo, and the charity plans to distribute up to 40,000 meals every day. Another charity in the city, the al-Bir and al-Ihsan charity, provided 1,500 meals every day.[492]
Over 2,000 Syria Civil Defense (White Helmets) volunteers were sent to all the affected areas to conduct search and rescue efforts. With a lack of equipment and tools, they appealed to other humanitarian organizations for support. Officials on 7 February announced rescue and recovery efforts in Hama ended after 15 hours. Over 298,000 people were left without homes and 180 shelters were opened in government-held areas.[493] About 30,000 people were housed in shelters in Aleppo. As of 10 February, no international rescue workers had arrived in rebel-held Jinderis despite official calls for help.[494]
United States sanctions against Syria relating to the blocking of banks and payment processors led to the banning of international charities and families attempting to send money to people affected in Syria.[495] On 7 February 2023, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent urged Western countries to lift sanctions against Syria, saying the measures hurt civilians and humanitarian efforts during the earthquake recovery effort.[496] The sanctions are a series of economic measures taken by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, and the Arab League against the Assad regime from the start of the civil war in 2011. They include an oil embargo and the freezing of financial assets of the state and government officials.[497] [498] There were requests to lift or suspend the sanctions to aid humanitarian efforts following the earthquake.[499] [500]
On 10 February, the United States announced it would exempt sanctions against Syria for 180 days. The ease of sanctions was for "all transactions related to earthquake relief efforts", according to the United States Department of the Treasury.[501] The Syrian Foreign Ministry responded in a statement that the US' decision was "misleading and aims to give a false humanitarian impression" and that "the facts on the ground proved its falsehood."[502] [503] Some commentators have argued that the sanctions do not pose a problem for the delivery of humanitarian aid to Syria.[504]
International humanitarian assistance began entering northwestern Syria on 9 February via Turkey through the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing. The first convoy of six trucks carried tents and sanitary items. Turkey said it was working to open two additional border crossings.[505] On 10 February 14 trucks carrying aid crossed from Turkey into Syria, according to the United Nations.[506] The United States Central Command announced it would cooperate with Syrian Democratic Forces to assist the affected population in Syria.[507] On 11 February, World Health Organization director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited Aleppo, accompanying a shipment of emergency medical supplies.[508] On 12 February, all schools across Syria, except for those in the affected areas, were resumed since the earthquakes struck. Schools in Aleppo, Lattakia, Hama and Idleb remained closed.[509] On 14 February, the Syrian government agreed to open the border crossings at Bab al-Salameh and Al-Rai for three months.[510]
President al-Assad met UN relief chief Martin Griffiths on 21 March to discuss post-earthquake recovery and aid.[511]
A year later and the situation was still described as "devastating" by Julien Barnes-Dacey, director of the Middle East & North Africa programme at the European Council. The Human Rights Watch said Syria's humanitarian and economic had deteriorated further; many damaged infrastructure have not been cleared. Furthermore, the number of people who rely on aid had increased, while funding for UN organizations had diminished. The UN deputy regional humanitarian coordinator for the Syria crisis said the relief response following the earthquakes was the most underfunded plan in terms of percentage, with funding at 38 percent, since the crisis began in 2011.[512]
International humanitarian efforts
Countries
Reactions
Criticism of the Turkish government
See also: Construction amnesty and Seismic code.
The Turkish Government was criticized on social media for allegedly trying to cover up the fact that there were not two, but three mainshocks above . However, professor Hasan Sözbilir, Director of Dokuz Eylül University (DEU) Earthquake Research and Application Center, told Anadolu Agency that there were only 2 mainshocks reaching above between 6 and 17 February 2023, but of the smaller quakes, there was one that reached .[513] Additional allegations were made when the death toll in Turkey was at 41,000, could in fact be up to five times higher. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government was accused of manipulating the death toll of the earthquakes to mask the scale of the disaster amid growing criticism due to what many say was a delayed and ineffective response to the tragedy.[514]
The collapse of many newly constructed buildings caused public anger and doubts about the Turkish construction and contracting industry following seismic codes.[515] After the 1999 İzmit earthquake, new building codes were enacted to make buildings more resilient to earthquakes.[516] The quality of the concrete is often a factor in collapse, especially in older buildings, but the engineering and design of newer high rise buildings, and improper placement of support columns and beams, may contribute to collapse.[517] The building codes, last updated in 2018, required quality standards in engineering design, construction and material. There were complaints that the building codes were poorly enforced.
After the earthquake, Erdoğan had claimed "98 percent of the destroyed buildings were built in before 1999" and described it "as the indicator of an improvement in the quality of building codes and enforcement".[518] Erdoğan's claim was criticized by civil engineer and earthquake engineering academic Haluk Sucuoğlu, stating that field observations and more than half of the buildings in earthquake-affected areas being built after 2000 making Erdoğan's claims unlikely, though accepting that concrete data on the destroyed buildings do not exist yet.[519] The comparison of historical satellite images with those taken after the earthquake, especially of those showing the destruction in the newly built area of western Kahramanmaraş, were used to dispute Erdoğan's claim.[520]
In Adıyaman, the minister of transport and infrastructure, Adil Karaismailoğlu, and governor, Mahmut Çuhadar, were met with protests by locals. The state car of the governor was also kicked by protesters.[521] Turkish engineers previously warned that cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty.[522] Critics of President Erdoğan said contractors of housing projects were allowed to skip vital safety mandates which put residents at risk. Videos from several years ago showed Erdoğan applauding housing projects which eventually collapsed. During a campaign stop in anticipation of the March 2019 local elections, he listed, among his government's top attainment, new housing in Kahramanmaras. Erdoğan said "We solved the problem of 144,156 citizens of Maras with zoning amnesty," In another video, he said "We have solved the problems of 205,000 citizens of Hatay with zoning peace,"[523]
Before the 2018 general election, 3.1 million buildings were granted amnesty certificates, according to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Assistant and city planner, Bugra Gokce. In the ten affected provinces, 294,165 certificates were granted; 59,247 in Adana; 10,629 in Adıyaman; 14,719 in Diyarbakır; 40,224 in Gaziantep; 56,464 in Hatay; 39,58 in Kahramanmaraş; 4,897 in Kilis; 22,299 in Malatya; 21,107 in Osmaniye; and 25,521 in Şanlıurfa.[524] After a destructive earthquake struck İzmir in 2020, Asia Times said the Turkish government generated US$2 billion in profit since the latest zoning amnesty law was approved in May 2018. During that earthquake, there were 811,000 certificates linked to illegal construction in İzmir.[525]
The leader of the opposition in Parliament, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of the Republican People's Party (CHP), pinned responsibility for the scale of the disaster on President Erdoğan. He demanded from the CHP mayors not to back down from providing bread and blankets to people in need and reject bureaucratic blocking as they did during the COVID-19 lockdown.[526] It has also been reported that some donations from relief organizations arriving at the Adana airport were relabeled as assistance by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) or also the governing AKP.[527] Questions also arose as to how an "earthquake tax" (officially "special communications tax") levied by the Turkish government in the wake of the 1999 earthquake, estimated to have reached 88bn lira ($4.6bn; £3.8bn) and meant to have been spent on disaster prevention and the development of emergency services, were spent, given how the government has never given a public explanation.
Some Kurdish and Alevi residents alleged discrimination and neglect in the government's recovery efforts.[528] [529] The pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) accused Turkish authorities of preventing equal distribution of aid[530] and favoring areas inhabited majorly by people loyal to the governing AKP.[531]
Disaster management
AFAD, the state organ for the disaster relief, was criticized on the grounds of slowness during the first days of the earthquake.[532] There were reports of unsuccessful attempts by people to contact AFAD. Emergency management academic Kubilay Kaptan stated that the delayed reaction of AFAD was mainly caused by the increasing centralization of Turkish emergency response agencies under the current government. According to Kaptan, numerous relief agencies were merged into AFAD in the past years and since the implementation of the referendum, AFAD became part of the Ministry of Interior, losing its autonomy and self-governance. Kaptan added that the Ministry of Interior, responsible for making decisions, hindered the fast response since the organization required approval for its actions, contrasting more independent agencies like FEMA in the United States.[533] AFAD was also criticized on the claims of inappropriate board of management, since some members of the board had no disaster management background., the general manager of disaster response subdivision of AFAD and a theologian who previously worked at the Directorate of Religious Affairs, was criticized by several politicians and media outlets.[534] [535] [536]
Another criticism was the late deployment of military resources. They were not mobilized for two days after the earthquake, and even then in what many considered in very modest amounts.[537] There were many instances where aid was forced to go through local governors, who were not elected but appointed by the government. In some instances, aid was held by the ruling party with the explanation that it would be managed by AFAD.[538] There were reports of aid trucks stopped and not let through unless ruling party placards and signs were placed on them, including stickers of the president placed on individual aid packages.[539] On 16 February the district governor of Pazarcik accompanied by the gendarmerie seized aid stored in a distribution center established jointly by the HDP and the Hasankoca Neighborhood Assistance and Solidarity Association in presence of the head of the Diyarbakır Chamber of Industry arguing they could not distribute aid independently.[530]
On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes.[540] The opposition voted no to the measure, claiming that it was unnecessary since the provinces were already declared as "disaster areas".
A week after the earthquakes in Samandağ, a coastal town in Hatay Province, residents dug through the rubble to look for victims because of the slow and limited government response. "We have nothing left and the government barely helped us," one resident said, adding that assistance only came 48 hours after the earthquake.[541]
Media
NetBlocks announced that ICTA limited access to Twitter from Turkey, with Turkish government officials claiming disinformation.[542] [543] According to Reuters, citing an anonymous government official, the block was necessary "because in some accounts there were untrue claims, slander, insults and posts with fraudulent purposes," The block caused public anger as Twitter assisted in sharing information on arriving aid and the whereabouts of survivors still trapped in rubble. The Peoples' Democratic Party said Twitter helped in organizing aid to the affected and the block would "only cause more death." Ali Babacan, leader of the Turkey's opposition group, Democracy and Progress Party, also criticized the block.[544]
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) issued a statement critical of fines and penalties issued to Halk TV,, and Fox over their coverage of the earthquake by the Radio and Television Supreme Council. In addition to the fines, both Halk TV and TELE1 were required to suspend airing of the shows that had criticized the government for five days. The CPJ's statement said that Turkey officials should revoke both the fine and penalties along with refraining from silencing the media for its earthquake coverage.[545] [546]
Criminal investigation in Turkey
On 7 February, Turkish police said they detained four people over "provocative posts aiming to create fear and panic" on social media following the earthquake. It added that a wider investigation into social media accounts was ongoing, but offered no information on the content of the posts.[547] The number of detentions increased to a dozen on 8 February.[548] Following reports of property being ransacked by looters,[549] [550] authorities arrested 98 people for robbery or defrauding victims.[551] Syrians have faced increased discrimination in the country, with some Turks blaming them for the looting.[552] [553] [554] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch alleged that Turkish security forces tortured and ill-treated individuals arrested on suspicion of looting. In a report from both organizations, one person died while being held by authorities. The report said allegations of torture came from 10 provinces, with most of them coming from Antakya alone.[555]
On 9 February, minister of justice, Bekir Bozdağ, said a judicial investigation into the collapse of buildings was opened. The probe attempts to hold accountable those who constructed the buildings or bore any responsibility for their collapse in the 10 hardest-hit provinces. Bozdağ said: "Those who have negligence, faults and those responsible for the destructions after the earthquake will be identified and held accountable before the judiciary".[556] [557] Nearly 150 local prosecutors were authorized to establish units to investigate contractors, surveyors and other experts linked to the collapsed buildings.[558]
On 11 February, the justice ministry announced the plan to establish the "Earthquake Crimes Investigation" bureaus. The bureaus aim to hold contractors and other responsible for construction, gathering evidence, recommendation experts; including architects geologists and engineers; and inspecting building permits and occupation permits. Vice President Fuat Oktay said 131 individuals linked to the collapse of buildings were identified.[559]
By 25 February 612 people were investigated for their involvement in building collapses; 184 were arrested and awaiting trial. Those in jail included contractors and building owners and managers.[560] On 12 February, the Adana Chief Public Prosecutor's Office issued arrest warrants for 62 people;[561] Thirty one arrests were made on 14 February. In Malatya, city prosecutors issued arrest warrants for 31 people.[562]
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) published an article on 14 February covering journalists being detained and harassed for their reporting on the earthquake in Turkey. Some of those detained were being investigated for "spreading misinformation" or for ""provoking the people into animosity and hatred" in connection with their reporting.[563]
The owner of Rönesans Rezidans which collapsed in Hatay Province was arrested in Istanbul while attempting to leave Turkey for Montenegro. In Gaziantep Province, two people were arrested after being suspected of cutting-down columns to make extra space in a building that collapsed.[564] Bekir Bozdağ said 163 people were being investigated for their alleged involvement. Eight people were arrested and awaiting trial while 48 were held in police detention; another seven were prohibited from leaving Turkey. Officials detained two people at Istanbul Airport attempting to flee to Georgia. Among those arrested were a man and his wife who constructed several buildings in Adiyaman which collapsed. A contractor involved in developing the Bahar Apartments in Gaziantep was detained in Istanbul after his inspections were deemed negligent. The owner of a construction company which built several buildings in Adana was apprehended in Northern Cyprus.
The majority of buildings that collapsed in Turkey were constructed before 2000, but some were constructed after that year. Following the 1999 earthquake, building construction followed new regulations and had improved materials. Sukru Ersoy, a geology professor at Yıldız Technical University, said "corruption is high in the construction sector in Turkey. And therefore, there were abuses".[565] However, corruption was not always present in local authorities;[566] in Erzin, which has a strict policy against the construction of buildings that violated safety codes in addition to having endured other earthquakes with less damage, became a popular location for survivors elsewhere to take refuge as no collapsed buildings were reported.[567] [568]
On 3 January 2024, the first trials opened in Turkey relating to the earthquake, with a court in Adiyaman trying 11 individuals accused of "conscious negligence" while overseeing the construction of the collapsed Isias Hotel.[569] The families of those killed in the Isias Hotel collapsed testified against its owner and 10 contractors.[570] Attorneys representing victims' families said contractors tried may be handled a less severe sentence as evidence and collapsed rubble were cleared in the aftermath.[571]
In mid-April 2024, trials began for eight defendants; four from the construction contractor and four from a private inspector involved with the Rönesans Rezidans. All the defendants pleaded not guilty. The luxury apartment collapsed, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing, believed to have also died. Four of the accused were held in detention while another was reportedly on the run. At the Hatay Third High Criminal Court, they were charged with "causing the death and injury of more than one person with conscious negligence." The eight individuals face up to 22 years in jail if convicted.[572] The director for Human Rights Watch in Turkey voiced concerns that many public officials have not gone for trial, while only individuals from private sector has. Public servants also has a role in the construction of inadequate buildings such as issuing permits and consenting to building plans. No public servant has gone to trial as of 19 April 2024.[573]
National mourning
President Erdoğan declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey on Twitter.[574] [398] Seven days of national mourning was observed in Northern Cyprus, and one day in Bangladesh and Kosovo.[575] [576] Albania's prime minister, Edi Rama, said 13 February would be a day of national mourning.[577] On 13 February, all overseas diplomatic missions of North Macedonia lowered the Macedonian flags to half-mast.[578]
Criticism by the Syrian government and opposition
Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake.[579] Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue. On 10 February, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad[580] accused Western countries of having "no regard for the human condition."[581] The US Treasury said its sanctions "contain robust exemptions for humanitarian efforts" in the first place, and that after the earthquake it issued a blanket authorization for relief efforts. The United Nations has also been criticized for its policy of focusing aid shipments solely to the regime, at the expense of Syrian lives in opposition-held territories.[582]
Idlib region, under the control of Syrian Salvation Government (SSG), was one of the hardest-hit territories.[583] Assad regime's policy of besieging North-West Syria; which blockades the supply of food, medicines and other humanitarian supplies, has further deteriorated the crisis in Idlib.[584] Abu Mohammad al-Julani, commander of the SSG-aligned Tahrir al-Sham rebel militia, criticized aid agencies of neglecting the situation in Idlib and called on the international community to be more proactive in reconstruction and relief efforts, adding that the "United Nations needs to understand that it's required to help in a crisis".[585] Upon traveling to the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing bordering the rebel-held territories, UNOCHA Under-Secretary Martin Griffith stated on 12 February that "We have so far failed the people in north-west Syria".[585] As of 13 February, Ankara and the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army were accused of blocking aid convoys sent by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria from entering the north-west region.[586] [587]
The United Nations criticized Russia's attempts to block delivery of aid through checkpoints to rebel-held territories. Secretary General António Guterres urged the Security Council to immediately permit aid flows into Northwestern Syria.[588] United States appealed for the immediate opening of all closed checkpoints to send in relief efforts to all parts of Syria; calling for an emergency UN Security Council meeting to increase humanitarian assistance through Bab al-Hawa and open up more border crossings for the entry of UN aid.[585] [588] Stéphane Dujarric, a United Nations spokesperson, said on 14 February, "some aid is getting into the north-west, pointing to 58 trucks that arrived with aid through the Bab Al-Hawa crossing." However, the organization does not possess heavy equipment or search and rescue teams. He stressed that the "international community as a whole needs to step up to get that aid where it is needed."
Raed al-Saleh, chief of Syrian Civil Defence, strongly rebuked the UN for its negligence and delay in responding to the rescue efforts:
"Let me be clear: The White Helmets received no support from the United Nations during the most critical moments of the rescue operations.. The UN's failure to respond quickly to this catastrophe is shameful. When I asked the UN why help had failed to arrive in time, the answer I received was bureaucracy. In the face of one of the deadliest catastrophes to strike the world in years, it seems the UN's hands were tied by red tape."[579]
Health concerns
Due to below-freezing temperatures in the affected areas in both Turkey and Syria, the mayor of Hatay, Lütfü Savaş, warned about the hypothermia risk.[589] In Adiyaman Province, some residents trapped under rubble died from hypothermia.[590]
Concerns arose regarding the possible spread of infection in areas where sanitation facilities were damaged or unfunctional. Due to water shortage experienced in both countries, many survivors could not shower. International health organizations said the shortage of clean water would be a public health risk. The World Health Organization said water shortage "increases the risk of waterborne diseases and outbreaks of communicable diseases."[591]
On 18 February, Turkey's Health Minister Fahrettin Koca said there was an increase in intestinal and upper respiratory infection cases but "numbers did not pose a serious threat to public health." At a stadium serving as shelter in Kahramanmaraş, a clinic managed by 15 to 30 medics attended up to 10,000 patients in the day. The clinic provided tetanus shots and sanitary items to residents. Many people at the stadium were unable to shower and the six toilets were unable to accommodate to the large number of people. In Antakya, residents said more portable toilets were needed.
Health authorities in Turkey had to ensure earthquake survivors were free of disease. The World Health Organization collaborated with local authorities to monitor the rates of waterborne diseases, seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the affected.
Commemorations
On the first anniversary of the earthquake on 6 February 2024, the Turkish government organized a series of programs to mark the disaster, with schools closed in the affected regions. In Antakya, a moment of silence was held at 04:17, when the earthquake struck, and carnations were scattered into the Orontes River. A silent march was held in Adiyaman while President Erdoğan is expected to visit Kahramanmaraş. Protests were also held in Antakya criticizing health minister Fahrettin Koca and mayor Lütfü Savaş, with demonstrators chanting "Can anyone hear me?", a reminder of cries for rescue following the earthquake and "We won't forget, we won't forgive." In Malatya Province, the governor banned events that were not officially sanctioned until 9 February.[592]
See also
References
Notes
- Web site: USGS . 6 February 2023 . USGS earthquake catalog . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002654/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=34.02535,30.00366&extent=40.12009,43.36304&range=search&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22starttime%22:%222023-02-06%2000:00:00%22,%22endtime%22:%222025-02-06%2023:59:59%22,%22maxlatitude%22:38.737,%22minlatitude%22:35.496,%22maxlongitude%22:39.452,%22minlongitude%22:33.904,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22maxmagnitude%22:7.4,%22orderby%22:%22time%22%7D%7D . live.
- 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028 . Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone . Marco Bohnhoff . Patricia Martínez-Garzón . Fatih Bulut . Eva Stierle . Yehuda Ben-Zion . Tectonophysics . 147–165 . 2016 . 674 . 2016Tectp.674..147B . free .
- Web site: Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes – Türkiye and Syria, 31 May 2023. 20 July 2023. 23 July 2023. ReliefWeb. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012015950/https://reliefweb.int/report/turkiye/kahramanmaras-earthquakes-turkiye-and-syria-31-may-2023. live.
- News: England . Andrew . Smith . Alan . Parrish . Graham . Bernard . Steven . Turkey and Syria's devastating earthquakes in graphics . 24 February 2023 . Financial Times . 9 February 2023 . 30 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230430212632/https://www.ft.com/content/337edef6-05c9-498c-a3f0-13776082f218 . live .
- News: Parkinson . Joe . Hinshaw . Drew . Grove . Thomas . After Turkey's Earthquake Comes the Reckoning. 'Why Are We Unprepared?' . 27 February 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 12 February 2023 . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227002028/https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-earthquake-erdogan-unprepared-edbe4d5d . live .
- Web site: 1.5 million now homeless in Türkiye after quake disaster, warn UN development experts . 21 February 2023 . 23 February 2023 . United Nations Office at Geneva . 26 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230226201433/https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/02/78128/15-million-now-homeless-turkiye-after-quake-disaster-warn-un . live .
- News: Turkey earthquake: Rising toll makes quake deadliest in Turkey's modern history . Bilginsoy . Z. . El Deeb . S. . Armangue . B. . Wilks . A. . . 15 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215224347/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/turkey-earthquake-rising-toll-makes-quake-deadliest-in-turkeys-modern-history/KQHKJKUATJCZDIJUTQTAILHKJ4/ . live .
- Web site: The town that didn't collapse: How a tiny Turkish city avoided the earthquake's destruction . 15 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . NBC News . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306002638/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/erzin-turkey-earthquake-building-collapse-construction-codes-rcna70733 . live .
- News: Ghosh . Pallab . Turkey earthquake: Where did it hit and why was it so deadly? . 13 February 2023 . BBC News . 11 February 2023 . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214235908/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64540696 . live .
- News: The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why . 9 February 2023 . . 9 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208231612/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/07/middleeast/earthquake-turkey-syria-why-deadly-intl/index.html . live .
- Web site: The earthquake in Turkey and Syria is the fifth deadliest of the 21st century. Le Monde. 16 February 2023. 16 February 2023. 16 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216211504/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2023/02/16/the-earthquake-in-turkey-and-syria-is-the-fifth-deadliest-of-the-21st-century_6016044_8.html. live.
- News: Deprem bölgesinde fatura borçlarının silinmesi için süre uzatıldı. Milat Gazetsi. 22 August 2023. 9 November 2023. 9 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231109233631/https://www.milatgazetesi.com/haber/deprem-bolgesinde-fatura-borclarinin-silinmesi-icin-sure-uzatildi-4201/. live.
- News: Political failure has killed people in Syria before and after the earthquakes . 14 April 2023 . Counsil for Arab-British Understanding . 10 April 2023 . 14 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414114419/https://www.caabu.org/news/article/political-failure-has-killed-people-syria-and-after-earthquakes . live .
- News: Grove . Thomas Grove . Malsin . Jared . Jones . Rory . Earthquake Survivors' Time Is Running Out in Turkey and Syria . 27 February 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 9 February 2023 . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110523/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/rescue-teams-race-against-time-to-find-survivors-11675840896?mod=Searchresults_pos14&page=5 . live .
- News: Parkinson . Joe . Malsin . Jared . Turkey's Erdogan Era Began After a Massive Earthquake. Another Is Testing His Leadership. . 27 February 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 7 February 2023 . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110519/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/turkeys-erdogan-era-began-after-a-massive-earthquake-another-is-testing-his-leadership-11675813751 . live .
- News: Özdemir . Özge . Kirby . Paul . Turkey earthquake failures leave Erdogan looking vulnerable . 27 February 2023 . BBC News . 11 February 2023 . "More than 30,000 people from the professional and voluntary sector eventually arrived" . 14 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314165741/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64594349 . live .
- News: Jones . Rory . Cloud . David S. . Kalin . Stephen . Turkey, Syria Mourn Losses as Earthquake Death Toll Climbs Above 24,000 . 27 February 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 11 February 2023 . "141,000 people from 94 countries were part of the rescue effort" . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110518/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/turkey-syria-mourn-losses-as-earthquake-death-toll-climbs-above-21-000-af1b2c21?mod=Searchresults_pos8&page=3 . live .
- Book: Duman . T.Y. . Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region . Emre . Ö . Geological Society . 2013 . 9781862393530 . Robertson . A.H.F. . Special Publications . London . The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics . 10.1144/SP372.14 . 2013GSLSP.372..495D . 129225180 . Parlak . O . Ünlügenç . U.C..
- Tarı . U. . Tüysüz . O. . Genç . Ş.C. . Imren . C. . Blackwell . B.A.B. . Lom . N. . Tekeşin . Ö . Üsküplü . S. . Altıok . S. . Beyhan . M. . 2014 . The geology and morphology of the Antakya Graben between the Amik Triple Junction and the Cyprus Arc . Geodinimica Acta . 26 . 1–2 . 27–55 . 10.1080/09853111.2013.858962. 128404168 .
- Elhadidy . M. . Abdalzaher . M.S. . Gaber . H. . 2021 . Up-to-date PSHA along the Gulf of Aqaba-Dead Sea transform fault . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 148 . 106835 . 10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106835. 2021SDEE..14806835E .
- Erdik, M., Tümsa, M. B. D., Pınar, A., Altunel, E., and Zülfikar, A. C. 2023, A preliminary report on 6 February 2023, Earthquake in Türkiye,
- Över . Semir . Demirci . Alper . Özden . Süha . Tectonic Implications of the February 2023 Earthquakes (Mw: 7.7, 7.6 and 6.3) in South-Eastern Türkiye . 6 April 2023 . 4411931.
- Ambraseys . N.N. . The little-known earthquakes of 1866 and 1916 in Anatolia (Turkey) . Journal of Seismology . 1997 . 1 . 3 . 289–299 . 10.1023/A:1009788609074. 1997JSeis...1..289A . 127249225 .
- Milkereit . C. . Grosser . H. . Wang . R. . Wetzel . H.-U. . Woith . H. . Karakisa . S. . Zünbül . S. . Zschau . J. . Implications of the 2003 Bingöl Earthquake for the Interaction between the North and East Anatolian Faults . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 2004 . 94 . 6 . 2400–2406 . 10.1785/0120030194. 2004BuSSA..94.2400M .
- News: . Aynı fayın, aynı segmenti kırılmıştı: 1114 ve 1513'te Maraş Pazarcık'ta neler olmuştu? . 8 February 2023 . Gürer . Mut . Turkish . 8 March 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216004001/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ayni-fayin-ayni-segmenti-kirilmisti-1114-ve-1513te-maras-pazarcikta-neler-olmustu-42216570 . live .
- Aktug . B. . Ozener . H. . Dogru . A. . Sabuncu . A. . Turgut . B. . Halicioglu . K. . Yilmaz . O. . Havazli . E. . Slip rates and seismic potential on the East Anatolian Fault System using an improved GPS velocity field . Journal of Geodynamics . 2016 . 94 . 1–12 . 10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.001 . 2016JGeo...94....1A . 11 February 2023 . 7 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231427/http://halicioglu.de/pubs/aktug2016slip.pdf . live .
- Güvercin . S.E. . Karabulut . H. . Konca . A.O. . Doğan . U. . Ergintav . S. . 2022 . Active seismotectonics of the East Anatolian Fault . . 230 . 1 . 50–69 . 10.1093/gji/ggac045 . 6 February 2023-->. free .
- Ragon . Théa . Simons . Mark . Bletery . Quentin . Cavalié . Olivier . Fielding . Eric . A Stochastic View of the 2020 Elazığ Mw 6.8 Earthquake (Turkey) . Geophysical Research Letters . 2021 . 3 . 48 . 10.1029/2020GL090704 . 2021GeoRL..4890704R . 230535258 . 7 April 2023 . 29 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429092400/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03102456/file/2020GL090704.pdf . live .
- Nalbant . Suleyman S. . McCloskey . John . Steacy . Sandy . Barka . Aykut A. . Stress accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 2002 . 195 . 3–4 . 291–298 . 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00592-1. 2002E&PSL.195..291N .
- H. Serdar . Akyuz . E. . Altunel . Volkan . Karabacak . Cahit Caglar . Yalciner . 2006 . Historical earthquake activity of the northern part of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, southern Turkey . . . 426 . 3–4 . 281–293 . 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.005. 2006Tectp.426..281A.
- Web site: Magnitude 7.8 Earthquake in Nurdağı, Turkey (Türkiye) . U.S. Geological Survey . 17 February 2023 . usgs.gov . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217130546/https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/magnitude-78-earthquake-nurdagi-turkey-turkiye . live .
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Global CMT Catalog Search . 6 February 2023 . Global Centroid Moment Tensor . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002705/https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2023&mo=2&day=6&oyr=2023&omo=2&oday=7&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=7&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 . live.
- News: BBC. Depremin büyüklüğü nedir, nasıl ölçülür?. tr. 16 February 2023. 6 February 2023. 16 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216150141/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c9098dnyxlko. live.
- Web site: Kandilli Rasathanesi depremi 7.7 olarak revize etti. Kandilli Observatory has revised the earthquake to 7.7. 16 February 2023. tr. cumhuriyet.com.tr. Cumhuriyet. 8 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230208015340/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/son-dakika-kandilli-rasathanesi-depremi-77-olarak-revize-etti-2048733. live.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . 6 February 2023 . M 7.8 – Pazarcik earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence . 6 February 2023 . United States Geological Survey . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021003/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/executive . live.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Turkey 2023/02/06 01:17:35 UTC, Mw=8.0 . 6 February 2023 . GEOSCOPE Observatory . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142222/http://geoscope.ipgp.fr/index.php/en/catalog/earthquake-description?seis=us6000jllz .
- News: Baker . J.A. . 6 February 2023 . Impact of Turkey earthquake on local population, economy will be 'massive': Expert. Channel NewsAsia . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206155841/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/turkey-syria-earthquake-aftershocks-local-population-economy-impact-3257776 . live.
- Web site: Historic Worldwide Earthquakes . https://web.archive.org/web/20090825081330/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php/ . 25 August 2009 . United States Geological Survey.
- Book: Ambraseys, N. . Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900 . Cambridge University Press . 2009 . 9781316347850 . 512–515.
- News: Ozkan . M. . Makieh . K. . 6 February 2023 . Major earthquake kills 3,700 in Turkey and Syria, weather hits survivors . Reuters . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065653/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/major-earthquake-strikes-turkey-syria-about-200-dead-many-trapped-2023-02-06/ . live.
- 10 February 2023. 9 February 2023. tr. 06 Şubat 2023 Mw=7.6 Ekınözü Kahramanmaraş Depremı. 06 February 2023 Mw=7.7 Sofalaca Sehitkamil Gaziantep Earthquake. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. 7 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020241/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/06-subat-2023-ml7-5-ekinozu-kahramanmaras-depremi/. live.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Turkey 2023/02/06 10:24:49 UTC, Mw=7.7 . 6 February 2023 . Geoscope Observatory . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142223/http://geoscope.ipgp.fr/index.php/en/catalog/earthquake-description?seis=us6000jlqa .
- Special focus/Rapid Communication Moment magnitudes of two large Turkish earthquakes on February 6, 2023 from long-period coda. Xinyu Jiang. Xiaodong Song. Tian Li. Kaixin Wu. 2023. 36. Earthquake Science. 10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.008. 2. 1674-4519. 169–174. 2023EaSci..36..169J . 258023599 . free.
- News: KeAi . The magnitude of the 2023 Turkish earthquake matches the largest in the country's history, according to new study . 12 April 2023 . Phys.org . 11 April 2023 . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411183739/https://phys.org/news/2023-04-magnitude-turkish-earthquake-largest-country.html . live .
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . 6 February 2023 . M 6.7 – Central Turkey . 6 February 2023 . United States Geological Survey . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113846/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jlm1/executive . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Turkey reports at least 120 aftershocks following Monday's powerful earthquake . CNN. 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206082318/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-earthquake-latest-020623/index.html . live.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.3 – 3 km WSW of Uzunbağ, Turkey. 20 February 2023. United States Geological Survey. 20 February 2023. 20 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230220171947/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jqcn/executive. live.
- Mai . P. Martin . Aspiotis . Theodoros . Aquib . Tariq Anwar . Cano . Eduardo Valero . Castro-Cruz . David . Espindola-Carmona . Armando . Li . Bo . Li . Xing . Liu . Jihong . Matrau . Rémi . Nobile . Adriano . Palgunadi . Kadek Hendrawan . Ribot . Matthieu . Parisi . Laura . Suhendi . Cahli . Tang . Yuxiang . Yalcin . Bora . Klinger . Yann . Jónsson . Sigurjón . The Destructive Earthquake Doublet of 6 February 2023 in South-Central Türkiye and Northwestern Syria: Initial Observations and Analyses . The Seismic Record . 2023 . 3 . 2 . 105–115 . 10.1785/0320230007. 258515976 . free . 2023SeisR...3..105M . 10754/691536 . free .
- News: Kawoosa . Vijdan Mohammad . Scarr . Simon . Doyle . Gerry . 10,000 tremors . 1 March 2023 . 2 March 2023 . Reuters . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000817/https://www.reuters.com/graphics/TURKEY-QUAKE/AFTERSHOCKS/dwpkdzklevm/ . live .
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . M 6.0 – 5 km NE of Göksun, Turkey . 6 February 2023 . . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142231/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jlqa/ . live.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . M 6.0 – 10 km SE of Doğanşehir, Turkey . 6 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002658/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jm1y/executive . live.
- Web site: Grove . Thomas . 9 February 2023 . Aftershocks Continue to Rock Second Earthquake's Epicenter Elbistan . 17 February 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218001955/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/turkey-syria-earthquake/card/aftershocks-continue-to-rock-second-earthquake-s-epicenter-elbistan-AK3x3YSIweVuadFfGmMs . live .
- Web site: M 7.5 – Elbistan earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence . 6 February 2023 . National Earthquake Information Center . . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142231/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jlqa/ . live.
- Ren, C., Wang, Z., Taymaz, T., Hu, N., Luo, H., Zhao, Z., Yue, H., Song, X., Shen, Z., Xu, H., Geng, J., Zhang, W., Wang, T., Ge, Z., Irmak, T.S., Erman, C., Zhou, Y., Li, Z., Xu, H., Cao, B. and Ding, H., 2024. Supershear triggering and cascading fault ruptures of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, earthquake doublet, Science, 383, 6680, 305–311,
- Meng . Lingsen . Xu . Liuwei . Mohanna . Saeed . Ji . Chen . Ampuero . Jean-Paul . Yunjun . Zhang . Hasnain . Masooma . Chu . Risheng . The 2023 Mw7.8 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey Earthquake: A Multi-segment Rupture in A Millennium Supercycle . Research Square . preprint . 2023 . 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2747911/v1.
- Barbot . Sylvain . Luo . Heng . Wang . Teng . Hamiel . Yariv . Piatibratova . Oksana . Javed . Muhammad Tahir . Braitenberg . Carla . Gurbuz . Gokhan . Slip distribution of the February 6, 2023 Mw 7.8 andMw 7.6, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquake sequencein the East Anatolian Fault Zone . Seismica . 2023 . 2 . 3 . 10.26443/seismica.v2i3.502. 258272951 . free .
- Stein . R.S. . Toda . S. . Özbakir . A.D. . Sevilgen . V. . Gonzalez-Huizar . H. . Lotto . G. . Sevilgen . S. . 2 March 2023 . Interactions, stress changes, mysteries, and partial forecasts of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, earthquakes . 12 March 2023 . Temblor . 10.32858/temblor.299 . 257346604 . 12 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230312172431/https://temblor.net/temblor/insights-stress-changes-mysteries-turkey-earthquakes-2023-15070/ . live .
- Web site: Toda . Shinji . Stein . Ross S. . Özbakir . Ali Deger . Gonzalez-Huizar . Hector . Sevilgen . Volkan . Lotto . Gabriel . Sevilgen . Serkan . Stress change calculations provide clues to aftershocks in 2023 Türkiye earthquakes . Temblor, Inc. . 13 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213072004/https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/stress-calculation-clues-aftershocks-turkey-earthquakes-2023-14952/ . live .
- Web site: Schmitt . R. . Herman . M. . Barnhart . W. . Furlong . K. . Benz . H. . 22 February 2023 . The 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, Earthquake Sequence . United States Geological Survey . 28 February 2023 . 26 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230226053640/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/storymap/index-turkey2023.html . live .
- Rosakis . A. . Abdelmaguid . M. . Elbanna . A. . 17 February 2023 . Evidence of Early Supershear Transition in the Feb 6th 2023 Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş Turkey Earthquake From Near-Field Records . Preprint . 10.31223/X5W95G . free . Eartharxiv Preprint . 2302.07214 . 2023EaArX...X5W95GR . 15 March 2023 . 12 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230312134039/https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/5042/ . live .
- Petersen . Gesa Maria . Büyükakpinar . Pinar . Sanhueza . Felipe Orlando Vera . Metz . Malte . Cesca . Simone . Akbayram . Kenan . Saul . Joachim . Dahm . Torsten . The 2023 Southeast Türkiye Seismic Sequence: Rupture of a Complex Fault Network . The Seismic Record . 2023 . 3 . 2 . 134–143 . 10.1785/0320230008. 2023SeisR...3..134P . 258777817 . free .
- Melgar . Diego . Taymaz . Tuncay . Ganas . Athanassios . Crowell . Brendan . Öcalan . Taylan . Kahraman . Metin . Tsironi . Varvara . Yolsal-Çevikbilen . Seda . Valkaniotis . Sotiris . Irmak . Tahir Serkan . Eken . Tuna . Erman . Ceyhun . Özkan . Berkan . Dogan . Ali Hasan . Altuntaş . Cemali . Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye . Seismica . 2023 . 2 . 3 . 10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387. 257520761 . free .
- Web site: Kahramanmaraş depremi sonrasında uzmanların uyarı verdiği iller, yerler, fay hattı bilgileri! . 17 February 2023 . CNN Turkey . tr . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217200400/https://www.cnnturk.com/yasam/kahramanmaras-depremi-sonrasinda-uzmanlarin-uyari-verdigi-iller-yerler-fay-hatti-bilgileri . live .
- Karabulut . H. . Güvercin . S.E. . Hollingsworth . J. . Konca . A.Ö. . Long silence on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (Southern Turkey) ends with devastating double earthquakes (6 February 2023) over a seismic gap: Implications for the seismic potential in the Eastern Mediterranean region . Journal of the Geological Society . 2023 . 180 . 3 . 10.1144/jgs2023-021 . 2023JGSoc.180...21K . 258124986 . 19 June 2023 . 24 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240224001431/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Long_silence_on_the_East_Anatolian_Fault_Zone_Southern_Turkey_ends_with_devastating_double_earthquakes_6_February_2023_over_a_seismic_gap_implications_for_the_seismic_potential_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_region/22568635 . live .
- News: Pultarova . Tereza . Turkey earthquake opened 190-mile-long fissure, satellite images show . 15 February 2023 . Space.com . 10 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215115536/https://www.space.com/turkey-earthquake-satellite-images-200-mile-rupture . live .
- Reitman . N.G. . Briggs . R.W. . Barnhart . W.D. . Thompson . J.A. . DuRoss . C.B. . Hatem . A.E. . Gold . R.D. . Mejstrik . J.D. . 2023 . Preliminary fault rupture mapping of the 2023 M7.8 and M7.5 Türkiye Earthquakes . 10 March 2023 . 10.5066/P985I7U2 . free . United States Geological Survey . 24 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240224001431/https://usgs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=5229bb842bd64b688d769abbefe43b46 . live .
- News: 14 February 2023 . Roads, railways, walls, fields moved by Türkiye quake: Report . Daily Sabah . 10 March 2023 . 15 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022750/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/roads-railways-walls-fields-moved-by-turkiye-quake-report/news . live .
- News: Turkish scientists probing the twin quakes find some unusual seismic signs . 18 February 2023 . TRT World . 17 February 2023 . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035347/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/turkish-scientists-probing-the-twin-quakes-find-some-unusual-seismic-signs-65456/amp . live .
- News: Yer kabuğundaki kayma 7 metre 30 santimetreye kadar çıktı . The slip in the earth's crust was up to 7 meters 30 centimeters . 15 February 2023 . Gazete Zebra . 15 February 2023 . tr . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185528/https://www.gazetezebra.com.tr/yer-kabugundaki-kayma-7-metre-30-santimetreye-kadar-cikti . live .
- News: Deprem bölgesiyle ilgili çarpıcı tespit: Yer kabuğu 7.3 metre kaydı . Striking finding about the earthquake zone: The earth's crust recorded 7.3 meters . 15 February 2023 . Sözcü . 15 February 2023 . tr . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215115140/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem/son-dakika-deprem-bolgesiyle-ilgili-carpici-tespit-yer-kabugu-7-3-metre-kaydi-7592607/ . live .
- Web site: UW experts discuss the earthquake in Turkey and Syria . 9 February 2023 . University of Washington . 9 February 2023 . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217114455/https://www.washington.edu/news/2023/02/09/uw-experts-discuss-the-earthquake-in-turkey-and-syria/ . live .
- Web site: Yaltirak . Cenk . Tari . Ufuk . Dikbaş . Aynur . Özcan . Orkan . Elitez . İrem . Extreme "Catapult" ruptures of the Çardak Fault in the 6 February 2023 Mw 7.6 earthquake in Türkiye . 2023 . 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3199409/v1 . 30 September 2023 . 1 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901170046/https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3199409/v1/fc050a0a-ed49-418e-a00a-71f7429bd5b2.pdf?c=1692407850 . live .
- Web site: Baptie . Brian . Segou . Margarita . The Kahraman Maraş earthquake sequence, Turkey/Syria . 18 February 2023 . British Geological Survey . 14 February 2023 . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035950/https://www.bgs.ac.uk/news/the-kahraman-maras-earthquake-sequence-turkey-syria/ . live .
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . M 7.8 – Central Turkey – ShakeMap . United States Geological Survey . 11 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230302171403/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/map?shakemap-code=us6000jllz&shakemap-source=us&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-mmi-contours=false&shakemap-stations=true . 2 March 2023.
- Gülerce . Zeynep . Askan . Ayşegül . Kale . Özkan . Sandıkkaya . Abdullah . Işık . Nihat Sinan . İlhan . Okan . Can . Gizem . Ilgaç . Makbule . Ozacar . A. Arda . Sopacı . Eyüp . Çetin . Kemal Önder . Akbaş . Burak . Altındal . Abdullah . Guryuva . Baran . Kanun . Onur . Albayrak . Kubilay . Muratoglu . Gamze . Okcu . Oguz Salih . Icen . Abdullah . Aydin . Mehmet Firat . February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcik (Mw=7.7) and Elbistan (Mw=7.5) Earthquakes . Preliminary Analysis of Strong Ground Motion Characteristics . 25–27 . 10 April 2023 . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422210304/https://eerc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/documents/CH4_Strong_Ground_Motion_Report_2023-02-20.pdf . live .
- Kahramanmaraş – Gaziantep Türkiye M7.7 Earthquake, 6 February 2023 (04:17 GMT+03:00): Strong Ground Motion and Building Damage Estimations Preliminary Report (v6) . Boğaziçi University . Hancılar . Ufuk . Karin . Şeşetyan . Eser . Çaktı . Erdal . Şafak . Nesrin . Yenihayat . Fatma S. . Malcıoğlu . Kökcan . Dönmez . Tuğçe . Tetik . Hakan . Süleyman . 16 February 2023 . 11 March 2023 . 12 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002054/https://www.emsc-csem.org/Doc/Additional_Earthquake_Report/1218444/Kahramanmaras-Gaziantep_Earthquake_06-02-2023_%2804.17%29-Bogazici_University_Earthquake_Engineering_Department.pdf . live .
- 10 February 2023. 9 February 2023. tr. Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Değerlendirme Raporu. Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes Evaluation Report. AFAD. 9 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230209200446/https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmaras%20%20Depremleri_%20On%20Degerlendirme%20Raporu.pdf. live.
- News: Ravilious . K. . Geological impact of Turkey-Syria earthquake slowly comes into focus . 11 February 2023 . The Guardian . 10 February 2023 . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223093415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/10/geological-impact-of-turkey-syria-earthquake-slowly-comes-into-focus . live .
- Görüm . Tolga . Tanyas . Hakan . Karabacak . Furkan . Yılmaz . Abdüssamet . Girgin . Serkan . Allstadt . Kate E. . Süzen . M. Lütfi . Burgi . Paula . Preliminary documentation of coseismic ground failure triggered by the February 6, 2023 Türkiye earthquake sequence . Engineering Geology . 2023 . 327 . 10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107315. 264108493 . free . 2023EngGe.32707315G .
- News: Wright . Natalie . Turkey-Syria earthquake ripped huge chasm in what was once an olive field near Antakya . 18 October 2023 . ITV News . 16 February 2023 . 18 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118022234/https://www.itv.com/news/2023-02-16/turkey-syria-earthquake-tore-huge-chasm-in-what-was-once-an-olive-field . live .
- Hu . Gui . Satake . Kenji . Li . Linlin . Du . Peng . Origins of the Tsunami Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria Earthquake . Geophysical Research Letters . 2023 . 50 . 18 . 10.1029/2023GL103997. 2023GeoRL..5003997H . 262187921 . free .
- News: Damaskinos . I. . 6 February 2023 . Earthquake in Turkey caused 'small tsunamis' off Famagusta coast . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206144853/https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/06/earthquake-in-caused-small-tsunami-off-famagusta-coast/ . live.
- Web site: Kandilli . Rasathanesi . 6 February 2023 . SOFALACA ŞEHİTKAMİL GAZİANTEP DEPREMİ . B.Ü. Kandıllı Rasathanesı ve DAE. Bölgesel Deprem-Tsunamı İzleme ve Değerlendırme Merkezı . 9 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208222827/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/20230206_0117_GAZIANTEP.pdf . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Allerta maremoto: possibili onde in arrivo sulle coste italiane . it . Tsunami alert: possible waves arriving on the Italian coasts . Dipartimento della Protezione Civile . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206040626/https://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/it/comunicato-stampa/allerta-maremoto-possibili-onde-arrivo-sulle-coste-italiane/ . live .
- News: Maccion . F. . 6 February 2023 . Italy withdraws tsunami warning after Turkey, Syria earthquake . Reuters . Cristina Carlevaro . 6 February 2023 . Tom Hogue . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206070028/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/italy-withdraws-tsunami-warning-after-turkey-syria-earthquake-2023-02-06/ . live .
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Sono morte più di 1.700 persone nel terremoto al confine tra Turchia e Siria . 6 February 2023 . Il Post . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206073710/https://www.ilpost.it/2023/02/06/terremoto-confine-siria-turchia/ . live .
- News: Abueish . T. . Tsunami alert: Egypt's geophysics body weighs in on possibility after Turkey quake . 7 February 2023 . Al Arabiya . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207103107/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/02/07/Tsunami-alert-Egypt-s-geophysics-body-weighs-in-on-possibility-after-Turkey-quake . live .
- Web site: Türki̇ye – Earthquake Response 2023: Adiyaman Humanitarian Snapshot (1 May 2023). ReliefWeb. 7 May 2023. 8 May 2023. 9 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230509233028/https://reliefweb.int/report/turkiye/turkiye-earthquake-response-2023-adiyaman-humanitarian-snapshot-1-may-2023. live.
- Web site: Deprem sonrası Batman'da son durum . The latest situation in Batman after the earthquake . Sonsöz . 6 January 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207043033/https://www.batmansonsoz.net/haber/deprem-sonrasi-batman-da-son-durum-56018.html. live.
- Web site: Diyarbakır'da can kaybı 414'e yükseldi. Loss of life in Diyarbakir increased to 414. GuneydoguEkspress. 21 February 2023. 21 February 2023. tr. 21 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074543/https://www.guneydoguekspres.com/genel/diyarbakirda-can-kaybi-414e-yukseldi-h31623.html. live.
- Web site: Bakan Koca: Depremde Gaziantep'te 3 bin 897 kişi hayatını kaybetti. tr. 26 February 2023. 26 March 2023. Demirören News Agency. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163218/https://www.dha.com.tr/gundem/bakan-koca-depremde-gaziantepte-3-bin-897-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti-2212198. live.
- Web site: Depremin birinci yılında Hatay: "Toplam ölü sayısının yarısı Hatay'dan". 7 February 2024. 7 February 2024. VOA. 5 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240205184310/https://www.voaturkce.com/a/depremin-birinci-yilinda-hatay/7470126.html. live.
- News: Lütfü Savaş: Hatay'da 21 bin 910 kaybımız var. Lütfü Savaş: We have 21 thousand 910 casualties in Hatay. 5 March 2023. Ege'de Sonsöz. 23 February 2023. tr. 26 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230226221127/http://www.egedesonsoz.com/haber/lutfu-savas-hatay-da-21-bin-910-kaybimiz-var/1134494. live.
- News: Kahramanmaraş'ta Depremlerde 12 Bin 622 Kişi Hayatını Kaybetti!. 13 April 2023. Haber46. 2 March 2023. tr. 18 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230418013106/https://www.haber46.com.tr/kahramanmarasta-depremlerde-12-bin-622-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti. live.
- News: Bakan Soylu: Kahramanmaraş'ta 10 bin 194 kişi hayatını kaybetti. 4 March 2023. Kisadalga. 13 February 2023. tr. 6 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230306050440/https://kisadalga.net/haber/detay/basvuru-incelemesi-tamamlanan-eytlilerin-emekli-ayligi-odemelerine-nisan-ayinda-baslanacak_59554?history=1&order=1. live.
- Web site: Sağlık Bakanı Koca: 10 ilde 17 bin 929'u hekim olmak üzere 143 bin 829 personelimiz hizmet veriyor. Anadolu Agency. tr. 9 February 2023. 12 March 2023. 12 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230212184508/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/saglik-bakani-koca-10-ilde-17-bin-929u-hekim-olmak-uzere-143-bin-829-personelimiz-hizmet-veriyor/2813793. live.
- News: Malatya'da depremde vefat sayısı 1393'e yükseldi. The number of deaths in the earthquake in Malatya increased to 1393. tr. Ilke News Agency.
- News: Depremin vurduğu Osmaniye'de vefat edenlerin mezarları yürekleri dağlıyor. Ensonhaber. 19 February 2023. 24 February 2023. tr. 24 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224190956/https://www.ensonhaber.com/gundem/depremin-vurdugu-osmaniyede-vefat-edenlerin-mezarlari-yurekleri-dagliyor. live.
- Web site: Şanlıurfa'da depremde kaç kişi öldü ve kaç kişi yaralandı? Vali bilançoyu açıkladı... Esonhaber. 13 February 2023. 24 February 2023. tr. 24 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224191232/https://www.ensonhaber.com/bilgi/sanliurfada-depremde-kac-kisi-oldu-ve-kac-kisi-yaralandi-vali-bilancoyu-acikladi. live.
- News: Nearly 60,000 Killed In 2023 Turkey, Syria Quake: New Toll . 2 February 2024 . Agence France-Presse . Barron's . 2 February 2024 . 2 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240202130418/https://www.barrons.com/news/nearly-60-000-killed-in-2023-turkey-syria-quake-new-toll-528e4a39 . live .
- News: Son Dakika... Süleyman Soylu açıkladı: Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 783 oldu . Last Minute... Süleyman Soylu announced: The loss of life in the earthquake was 50 thousand 783 . 22 April 2023 . Cumhuriyet . 22 April 2023 . tr . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422114009/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-suleyman-soylu-acikladi-depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-783-oldu-2074031 . live .
- News: 6 Şubat depreminin acı bilançosu: 53 bin 537 vefat . The sad toll of the February 6 earthquake: 53 thousand 537 deaths . tr . 6 February 2024 . Besni Ekspres Gazetesi . 2 February 2024 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206010058/https://besniekspres.com/haber/6_subat_depreminin_aci_bilancosu_53_bin_537_vefat-14020.html . live .
- News: Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 96 oldu . Loss of life in the earthquake was 50 thousand 96 . 22 April 2023 . TRT Haber . 20 March 2023 . tr . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422122351/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-96-oldu-754477.html . live .
- News: Some still search for loved ones a year after Turkey's earthquake . 6 February 2024 . Reuters . The Straits Times . 6 February 2024 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206121724/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/some-still-search-for-loved-ones-a-year-after-turkeys-earthquake . live .
- News: Earthquake hit one-fifth of Turkey's food production: UN . 1 April 2023 . Agence France Presse . Al Arabiya . 31 March 2023 . 7 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153158/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/03/31/Earthquake-hit-one-fifth-of-Turkey-s-food-production-UN- . live .
- News: 2 million people evacuated from quake-hit provinces . 30 March 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 2 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330004256/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/2-million-people-evacuated-from-quake-hit-provinces-181310 . live .
- Web site: Türki̇ye earthquakes recovery and reconstruction assessment. Government of Turkey. 26 January 2024. ReliefWeb. 27 March 2023. 12 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230512042943/http://reliefweb.int/report/turkiye/turkiye-earthquakes-recovery-and-reconstruction-assessment. live.
- News: Asrın felaketi'nde can kaybı 47 bin 932 oldu. 10 March 2023. TrtHaber. 10 March 2023. 17 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317152358/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/asrin-felaketinde-can-kaybi-47-bin-932-oldu-752123.html. live.
- Web site: Deprem bölgesinde ağır hasarlı 106, az hasarlı 410 üniversite binası var!. Tele1. 14 March 2023. 10 April 2023. tr. 14 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314175631/https://tele1.com.tr/deprem-bolgesinde-agir-hasarli-106-az-hasarli-410-universite-binasi-var-805476/. live.
- Web site: 23 February 2023 . Minister: Earthquakes left over 164,000 buildings collapsed, severely damaged in Türkiye . . 23 February 2023 . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223213758/https://bianet.org/english/society/274703-minister-earthquakes-left-over-164-000-buildings-collapsed-severely-damaged-in-turkiye . live .
- News: Turkey begins rebuilding for millions left homeless after quakes . 26 February 2023 . i24NEWS . 25 February 2023 . 1 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151957/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/levant-turkey/1677265208-turkey-begins-rebuilding-for-millions-left-homeless-after-quakes . live .
- Web site: Türkiye: 2023 Earthquakes Situation Report No. 8, As of 9 March 2023. 9 March 2023. 11 March 2023. ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 10 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310122122/https://reliefweb.int/report/turkiye/turkiye-2023-earthquakes-situation-report-no-8-9-march-2023. live.
- Web site: Akkaya . Murat . 5 July 2023 . Malatya'da Kaç Bina Yıkılacak? . 5 July 2023 . Malatya Söz . 22 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822163015/https://www.malatyasoz.com/malatyada-kac-bina-yikilacak-136613-haberi . live .
- News: Turkey: Over 50,000 buildings must be demolished in quake-hit areas . 16 February 2023 . NHK News . 16 February 2023 . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217041330/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20230216_03/ . live .
- News: Depremde yol yarıldı araçlar içine düştü . 9 February 2023 . Sözcü . 8 February 2023 . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210105545/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem/depremde-yol-yarildi-araclar-icine-dustu-7585244/ . live .
- News: Tondo . L. . Narlı . D. B. . Michaelson . R. . Hezaber . H. . No room for the dead as cemeteries in earthquake-hit Turkey and Syria fill up . 10 February 2023 . The Guardian . 10 February 2023 . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223093417/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/10/cemeteries-earthquake-turkey-syria-fill-up . live .
- Web site: Adana'da enkaz kaldırma çalışmaları bitti, geriye acı bir tablo kaldı. tr. T24. 15 February 2023. 1 March 2023. 16 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216145946/https://t24.com.tr/video/adana-da-enkaz-kaldirma-calismalari-bitti-geriye-aci-bir-tablo-kaldi,52354. live.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Adana Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı Zeydan Karalar: 17 ve 14 katlı binalar yıkıldı . Habertürk . tr . 6 February 2023 . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228001057/https://www.haberturk.com/zeydan-karalar-17-ve-14-katli-binalar-yikildi-3562710 . live .
- Web site: Deprem 968 Camiden 420'sine Hasar Verdi, 25'i Yıkıldı. Malatya Haber. 3 March 2023. 10 April 2023. tr. 10 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230410134627/https://malatyahaber.com/haber/depremlerde-25-cami-yikildi-3-din-gorevlisi-hayatini-kaybetti. live.
- News: Barut . D. . 6 February 2023 . Malatya üşüyor: Hava soğuyor, yardım yetersiz . tr . Malatya is getting cold: It's getting cold, help is not enough . Gazete Duvar . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207013821/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/malatya-usuyor-hava-soguyor-yardim-yetersiz-haber-1601990 . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Yıkıldık Türkiyem . We're Destroyed My Turkey . Karar . tr . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002654/https://www.karar.com/guncel-haberler/yikildik-turkiyem-1726529 . live.
- Web site: Akin. Ezgi. 10 February 2023. Prehistoric world heritage site Gobekli Tepe survives Turkey earthquakes. 14 February 2023. Al-Monitor. 20 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230220111033/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/02/prehistoric-world-heritage-site-gobekli-tepe-survives-turkey-earthquakes. live.
- Web site: Depremden kaçarken depreme yakalandılar... Güvenli diye gittikleri evin enkazında kaldılar!. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. 23 February 2023. 1 March 2023. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20230223075054/https://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/ilk-depremden-kurtuldular-guvenli-diye-gittikleri-evin-enkazinda-kaldilar-951075. 23 February 2023.
- Web site: Sonsöz. Depremde Hayatını Kaybedenlerin İsimleri. tr. 26 March 2023. 24 February 2023. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326171546/https://www.malatyasonsoz.com.tr/haber/depremde-hayatini-kaybedenlerin-isimleri-391172.html. live.
- Web site: Marcus . Lilit . 6 February 2023 . Ancient castle used by Romans and Byzantines destroyed in Turkey earthquake . 6 February 2023 . CNN. 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142358/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/gaziantep-castle-destroyed-turkey-earthquake/index.html/ . live.
- Web site: Gures . Murat . 5 February 2023 . Live Updates: Powerful Quake Kills Hundreds in Turkey and Syria . 5 February 2023 . . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228001057/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/02/06/world/turkey-earthquake/aacc52e8-d3fb-5ef5-8297-7579f733a1ff . live .
- Web site: Marcus . Lilit . 6 February 2023 . Ancient castle used by Romans and Byzantines destroyed in Turkey earthquake . 6 February 2023 . CNN . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206142358/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/gaziantep-castle-destroyed-turkey-earthquake/index.html/ . live .
- Web site: Boncuk . Mehmet . Tarihi cami depremde hasar gördü . Sabah . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208212847/https://www.sabah.com.tr/gaziantep/2023/02/06/tarihi-cami-depremde-hasar-gordu . live .
- Web site: Erdoğan: Gaziantep'te 37 Bin 645 Bölümden Oluşan 16 Bin 211 Bina Yıkık, Acil Yıkılacak ve Ağır Hasarlı. 29 April 2023. 21 February 2023. tr. Son Dakika. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317100622/https://www.sondakika.com/politika/haber-erdogan-gaziantep-te-37-bin-645-bolumden-olusan-15650370/. 17 March 2023. live.
- Web site: Gaziantep'te 256 kişinin can verdiği sitede ihmaller zinciri . 29 April 2023 . 23 February 2023 . tr. Aydınlik. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317175725/https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/gaziantepte-256-kisinin-can-verdigi-sitede-ihmaller-zinciri-ayse-mehmet-polat-sitesi-nicin-yikildi-ihmal-var-miydi-kotu-iscilik-ornegi-kalitesiz-beton-370262 . 17 March 2023 . live.
- Web site: Gaziantep'te 51 kişiye mezar olan Furkan Apartmanı'nda çileden çıkaran olay! 1 kolon hayatlarını kararttı. 18 March 2023. 29 April 2023. tr. A Haber. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317150122/https://www.ahaber.com.tr/yasam/2023/02/18/gaziantepte-51-kisiye-mezar-olan-furkan-apartmaninda-cileden-cikaran-olay-1-kolon-hayatlarini-karartti. 17 March 2023. live.
- News: Halil. Fidan. Anadolu Agency. Gaziantep'in Nurdağı ilçesinde arama kurtarma çalışmaları tamamlandı. 15 February 2023. 27 February 2023. tr. 27 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230227004539/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/gaziantepin-nurdagi-ilcesinde-arama-kurtarma-calismalari-tamamlandi/2820728. live.
- Web site: Kahreden bilanço! Depremin vurduğu köyde 256 kişi öldü. tr. Haberturk. 16 February 2023. 1 February 2023. 6 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230306170645/https://www.haberturk.com/depremin-vurdugu-koyde-256-kisi-oldu-3566140?page=2. live.
- Web site: 1368 kişinin hayatını kaybettiği İslahiye'de arama kurtarma çalışmaları sona erdi. Türkiye. 15 February 2023. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326111718/https://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/1368-kisinin-hayatini-kaybettigi-islahiyede-arama-kurtarma-calismalari-sona-erdi-949909. live.
- Web site: MARAŞ DEPREM – Antep İslahiye yardım bekliyor. Rudaw Media Network. 8 February 2023. 28 March 2023. tr. 28 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328011001/https://www.rudaw.net/turkish/middleeast/turkey/0802202310. live.
- News: Hatay earthquake report released: 89,025 buildings lost . 23 April 2023 . Gercek News . 8 April 2023 . 23 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230423110912/https://www.gerceknews.com/turkey-syria-earthquake/hatay-earthquake-report-released-89025-buildings-lost-219542h . live .
- News: Hatay'da son durum: '2 bine yakın yıkılmış bina var, kayıplarımız çok fazla' . The latest situation in Hatay: 'There are nearly 2,000 destroyed buildings, our losses are too high' . 7 February 2023 . . 6 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207011738/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ce4yl2gw8dqo . dead.
- News: Inanc . Yusuf Selman . Turkey earthquake: In Antakya, survivors stumble through city reduced to ruin . 11 April 2023 . Middle East Eye . 10 February 2023 . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411224933/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-earthquake-antakya-scenes-devastation-despair . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Deprem Hatay'da havalimanının pistini yardı . tr . The earthquake broke the runway of the airport in Hatay . NTV . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206075702/https://www.ntv.com.tr/video/turkiye/deprem-hatayda-havalimaninin-pistini-yardi,v-wtlTZEMU20zM4vlWQxFA . live.
- News: 8 February 2023 . Mansur Yavaş: 'Hatay Havalimanı'nın uçuşlara açılması için çalışmalara başladık' . Mansur Yavaş: 'We have started work to open Hatay Airport to flights' . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208102728/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/mansur-yavas-hatay-havalimaninin-ucuslara-acilmasi-icin-calismalara-basladik-2049520 . live.
- News: Hatay airport in Turkey resumes operations following deadly earthquake . Sariyuce . Isil . Liakos . Chris . CNN . 12 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216100359/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-12-23-intl/h_52b11031b4b2b86e9b48ddce43ea8bd3 . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Hatay'da iki devlet hastanesi depremde yıkıldı . tr . Two state hospitals in Hatay were destroyed in the earthquake . Diken . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206073302/https://www.diken.com.tr/hatayda-iki-devlet-hastanesi-depremde-yikildi/ . live.
- Web site: Hatay'da depremin ardından doğal gaz boru hattı patladı . After the earthquake in Hatay, the natural gas pipeline exploded . 6 February 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 6 February 2023 . tr . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092344/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/hatayda-depremin-ardindan-dogal-gaz-boru-hatti-patladi-42215611 . live.
- Web site: Hatay'daki yıkım SÖZCÜ muhabirinin objektifine böyle yansıdı . This is how the destruction in Hatay was reflected in the lens of SÖZCÜ reporter . 7 February 2023 . sozcu.com.tr . 7 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207101756/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem/son-dakika-hataydaki-yikim-sozcu-muhabirinin-objektifine-boyle-yansidi-7583228/ . live.
- News: Major earthquakes hit country's historic sites. 14 February 2023. Hürriyet Daily News. 11 February 2023. 22 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230222025417/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/major-earthquakes-hit-countrys-historic-sites-180778. live.
- News: Turkey earthquake: ancient monuments destroyed in cradle of civilisation. 14 February 2023. The Times of London. 10 February 2023. 1 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230301040402/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/turkey-earthquake-ancient-monuments-destroyed-in-cradle-of-civilisation-vwlq8cqgc. live.
- News: Deprem sonrası Hatay'dan gelen görüntüler kan dondurdu . Images from Hatay after the earthquake froze blood . 7 February 2023 . Sözcü . 7 February 2023 . tr . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206152448/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem/deprem-sonrasi-hataydan-gelen-goruntuler-kan-dondurdu-7582014/ . live .
- News: Footballer Atsu rescued from Turkey quake rubble. . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090115/https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64552881 . live .
- News: Hatayspor Sporting Director Taner Savut found dead under debris . 21 February 2023 . . 21 February 2023 . 24 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230224062443/https://www.dailysabah.com/sports/football/hatayspor-sporting-director-taner-savut-found-dead-under-debris . live .
- News: 7 February 2023 . The residence of the rich in Hatay completely collapsed. All new buildings. 800 people under the rubble . Hatay'da zenginlerin oturduğu rezidans komple çöktü. Hepsi yeni binalar. 800 kişi enkaz altında . 21 February 2023 . Yeniçağ . tr . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221222614/https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/zenginlerin-oturdugu-rezidans-coktu-627143h.htm . live .
- News: Hubbard . Ben . Singhvi . Anjali . Glanz . James . Gröndahl . Mika . Ince . Elif . Eski . Beril . Timur . Safak . Why One Upscale Apartment Building Became a Death Trap . 8 May 2024 . The New York Times . 11 May 2023.
- News: Large fire, plume of smoke at Turkey's Iskenderun port -witnesses . 7 February 2023 . Reuters . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207011536/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/large-fire-plume-smoke-turkeys-iskenderun-port-witnesses-2023-02-06/ . live .
- News: Türkiye's Iskenderun port on fire after the quake, operations halted . 8 February 2023 . Channel NewsAsia . 7 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208012846/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/turkey-syria-quake-turkiye-port-iskenderun-damaged-ships-diverting-maersk-3260616 . live .
- News: Turkey: Fire extiguished at quake-damaged Iskenderun Port . 8 February 2023 . DW News . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207224131/https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-fire-extiguished-at-quake-damaged-iskenderun-port/a-64634017 . live .
- News: Fire at Iskenderun port extinguished . 9 February 2023 . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208192005/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/64533954 . live .
- News: Turkey-Syria earthquake: Death toll passes 9,000 . 8 February 2023 . DW News . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208084111/https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-syria-earthquake-death-toll-passes-9000/a-64636583 . live .
- News: WATCH: Plane flies through smoke as port fire reignites . 9 February 2023 . . 9 February 2023 . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218044515/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-64565412 . live .
- News: Fire extinguished at Turkey's Iskenderun port . 12 February 2023 . . 10 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212130147/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fire-extinguished-turkeys-iskenderun-port-2023-02-10/ . live .
- News: Chambers . Sam . Three months to get Iskenderun terminal operations back to normal . 20 February 2023 . Splash 247 . 20 February 2023 . 20 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220201558/https://splash247.com/three-months-to-get-iskenderun-terminal-operations-back-to-normal/ . live .
- News: Hatay'da şimdi sular yükseldi . Now the waters have risen in Hatay . 8 February 2023 . Yeni Akit Gazetesi . 7 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208012856/https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/hatayda-simdi-sular-yukseldi-1731169.html . live.
- News: 3 bin 109 kişinin öldüğü İskenderun'da son durum. 4 March 2023. Cumhuriyet. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113523/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/3-bin-109-kisinin-oldugu-iskenderunda-son-durum-2057546. live.
- Web site: The town that didn't collapse: How a tiny Turkish city avoided the earthquake's destruction. 15 February 2023. Kristina Jovanovski. 26 February 2023. NBC News. 6 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230306002638/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/erzin-turkey-earthquake-building-collapse-construction-codes-rcna70733. live.
- Web site: Her gün ailesini kaybettiği yerde: 'Taşı alıp mezara koydu insanlar'. 8 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. Gazete Duvar. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164925/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/her-gun-ailesini-kaybettigi-yerde-tasi-alip-mezara-koydu-insanlar-haber-1607067. live.
- News: Turkey resorts to mass burials after massive earthquake . 10 February 2023 . Tribune News Service . South China Morning Post . 10 February 2023 . 22 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222210114/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3209731/turkey-resorts-mass-burials-after-massive-earthquake . live .
- Web site: Rescuers work through night after Turkey quake kills thousands . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206132818/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/64533954/page/3 . live .
- News: Turkey earthquake: More than 5,000 victims buried at city's mass cemetery as mourners scramble for more graves . 13 February 2023 . WION . 13 February 2023 . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217220200/https://www.wionews.com/world/turkey-earthquake-more-than-5000-victims-buried-at-citys-mass-cemetery-as-mourners-scramble-for-more-graves-561299 . live .
- Web site: Elbistan'da enkaz kaldırma çalışması; 1 gün önceden depremzedelere duyuruluyor. DHA. 20 February 2023. 3 March 2023.
- News: Deprem 2 bin binayı yıktı: Elbistan faysız yere taşınacak . Earthquake destroyed 2 thousand buildings: Elbistan will be moved to faultless place . 15 February 2023 . NTV . 15 February 2023 . tr . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214230038/https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/deprem-2-bin-binayi-yikti-elbistan-faysiz-yere-tasinacak,3AIlXSlKKEuhonSZcBJsBw . live .
- News: Çallı . Muhammed Enes . Twin earthquakes destroy village in Türkiye's Kahramanmaras province . 21 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 21 February 2023 . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221001720/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/twin-earthquakes-destroy-village-in-turkiye-s-kahramanmaras-province/2826278 . live .
- News: Yer kaymasının en fazla yaşandığı Ekinözü'nde yaralar sarılıyor. Anadolu Agency. 22 February 2023. 2 March 2023. tr. 2 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230302185634/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/yer-kaymasinin-en-fazla-yasandigi-ekinozunde-yaralar-sariliyor/2827561. live.
- News: Afşîn'de deprem bilançosu: 180 can kaybı, 335 yıkım, 7 tutuklama. Mesopotamia Agency. 19 February 2023. 4 March 2023. tr. 22 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231022155557/http://mezopotamyaajansi35.com/tum-haberler/content/view/198995. live.
- News: Depremde Göksun'daki Mahallede 152 kişi hayatını kaybetti!. Maraş Pusula. 23 March 2023. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326170008/https://www.maraspusula.com/depremde-goksundaki-mahallede-152-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti. live.
- News: İki gün sonra yolu açılan Nurhak'ta en az 200 kişi yaşamını yitirdi. Mezopotamya Ajansı. 11 February 2023. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326170758/http://mezopotamyaajansi35.com/tum-haberler/content/view/197773. live.
- News: Türkoğlu'nda depremzedelerin yaraları sarılıyor. Anadolu Agency. 13 March 2023. 17 April 2023. tr. 17 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230417145617/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/turkoglunda-depremzedelerin-yaralari-sariliyor/2844369. live.
- News: Bayar . Ceren . Alan . Serkan . Adıyaman'da deprem: Bize makine lazım, makine, makine… . Earthquake in Adıyaman: We need machinery, machinery, machinery… . 9 March 2023 . Gazete Duvar . 7 February 2023 . tr . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208004159/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/adiyamanda-deprem-bize-makine-lazim-makine-makine-haber-1602241 . live .
- News: Adıyaman'da deprem öncesi ve sonrası araç kamerasında . On the vehicle camera before and after the earthquake in Adıyaman . 9 March 2023 . Cumhuriyet . 5 March 2023 . tr . 9 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309013538/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/adiyamanda-deprem-oncesi-ve-sonrasi-arac-kamerasinda-2057935 . live .
- Web site: Adıyaman'da 6 asırlık tarihi Ulu Camii deprem nedeniyle yıkıldı. Yeniçağ. 6 February 2023. 1 March 2023. 8 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230208004941/https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/adiyaman-tarihi-ulu-camii-deprem-nedeniyle-yikildi-626696h.htm. live.
- Web site: Belediye binası moloza döndü. Milliyet. 7 February 2023. 1 March 2023. 7 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073549/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/belediye-binasi-moloza-dondu-6899669. live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Adıyaman'da 20 kişi hayatını kaybetti, belediye binası yıkıldı . tr . Medyascope . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206170433/https://medyascope.tv/2023/02/06/deprem-bolgesinde-il-il-son-durum-adiyamanda-20-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti-belediye-binasi-yikildi/ . live .
- Web site: Kıbrıs Isias Otel'e karşı yargı sürecini takipte. tr. DW News. 21 February 2023. 14 March 2023. 21 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230221162245/https://www.dw.com/tr/k%C4%B1br%C4%B1s-isias-otele-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1-yarg%C4%B1-s%C3%BCrecini-takipte/a-64778172.
- Web site: Depremde yıkılan oteller. Turizm Gazetesi. 7 February 2023. 1 March 2023. 8 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230208005934/https://www.turizmgazetesi.com/haber/depremde-yikilan-oteller/84273. live.
- Web site: 'We have no hope': Discontent grows over slow response to Turkey earthquakes. ITV News. 28 February 2023. 3 March 2023. 7 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230307130723/https://www.itv.com/news/2023-02-28/we-have-no-hope-discontent-grows-over-slow-response-to-turkey-earthquakes. live.
- News: Bulut . Fırat . Pazarcık'ta deprem: Adıyaman ve Malatya'da ulaşılamayan yerler var . Earthquake in Pazarcık: There are places that cannot be reached in Adıyaman and Malatya . 9 March 2023 . Gazete Duvar . 6 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002924/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/pazarcikta-deprem-adiyaman-ve-malatyada-ulasilamayan-yerler-var-haber-1601879 . live .
- Web site: Depremlerin etkilediği Gölbaşı ilçesini ayağa kaldırmak için çalışmalar sürüyor. 7 March 2023. 24 March 2023. Anadolu Agency. tr. 24 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230324193039/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/depremlerin-etkiledigi-golbasi-ilcesini-ayaga-kaldirmak-icin-calismalar-suruyor/2839067. live.
- Web site: Arama kurtarma çalışmalarının sona erdirildiği Besni'de 410 kişinin hayatını kaybettiği bildirildi. Evrensel. 16 March 2023. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326161941/https://www.evrensel.net/haber/482485/arama-kurtarma-calismalarinin-sona-erdirildigi-besnide-410-kisinin-hayatini-kaybettigi-bildirildi. live.
- Web site: Milletvekili Kılınç'ın Kahta'da hastane izlenimleri: Hastalar taburcu edilemiyor, çünkü evleri yok. The Independent. 8 February 2023. 26 March 2023. tr. 26 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326162757/https://www.indyturk.com/node/608486/haber/milletvekili-k%C4%B1l%C4%B1n%C3%A7%C4%B1n-kahtada-hastane-izlenimleri-hastalar-taburcu-edilemiyor. live.
- Web site: 7 February 2023 . Massive Quakes in Turkey and Syria Damage Gaziantep Castle, Heritage Sites . 8 February 2023 . Artforum. 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209005616/https://www.artforum.com/news/massive-quakes-in-turkey-and-syria-damage-gaziantep-castle-heritage-sites-90104 . live.
- Web site: 9 February 2023 . Turkey and Syria earthquakes: Travel warnings, what tourists need to know and where to donate . 9 February 2023 . euronews . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221105606/https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/02/07/turkey-earthquakes-travel-warnings-appeals-and-what-tourists-need-to-know . live .
- News: Diyarbakır'daki Galeria Sitesi'nin 1 bloğu yıkım sırasında çöktü; o anlar kamerada. 1 block of Galeria Complex in Diyarbakır collapsed during demolition; those moments on camera. Yeniçağ. 10 March 2023. 10 March 2023. tr. 10 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310173145/https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/diyarbakirdaki-galeria-sitesinin-1-blogu-yikim-sirasinda-coktu-o-anlar-kamerada-639744h.htm. live.
- News: Tosun . Mehmet . Kutbe . Harun . Cumhurbaşkanı Yardımcısı Oktay: Kilis ve Şanlıurfa'da arama kurtarma çalışmaları tamamlandı . Vice President Oktay: Search and rescue efforts in Kilis and Şanlıurfa have been completed . 9 March 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 9 February 2023 . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214174922/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-yardimcisi-oktay-kilis-ve-sanliurfada-arama-kurtarma-calismalari-tamamlandi/2813828 . live .
- Web site: Şanlıurfa'da 33 kişinin öldüğü binayla ilgili 11 gözaltı. 11 detentions related to the building where 33 people died in Şanlıurfa. Sözcü. 11 February 2023. tr. 10 March 2023. 10 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310104937/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/ekonomi/sanliurfada-depremde-yikilan-binalarla-ilgili-8-gozalti-7588429/. live.
- News: Depremde en çok hasarlı ilçeler Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığınca belirlendi . The most damaged districts in the earthquake were determined by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change . 9 March 2023 . Yeni Şafak . 15 February 2023 . tr . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216110143/https://www.yenisafak.com/depremde-en-cok-hasar-ilceler-hangileri-hangi-ilcede-ne-kadar-yikik-bina-var-az-orta-agir-hasarli-yikil-acil-yikilacak-bina-sayisi-kac-h-4507993 . live .
- Web site: Kilis'te enkaz altında kimse kalmadı. 1 March 2023. 8 February 2023. Hürriyet. 9 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230209055641/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kiliste-enkaz-altinda-kimse-kalmadi-42216692. live.
- Web site: Batman'da 15 bina ağır hasar aldı. Haberturk. 9 January 2023. tr. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214232931/https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-batman-da-15-bina-agir-hasar-aldi-3564140. live.
- Web site: Mardin´de 59 yapı ağır hasarlı çıktı . 59 buildings were heavily damaged in Mardin . . 13 February 2023 . tr . 13 April 2023 . 13 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413231610/https://www.haberturk.com/mardinde-59-yapi-agir-hasarli-cikti-3565391 . live .
- Web site: Mardin'de deprem sırasında kalp krizi geçiren Pelin öğretmen hayatını kaybetti . Pelin teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake in Mardin . . 6 January 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206174631/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gunun-icinden/mardinde-deprem-sirasinda-kalp-krizi-geciren-pelin-ogretmen-hayatini-kaybetti-7582348/. live.
- Web site: Deprem Bingöl'de Hasara Neden Oldu . Earthquake Caused Damage in Bingol . bingolonline.com . 6 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207032038/https://www.bingolonline.com/haber/deprem-bingolde-de-hasara-neden-oldu-77768.html . live.
- Web site: 19 Mayıs Stadı'nda 'Depremin İzleri'. 'Traces of the Earthquake' at 19 Mayıs Stadium. Hedefhalk. 19 February 2023. 19 February 2023. 20 February 2023. https://archive.today/20230220014012/https://www.hedefhalk.com/19-mayis-stadi-nda-depremin-izleri/1713528/. live.
- Web site: Son Dakika! Valilik açıkladı: Kayseri'de ağır hasarlı bina sayısı 1148. tr. 29 March 2023. 29 April 2023. Canıl Gaste. 29 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230429140228/https://www.canligaste.com/amp/haber/son-dakika-valilik-acikladi-kayseri-de-agir-hasarli-bina-sayisi-1148/325676/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjowpConc_-AhU3gP0HHcVTBUQQFnoECBYQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1mqIP8R2K88HYp9H_ok46r. live.
- Web site: Deprem sonrası Muş'ta bir köyde bir ahır çöktü, evlerde hasar oluştu. Demirören News Agency. tr. 22 February 2023. 6 February 2023. 22 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230222200001/https://www.dha.com.tr/yerel-haberler/mus/merkez/deprem-sonrasi-musta-bir-koyde-bir-ahir-coktu-2201778. live.
- Web site: Kahramanmaraş merkezli deprem Sivas'ta da hasara yol açtı. 6 February 2023. 23 February 2023. Cumhuriyet. tr. 23 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230223000909/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/kahramanmaras-merkezli-deprem-sivasta-da-hasara-yol-acti-2048769. live.
- Web site: Depremin hissedildiği Giresun'da hasarlı bina boşaltıldı. 6 February 2023. 23 February 2023. Haber61. tr. 23 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230223001803/https://www.haber61.net/depremin-hissedildigi-giresunda-hasarli-bina-bosaltildi. live.
- Web site: Elazığ'da depremde hasar gördüğü için boşaltılan bina çöktü . The building, which was evacuated because it was damaged in the earthquake in Elazig, collapsed . aa.com.tr . tr . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207033100/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/elazigda-depremde-hasar-gordugu-icin-bosaltilan-bina-coktu/2808199 . live.
- Web site: Son Dakika: AKP milletvekili Yakup Taş yaşamını yitirdi . Last Minute: AKP deputy Yakup Taş passed away . 7 February 2023 . cumhuriyet.com.tr . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207125556/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-akp-milletvekili-yakup-tas-yasamini-yitirdi-2049186 . live.
- News: Yılmaz Vural yayında açıkladı: Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan'ın cansız bedenine ulaşıldı . Yılmaz Vural announced on the air: The lifeless body of Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan was found . 7 February 2023 . NTV Spor . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207161416/https://www.ntvspor.net/futbol/yeni-malatyaspor-kalecisi-ahmet-eyup-turkaslan-in-cansiz-bedenine-ulasildi-63e2720e0d0b57102060ec33 . live.
- Web site: Rönesans Rezidans'taki Hentbol Milli Takımı Kaptanı Cemal Kütahya ve ailesi için umutlu bekleyiş sürüyor . 16 February 2023 . CNN TÜRK . 10 February 2023 . tr . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093646/https://www.cnnturk.com/spor/diger-sporlar/ronesans-residancetaki-hentbol-milli-takimi-kaptani-cemal-kutahya-ve-ailesi-icin-umutlu-bekleyis-suruyor . live .
- Web site: 14 February 2023 . Handball captain dies in earthquake in Türkiye's southeast . 15 February 2023 . Daily Sabah . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215074551/https://www.dailysabah.com/sports/handball-captain-dies-in-earthquake-in-turkiyes-southeast/news . live .
- Web site: Gazete Duvar . 2 September 2023 . Eski vekil Sıtkı Güvenç depremde vefat etti . 11 February 2023 . Former deputy Sıtkı Güvenç passed away in the earthquake . tr . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210033826/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/eski-vekil-sitki-guvenc-depremde-vefat-etti-haber-1602635 . live .
- News: TSK deprem bölgesine "hava yardım koridoru" kurdu . Turkish Armed Forces established an "air aid corridor" in the earthquake zone . 6 February 2023 . . tr . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020012/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/tsk-deprem-bolgesine-hava-yardim-koridoru-kurdu/2807784 . live.
- News: Erkilik . O. . Yazicioglu . Y. . Bozarslan . M. . Sahinkaya . E. . 2 March 2023 . Earthquake Deals Another Blow to Turkey's Struggling Local Media . 3 March 2023 . Voice of America . en . 2 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230302212314/https://www.voanews.com/amp/earthquake-deals-another-blow-to-turkey-s-struggling-local-media/6987128.html . live .
- News: Deprem bölgesinde hayatını kaybeden doktorların sayısı artıyor. Tele1. 9 February 2023. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20230210130038/https://tele1.com.tr/deprem-bolgesinde-hayatini-kaybeden-doktorlarin-sayisi-artiyor-786433/. 10 February 2023. live.
- Web site: İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Depremlerde 120 polis arkadaşımızı ve 32'nin üzerinde jandarma personelimizi kaybettik. tr. 9 February 2023. Anadolu Agency. https://web.archive.org/web/20230209211957/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/icisleri-bakani-soylu-depremlerde-120-polis-arkadasimizi-ve-32nin-uzerinde-jandarma-personelimizi-kaybettik/2813811. 9 February 2023. 22 April 2023. live.
- Web site: Depremlerden etkilenen illerde 61 bin 722 binanın acil yıkılması gerekiyor . 16 February 2023 . tr . Hürriyet Daily News . In provinces affected by earthquakes, 61,722 buildings must be demolished urgently . 16 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216112915/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/depremlerden-etkilenen-illerde-61-bin-722-binanin-acil-yikilmasi-gerekiyor-42220807 . live .
- Web site: Devastating Earthquakes in Southern Türkiye and Northern Syria, April 6th 2023, Situation Report 20 [EN/TR]]. International Blue Crescent. Report. Reliefweb. 6 April 2023. 20 April 2023. 21 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421193209/https://reliefweb.int/report/turkiye/devastating-earthquakes-southern-turkiye-and-northern-syria-april-6th-2023-situation-report-20-entr. live.
- Web site: ارتفاع حصيلة الـ ـضـ ـحـ ـايـ ـا الذين فـ ـارقـ ـوا الحياة جراء الـ ـزلـ ـز ا ل الـ ـمـ ـدمّـ ـر في سوريا إلى 6795 إنسان. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 5 March 2023. 5 March 2023. 4 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060112/https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80-%D9%80%D8%B6%D9%80-%D9%80%D8%AD%D9%80-%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%80-%D9%80%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81/591382/. live.
- News: Health Ministry: Death toll from earthquake has risen to 812 deaths and 1,449 injuries, in provinces of Aleppo, Lattakia, Hama, Idleb Countryside and Tartous . 7 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207075007/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=299328 . live.
- News: 8 February 2023 . 72 after catastrophe 3,556 people killed in Syria due to devastating earthquake . SOHR . 9 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212140625/https://www.syriahr.com/en/287884/ . live .
- News: Dakss . B. . Ott . H. . Reals . T. . 6 February 2023 . Earthquakes hit Turkey and Syria, leaving more than 2,300 dead and thousands injured . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206121230/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/earthquake-turkey-syria-death-toll-rescues/ . live.
- Web site: Syria/Turkey Earthquakes Situation Report #7, March 8, 2023 . ReliefWeb . 7 February 2024 . 8 March 2023 . 13 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230913085054/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syriaturkey-earthquakes-situation-report-7-march-8-2023 . live .
- Web site: Syria/Turkey Earthquakes Situation Report #7, March 8, 2023. ReliefWeb. 8 March 2023. 9 March 2023. 13 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230913085054/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syriaturkey-earthquakes-situation-report-7-march-8-2023. live.
- Web site: A Total of 7,259 Syrians, including 2,153 Children and 1,524 Women, Died Due to the Turkey-Syria Earthquake: 2,534 Died in Non-Regime Territories, 394 in Regime Territories, and 4,331 in Turkey. Syrian Network for Human Rights. 28 February 2023. 10 March 2023. 31 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230331183746/https://snhr.org/blog/2023/02/28/a-total-of-7259-syrians-including-2153-children-and-1524-women-died-due-to-the-turkey-syria-earthquake-2534-died-in-non-regime-territories-394-in-regime-territories-and-4331-in-turkey/. live.
- News: 7,259 Syrians killed in earthquakes: NGO . Yusuf . Muhammed . 28 February 2023 . . 28 February 2023 . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162531/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/7-259-syrians-killed-in-earthquakes-ngo/2833694 . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Major quake kills more than 100 across Turkey, Syria . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206054348/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/major-quake-kills-more-100-across-turkey-syria-3256346 . live .
- News: Up to 5.3 million in Syria may be homeless after quake: UN . 11 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . The Straits Times . 11 February 2023 . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221231447/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/up-to-53-million-in-syria-may-be-homeless-after-quake-un . live .
- Web site: Northwest Syria Earthquake February 2023, Daily Highlights – 13/02/2023. 13 February 2023. 13 February 2023. ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 24 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240224001340/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/northwest-syria-earthquake-february-2023-daily-highlights-13022023. live.
- Web site: Syria Earthquake February 2023 Government-controlled areas, Daily Highlights – 13/02/2023. 13 February 2023. 13 February 2023. ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 24 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240224001454/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-earthquake-february-2023-government-controlled-areas-daily-highlights-13022023. live.
- Web site: March 2023. Syria Earthquake 2023: Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment. World Bank. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. World Bank. 26 January 2024. 26 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240126205449/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099093003162314369/pdf/P1721710e2b4a60b40a5940f0793f8a0d24.pdf. live.
- Web site: Türkiye/Syria: Earthquakes – Feb 2023. ReliefWeb. 29 April 2023. 17 May 2023. 24 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230324070310/https://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2023-000015-tur. live.
- News: Jalabi . R. . England . A. . Syria suffers disaster upon disaster as earthquake follows years of war . 8 February 2023 . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208092931/https://www.ft.com/content/98f86c1a-cfa5-431f-9ea7-2c7b1b548644 . live.
- News: Syrian newborn pulled alive from earthquake rubble . 7 February 2023 . Channel NewsAsia . Agence France-Presse . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145829/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/syria-newborn-alive-earthquake-rubble-turkey-turkiye-rescue-3260721 . live.
- News: Dabin . B. . al-Jazaeri . R. . 283 deaths 173 injuries in the earthquake in Jableh, Lattakia . 9 February 2023 . Syrian Arab News Agency . 9 February 2023 . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210082143/https://sana.sy/en/?p=299733 . live .
- News: Four bodies pulled from rubble removal operations in Jableh . 10 February 2023 . Syrian Arab News Agency . 10 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211114036/https://sana.sy/en/?p=299894 . live .
- News: al-Rhayiah . F. . Zain . H. . Six bodies pulled out from under a collapsed building in Jableh . 12 February 2023 . Syrian Arab News Agency . 11 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212091527/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=299998 . live .
- Web site: Destruction strikes at night as huge earthquake rocks Turkey and Syria – in pictures . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206082434/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2023/feb/06/destruction-strikes-at-night-as-huge-earthquake-rocks-turkey-and-syria-in-pictures . live.
- Web site: Photos show aftermath of two massive earthquakes that struck Turkey and Syria . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206212715/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/photos-show-aftermath-of-massive-earthquakes-in-turkey-and-syria.html . live.
- Web site: 'There's no one to help us': Syria's rebel-controlled zones in ruins after devastating earthquake . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002723/https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230206-syria-idlib-aleppo-rebel-zones-devastation-earthquake-rescue . live.
- News: Baraa . Ali . 805 deaths, 105 collapsed buildings, and 900 completely damaged ones in quake-affected areas, Lattakia . 27 February 2023 . Syrian Arab News Agency . 27 February 2023 . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228094917/https://sana.sy/en/?p=302097 . live .
- News: al-Jazaeri . Ruaa . 805 deaths, 142,000 quake-affected people in Lattakia Province-Governor . 14 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207041949/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=299062 . live.
- News: Muhammad . Z. . وزارة التربية السورية: وفاة 46 طالباً ومعلماً في اللاذقية جراء الزلزال . The Syrian Ministry Of Education: 46 Students And Teachers Died In Lattakia As A Result Of The Earthquake . 11 February 2023 . NPA Syria . ar . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211082559/https://npasyria.com/141311/ . live .
- News: Sharif . Fadi Bey . الزلزال يتسبب بوفاة 10 طلاب و3 موظفين وأستاذة جامعية بكلية الطب … وزير التعليم العالي لـ"الوطن": أضرار طالت البنى التحتية في عدد من الجامعات تتم صيانتها.. ولجان للكشف عن سلامة أبنية السكن الجامعي . The earthquake causes the death of 10 students, 3 employees, and a university professor at the Faculty of Medicine. The minister of higher education told Al-Watan: Damage to the infrastructure in a number of universities is being maintained. . 16 February 2023 . Al-Watan . 16 February 2023 . tr . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216071709/http://alwatan.sy/archives/335146 . live .
- News: Earthquake rescue mission finishes in Syria's Hama: official . 8 February 2023 . Inform.kz . 7 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208070630/https://www.inform.kz/en/earthquake-rescue-mission-finishes-in-syria-s-hama-official_a4032838 . live.
- News: Ashawi . K. . Shielded from war, Syria town emptied out by earthquake and floods . 11 February 2023 . Reuters . 10 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216021704/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shielded-war-syria-town-emptied-out-by-earthquake-floods-2023-02-09/ . live .
- News: Engelbrecht . Cora . An Underground Hospital in Syria Fills With Quake Victims . The New York Times . 15 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . 20 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220073822/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/09/world/middleeast/earthquake-syria-hospital.html . live .
- News: Zain . Hala . Several archaeological sites in Tartous province damaged by the earthquake . 20 February 2023 . . 19 February 2023 . 20 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220073823/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=301043 . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Death toll rises rapidly following powerful 7.8 quake in Turkey, Syria . 1 News . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206062957/https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/02/06/death-toll-rises-rapidly-following-powerful-78-quake-in-turkey-syria/ . live.
- News: Fitzpatrick . M. . 6 February 2023 . Massive earthquake kills hundreds in Turkey, Syria . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206085104/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20230206-massive-earthquake-kills-hundreds-in-turkey-syria . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Death toll after Turkey, Syria earthquake tops 1,400. . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206060537/https://www.rte.ie/news/2023/0206/1354014-quake-turkey-syria/ . live.
- News: Hayel . Ibrahim . فاجعة الزلزال.. الموت يحصد 51 شخصاً من عائلة واحدة في إدلب . The catastrophe of the earthquake.. Death claimed 51 people from one family in Idlib . 14 February 2023 . Orient Net . 14 February 2023 . ar . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214154939/https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/201932 . live .
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . وفاة اللاعب السوري نادر جوخدار في الزلزال . Royanews . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206114023/https://royanews.tv/news/293769 . live.
- News: Wafat laeib duliin sabiq fi zilzal Suria. A former international player died in the Syrian earthquake. ar:وفاة لاعب دولي سابق في زلزال سوريا . 27 February 2024 . Agence France-Presse . ar . Al Arabiya . 6 February 2023.
- News: Armstrong . C. . زلزال تركيا وسوريا: لماذا تعد حلب من أكثر المناطق تضررا من هذه الكارثة؟ . Turkey and Syria earthquake: Why is Aleppo one of the areas most affected by this disaster? . 7 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207034803/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-64549944 . live.
- News: Earthquake stuns Syria's Aleppo even after war's horrors . 9 February 2023 . Associated Press . Politico . 8 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211152551/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/02/08/earthquake-aleppo-syria-turkey-00081989 . live .
- News: Zinklo . K. . ارتفاع ضحايا الزلزال إلى 444 وفاة في حلب منها 237 امرأة … زيادة في المحروقات والغاز المنزلي وانتقادات لقرار العودة إلى المدارس تدريجياً من اليوم . The earthquake victims rose to 444 deaths in Aleppo, including 237 women … an increase in fuel and domestic gas, and criticism of the decision to gradually return to schools from today . 16 February 2023 . Al-Watan . 14 February 2023 . ar . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216071718/https://alwatan.sy/archives/335145 . live .
- News: Hamijo . M. M. . المحامي العام الأول في حلب: تسليم 210 ضحايا لذويها ومن المتوقع ازدياد عدد الضحايا … محامي عام اللاذقية لـ"الوطن": الكشف على 400 ضحية منها لأسر بأكملها … نقيب الأطباء لـ"الوطن": العثور على طبيبين متوفين وطبيب وزوجته الطبيبة مازالا تحت الأنقاض . The First Public Prosecutor in Aleppo: 210 victims were handed over to their families, and the number of victims is expected to increase... The Public Prosecutor of Lattakia told Al-Watan: Examination of 400 victims, including entire families... The Captain of Doctors told Al-Watan: two deceased doctors, a doctor and his wife, the doctor, were found still under the rubble . 10 February 2023 . Al-Watan . 8 February 2023 . ar . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210235711/http://alwatan.sy/archives/334492 . live .
- News: Adel . E. . زلزال سوريا.. انهيار مناطق أثرية في حلب بسبب الهزة الأرضية اليوم (تفاصيل) . The earthquake in Syria... the collapse of archeological areas in Aleppo due to the earthquake today (details) . 7 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . Al-Masry Al-Youm . ar . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207034807/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2812117 . live.
- News: Heyman . Taylor . Turkey earthquake before and after: How heritage sites look after devastation . 10 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . MENA News . 22 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222025417/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/02/07/turkey-earthquake-before-and-after-what-heritage-sites-look-like-after-devastation/ . live .
- News: Shaikhouni . L. . Turkey and Syria earthquake: 'The hospital was collapsing with my son inside' . 8 February 2023 . . 8 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207224520/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64538295 . live.
- News: الأمم المتحدة: الأوضاع في سورية صعبة للغاية وفريقنا على الأرض يقيّم الاحتياجات . United Nations: The situation in Syria is very difficult and our team is on the ground assessing the needs . 9 February 2023 . The New Arab . 9 February 2023 . ar . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209005617/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/الأمم-المتحدة-الأوضاع-في-سورية-بعد-الزلزال-صعبة-للغاية . live.
- News: At least 20 escape Syria prison holding IS inmates after quake . 7 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207005132/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230206-at-least-20-escape-syria-prison-holding-is-inmates-after-quake . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Powerful 7.8 quake knocks down buildings in Turkey, Syria . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020324/https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc . live.
- News: Israel to provide Syria with blankets, tents, medicine after earthquake. . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065849/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-730717 . live.
- News: Cracks, Fissures Risk Collapse of Buildings North of Damascus . . 8 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212061344/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4145506/cracks-fissures-risk-collapse-buildings-north-damascus . live .
- News: 6 February 2023 . Major earthquake strikes Turkey, Syria; about 200 dead, many trapped (Update) . Cyprus Mail . . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065216/https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/06/major-earthquake-strikes-turkey-syria-76-dead-many-trapped/ . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . آثار سوريا لم تسلم من الزلزال.. تضرر قلعتي حلب والمرقب . ar . Al Arabiya . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206093928/https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/2023/02/06/تضرر-قلعة-حلب-التاريخية-جراء-الزلزال-المدمر . live.
- Web site: Syrian Castle among Quake-Hit Ancient Sites at Risk . aawsat.com . 13 March 2023 . 14 March 2023 . 14 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144136/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4210101/syrian-castle-among-quake-hit-ancient-sites-risk . live .
- News: Damage In Minaret Of Kobani's Grand Mosque After Earthquake . 7 February 2023 . North Press Agency . 7 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208051815/https://npasyria.com/en/92292/ . live .
- Web site: گورهای دسته جمعی افغانها؛ سقوط کرامت انسانی در ترکیه . mass graves of Afghans; Fall of human dignity in Turkey . Tahlil Roz . fa . 20 February 2023 . 14 March 2023 . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060113/https://tahlilroz.com/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87/ . live .
- Web site: Tremblement de terre en Turquie: Des dizaines d'haïtiens parmi les victimes. LTInfo News. 7 February 2023. 8 April 2023. 10 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230410120338/https://latourinfonews.com/tremblement-de-terre-en-turquie-des-dizaines-dhaitiens-parmi-les-victimes. live.
- Web site: ارتفاع حصيلة الضحايا الفلسطينيين في زلزال تركيا وسورية إلى 105 . The (Palestinian) death toll from the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria rose to 105 . Arab48 . 18 February 2023 . 18 February 2023 . ar . 18 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218170029/https://www.arab48.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9/2023/02/18/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-105 . live .
- News: Bodies Of Cyprus Students Killed In Turkey Quake Flown Home. Barrons. 10 February 2023. 10 February 2023. 15 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230215124724/https://www.barrons.com/news/bodies-of-cyprus-students-killed-in-turkey-quake-flown-home-b571e09e. live.
- News: Seven Turkish Cypriots among those killed in earthquake . 9 February 2023 . Cyprus Mail . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209130202/https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/07/six-turkish-cypriots-among-those-killed-in-earthquake/ . live .
- News: ارتفاع حصيلة الضحايا اليمنيين إلى ثمانية أشخاص جراء زلزال تركيا . ar . Yemen Shabab . 14 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . 2 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222442/https://yemenshabab.net/news/82725 . live .
- News: إعلامي يمني يكشف عن استشهاد 21 فرد من أسرته جراء زلزال تركيا (كشف) . 15 February 2023 . Al Mashhad-Al Yemeni . ar . 11 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216104949/https://www.almashhad-alyemeni.com/249239 . live .
- News: Séisme en Turquie: 20 Marocains décédés et 33 portés disparus (Ambassade). Le Matin. fr. 28 February 2023. 5 March 2023. 13 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231013194821/https://lematin.ma/express/2023/seisme-turquie-20-marocains-decedes-33-portes-disparus/387197.html. live.
- Web site: Le séisme a tué 16 Libanais en Turquie, selon le ministère des Affaires étrangères. L'Orient Today. 15 February 2023. 15 February 2023. 7 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230307053936/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1328334/un-autre-libanais-retrouve-mort-sous-les-decombres-en-turquie.html. live.
- Web site: 13 Iraqis killed in Turkey quake. Al Sharqiya. 16 February 2023.
- News: Türkiyədə zəlzələ nəticəsində həlak olmuş Azərbaycan Respublikası vətəndaşları barədə mətbuat məlumatı . 15 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . 19 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219164821/https://www.mfa.gov.az/az/news/no07523 . live .
- News: Séisme en Turquie et en Syrie: huit Français sont morts, annonce le Quai d'Orsay . fr . . 3 March 2023 . 1 March 2023 . 2 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230302083423/https://www.lejdd.fr/international/seisme-en-turquie-et-en-syrie-huit-francais-sont-morts-annonce-le-quai-dorsay-133172 . live .
- News: Il terremoto in Turchia, trovati i corpi della famiglia italiana . 11 February 2023 . Today . it . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211120957/https://www.today.it/mondo/famiglia-italiana-morta-terremoto-turchia.html . live .
- Web site: Ritrovato senza vita in Turchia il corpo di Angelo Zen . 16 February 2023 . Agi . 16 February 2023 . it . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216165804/https://www.agi.it/politica/news/2023-02-16/terremoto-tajani-ritrovato-corpo-angelo-zen-20138703/ . live .
- News: مرگ ۶ ایرانی در زلزله ترکیه تایید شد. Shargh. fa. 17 February 2023. 14 March 2023. 3 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230303031814/https://www.sharghdaily.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-6/870630-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF. live.
- News: Filipino woman, children found dead in Turkey quake aftermath. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 20 February 2023. 19 February 2023. 22 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230222044244/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/211221/filipino-woman-children-found-dead-in-turkey-quake-aftermath. live.
- News: 2 Filipinos killed in Turkey quake . 9 February 2023 . ABS-CBN . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209235830/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/10/23/2-filipinos-killed-in-turkey-quake . live .
- Web site: Body of another Georgian citizen killed by earthquake found in Turkey. Interpress News. 12 February 2023. 17 February 2023. 17 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230217075503/https://www.interpressnews.ge/en/article/123826-body-of-another-georgian-citizen-killed-by-earthquake-found-in-turkey/. live.
- Web site: 14 February 2023 . Щонайменше п'ятеро українців загинули від землетрусу в Туреччині. Що про них відомо . 15 February 2023 . BBC News Україна . uk . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319043139/https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-64640704 . live .
- News: Tanamal. Yvette. Embassy reports first Indonesian deaths in Turkey quakes. The Jakarta Post. 8 February 2023. 8 February 2023. 8 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230208120116/https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/02/08/embassy-reports-first-indonesian-deaths-in-turkey-quakes.html . live.
- News: Sempat Hilang Kontak, 2 WNI Ditemukan Meninggal Akibat Gempa Turki. CNN Indonesia. 18 February 2023. id. 18 February 2023. 3 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230303235917/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230218203926-134-914866/sempat-hilang-kontak-2-wni-ditemukan-meninggal-akibat-gempa-turki. live.
- News: Vier Nederlanders overleden door aardbevingen in Turkije. nl. NRC. 8 February 2023. Dungen. Lotje van den. 4 March 2023. 4 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003610/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/02/08/nederlandse-man-26-overleden-door-aardbevingen-in-turkije-a4156588. live.
- News: Четверо россиян погибли при землетрясении в Турции. Morozova. A.. ru. Vedomosti. 20 February 2023. 5 March 2023. 5 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230305131803/https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/news/2023/02/10/962459-dvoe-rossiyan-pogibli-pri-zemletryasenii. live.
- Web site: Earthquake claims lives of four Uzbek citizens. Daryo. 13 February 2023. 16 February 2023. 16 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216210946/https://daryo.uz/en/2023/02/13/earthquake-claims-lives-of-four-uzbek-citizens. live.
- Web site: Australian woman third victim of earthquake, as family pay tribute to Melbourne man killed. 9news. 11 February 2023. 16 February 2023. 16 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216180331/https://amp.9news.com.au/article/bbfac0f0-a071-4c35-92f7-b076984ca2de. live.
- News: 19 February 2023 . مراسلنا: 3 ضحايا مصريين في زلزال تركيا . ar . Al Qahera News . 3 March 2023 . 3 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230303034255/https://alqaheranews.net/blog/16181/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7 . live .
- News: A mother and two children from the Republic of Moldova, dead as a result of the disaster in Turkey. Another 27 Moldovans are still missing . O mamă și doi copii din Republica Moldova, morți în urma dezastrului din Turcia. Alți 27 de moldoveni sunt în continuare dispăruți . Observator News . 8 February 2023 . ro . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208141037/https://observatornews.ro/eveniment/o-mama-si-doi-copii-din-republica-moldova-morti-in-urma-dezastrului-din-turcia-alti-27-de-moldoveni-sunt-in-continuare-disparuti-510541.html . live.
- News: At least 3 Americans killed during earthquake in Turkey and Syria, US State Department confirms . 8 February 2023 . ABC7 Chicago . WLS-TV . 8 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209005619/https://abc7news.com/2023-turkey-earthquake-syria-death-toll-americans-killed/12787884/ . live .
- News: 9 February 2023 . Turkey quake: Two Algerian nationals among the dead. . live . subscription . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209225834/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/46666-turkey-quake-two-algerian-nationals-among-the-dead . 9 February 2023.
- News: 7 February 2023 . Erdbeben in Türkei und Syrien: Zwei Österreicher unter den Toten . de . . 11 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211085304/https://www.diepresse.com/6248366/erdbeben-in-tuerkei-und-syrien-zwei-oesterreicher-unter-den-toten . live .
- News: Σεισμός στην Τουρκία: Νεκροί οι Έλληνες αγνοούμενοι στην Αντιόχεια. Earthquake in Turkey: Greeks missing in Antioch dead. LiFO. el. 10 February 2023. 11 February 2023. 12 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230212200316/https://www.lifo.gr/now/world/seismos-stin-toyrkia-entopistike-nekros-o-ellinas-stin-antioheia. live.
- News: Kazakhstani Mirbolat Kurmashev died in earthquake in Turkey. El.kz. 10 February 2023.
- News: "Усе выратаваліся, акрамя іх". У Турцыі загінула беларуска разам з мужам і двума дзецьмі. Nasha Niva. be. 9 February 2023.
- News: Une Belge en vacances en Turquie parmi les victimes du séisme. 7sur7. 9 February 2023.
- News: NIJE PREŽIVIO U ruševinama u Turskoj pronađeno tijelo državljanina BiH . Srpska Info . bs . 11 February 2023.
- News: Откриха тялото на български гражданин в Искендерун след земетресението . Darik News . bg . 9 February 2023.
- Web site: Corpse of amputee footballer killed in Turkey earthquake arrives Yaounde Feb. 14. Mimimefoinfos. 13 February 2023.
- News: Canadian woman's body found in building that collapsed during quake in Turkey. Tutton. Michael. CBC News. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023.
- News: Promising Uyghur university graduate dies in Turkey quake. Rfa. 10 February 2023.
- News: 9 February 2023 . Atención: Cancillería confirmó el fallecimiento de la colombiana Johanna Millán, víctima del terremoto en Turquía . 10 February 2023 . Semana . es.
- News: 9 February 2023 . Czech woman confirmed dead in Turkey earthquake . 9 February 2023 . Radio Prague International.
- Web site: Christian Atsu found dead after Turkey earthquake. BBC News. 18 February 2023.
- News: Gomez . Eyleen. Gibraltar mourns GHA doctor who died in Turkey earthquake. Gibraltar Chronicle. 13 February 2023 . 6 August 2023.
- News: Body Of Missing Indian Man Found Under Destroyed Hotel In Turkey . 11 February 2023 . NDTV . 11 February 2023.
- News: Earthquake in Turkey: Citizen of Kyrgyzstan dies in Hatay. 13 February 2023. 16 February 2023.
- News: 8 February 2023 . Осмогодишњак српског порекла међу жртвама земљотреса у Турској . 11 February 2023 . Politika . sr.
- News: 12 February 2023 . Sri Lankan national has died in Turkey earthquake . 12 February 2023 . Newswire.lk.
- News: 10 February 2023 . بين قتلى ومفقودين.. ما حصيلة الضحايا العرب في زلزال تركيا؟. 11 February 2023 . Sky News Arabia . ar.
- News: 1 Thai dead in Turkey quake . Bangkok Post . 9 February 2023.
- News: Ugandan confirmed among the dead as Turkey death toll continues to rise. Nile Post. 14 February 2023.
- Web site: IFRC. Türkiye – Earthquakes Operation Update #2 – Emergency Appeal № MDRTR004 (21/04/2023). ReliefWeb. 21 April 2023. 23 April 2023.
- News: مـ ـأسـ ـاة الـ ـزلـ ـز ا ل في يومها الـ 18 تـ ـو د ي بـ ـحـ ـيـ ـاة 6760 إنسان في سورية . 24 February 2023 . 24 February 2023 . ar.
- News: Baladi . E. . Half of Syrians in Turkey live in the earthquake zone . 9 February 2023 . Enab Baladi . 8 February 2023.
- Web site: 14 February 2023 . At least 11 Iraqis killed in Turkey's earthquake; none in Syria, says foreign ministry . Kurdistan24.
- News: Foreign Ministry: About 100 Afghans Killed or Injured in Turkey Earthquake. TOLOnews. 8 February 2023. Sangar. Rohullah. 9 February 2023. 10 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230210003203/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-181960. live.
- https://www.mfa.gov.az/az/news/no07523 Türkiyədə zəlzələ nəticəsində həlak olmuş Azərbaycan Respublikası vətəndaşları barədə mətbuat məlumatı, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, published on 15 February 2023, Retrieved on 15 February 2023
- News: 27 February 2023 . Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay'daki depremler, Lübnan'da eski binaları gündeme taşıdı. . 27 February 2023 . Zuhayri'ye göre, başkent Beyrut'ta 10 bin 460 ve Trablusşam'da 4 bin olmak üzere ülke genelinde toplamda 16 bin 200'da hasarlı yapı var. . According to Zuhayri, there are a total of 16,200 damaged buildings across the country, including 10,460 in the capital Beirut and 4,000 in Tripoli. .
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . לאחר רעידות האדמה שהורגשו באשדוד: סדק נגרם לעמוד בבניין מגורים באשדוד – דיירי הבניין פונו (וידאו) . ashdodnet.com . he . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002705/https://ashdodnet.com/חדשות-אשדוד/הפסקת-חשמל-נרחבת-בעקבות-קריסת-הפיגומים-באשדוד-530371 . live .
- News: מגדל משרדים ברמת גן פונה ברעש: "שמשה התנפצה ונפלו רסיסים, הייתה פאניקה". Ynet . Ynet. 6 February 2023. 23 February 2023. he. רובינשטיין . רועי .
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . el:"Είμαι σε σοκ…" – Ο Νικόλας Ιωαννίδης δείχνει τη ζημιά στο σπίτι του από τον σεισμό . "Eímai se sok…" – O Nikólas Ioannídis deíchnei ti zimiá sto spíti tou apó ton seismó . "I'm in shock..." – Nikolas Ioannidis shows the damage to his house from the earthquake . el . Hello! . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002719/https://cy.hellomagazine.com/celebrity-news/eimai-se-sok-o-nikolas-ioannidis-deichnei-ti-zimia-sto-spiti-tou-apo-ton-seismo/ . live.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . el:Φωτο: Κατέρρευσε πλίνθινος τοίχος, "έθαψε" οχήματα του Δήμου Λευκωσίας . Foto: Katérrefse plínthinos toíchos, "éthapse" ochímata tou Dímou Lefkosías . Photo: A brick wall collapsed, "burying" Nicosia Municipality vehicles . alphanews.live . el . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002708/https://www.alphanews.live/cyprus/foto-katerreyse-plinthinos-toihos-ethapse-ohimata-toy-dimoy-leykosias . live.
- News: Cyprus probes dead whales washed up on northern shores, earthquake link possible . 9 March 2023 . Reuters . The Straits Times . 11 February 2023.
- News: هزات ارتدادية تصل العراق.. وكشف حجم الأضرار. Aftershocks reach Iraq.. and reveal the extent of the damage . . 6 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . ar.
- News: فيديو متداول يظهر حدوث أضرار في قلعة أربيل الأثرية جراء الزلزال الذي ضرب جنوبي تركيا ومناطق من سوريا.. للاطلاع على آخر الأخبار . 6 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . Nabd .
- News: هزة أرضية "زلزال" شعر بها سكان القاهرة . An earthquake "earthquake" was felt by the residents of Cairo . 11 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . .
- News: Ragheb . M. . "البحوث الفلكية" تجيب عن الأسئلة الأكثر جدلا بعد زلزال تركيا وسوريا.. هل نحن بعيدون عن الأحزمة الزلزالية الخطرة؟.. وما التوزيع المكانى للنشاط الزلزالى فى مصر؟.. وهل مصر معرضة لحدوث زلزال قوى الفترة المقبلة؟ . "Astronomical Research" answers the most controversial questions after the earthquake in Turkey and Syria.. Are we far from dangerous seismic belts?.. What is the spatial distribution of seismic activity in Egypt?.. Is Egypt vulnerable to a strong earthquake in the coming period?" . 10 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . Youm7 . ar.
- News: Mounir . J. M. . حقيقة تصدع كورنيش الإسكندرية وشرخ 20 مترًا بسبب زلزال تركيا.. تحرك عاجل من الأجهزة التنفيذية لإصلاح التصدع.. صب طبقة خرسانية وبلوكات 5 أطنان لحماية سور الكورنيش من الأمواج.. والمحافظ يوجه بسرعة الإصلاح.. صور . The fact that the Alexandria Corniche cracked and a 20-meter crack due to the earthquake in Turkey.. Urgent action by the executive bodies to repair the crack.. Pouring a concrete layer and 5-ton blocks to protect the Corniche wall from waves.. And the governor directs the speed of repair.. Photos . 12 February 2023 . Youm7 . ar . 7 February 2023 .
- Web site: New powerful earthquakes rock Turkey and Syria. Al Jazeera. 20 February 2023. 20 February 2023.
- News: Hatay merkezli depremler: 6 kişi hayatını kaybetti, 562 kişi yaralandı. 21 February 2023 . BBC Türkçe . 21 February 2023.
- News: Hatay Deprem Vefat Sayisi Son Dakıka: Bakan Soylu duyurdu: Hatay depremi ölü sayısı ve yaralı sayısı kaç oldu, kaç kişi öldü, kaç bina yıkıldı?. Hatay Earthquake Number of Death Last Minute: Minister Soylu announced: What was the number of dead and injured in Hatay earthquake, how many people died, how many buildings were destroyed? . 21 February 2023 . Sabah . 21 February 2023 . tr.
- Web site: 17. gün! Depremde ölü sayısı ne kadar oldu, güncel yaralı sayısı kaç? Hangi ilde kaç bina yıkıldı, kaç kişi öldü?. CNN Türk. 21 February 2023. 21 February 2023. tr.
- News: Hatay depreminde ölü sayısı 3'e yükseldi . Death toll rises to 3 in Hatay earthquake . 20 February 2023 . Çağdaş Kocaeli . 20 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Tsunami alert issued in southern Turkey after 6.4, 5.8, 5.2, 5.2 magnitude quakes . 20 February 2023 . Duvar English . 20 February 2023.
- News: Bicker . Laura . Slow . Oliver . New Turkey earthquake leaves people trapped under rubble in Hatay . 20 February 2023 . BBC News . 20 February 2023.
- News: İskenderun'da deprem nedeniyle 3 katlı boş bina yıkıldı . 3-storey empty building collapsed due to earthquake in Iskenderun . 20 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 20 February 2023.
- Web site: المرصد السوري: 5 وفيات جراء الزلزال الجديد في سورية. ar. Emarat Al Youm. 21 February 2023. 21 February 2023.
- News: Death toll rises to 8 from new Turkey-Syria earthquake . 21 February 2023 . Associated Press News . 21 February 2023.
- News: Fraser . Suzan . 3 dead, more than 200 hurt as new quake hits Turkey, Syria . 20 February 2023 . Associated Press News . 20 February 2023.
- News: Three killed, 213 injured in Turkey border earthquake . 20 February 2023 . Roya News . 20 February 2023.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . M 5.2 – 8 km SSE of Yeşilyurt, Turkey . 27 February 2023 . United States Geological Survey.
- News: Malatya Valisi Şahin: 5.6 büyüklüğündeki deprem, psikolojik olarak insanları yıktı . tr. Hürriyet. 2 March 2023. 2 March 2023.
- News: The death toll was 2. Ölü sayısı 2 oldu. tr. Busabah Malatya. 28 February 2023. 28 February 2023. 28 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230228091306/https://www.busabahmalatya.com/haber/14104511/olu-sayisi-2-oldu. dead.
- News: SON DAKİKA: Depremde hasar gören fabrika çöktü: Ölü ve yaralılar var . tr. CNN Turk. 27 February 2023. 27 February 2023.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.5 – Central Turkey. 25 July 2023. 25 July 2023. United States Geological Survey.
- News: Adana'da 5.5 büyüklüğünde deprem. 25 July 2023. 25 July 2023. sozcu.com.tr.
- Web site: Adana Kozan'da 5,5 büyüklüğünde deprem: 8 yaralı. 25 July 2023. 25 July 2023. gazeteduvar.com.tr.
- Web site: Depremde dağdan kopan dev kaya eve düştü. 25 July 2023. 25 July 2023. bursahayat.com.tr.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.3 – eastern Turkey. 10 August 2023. 10 August 2023. United States Geological Survey.
- News: Malatya'da korkutan deprem: 23 yaralı (Son depremler) . 11 August 2023 . Sözcü . 11 August 2023 . tr.
- News: Malatya'da 5.3 Büyüklüğünde Deprem: 1 Bina Yıkıldı, 2 Bina Hasar Gördü. 10 August 2023. 10 August 2023. sondakika.com. tr.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . Loss PAGER – M 7.8, 26 km E of Nurda, Turkey . 6 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002704/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/realtime/product/losspager/us6000jllz/us/1675661016585/onepager.pdf . live.
- Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . Loss PAGER – M 7.5, 4 km SSE of Ekinz, Turkey . 6 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002649/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/realtime/product/losspager/us6000jlqa/us/1675715954000/onepager.pdf . live.
- 1623625522310676482. risklayer. Update: 09.02.2023 CATDAT #Earthquake Model for #Turkey and #Syria: Median Fatality estimate: 52,355 (Range: 23,284 to 105,671) Unfortunately we have seen another day of increased damage patterns in various cities (mostly to the south) and some refinements to the model.. Risklayer. 9 February 2023. 10 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230209155624/https://twitter.com/risklayer/status/1623625522310676482. 9 February 2023. live.
- News: Expert Estimates 180,000 Dead in Turkey, Syria Earthquake . 10 February 2023 . Tasnim News Agency . 8 February 2023.
- News: Clinton . Jane . Turkey-Syria earthquake death toll likely to 'more than double', UN says . 12 February 2023 . The Guardian . 11 February 2023.
- News: Soni . Mallika . Turkey-Syria earthquake deaths to top 50,000: UN relief chief's dire prediction . 12 February 2023 . Hindustan Times . 12 February 2023.
- News: 12 February 2023 . UNO befürchtet 50.000 Tote nach Erdbeben . de . . 12 February 2023 . 0174-4909.
- News: Nearly 26 million people affected by Turkey-Syria quake, says WHO . 12 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . The Straits Times . 12 February 2023.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Turkey's lira hits record low but rebounds after quake, stocks slip. Reuters . 12 February 2023.
- News: Refile-Update 3-Turkey's lira hits record low but rebounds after quake, stocks slip . 6 February 2023 . Reuters . Yahoo! Finance . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206150310/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/1-turkeys-lira-slips-fresh-092522445.html . live .
- News: Live Updates Turkey, Syria quake is deadliest since 2015 . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208145838/https://apnews.com/article/earthquakes-turkey-syria-live-updates-4e74b5d5117578d0ad478df608f76f51 . live.
- News: Ceylan . Azra . Sevgili . Canan . Istanbul bourse jumps nearly 10% after quake closure, lira hits record low . 27 February 2024 . Reuters . 15 February 2023.
- News: 12 February 2023 . Türkonfed raporu: Depremlerin mali hasarının 84,1 milyar dolar olması bekleniyor . tr. Türkonfed report: The financial damage of earthquakes is expected to be 84.1 billion dollars . Bloomberg HT . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212141453/https://www.bloomberght.com/turkonfed-raporu-depremlerin-mali-hasarinin-84-1-milyar-dolar-olmasi-bekleniyor-2325161 . 12 February 2023.
- News: 20 March 2023 . Donors vow funds as Turkey quake rebuilding costs top $100 billion . GMA Network . Agence France Presse. 21 March 2023.
- News: do Rosario . Jorgelina . Turkey earthquake could result in loss of up to 1% of country's GDP in 2023 . 16 February 2023 . Reuters . 16 February 2023.
- News: Quakes' cost estimated at 2 trillion Turkish Liras . 4 May 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 18 April 2023.
- Web site: Howard . L. S. . 8 February 2023 . Earthquakes Deliver Another Blow to Turkey's Re/Insurance Industry: Reports . 15 February 2023 . Insurance Journal.
- News: UNDP estimates over 100 million tons of debris must be cleared away in Turkey . 26 February 2023 . NHK . 22 February 2023.
- News: Perry . Kati . Turkey earthquakes generated 10 times more rubble than 2010 Haiti disaster . 28 May 2023 . The Washington Post . 1 March 2023.
- News: 4 March 2023 . Earthquake caused direct damage of $5.1bil. in Syria: World Bank. en . The Korea Times . 4 March 2023.
- News: Syria Suffers $5.1 Billion in Earthquake Damage: Report . 5 March 2023 . Tasnim News Agency . 4 March 2023 . ...and amounting to about $2.3 billion in damages. .
- News: البنك الدولي: إعادة إعمار سوريا بعد الزلزال ستكلف 7.9 مليارات دولار . 21 March 2023 . Al Jazeera . ar . 21 March 2023 . قال البنك الدولي -أمس الاثنين- إن الزلزالين اللذين ضربا سوريا في فبراير/شباط الماضي ربما يتسببان في انكماش الناتج المحلي الإجمالي الحقيقي لسوريا 5.5% عام 2023، وقدّر البنك أن تبلغ تكاليف التعافي وإعادة الإعمار في سوريا 7.9 مليارات دولار على مدار 3 سنوات. . The World Bank said – yesterday, Monday – that the two earthquakes that struck Syria last February may cause a contraction of Syria's real GDP by 5.5% in 2023, and the bank estimated that the recovery and reconstruction costs in Syria would reach $7.9 billion over 3 years..
- News: Temoçin . R. . Deprem sonrası moloz yığınına dönen binalar 'yasadışı yapıları' tekrar gündeme getirdi: 'İmar affı öldürdü' . Buildings that turned into rubble after the earthquake brought 'illegal structures' to the agenda again: 'The construction amnesty killed it' . 8 February 2023 . Cumhuriyet . 8 February 2023 . tr . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208052202/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/deprem-sonrasi-moloz-yiginina-donen-binalar-yasadisi-yapilari-tekrar-gundeme-getirdi-imar-affi-oldurdu-2049411 . live.
- News: Earthquake Toll Passes 46,000; Search for Survivors Ends Sunday . 19 February 2023 . Reuters . Voice of America . 18 February 2023.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Kahramanmaraş'ta 7.4 şiddetinde deprem! 'Enkaz altındayız yardım edin...' . 7.4 magnitude earthquake in Kahramanmaraş! 'We are under the rubble, help...' . tr . Bursada Bugün . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206063520/https://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/kahramanmaras-ta-7-4-siddetinde-deprem-enkaz-altindayiz-yardim-edin-1584848.html . live.
- News: Uras . Umut . Turkey victims buried under rubble plead for help on social media . 1 April 2023 . Al Jazeera . 7 February 2023.
- News: Inanc . Yusuf Selman . Turkey earthquake: Trapped victims cry for help on social media . 1 April 2023 . Middle East Eye . 6 February 2023.
- News: Fraser . S. . 6 February 2023 . Powerful quake kills at least 360 people in Turkey, Syria . Associated Press News . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020324/https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc . live .
- News: 8 February 2023 . Schools in Türkiye's Malatya host around 250,000 earthquake victims . . live . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208140518/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/schools-in-turkiyes-malatya-host-around-250000-earthquake-victims/news . 8 February 2023.
- Web site: Ahbap Platformu Resmi Sitesi . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207201410/https://ahbap.org/disasters-turkey . live.
- Web site: 14 February 2023 . Gov't ally Bahçeli targets charity Ahbap, says official state aid body 'sufficient' . 20 February 2023 . Gazete Duvar.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Türkiye Earthquake Relief Fund . 7 February 2023 . Turkish Philanthropy Funds. 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207190851/https://www.tpfund.org/2023/02/06/turkiye-earthquake-relief-fund/ . live.
- Web site: Donations for Earthquake in Pazarcık . Türk Kızılay Kurumsal Sitesi . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207190852/https://www.kizilay.org.tr/Bagis/BagisYap/405/donations-for-earthquake-in-pazarcik . live.
- News: 7 February 2023 . Turkish Airlines helps in evacuation, transporting volunteers after quake . . live . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208073546/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/transportation/turkish-airlines-helps-in-evacuation-transporting-volunteers-after-quake . 8 February 2023.
- News: Rakipoğlu . Z. . Pegasus evacuated 30,771 people from earthquake zones with 169 flights . 12 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 12 February 2023 . tr.
- News: THY 139 bin 438 kişiyi deprem bölgesinden tahliye etti. THY evacuated 139,438 people from the earthquake zone . 12 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 12 February 2023 . tr.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Strong earthquake hits southern Turkey near Syrian border . Al Jazeera . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206041453/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/6/strong-earthquake-hits-southern-turkey-near-syrian-border . live .
- News: Turkey declares 3-month emergency in 10 quake-hit provinces . 7 February 2023 . Al Jazeera . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207131126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/7/turkey-declares-3-month-emergency-in-10-quake-hit-provinces . live.
- News: Prakash . C. . Turkey declares 'level 4 alarm' after hundreds of people killed in 7.8 magnitude earthquake . 12 February 2023 . Firstpost . 6 February 2023.
- News: Hatay'da yıkım: Depremzedeler yardım bekliyor . 7 February 2023 . Euronews . 7 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207104254/https://tr.euronews.com/2023/02/07/hatayda-yikim-depremzedeler-yardim-bekliyor . live.
- News: Timur . S. . Harman . G. . Despite an enormous rescue effort, many people are waiting for help . 7 February 2023 . The New York Times . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207031504/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/05/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-rescue.html . live.
- News: Guzel . M. . Alsayed . G. . Fraser . S. . 6 February 2023 . Powerful quake rocks Turkey and Syria, kills more than 3,400 . Associated Press News . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207003135/https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Depremde 912 vatandaşımız hayatını kaybetti . President Erdoğan: 912 of our citizens lost their lives in the earthquake . NTV . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206101910/https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-depremde-912-vatandasimiz-hayatini-kaybetti,OI1ZVd228U2HQqt9m26_Pg . live.
- News: Fears grow for untold numbers buried by Turkey-Syria earthquake . 8 February 2023 . Associated Press . The Times of Israel . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208044956/https://www.timesofisrael.com/fears-grow-for-untold-numbers-buried-by-turkey-syria-earthquake/ . live.
- News: Guldogan . D. . 6 February 2023 . At least 1,121 killed, 7,634 injured as powerful quakes hit southern Türkiye . Andolu Agency . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206145318/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/at-least-1-498-killed-8-533-injured-as-powerful-quakes-hit-southern-turkiye/2808091 . live.
- News: Frater . James . 6 February 2023 . Turkey requests emergency aid from NATO . CNN. 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206155841/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-earthquake-latest-020623/h_d10be396d9e228672485e3b1091fdbb3 . live.
- Web site: Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria live updates: Death toll soars past 5,000 . 7 February 2023 . NBC News. 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207092105/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/earthquake-turkey-syria-live-updates-rcna69449 . live.
- News: Somalı madenciler arama kurtarma çalışmalarına katılmak için deprem bölgesine hareket etti . 7 February 2023 . T24 . 7 February 2023 . tr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002707/https://t24.com.tr/haber/somali-madenciler-arama-kurtarma-calismalarina-katilmak-icin-deprem-bolgesine-hareket-etti,1090280 . live.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Severe weather hampers earthquake rescuers in Turkey and Syria . Al Jazeera . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206145800/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/6/severe-weather-hampers-earthquake-rescue-in-turkey-and-syria . live.
- News: On the ground: Aid delivery slows down due to traffic and damaged road in Turkey's Kahramanmaras region . CNN. 7 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209005620/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-7-23-intl/h_771766b3b4057fcb583127a59469363b . live.
- News: Turkey-Syria earthquake: Death toll passes 11,000 . Deutsche Welle . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208113240/https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-syria-earthquake-death-toll-passes-11000/a-64636583 . live.
- News: Turkey earthquake: Erdogan 'responsible for this' opposition leader says . BBC News . 8 February 2023 . 9 February 2023.
- News: Turkey earthquake rescue operations to end, government says . 19 February 2023 . Al Jazeera . 19 February 2023.
- News: Krishnasai . C. . Turkey-Syria earthquake toll surpasses 46,000, Ankara to stop rescue efforts on Sunday night . 19 February 2023 . WION . 19 February 2023.
- News: Turkey ends earthquake rescue operations except in two provinces . 19 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . Hindustan Times . 19 February 2023.
- News: Sariyuce . Isil . Gezer . Yusuf . Yezdani . Ipek . Alberti . Mia . Edwards . Christian . Khalil . Hafsa . Turkey halts most rescue efforts for earthquake survivors . 20 February 2023 . CNN. 19 February 2023.
- News: Kızılay'dan deprem sonrası kan bağışı çağrısı. 6 February 2023. 6 February 2023 . Sözcü. https://web.archive.org/web/20230206040935/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem/kizilaydan-deprem-sonrasi-kan-bagisi-cagrisi-7581329/. 6 February 2023. tr.
- News: Deprem bölgesine gitmek için İstanbul Havalimanı'na gelen gönüllüler izdihama neden oldu . Volunteers who came to Istanbul Airport to go to the earthquake area caused a stampede . 11 April 2023 . İHA . Son Dakika . 7 February 2023 . tr.
- News: İstanbul Havalimanı'nda duygulandıran görüntüler: Binlerce gönüllü depremzedelere yardım için akın etti. 7 February 2023. 7 February 2023. Sabah. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207083534/https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2023/02/07/istanbul-havalimaninda-duygulandiran-goruntuler-binlerce-gonullu-depremzedelere-yardim-icin-akin-etti?paging=8. 7 February 2023. tr.
- News: Son Dakika. Kahramanmaraş depreminin bilançosu artıyor. Son rakamlar açıklandı: Can kaybı sayısı 3 bin 549. 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . MedyaTava . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207120113/https://www.medyatava.com/haber/son-dakika-kahramanmaras-depreminin-bilancosu-artiyor-son-rakamlar-aciklandi-can-kaybi-sayisi-3-bin-549_292934 . 7 February 2023. tr.
- News: Televizyon kanalları ortak yayınla bir araya geliyor . Television channels come together with a joint broadcast . 11 April 2023 . TRT Haber . 11 February 2023 . tr.
- News: President Erdoğan attends "Türkiye Beats with One Heart Campaign Joint Broadcast" by phone . 11 April 2023 . Republic of Türkiye Directorate of Communications . 16 February 2023.
- News: "Türkiye – One Heart": 6 billion dollars were collected for the victims of the earthquake . 11 April 2023 . Anadolu Agency . Turan News . 17 February 2023.
- News: Footballers' campaign for quake survivors raises $44.8 million . 11 April 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 2 March 2023.
- News: Erdogan says over 140,000 rescue personnel are working in Turkey and outlines aid so far . Alam . Hande Atay . Katkici . Gokce . CNN. 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023.
- News: Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan kira desteği açıklaması. Rental support statement from President Erdogan . 14 February 2023 . TRT Harber . 10 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Live Updates Aid, rescues in quake-hit Turkey, Syria . Associated Press News . 9 February 2023 . 9 February 2023.
- News: Afet bölgesinde 'mücbir sebep' nedeniyle vergiler ertelendi. Taxes postponed due to 'force majeure' in the disaster area . 14 February 2023 . Bigpara . Hürriyet Daily News . 9 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Turkey plans to Build at least 270,000 Homes after the Earthquakes . 26 February 2023 . Novinite . 22 February 2023.
- News: Death toll exceeds 45,000 in Türkiye's major earthquake disaster . 2 March 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 1 March 2023.
- News: Kahramanmaraş depremi: Can kaybı 40 bin 689'a yükseldi . Kahramanmaraş earthquake: Loss of life increased to 40 thousand 689 . 19 February 2023 . BBC News . 6 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Yıkıcı depremin ardından Nurdağı tamamen yıkılacak. After the devastating earthquake, Nurdağı will be completely destroyed . 19 February 2023 . NTV . 13 February 2023.
- News: Türkiye begins handing over houses to people left homeless in earthquakes . 6 May 2023 . TRT World . 22 April 2023.
- News: Photos: Turks left homeless by earthquake stuck in container cities . 13 May 2024 . Al Jazeera . 6 February 2024.
- News: PKK depremi fırsat bilip saldırdı . Sözcü . 10 February 2023.
- News: Son dakika... Terör örgütü PKK/YPG depremi bile fırsat bildi: Misliyle karşılık verildi . 10 February 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 7 February 2023.
- News: Live Updates Focus turns to quake aid but rescues continue . Associated Press News . 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023.
- News: Kurdish militants suspend 'operations' after Turkey quake . 19 February 2023 . Agence France-Presse . France24 . 10 February 2023.
- Web site: After surviving earthquake, Syrian family of seven dies in fire. Al Jazeera. 14 February 2023.
- News: Deprem bölgesinde doğalgaz patlaması: 2 ölü. Natural gas explosion in earthquake zone: 2 dead . 22 February 2023 . Sözcü . 20 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Depremzede öğrencileri götüren otobüs, kamyona çarptı: 2 ölü, 6 yaralı. The bus that took the earthquake-stricken students hit the truck: 2 dead, 6 injured . 23 February 2023 . Milliyet . 23 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Kahramanmaraş'ı bu kez hortum vurdu: 1 ölü, 50 yaralı . Kahramanmaraş was hit by a tornado this time: 1 dead, 50 injured . 21 April 2023 . NTV . 21 April 2023 . tr.
- News: Son dakika: Maraş'ta çıkan hortum depremzedeleri vurdu: 1 ölü, 40 yaralı. Last minute: Tornado in Maraş hit earthquake victims: 1 dead, 40 injured . 21 April 2023 . Güneydogu Ekspres . 20 April 2023 . tr.
- News: Maraş'ta fırtına ve hortum: Bir kişi yaşamını yitirdi, 44 yaralı. Storm and tornado in Maraş: One person died, 44 injured . 21 April 2023 . Yesil Gazete . 20 April 2023 . tr.
- Web site: European Severe Weather Database . 21 April 2023 . en.
- News: Looting, Hygiene Worries Add to Burden in Turkey . 2 October 2023 . Reuters . Voice of America . 11 February 2023.
- News: Hagen . Isobel van . Turkey moves to restore law and order as looters exploit the earthquake devastation and food supplies dwindle . 2 October 2023 . Insider . 12 February 2023.
- News: Turkey arrests 48 for looting, defrauding quake victims . 2 October 2023 . Agence France-Presse . 12 February 2023.
- News: Topcu . Elmas . Turkey: Violence against alleged looters in earthquake zone . 2 October 2023 . DW News . 16 February 2023.
- Web site: Daniel Stewart . 11 February 2023 . Germany and Austria suspend rescue operations in Turkey amid protests and clashes . 13 February 2023 . . Europa Press. News360.
- News: Turkey-Syria quakes: German, Austrian rescuers halt work . Deutsche Welle . 11 February 2023 . 11 February 2023.
- News: Sorrow turns to tension over Turkey's earthquake response . Spike . Justin . Associated Press News . 12 February 2023 . 12 February 2023.
- Web site: 12 February 2023 . Israeli Rescue Team Leaves Turkey Over Security Fears . NDTV.
- News: Gold . Hadas . 12 February 2023 . Israeli aid group leaves Turkey due to 'immediate' security threat . . 12 February 2023.
- Web site: Three inmates killed in prison riot in Turkey's quake-hit Hatay. Duvare. 9 February 2023.
- News: Urfa'da sele kapılan TIR sürücüsünün cesedi bulundu: Ölü sayısı 21 . 25 March 2023 . m.bianet.org . 24 March 2023 . tr .
- News: Floods kill 14 in Turkish earthquake-battered provinces . 16 March 2023 . Associated Press News . 15 March 2023.
- Web site: Bülent Arınç calls for scheduled elections to be postponed . . 14 February 2023 . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502095741/https://bianet.org/ . dead .
- Web site: Quake stalls election campaign of Turkey's splintered opposition . France 24. 13 February 2023 .
- Web site: 18 February 2023 . AKP: Seçim ertelenmez, süreç aynen devam ediyor; teknik altyapı sağlanırsa 14 Mayıs'ta olur . 18 February 2023 . BBC News Türkçe . tr.
- Web site: Sandık Sonuçları ve Tutanaklar . 10 June 2023 . sonuc.ysk.gov.tr.
- News: 29 May 2023 . Turkey's Erdogan celebrates presidential election run-off win . Aljazeera . live . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529060634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/28/turkey-presidential-election-results-3 . 29 May 2023.
- News: 15 May 2023 . Turkey's presidential election goes to run-off: Election council . en . Aljazeera. live . 19 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519050814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/15/turkey-presidential-election-results-2 . 19 May 2023.
- News: 16 May 2023 . Turkey election results show Erdogan dominating in quake-hit region . en . Reuters . 5 August 2023.
- News: 29 May 2023 . Erdogan wins re-election support in Turkey's earthquake-stricken regions . en . The New Arab . 5 August 2023.
- News: Sariyuce . Isil . Atay Alam . Hande . 10 February 2023 . Turkey closes universities until further notice . CNN. 10 February 2023.
- News: Depremzedeler KYK yurtlarına yerleştiriliyor. Earthquake victims are placed in KYK dormitories . 13 February 2023 . TRT Haber . 10 February 2023 . tr.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Turkey closes schools nationwide for a week . . live . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206082318/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-earthquake-latest-020623/index.html . 6 February 2023.
- Web site: Depremden Etkılenen 10 İlde Eğıtım Öğretıme 1 Mart'a Kadar Ara Verıldı. Education Has Been Suspended Until March 1 in 10 Provinces Affected by the Earthquake . 13 February 2023 . Ministry of National Education . 12 February 2023 . tr.
- News: New decision on schools in the earthquake zone. New decision on schools in the earthquake zone . 13 February 2023 . Sözcü . 8 February 2023 . tr.
- News: 9 February 2023 . Son Dakika: Hatayspor ligden çekildi! TFF Başkanı Mehmet Büyükekşi açıkladı . Hürriyet Daily News . 10 February 2023.
- News: 8 February 2023 . Yeni Malatyaspor Başkanı Ahmet Yaman'dan "ligden çekilme" açıklaması ve TFF'ye tepki . NTVSpor . 10 February 2023.
- News: 14 February 2023 . Deprem sonrası ligden çekilen takımlar . CNN Türk . 14 February 2023.
- Web site: ISF Winter Gymnasiade Erzurum 2023 Cancelled . isfsports.org . 6 February 2023. 6 February 2023.
- Web site: Euro en salle: la coupe d'Europe A en Turquie annulée . okey.lalibre.be . Okey.be . 10 February 2023 . fr . 10 February 2023.
- Web site: Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup in Alanya cancelled . eurohockey.org . . 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Son Dakika... Bakan Kasapoğlu duyurdu: Türkiye'deki tüm spor organizasyonları süresiz durduruldu . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090748/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/spor/son-dakika-bakan-kasapoglu-duyurdu-turkiyedeki-tum-spor-organizasyonlari-suresiz-durduruldu-2048701 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . cumhuriyet.com.tr . tr.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Bakan Kasapoğlu duyurdu: Türkiye'deki tüm spor organizasyonları süresiz durduruldu . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206145309/https://t24.com.tr/haber/bakan-kasapoglu-duyurdu-turkiye-deki-tum-spor-organizasyonlari-suresiz-durduruldu,1090060 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . T24 . tr.
- News: Town in North Cyprus Buries Last of High School Volleyball Team Killed in Quake . 11 March 2023 . 12 February 2023 . Reuters . U.S. News & World Report . en-US.
- News: Iran amputee football team players dead in Turkey quake . 20 February 2023 . Tehran Times . 10 February 2023.
- Web site: 18 February 2023 . Christian Atsu öldü mü? Christian Atsu kimdir, kaç yaşında, nereli? Christian Atsu'nun oynadığı takımlar! . 18 February 2023 . CNN Türk . tr.
- Web site: 18 February 2023 . Christian Atsu found dead after Turkey earthquake – agent . 18 February 2023 . BBC Sport.
- News: Christian Atsu: Body of late Ghanaian player land for Kotoka International Airport . 22 February 2023 . BBC News Pidgin . 19 February 2023 . (In West African Pidgin English).
- Web site: Kadınlar Basketbol Süper Ligi'nde sezona Nilay Aydoğan'ın ismi verildi . 28 February 2023 . CNN TÜRK . 21 February 2023 . tr.
- Web site: 26 February 2023 . Erdoğan government protested during first top-tier football game after earthquakes . Bianet.
- News: 27 February 2023 . Fußballfans fordern Rücktritt von Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . 27 February 2023 . . Otto . Ferdinand .
- News: 6 February 2023 . 7.8-magnitude earthquake kills hundreds in southern Turkey, Syria . 6 February 2023 . The Washington Post.
- News: Othman . N. . Qriema . S. . All teams and capabilities mobilized in Aleppo to remove rubble and treat the injured . 7 February 2023 . . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207041320/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=299069 . live .
- News: President Al-Assad Chairs An Emergency Cabinet Meeting To Discuss The Repercussions Of The Earthquake . 5 April 2023 . Syria Times . 6 February 2023.
- Web site: 7 February 2023 . Syria accused of playing politics with aid in aftermath of earthquake . . 9 February 2023.
- Web site: Tom . O'Connor . 7 February 2023 . Syria Says U.S. 'Politicizes' Earthquake After Refusal to Send Aid to Assad . live . https://archive.today/20230214171405/https://www.newsweek.com/syria-says-us-politicizes-earthquake-after-refusal-send-aid-assad-1779637 . 14 February 2023 . Newsweek.
- News: Syria-Turkey crossings closed; Quake halts UN aid, emergencies . . 8 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207153629/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2023/02/syria-turkey-crossings-closed-quake-halts-un-aid-emergencies/ . live.
- News: corridor between Turkey and Syria is now accessible . Wells . Elizabeth . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . 9 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209010137/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-8-23-intl/h_624d896aab5abf0c64515ccd5eda7ef1 . live.
- News: Civil initiatives in regime areas do not meet the Quake-stricken people . 8 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207182418/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2023/02/civil-initiatives-in-regime-areas-do-not-meet-the-quake-stricken-people/ . live.
- News: Baladi . E. . Local medics at maximum capacity in response to Turkey-Syria earthquake . 8 February 2023 . . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207143205/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2023/02/local-medics-at-maximum-capacity-in-response-to-turkey-syria-earthquake/ . live.
- News: Earthquake: Local charities in Syria working at full capacity . 13 February 2023 . HarakahDaily . 13 February 2023.
- News: Turkish leader Erdogan acknowledges problems with earthquake relief effort as death toll surpasses 12,000 . 8 February 2023 . . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208225748/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/turkish-leader-erdogan-acknowledges-problems-with-earthquake-relief-effort-as-death-toll-surpasses-12000 . live.
- News: Louisa Loveluck . 10 February 2023 . In earthquake-battered Syria, a desperate wait for help that never came . 14 February 2023 . The Washington Post.
- News: Syrians need help. Donors want to give. And GoFundMe is caught in the middle . Lapowsky . Issie . 2 February 2023 . Fast Company.
- https://www.newarab.com/news/earthquake-ignites-debate-over-syria-sanctions-aid "Earthquake ignites debate over Syria sanctions and aid relief"
- Web site: Mamarbachi . Henri . 8 February 2023 . Siria. Un terremoto dietro l'altro . Orient XXI . it .
- Web site: Syrian Red Crescent Calls on West to Lift Sanctions . Tasnim News Agency.
- News: Beaty . Thalia . Fundraisers for Syria, Turkey earthquake try to deliver aid . 6 August 2024 . Associated Press . 11 February 2023.
- Web site: 6 February 2023 . Earthquake hits Turkey and Syria. Fr Bahjat (parish priest in Aleppo): "A devastating tragedy, do not abandon us" | AgenSIR . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206155844/https://www.agensir.it/mondo/2023/02/06/earthquake-hits-turkey-and-syria-fr-bahjat-parish-priest-in-aleppo-a-devastating-tragedy-do-not-abandon-us/ . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023.
- News: Stein . Chris . 10 February 2023 . US announces 180-day exemption to Syria sanctions for disaster aid . The Guardian . 11 February 2023 . 0261-3077.
- Web site: . 11 February 2023 . Syria says US claims to waive sanctions for earthquake relief 'misleading' . 13 February 2023 . The Siasat Daily.
- Web site: 10 February 2023 . Syria: US decision to temporarily freeze sanctions is "misleading & false" . 13 February 2023 . Saba News Agency.
- Several sources:
- News: Beaumont . P. . First aid convoy enters north-west Syria as earthquake rescue goes on in Turkey . 9 February 2023 . The Guardian . 9 February 2023.
- News: "Please God, Let One Survive": Syrian Man Who Lost 6 Kids In Earthquake . 10 February 2023 . Reuters . NDTV . 10 February 2023.
- News: U.S. Prepares to Send Aid to Syria With Kurdish Help . 10 February 2023 . WSJ.
- News: WHO chief arrives in Syria's quake-hit Aleppo: State media . Channel NewsAsia . 11 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211132157/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/turkey-syria-earthquake-who-chief-arrives-3271571 . dead .
- News: Salameh . M. . al-Jazaeri . R. . Schools resume education in all provinces, except for quake-affected areas . 12 February 2023 . 12 February 2023.
- News: Lederer . Edith M. . UN says Syria agrees to open 2 new crossings for quake aid . 14 February 2023 . Associated Press News . 14 February 2023.
- News: Eyon . Mazen . President al-Assad receives Griffiths… talks deal with influential procedures that help recover repercussions of the earthquake . 8 April 2023 . Syrian Arab News Agency . 21 March 2023.
- Web site: Holleis . Jennifer . Albam . Omar . Syria earthquake: A year on, 'situation is devastating' . DW News . 7 February 2024 . 5 February 2024.
- News: . 17 February 2023 . "Üçüncü deprem kamuoyundan saklandı" iddiası . 17 February 2023 . Istanbul . Yeter Ada . Şeko . tr.
- Web site: Governor in earthquake zone says death toll could be 5 times higher than official figure . 20 February 2023 . Stockholm Center for Freedom . 20 February 2023.
- Web site: Sert . Ayşegül . 8 February 2023 . Turkey's Trust in Government Has Turned to Dust . https://archive.today/20230215095238/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/02/earthquake-turned-turkey-cemetery/672988/ . 15 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . The Atlantic.
- News: Turkey earthquake: Why did so many buildings collapse?. BBC News . 8 February 2023.
- News: Turkey earthquake death toll prompts questions over building standards. Peter. Beaumont. 7 February 2023. The Guardian.
- Web site: Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Şimdi yaraları sarma, acıları dindirme vaktidir . 14 February 2023 . ntv.com.tr . tr.
- Web site: Erdoğan 'Yıkılan binalar 99 öncesi' dedi, Prof. Sucuoğlu'ndan yanıt geldi: Elimizdeki rakamlar böyle söylemiyor . 16 February 2023 . Artı Gerçek . 15 February 2023 . tr.
- Web site: 15 February 2023 . TÜİK: Yıkılan binaların yüzde 51'i 2001'den sonra yapıldı . 16 February 2023 . Paraanaliz . tr.
- News: 8 February 2023 . Adıyaman'da Bakan Karaismailoğlu ve valiye halk böyle tepki gösterdi . T24 . 8 February 2023.
- News: 26 February 2019 . Turkish cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty, engineers say . Reuters.com . Reuters .
- News: Kenyon . Peter . 13 February 2023 . Videos show Turkey's Erdogan boasted letting builders avoid earthquake codes . . 14 February 2023.
- News: 12 February 2023 . 2019 video of Erdoğan praising zoning amnesty in quake-hit province goes viral . . 14 February 2023.
- News: de Cramer . Alexandra . 24 November 2020 . Govt policy worsens Turkey's earthquake toll . Asian Times . 14 February 2023.
- Web site: 8 February 2023 . Kılıçdaroğlu: 'We will not accept your bureaucratic blocking this time' . Bianet.
- News: Hermann . Rainer . Erdbeben in der Türkei: Mit dem Logo der AKP . de . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . 13 February 2023 . 0174-4909.
- Web site: Shweta Sharma . 13 February 2023 . Son recounts horror of watching mother die in Turkey rubble as they waited for help that never came . live . https://archive.today/20230225142238/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-rescue-anger-erdogan-b2281063.html . 25 February 2023 . . en.
- Web site: Razaghi . Tawar . 21 February 2023 . Kurds in Turkey, Syria fear discrimination in the face of earthquake recovery . https://web.archive.org/web/20230224124220/https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/kurds-in-turkey-syria-fear-discrimination-in-the-face-of-earthquake-recovery-20230215-p5cko3.html . 24 February 2023 . . en.
- Web site: Yılmaz . Tuğçe . 16 February 2023 . Authorities seize aid intended for earthquake victims in epicenter area . Bianet.
- Web site: Ozalp . Mehmet . Will the Turkish earthquakes affect how the country is governed? . 22 February 2023 . . 21 February 2023 . Charles Sturt University.
- Burga . Solcyre . 15 February 2023 . How Turkey's Earthquake Response Failed Its People . 17 February 2023 . Time.
- Web site: AFAD büyük bir depreme ne kadar hazırdı? – DW – 08.02.2023 . 12 February 2023 . Deutsche Welle . tr.
- Web site: Akkaş . Simge . Afetlere Müdahale Genel Müdürü İsmail Palakoğlu İlahiyat Fakültesi Mezunu Doğruluk Payı . 12 February 2023 . dogrulukpayi.com . tr.
- Web site: Eski AFAD Başkanı geri çağrıldı... İYİ Parti'nin başlattığı tartışma akla geldi . 12 February 2023 . odatv4.com . 10 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083420/https://www.odatv4.com/guncel/eski-afad-baskani-geri-cagrildi-iyi-parti-nin-baslattigi-tartisma-akla-geldi-270172 . dead .
- Web site: 9 February 2023 . AFAD müdürü İsmail Palakoğlu'nun özgeçmişi 'göz kamaştırdı' – Diken . 12 February 2023 . diken.com.tr . tr.
- Web site: Cüneyt Özdemir Canlı Yayında Askerin Neden Deprem Bölgesinde Olmadığını Sordu. Onedio.
- Web site: Yardımlara 'AFAD koordine edecek' engeli. Artı Gerçek. 8 February 2023 .
- Web site: Sözcü Gazetesi. sozcu.com.tr.
- Web site: Ertan . Nazli . Turkey's politicians play blame game as earthquake death toll hits 20,000 – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East . 14 February 2023 . Al-Monitor. 9 February 2023 .
- News: Atallah . Nada Maucourant . The forgotten people of Samandag, still waiting for help a week after Turkey earthquake . 15 February 2023 . The National . 15 February 2023.
- News: 8 February 2023 . VPN nedir, nasıl kullanılır? . . 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208152059/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ce9v1xv1qyzo . live .
- Web site: 8 February 2023. Twitter access in Turkey is restored, according to network monitoring firm. 12 February 2023.
- News: Butler . Daren . Coskun . Orhan . Anger over Turkey's temporary Twitter block during quake rescue . 26 February 2023 . Reuters . 9 February 2023.
- https://cpj.org/2023/02/turkish-media-watchdog-fines-broadcasters-for-criticizing-earthquake-response/ Turkish media watchdog fines broadcasters for criticizing earthquake response
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/23/turkey-fines-broadcasters-for-coverage-critical-of-earthquake-response Turkey fines broadcasters for coverage critical of earthquake response
- News: 7 February 2023 . Turkiye detains four over quake social media posts . Arab News . live . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124808/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2246331/media . 8 February 2023.
- News: 8 February 2023 . Twitter Down in Turkey as Quake Response Criticism Mounts . VOA News . 9 February 2023.
- Web site: Kathryn Armstrong . Andre Rhoden-Paul . 12 February 2023 . Turkey-Syria earthquake death toll passes 28,000 as rescue hopes dwindle . 13 February 2023 . BBC News . Yahoo! News.
- Web site: 12 February 2023 . Turkey, Syria Earthquake Live Updates: Looters raid shops, homes after Turkey quake; toll climbs to 33,000 . live . https://archive.today/20230213100532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-earthquake-live-updates-deaths-toll-injuries-buildings-collapsed-in-kahramanmaras-earthquake-in-syria-latest-news/liveblog/97831278.cms . 13 February 2023 . The Times of India.
- News: 12 February 2023 . At least 98 people arrested in Turkey over alleged looting, robbery or defrauding earthquake victims . . 12 February 2023.
- Web site: Nabih Bulos . 15 February 2023 . Syrian refugees in Turkey face harassment after quake: 'I never felt this level of racism before' . 17 February 2023 . .
- Web site: Levent Kenez . 10 February 2023 . Government-backed ultranationalists and Islamists spread hatred and xenophobia amid earthquake devastation . 17 February 2023 . Nordic Monitor.
- News: Earthquake fans anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkey . 14 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . Reuters.
- News: Police tortured Turkey earthquake looting suspects, say rights groups . 6 April 2023 . Agence France-Presse . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . 5 April 2023.
- News: Uddin . R. . Turkey earthquake: Owner of collapsed residential complex arrested at airport . 11 February 2023 . Middle East Eye . 10 February 2023.
- News: Turkish justice minister says judicial investigations of builders in quake-stricken regions have begun . Atay Alam . Hande . Baysan . Reyhan . CNN. 10 February 2023 . 10 February 2023.
- News: Samson . A. . Yackley . A. J. . Turkey cracks down on developers of buildings toppled in earthquake . 12 February 2023 . Financial Times . 12 February 2023.
- News: Depremde ölenlerin sayısı 24 bin 617'ye yükseldi. The death toll in the earthquake rose to 24,617 . 11 February 2023 . Diyar21Haber . 11 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Turkey launches probe into 612 people after quakes: Minister . 26 February 2023 . Al Jazeera . 26 February 2023.
- News: Depremde 6. gün: Can kaybı 24 bin 617'e yükseldi. 6th day in earthquake: Loss of life increased to 24 thousand 617 . 12 February 2023 . Baran Dergisi . 11 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Said-Moorhouse . Lauren . Turkey cracks down on building contractors as quake death toll reaches grim milestone . 13 February 2023 . CNN. 13 February 2023.
- https://cpj.org/2023/02/journalists-covering-turkey-earthquake-detained-and-harassed/ Journalists covering Turkey earthquake detained and harassed
- News: Turkey detains building contractors as quake death toll passes 33,000 . 13 February 2023 . Associated Press . CNBC . 12 February 2023.
- News: Uras . U. . After massive Turkey quakes, Istanbul residents fear the next one . 12 February 2023 . Al Jazeera . 12 February 2023.
- News: Turkey's earthquakes show the deadly extent of construction scams . The Economist . 13 February 2023 . 0013-0613.
- Web site: Hatay'da yıkılmayan tek ilçe: Erzin Belediye Başkanı Ökkeş Elmasoğlu bir bir anlattı . 13 February 2023 . cumhuriyet.com.tr . tr.
- Web site: 16 February 2023. The town that didn't collapse: How a tiny Turkish city avoided the earthquake's destruction. 15 February 2023 . NBC News.
- News: Turkey opens first major trial into earthquake deaths . 13 February 2023 . France 24 . 3 January 2024.
- News: Parents of Cyprus school volleyball team players killed in Turkish quake testify against hotel owner . 6 February 2024 . Associated Press . 4 January 2024.
- News: Turkey quake survivors seek justice one year on . 6 February 2024 . The Straits Times . 28 January 2024.
- News: Trial concerning 269 luxury residence deaths in Turkey earthquake begins . 8 May 2024 . Turkish Minute . 18 April 2024.
- News: Safak . Timur. Hubbard . Ben . Turkey Earthquake Trial Opens Amid Anger and Tears . 8 May 2024 . The New York Times . 19 April 2024.
- News: 6 February 2023 . Türkiyədə 7 günlük ümummilli matəm elan edilib . az . report.az . 6 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002704/https://report.az/region-xeberleri/umummilli-matem-elan-edilib/ . live .
- News: Bangladesh announces state mourning for Turkey, Syria earthquake . 13 February 2023 . Business Standard . 8 February 2023.
- News: Kosova'da Türkiye'deki depremler nedeniyle 1 günlük yas ilan edildi. 1-day mourning declared in Kosovo due to earthquakes in Turkey . 13 February 2023 . Hürriyet Daily News . 7 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Arnavutluk Türkiye'deki depremler nedeniyle ulusal yas ilan etti . Albania declares national mourning for earthquakes in Turkey . 13 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 11 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Kuzey Makedonya'da, Türkiye ve Suriye'deki depremler nedeniyle yas ilan edildi. North Macedonia declared mourning due to earthquakes in Turkey and Syria . 13 February 2023 . Anadolu Agency . 13 February 2023 . tr.
- News: Al Ibrahim, Haj Hamdo, Bassiki, Hooper . Ali, Ahmad, Mohammad, Simon . 31 May 2023 . Syrian government blocked UN earthquake response in opposition areas . Middle East Eye . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601172114/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-government-blocked-un-earthquake-response-opposition-areas . 1 June 2023.
- Web site: 7 February 2023 . Syrian hospitals overwhelmed with injured after quake: 'They can't take any more' . 14 February 2023 . The Observers – France 24.
- News: Salem . Mostafa . Kourdi . Eyad . Syrian President al-Assad criticizes Western countries in first televised comments since Monday's earthquake . 13 February 2023 . CNN. 10 February 2023 . Standing near a building destroyed by the earthquake, Assad told reporters that Western countries "have no regard for the human condition." This comment is in line with statements heard from government officials and Syria's state-run media, who have pinned the lack of humanitarian aid and hindered rescue equipment on US and EU sanctions..
- Web site: Berg . Matt . 13 February 2023 . For Syria, aid is 'too little, too late' . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215018/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/02/13/for-syria-aid-is-too-little-too-late-00082576 . 13 February 2023.
- News: Michaelson, Tondo . Ruth, Lorenzo . 13 February 2023 . Grief and desperation in Idlib as earthquake compounds crises . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213190605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/grief-and-desperation-in-idlib-as-earthquake-compounds-crises . 13 February 2023.
- News: Ioanes . Ellen . 12 February 2023 . Why the earthquake caused a 'perfect storm' of a crisis in Syria . Vox . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214211353/https://www.vox.com/world/2023/2/12/23594720/earthquake-aid-crisis-syria-united-nations . 14 February 2023.
- News: Michaelson, Tondo . Ruth, Lorenzo . 13 February 2023 . Syrian rebel leader pleads for outside help a week on from earthquakes . The Guardian . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214012142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/syria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help . 14 February 2023.
- Web site: . 13 February 2023 . Did US pressure force Turkey to let Syrian-Kurdish earthquake aid into rebel-held northwest? . 21 February 2023 . Al-Monitor.
- Web site: 15 February 2023 . Northwest Syria: Aid Delays Deadly for Quake Survivors . 21 February 2023 . Human Rights Watch.
- News: Nichols . Michelle . 11 February 2023 . Frustration at UN ahead of likely row with Russia on Syria aid . Reuters . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211041932/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/frustration-un-ahead-likely-row-with-russia-syria-aid-2023-02-10/ . 11 February 2023.
- Hatay Belediye Başkanı Lütfü Savaş yetkililere çağrı yaptı: 'Hipotermi tehlikesi var' https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/hatay-belediye-baskani-lutfu-savas-yetkililere-cagri-yapti-hipotermi-tehlikesi-var-2048940
- News: Bacon . John . Ortiz . Jorge L. . Earthquake death toll over 21,000; Turkey evacuates thousands; UN aid reaches Syria: recap . 21 February 2023 . USA Today . 9 February 2023.
- News: Chacar . Henriette . Disease the new threat as Turkey faces post-quake water shortage . 19 February 2023 . Reuters . 15 February 2023.
- News: Wilks . Andrew . Turkey mourns tens of thousands dead, surrounded by the ruins of last year's earthquake . 6 February 2024 . Associated Press . 6 February 2024.
Sources
Further reading
- Zhe Jia et al., The complex dynamics of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, Mw 7.8-7.7 earthquake doublet.Science
External links
-
- – 7.7 at 10:24 UTC
- Erdik, M., Tümsa, M. B. D., Pınar, A., Altunel, E., and Zülfikar, A. C. 2023, A preliminary report on 6 February 2023, Earthquake in Türkiye,
- Web site: Kahramanmaraş Supersite science page . Group on Earth Observations.
- Web site: Schmitt . R. . Herman . M. . Barnhart . W. . Furlong . K. . Benz . H. . 22 February 2023 . The 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, Earthquake Sequence . United States Geological Survey.
Afghanistan
Haiti
Yemen
Morocco
Lebanon
Iraq
Azerbaijan
France
Italy
Philippines
Somalia
Georgia
Ukraine
Indonesia
Netherlands
Uzbekistan
Australia
Egypt
United States
Algeria
Austria
Greece
Kazakhstan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Cameroon
Canada
China
Colombia
Czech Republic
Ghana
Gibraltar
India
Jordan
Kyrgyzstan
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Thailand
Uganda