2023 European heatwaves explained

2023 European heat waves
Thermal Map:Record Temperatures in the Mediterranean Sea in July.jpg
Thermal Map Caption:Sea surface temperatures on 24 July
Start Date:June 2023
End Date:September 2023
Type:Heat wave

In 2023, Europe had been affected by heat waves. The most significant of which was the named heat wave, Cerberus Heatwave, which brought the hottest temperatures ever recorded in Europe. Starting on 10 July 2023, the record-breaking Cerberus anticyclone affected many European countries, with the effects felt most severely in parts of Southeast and Southwest Europe such as Cyprus, Greece, Italy, and Spain. The private Italian weather website iLMeteo named the extreme weather event after the hound of Hades from Greek mythology, and although some reports link the naming to the Italian Meteorological Society, the society's president said that they "absolutely don’t use it".[1]

Several regional temperature records were broken, and the heatwave prompted health warnings and government action in several countries.

According to the British Met Office, 2023 was expected to have more intense heatwaves than those experienced in 2022.[2] In June, the European Environment Agency warned that schools and hospitals were at risk of high temperatures.[3]

Background

On 1 January 2023, at least eight European countries recorded their warmest January day ever: Liechtenstein, the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands, Belarus, Lithuania, Denmark and Latvia.[4] This was attributed to climate change.[5]

Scientists have attributed the 2023 heat waves to human-made climate change.[6] [7] During each day in July 2023, two billion people experience heat conditions made at least three times more likely due to climate change and 6.5 billion people experienced this impact at least one day in this month. The heatwaves caused severe damage in southern US, Southern Europe, South and southeast Asia.[8]

Heatwaves becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change are a big problem for Europe. The heatwaves in the year 2003 killed 70,000 people, while in the record breaking summer of 2022, 61,672 people died. The mortality was 56% higher among women in comparison to men. The countries with the highest rates of mortality were Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal. According to one climate researcher Hicham Achebak: "The fact that more than 61,600 people in Europe died of heat stress in the summer of 2022, even though, unlike in 2003, many countries already had active prevention plans in place, suggests that the adaptation strategies currently available may still be insufficient,". In the future heat related mortality can be significantly higher. According to NASA senior scientist Katherine Calvin: "Future warming depends on future emissions".[9]

By country

Albania

Albania set its all-time high temperature record at in Kuçovë.[10]

Austria

On 18 June, temperatures above were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching in Bludenz and marking the beginning of a heat wave that was expected to peak on 22 June.[11] Prior to 18 June, a temperature of was not recorded at any official station in Austria since the beginning of 2023, marking the country's latest first occurrence of the value in a calendar year since 1990. On 22 June, temperatures of or higher were recorded at eight stations in the Ubimet network, reaching in Bad Goisern am Hallstättersee.[12]

The second heat wave of 2023 was expected to affect Austria between 10 July and 13 July, with maximum temperatures of up to predicted to occur during the first two days.[13] After two days of heavy thunderstorms, temperatures in excess of were expected to return on 14 July and reach as high as in areas north of the Alps on 15 July.[14] During the week starting on 17 July, heavy thunderstorms kept forming in western and southern Austria on a daily basis. They were especially intense in Styria and Carinthia, and also affected parts of Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.[15] [16]

Belgium

On 12 June 2023, officials issued a heat wave health warning.[17] The highest temperature was measured on 8 July in Westmalle when it reached .[18]

Bulgaria

Temperatures in Bulgaria reached during the Cerberus heat wave. Temperatures stayed above for more than 2 weeks.

Croatia

Temperatures reached by 13 July, sparking a significant wildfire near Šibenik.[19]

Cyprus

Temperatures in Cyprus neared inland during the heatwave, with even elevated mountainous areas such as the Troodos region reaching a record-breaking .[20] Government officials issued heat warnings and set up "heat shelters" in various cities.[21]

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic experienced the hottest day of the year so far on 15 July. In several places, it was above, the warmest in Plzeň-Bolevec and Řež near Prague, where temperatures reached . Nearly 100 of the 160 or so stations measuring 30 years or more recorded temperature highs for 15 July.[22]

France

By 1 June 2023, 50 departments of France were under orange vigilance and 24 under yellow vigilance.[23] At least 80 heat-related deaths were recorded from 7–13 July.[24] The highest temperature was measured on 23 August in Toulouse, when it reached .[25] A report released by Public Health France on February 8, 2024, confirmed that 5,167 people died due to the heat during the summer in France in 2023.[26]

Germany

Germany saw warmer than usual temperatures.[27] The German government has promised a plan to prevent heatwave deaths.[28] On 22 June, temperatures rose to 35.7 °C during the nations first heatwave of 2023.[29] A second period of high temperatures in early July lead the temperatures to rise to 38 °C on 9 July.[30] On 15 July the temperature reached 38.8 °C in Möhrendorf-Kleinseebach.[31]

On 20 July, the Robert Koch Institute estimated that at least 830 heat-related excess deaths occurred in the country between 10 April and 9 July.[32]

Greece

See also: 2023 Greece wildfires. On 14 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Thiva registered making it the highest temperature in the country for that day.[33] [34] [35] On the same day Athens recorded in the suburb of Filothei.[36] Officials in Athens announced midday closure of the Acropolis.[37] On 15 July 2023, the National Observatory of Athens station in Elafonisi also recorded a maximum temperature of .[38]

On 15 July, five people in Athens Urban Area were reported to have suffered from hyperthermia, while at least 10 more reportedly fainted, though it is not clear how many of them did so due to the heat.The Hellenic National Meteorological Service issued an Orange Warning for Extremely High Temperatures.[39] On that day the highest temperature in the Athens metropolitan area was in Aspropyrgos.[40] On 20 July 2023, a delivery driver in Chalcis died from cardiac arrest, a few hours after he ended his shift. The man was found out to be uninsured and the owner of the grill house was later arrested. He was working for hours outdoors with temperatures exceeding .[41] [42] On 22 July 2023, Kato Tithorea registered making it the highest temperature in the country for that day,[43] while the World Meteorological Organization station in Lefkohori recorded .[44] [45]

On 23 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Gytheio recorded making it the highest temperature in the country for that day[46] [47] [48] while Nea Filadelfeia in Athens recorded .[49] On 26 July 2023, the World Meteorological Organization station in Agia Triada recorded making it the highest temperature in the country for that day.[50] [51]

Throughout the prolonged heat wave, wildfires devastated parts of the country, killing at least 28 people,[52] mostly in the Athens metropolitan area and Rhodes.[53]

Ireland

Met Éireann stated that 2023 had the hottest June on record with an average monthly temperature of greater than 16 °C and a maximum of 28.8 °C at Oak Park in County Carlow on Tuesday 13 June, setting a heat record for 13 June in Ireland.[54]

Italy

Since 11 July, at least six men[55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] have died after collapsing while working due to the intense heat. Most of Southern Italy saw temperatures above, with temperatures as high as estimated to hit Sicily and Sardinia by the middle of July.[61]

The European Space Agency predicted that temperatures would exceed in Sardinia some time in July.[62] Tourists throughout the country were also observed to suffer from heat stroke, with a British visitor fainting at the Colosseum.[63] It is also expected that an anticyclone dubbed "Charon" originating from North Africa may raise the temperature to above in parts of Italy early in the week beginning 17 July.[64]

On the two main islands temperatures reached their peak on July 24:in Sardinia, despite unofficial higher values having been reached, the highest reliable temperature recorded by a regional station belongs to Bari Sardo with . The same day on the island two national stations recorded their all-time record with in Olbia and in Decimomannu Air Base.In Sicily the highest temperature will be reached by the Syracuse station with, the same weather station that holds the highest official temperature in Europe. The same day the Palermo Astronomical Observatory observed a temperature of, the highest ever recorded in the Sicilian capital city since the beginning of the meteorological data records started in 1791. The heat was infernal and unbearable for practically the entire month, so much that July 2023 was the hottest month of July in Sicily so far: some stations in the Sicilian inland regions such as those of Caltanissetta and Enna recorded 11 consecutive days with maximum temperatures exceeding, as reported by the regional office SIAS (Sicilian agrometeorological information service).

Netherlands

From 8 June to 26 June the Netherlands experienced regional heatwaves.[65] On 11 June the temperature reached in Gilze-Rijen and Hoek van Holland, setting a heat record for June 11.[66] Also on 12 June a heat record was broken when the temperature reached in Gilze-Rijen.[67] The unusually high temperatures continued, and on 25 June it was once again hot, with the temperature reaching in Maastricht.[68] After the June heatwaves temperatures went down, however another heatwave took place from 7 July to 12 July.[69] On 8 July the temperature reached in Eindhoven, setting a heat record for 8 July.[70] The highest temperature was measured on 9 July when it reached in Arcen.[71] There was a third regional heatwave in September, with temperatures reaching on 10 September in Eindhoven and Ell, setting a heat record for 10 September in the Netherlands.[72]

Norway

On 13 July, temperatures of were observed at northern Norway's Slettnes Lighthouse, breaking a record previously held for 80 years.[73] On 15 June the temperature reached in Oslo, setting a heat record for 15 June in Norway.[74]

Romania

A first heat wave struck Romania after 3 July, with temperatures exceeding . A second heat wave arrived after 12 July, with temperatures reaching 39 Celsius degrees, prompting Romanian authorities to issue yellow and orange alerts. On 16 July, Elena Mateescu, the director of Romania's National Administration of Meteorology stated this month could be the warmest July in Romania in 120 years.[75] As of 17 July, temperatures are expected to go even higher, eventually surpassing .

Slovenia

The first heat wave of 2023 in Slovenia began on 19 June and ended on 23 June, when many parts of the country experienced heavy thunderstorms due to the arrival of a cold front.[76] Between 21 June and 23 June, the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) recorded temperatures in excess of at several stations in their network. The highest temperature during the period was, recorded at the ARSO station at Cerklje ob Krki Airport on 21 June, whilst temperatures at the ARSO station in Dobliče reached on both 21 June and 23 June.[77]

The second heat wave of 2023 in Slovenia lasted from 8 July to 12 July, before heavy rain and high winds affected much of the country on the morning of 13 July.[78] [79] On 10 July, several stations in the ARSO network recorded temperatures between and, reaching as high as in Osilnica, as well as in both Bilje and Podnanos.[80]

The third heat wave to affect Slovenia in 2023 began on 15 July and ended on 19 July, reaching its peak when temperatures between and were recorded in the lowlands on 17 July.[81] The same day, temperatures at the ARSO station in Dobliče reached, which was the highest officially recorded temperature in Slovenia in 2023.[82] A further three stations in the ARSO network recorded temperatures of up to during the third heat wave, and the value of was reached or exceeded at a further seven stations in the ARSO network.[82]

Spain

Spain experienced the hottest April on record, with temperatures up to recorded that month.[83] Agriculture was heavily disrupted.[84] In June and July three people died by heatstroke.[85]

According to Carlos III Health Institute 659 mainly elderly people died between 8 July and 17 July due to heat.[86] Between 21 June and 8 July 309 excess deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 968.[87]

Switzerland

During the summer Switzerland experienced multiple heatwaves in July, August and September. The highest temperature measured during the heatwaves was in Geneva on 24 August.[88] Four per cent of its total glacier volume disappeared.[89]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom did not experience heatwaves as defined by the Met Office during the meteorological summer.[90] Nevertheless, the mean temperature in June was, the warmest since records began in 1884, and 0.9 °C higher than the previous record, set in 1940 and 1976.[91] The highest temperature was, recorded in Chertsey on the 10th and Coningsby on the 25th,[92] and records were also broken in 72 of the 97 areas where temperature data are collected. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and the Met Office issued the first heat-health alert of the year on 7 June, after the launch of a new high temperature alert system.[93] [94] A yellow heat alert was issued for London, the east and west Midlands, and the east, south-east and south-west.[95] [96] A yellow alert was also issued for Northern Ireland on 12 June.[97] A low pressure system over the country produced cooler, wetter weather in July and August.[98] [99]

September 2023

In September, the UK was hit by a record-breaking heatwave, which lasted eight consecutive days. On 4 September, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) issued a yellow heat-health alert from 2 p.m. that day to 9 p.m. on 10 September for all areas of England except the North East.[100] This was increased to an amber heat-health alert on 5 September for all areas of except the North East, which received a yellow alert.[101]

On 7 September, the record for most consecutive September days where temperatures reached, which was previously five days, was broken. Also on 7 September, a provisional temperature of was recorded in Wisley, Surrey, which was the hottest day of the year until 9 September. The previous record for the greatest number of September days where temperatures have reached or more was five, set in 1911, however it was broken on 9 September.[102]

On 8 September, the record for highest September temperature in Northern Ireland was broken, with recorded in Castlederg, County Tyrone. The previous record, set on 1 September 1906, was in Armagh.[103]

On 9 September, a temperature of was recorded at Heathrow, making it the hottest day of the year.[104] Kew Gardens later recorded, making 9 September 2023 London's second-hottest September day ever recorded. All operational London stations broke their previous records. Stations that have achieved higher temperatures in the past like Gravesend, Kent and Hampstead in London may have recorded even higher temperatures were they still operational during the heatwave.

On 10 September, the final day of the heatwave, temperatures exceeded for the seventh consecutive day, peaking at at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.[105] This would also make September 10 the hottest day of 2023. As the heatwave broke, a yellow weather warning for thunderstorms was put in place for most Northern Ireland and parts of northern England and Wales and southern Scotland.[106]

Highest temperature by country

CountryTemperatureLocationDateSource
Kuçovë[107]
Andorra La Vella[108]
[109]
Svetlogorsk
[110]
Ruse
Karlovac
Nicosia
Plzen-Bolevec, Rez[111]
Abed, Lolland[112]
Pärnu[113]
Turku[114]
Toulouse
Érsekhalma
Neskaupstadur[115]
Oak Park, County Carlow
Syracuse, Sicily [116]
Skënderaj
Ventspils
Vaduz[117]
Alytus
Luxembourg City[118]
Prilep
Mosta[119]
Cismichioi
Arcen
Oslo
Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Santarém[120]
Tulcea
Niš
Spišská Nová Ves
Grad
Valencia[121]
Stockholm[122]
Geneva
Brogdale
Saint Peter’s Basilica

Highest temperature per capital city

Capital CityTemperature DateSource
Vienna25 August[123]
Zagreb19 July[124]
Prague15 July [125]
Copenhagen9 July [126]
Helsinki21 June [127]
Paris9 September [128]
Berlin15 July [129]
Athens23 July [130]
Rome18 July[131]
Belgrade17 July [132]
Madrid21 August[133]
Lisbon41.1C7 August[134]
Bern24 August [135]
Dublin28.7° C (83.7° F)8 September [136]

Storms and floods

On 22 June Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany experienced rainstorms that came paired with flooding. In the south of Limburg 60-80 millimeters of precipitation fell. Also in Wallonia and North Rhine-Westphalia there was flooding due to the rainstorms, with 60-100 millimeters near Plombières and Mönchengladbach.[137] [138] [139]

From 4–6 July Storm Poly ravaged Northern Europe. On 5 July the storm caused much damage and inconvenience in the Benelux and Germany. On the morning of 5 July, a wind gust of 146 km/h (41 m/s) was measured at IJmuiden. Storm Poly was the most severe summer storm in the Netherlands since at least 1911.[140]

In late June and mid-July, the combination of daytime temperatures of and high humidity led to formation of a series of uncommonly strong, supercell storms in the area ranging from Slovenia to Romania.[141] On 23 June, large hail destroyed crops in parts of Slovenia and Hrvatsko Zagorje. In Croatia, the storm also broke windows in Varaždin and tore roofs off several houses in Međimurje.[142] [143] On 13 July, one such storm travelled, producing hail throughout its distance with stones up to in diameter in Krško, Slovenia, and a wind speed in excess of in Zrenjanin, Serbia.[144]

19 and 21 July storms

On 19 July, a particularly strong supercell caused extreme wind damage in Slovenia and northern Croatia. Six people were killed:[145] four in Croatia (two in Zagreb, one in Cernik, Brod-Posavina County, and an on-duty firefighter in Tovarnik in the Vukovar-Srijem County),[146] one near Lake Bled, Slovenia, and one in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many more were injured, including at least 60 in Zagreb, 10 of them severely. The storm caused extensive wind damage and electricity outages in parts of Slovenia, northern Croatia and northern Serbia. Winds of were recorded at the Zagreb Airport, and over 100 km/h in Belgrade and Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia.[147] [148] [149] [150] A state-operated automated weather station near Županja, Croatia recorded a wind gust.[151] The storm moved quickly, hitting Zagreb around 4 pm and Belgrade around 8 pm (CEST).[152] Zagreb saw of rainfall within 10 minutes.

In the afternoon of 21 July, a similar storm travelled over northern Croatia, dealing the brunt of its damage in Istria and Rijeka, where seven people were injured and one was missing. It subsequently hit Zagreb with wind gusts up to, downing more trees, stopping tram traffic, and damaging the Croatian Parliament building among others.[153] [154] Three deaths were recorded in Serbia. In Novi Sad, a well-known celtis australis in the city centre, more than 150 years old and a first-class listed natural heritage object, was obliterated, with its trunk shattered.[155]

24 and 25 July storms

On 24 July, a particularly strong supercell storm caused extreme wind damage in Lombardy, Veneto and all northern Italy.[156] [157] The Delta DL 185 flight departing from Milan Malpensa Airport and bound for New York JFK was diverted to Rome-Fiumicino Airport, after being damaged by a violent hailstorm.[158]

In Lombardy, two people were killed by falling trees,[159] [160] while two more people died in a road accident caused by the road surface slippery from the rain.[161] Several others were injured across the region.

Early August floods

See main article: 2023 Slovenia floods. In the first week of August, a cut-off low led to torrential rains in excess of and flooding in Slovenia and parts of Croatia and Austria. The June and July storms led to the soil in the region being highly saturated with water,[162] which caused rivers to overflow, producing historic flooding[163] [164] [165] at a time of year when the local nivo-pluvial river regime predicts minimum levels.[166] At least seven people were killed in Slovenia and Austria.[164] [165] The flood wave crest entered Croatia on the night of 5–6 August, causing localised flooding and breaking records at several gauges. In Drnje, Croatia, near the confluence of Mura and Drava, a century-old record was broken by more than half a metre (2 ft). Croatian Armed Forces deployed 150 soldiers to assist with flood defences.[167]

See also

Notes and References

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  41. Web site: Greece's first heatwave victim was uninsured and working double shifts . live . 23 July 2023 . greekcitytimes.com . 23 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723073011/https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/07/22/greeces-first-heatwave-victim/ .
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  48. Web site: Gytheio record . 23 July 2023.
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  53. https://www.protothema.gr/greece/article/1395165/fotia-sti-rodo-mainetai-to-megalo-metopo-anisuhia-gia-ton-akraio-kinduno-simera/ Φωτιά στη Ρόδο: Μαίνεται το μεγάλο μέτωπο - Ανησυχία για τον «ακραίο κίνδυνο» σήμερα
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  55. Web site: Lodi, lavora sotto al sole con 40 gradi, muore operaio di 44 anni: stava tracciando la segnaletica stradale. Corriere della Sera. 11 July 2023. Italian.
  56. Web site: Muore per il caldo soffocante sul lavoro: è il secondo caso in pochi giorni. Today. 14 July 2023. Italian.
  57. Web site: Operaio trovato morto in un container del cantiere Tav di Lonato del Garda: ipotesi malore per il caldo. La Repubblica. 18 July 2023. Italian.
  58. Web site: Morto per il caldo, autista 62enne trovato morto a bordo del suo camion. Leggo. 19 July 2023. Italian.
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  72. https://www.wetterzentrale.de/maps/archive/2023/obsday/NL_TX_2023091000.png Temperature map
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  75. News: 19 July 2023 . Cod portocaliu de caniculă în jumătate de țară! Un nou val de căldură peste România Prognoza meteo actualizată . ro . . 17 July 2023 . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718025627/https://www.antena3.ro/meteo/cod-portocaliu-canicula-jumatate-tara-nou-val-caldura-romania-680441.html . live .
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  81. Book: Neurja in vročina med 15. in 19. julijem 2023 . 24 July 2023 . Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje . 11 . 24 July 2023 . sl .
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  83. News: Jones . Sam . 2023-04-27 . Spain braced for record April temperature of 39C as extreme heat causes misery . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-06-15 . 0261-3077 . 2023-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230615221813/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/spain-braced-for-record-april-temperature-of-39c-as-heatwave-causes-misery . live .
  84. News: Carrington . Damian . 2023-05-05 . April Mediterranean heatwave 'almost impossible' without climate crisis . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-06-15 . 0261-3077 . 2023-06-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230614202641/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/05/april-mediterranean-heatwave-almost-impossible-without-climate-crisis . live .
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  89. News: . Swiss glaciers are disappearing, with 'massive ice loss' tracked in past 2 years . The Associated Press . Associated Press . 2023-09-28 . 2023-09-29. none.
  90. Web site: 2023-08-02 . Heatwave Northern Ireland? Met Office sets record straight for NI after media reports of pending UK hot spell . 2023-08-30 . uk.style.yahoo.com . en-GB.
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  93. Web site: England 'not ready' to respond to extreme heatwaves this summer - and resources are at 'breaking point' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230615221812/https://news.sky.com/story/england-not-ready-to-respond-to-extreme-heatwaves-this-summer-and-resources-are-at-breaking-point-12893810 . 2023-06-15 . 2023-06-15 . Sky News . en.
  94. Web site: First heat-health alert of year issued as UK set for hottest day of 2023 so far . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230615221814/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-set-for-hottest-day-of-2023-so-far-but-thundery-conditions-will-end-mini-heatwave-12898178 . 2023-06-15 . 2023-06-15 . Sky News . en.
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  100. News: 2023-09-04 . Heat health alert issued as UK temperatures to hit 32C during heatwave . . 2023-09-07.
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  105. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/weather/learn-about/uk-past-events/interesting/2023/2023_05_september_heatwave.pdf September heatwave
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  120. Web site: Agosto 2023 - Boletim Climatológico . 2023-12-30 . Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera.
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  123. Web site: Vienna Weather in 2023 .
  124. Web site: Zagreb Weather in 2023 .
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  127. Web site: Helsinki Weather in 2023 .
  128. Web site: Paris Weather in 2023 .
  129. Web site: Berlin Weather in 2023 .
  130. Web site: Athens 2023 Past Weather (Greece) - Weather Spark .
  131. Web site: July 18, 2023 - Millions face extreme heat in the US, Europe and China . . 18 July 2023 .
  132. Web site: Belgrade Weather in 2023 .
  133. Web site: Madrid Weather in 2023 .
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  142. Web site: Snažno nevrijeme stiglo i na sjever Hrvatske, stižu snimke. Tuča veličine oraha u Varaždinu razbijala prozore . . 19 July 2023 . Split . hr . 23 June 2023.
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  145. Web site: 3 people die in Serbia as a second deadly storm rips through the Balkans this week . 2023-07-22 . ABC News . en.
  146. Web site: Bradarić . Branimir . 2023-07-20 . Posljedice snažne oluje: Ozlijeđeno više od 100 osoba, u dvije županije angažirana i vojska . Consequences of the powerful storm: More than 100 people injured, army deployed in two counties . 2023-07-22 . . hr.
  147. Web site: Arapović . Dražen . Patković . Nikola . Krnić . Ivana . Treća žrtva nezapamćene oluje, muškarac (40) poginuo u Slavoniji. Dvoje mrtvih u Zagrebu . Third victim of unfathomable storm, a 40-year-old man found dead in Slavonia. Two dead in Zagreb . . 19 July 2023 . Zagreb . hr . 19 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719180928/https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/treca-zrtva-nezapamcene-oluje-muskarac-40-poginuo-u-slavoniji-dvoje-mrtvih-u-zagrebu-15357113 . 2023-07-19 .
  148. Web site: Prva žrtva oluje u BiH . First storm fatality in BiH . . 19 July 2023 . bs . 19 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719205348/https://n1info.ba/vijesti/prva-zrtva-oluje-u-bih/ . 2023-07-19 .
  149. Web site: Jako nevrijeme u regionu, ima poginulih u BiH, Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj… . Powerful storm hits the region, fatalities in BiH, Slovenia, Croatia... . N1 . 19 July 2023 . bs . 19 July 2023.
  150. Web site: . A powerful storm sweeps Croatia and Slovenia after days of heat, killing at least 4 people . . 19 July 2023 . en . 19 July 2023.
  151. Web site: . Zagreb je pogodila jedna od najjačih grmljavinskih oluja otkad je mjerenja . Zagreb hit by one of the strongest storms on record . . 21 July 2023 . hr . 20 July 2023.
  152. Web site: Trajković . Suzana . Oluja je ipak srušila dva krana na Novom Beogradu? Jezivi snimci samo pristižu, padaju kao domine . Storm topples two construction cranes in New Belgrade . Alo.rs . 19 July 2023 . sr-lat . 19 July 2023.
  153. Web site: HINA . Velika oluja u pet županija. Iščupana stabla, razoren kamp, osoba nestala na moru . Large storm hits five counties. Trees torn down, campsite destroyed, one person missing at sea . Index.hr . 21 July 2023 . hr . 21 July 2023.
  154. Web site: HINA . Grad poslao apel Zagrepčanima. Oluja opet čupala drveće i nosila krovove . Zagreb sends another appeal to citizens. Storm tore trees and roofs again . Index.hr . 21 July 2023 . hr . 21 July 2023.
  155. Web site: 2023-07-21 . FOTO, VIDEO: Uništen čuveni koprivić, spomenik prirode u centru Novog Sada . PHOTO, VIDEO: The famous Koprivić, a natural heritage object in the centre of Novi Sad, was destroyed . 2023-07-22 . www.021.rs . sr.
  156. News: Maltempo, l'esperto del Cnr: "Il Nord Italia devastato da tre fenomeni estremi" . 25 July 2023 . tgcom24.mediaset.it . tgcom24.mediaset.it . 25 July 2023.
  157. News: Fiamme e nubifragi, mappa delle emergenze nelle regioni . 25 July 2023 . ansa.it . ansa.it . 25 July 2023.
  158. News: Malpensa, grandine danneggia aereo per New York: dirottato a Fiumicino . 25 July 2023 . tgcom24.mediaset.it . tgcom24.mediaset.it . 25 July 2023.
  159. News: Maltempo in Lombardia, donna muore schiacciata da un albero a Lissone . 25 July 2023 . tgcom24.mediaset.it . tgcom24.mediaset.it . 25 July 2023.
  160. News: Brescia, albero sradicato dal vento si schianta su tenda: muore una scout di 16 anni . 25 July 2023 . tgcom24.mediaset.it . tgcom24.mediaset.it . 25 July 2023.
  161. News: Maltempo Milano, violento nubifragio nella notte: danni e allagamenti in Lombardia, 4 le vittime. News e video in diretta. Fanpage. 25 July 2023.
  162. Web site: Zbog nove promjene izgledni visoki vodostaji rijeka . Inclement weather likely to lead to increased water levels in rivers . . 7 August 2023 . hr . 2 August 2023.
  163. Web site: "Toliko padavin ni v enem dnevu padlo nikoli. Posledice so hude." Ni še konec.. "So much rainfall in one day has not happened yet. The consequences are terrible." The situation is not over yet.. rtvslo.si. 2023-08-04. sl. A.. S.
  164. Web site: Nočna mora na Gorenjskem in Koroškem. Razmere so katastrofalne. #video. Nightmare in Upper Carniola and [Slovenian] Carinthia of catastrophic proportions. siol.net. 2023-08-04. sl.
  165. Web site: red . ORF at/Agenturen . 2023-08-06 . Hochwasser: Ein Todesopfer in Kärnten . High water: One fatality in [Austrian] Carinthia . 2023-08-06 . news.ORF.at . de.
  166. Web site: Sava . . . 10 November 2021 . Zagreb . hr.
  167. Web site: Drava srušila stoljetni rekord: Na teren stižu vojnici, oštećene su i kuće, odroni na cesti . Drava breaks 100-year-old record: Soldiers arrive at the scene, homes inundated, roads blocked by mudslides . Dnevnik.hr . . 7 August 2023 . hr . 6 August 2023.

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