2023 Estonian parliamentary election explained

Country:Estonia
Type:parliamentary
Outgoing Members:Members of the 14th Riigikogu
Previous Election:2019 Estonian parliamentary election
Previous Year:2019
Elected Members:Members of the 15th Riigikogu
Next Election:Next Estonian parliamentary election
Next Year:Next
Seats For Election:All 101 seats in the Riigikogu
Majority Seats:51
Election Date:5 March 2023
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the 2023 Estonian parliamentary election
Turnout:63.53% (0.14% pp)
Image1:Kaja Kallas (crop) (cropped).jpg
Leader1:Kaja Kallas
Party1:Estonian Reform Party
Last Election1:28.93%, 34 seats
Seats1:37
Seat Change1: 3
Popular Vote1:190,659
Percentage1:31.24%
Swing1: 2.31 pp
Leader2:Martin Helme
Party2:Conservative People's Party of Estonia
Last Election2:17.76%, 19 seats
Seats2:17
Seat Change2: 2
Popular Vote2:97,959
Percentage2:16.05%
Swing2: 1.71 pp
Image3:Jüri Ratas 2022.jpg
Leader3:Jüri Ratas
Party3:Estonian Centre Party
Last Election3:23.10%, 26 seats
Seats3:16
Seat Change3: 10
Popular Vote3:93,243
Percentage3:15.28%
Swing3: 7.28 pp
Image4:Lauri Hussar at the Opinion Festival 2022 in Paide, Estonia (cropped).jpg
Leader4:Lauri Hussar
Party4:Estonia 200
Last Election4:4.36%, 0 seats
Seats4:14
Seat Change4: 14
Popular Vote4:81,347
Percentage4:13.33%
Swing4: 8.97 pp
Image5:Lauri Läänemets at the Opinion Festival 2022 in Paide, Estonia (cropped).jpg
Leader5:Lauri Läänemets
Party5:Social Democratic Party (Estonia)
Last Election5:9.83%, 10 seats
Seats5:9
Seat Change5: 1
Popular Vote5:56,578
Percentage5:9.27%
Swing5: 0.56 pp
Image6:AAA 2054 (31896801808) (cropped 1).jpg
Party6:Isamaa
Last Election6:11.44%, 12 seats
Seats6:8
Seat Change6: 4
Popular Vote6:50,114
Percentage6:8.21%
Swing6: 3.23 pp
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister after election
Before Election:Kaja Kallas
Before Party:Estonian Reform Party
After Election:Kaja Kallas
After Party:Estonian Reform Party

Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 5 March 2023 to elect all 101 members of the Riigikogu. The officially published election data indicate the victory of the Reform Party, which won 37 seats in total, while the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) placed second with 17 seats. The Centre Party won 16 seats, a loss of 10, while Estonia 200 won 14 seats, gaining representation in the Riigikogu.

After the previous parliamentary election in 2019, the Centre Party, led by Jüri Ratas, formed a government with Ratas serving as prime minister. His government was brought down in January 2021 after a corruption investigation, and Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party formed a coalition government with the Centre Party, which collapsed in June 2022. Kallas then formed a government with Isamaa and the Social Democratic Party and remained in the position of prime minister.

In January 2023, the National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates had registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election. During the campaign period, issues discussed most extensively regarded the Estonian economy, and the country's national defence and security due to the current Russian invasion of Ukraine. Individuals from contesting political parties also participated in multiple organised debates in January and February 2023. Voting at foreign embassies for Estonians outside the country took place from 18 to 23 February, while Estonian residents could vote during the pre-election period from 27 February to 4 March.

These were the first national elections where more than half of the votes were cast electronically over the Internet. Following the election, EKRE submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court of Estonia, requesting that the results be annulled and claiming that "anomalies and technical errors in the e-voting process had been observed", though the appeal was later dismissed. Reform successfully negotiated afterward with the Social Democratic Party and Estonia 200, forming a government headed by Kallas in April.

Background

The previous parliamentary election, which was held in March 2019, saw the loss of the absolute majority held by Jüri Ratas's first cabinet in the Riigikogu, the unicameral parliament of Estonia. Ratas's Centre Party, Isamaa, and Social Democratic Party (SDE) all suffered a setback in favour of the Reform Party, led by Kallas, and the EKRE.[1] Kersti Kaljulaid, then-president of Estonia, gave a mandate to Kallas to form a government after the election.[2] The Reform Party negotiated with the Centre Party, Isamaa, and SDE but ultimately failed to form a government.[3] [4] [5] After the vote in April 2019, Ratas received the mandate and successfully formed a government with Isamaa and EKRE.[6] Jüri Ratas's second cabinet was sworn in on 29 April 2019.[7] [8]

In January 2021, the Centre Party-led government collapsed after a corruption investigation in which the Centre Party was accused of requesting financial support of up to €1 million within a year in return of the €39 million loan to Hillar Teder's real estate development in Tallinn.[9] In response, Ratas resigned as prime minister of Estonia, while Kallas was invited to form a government.[10] She struck a deal with the Centre Party, with Kallas now serving as prime minister.[11] In June 2022, however, the coalition government between the Centre and Reform Party collapsed due to the Centre Party's opposition to a law on education.[12] This occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; the Centre Party was seen as close to Russians in Estonia. In response, Kallas opened Triple Alliance negotiations with Isamaa and SDE, successfully forming Kaja Kallas's second cabinet on 15 July 2022.[13] [14]

Electoral system

See also: Politics of Estonia. The Riigikogu is made up of 101 seats and its representatives are elected by open list proportional representation in twelve multi-member constituencies.[15] First, seats are to be filled in 12 constituencies of 5 to 16 seats depending on their population, and the remaining seats, known as "compensation seats", are allocated using the d'Hondt method to all parties that exceeded the 5% electoral threshold, to bring the results in terms of seats as close as possible to those of the vote of the population.[16] [17] In 2023, 75 seats were filled in the constituencies and the remaining 26 were allocated using the d'Hondt method. Voters have the possibility of casting a preferential vote for one of the candidates on the list for which they are voting. If a candidate collects more preferential votes than the amount of the simple quotient in his constituency, they are declared elected even if the list for which they are candidate for fails to cross the 5% electoral threshold.

In November 2022, Alar Karis, the president of Estonia, signed the election decree, setting the date for 5 March 2023.[18] Estonian citizens who are at least 18 years old, are registered in the voting list, have not been declared incapacitated or convicted of a crime by a court, or are serving a prison sentence have the right to vote.[19] [20] In foreign embassies abroad, voting took place from 18 to 23 February 2023, while to vote by mail in foreign countries, the voter had to submit a written request to the foreign mission by 3 February 2023. Advance voting in Estonia took place from 27 February to 4 March, meaning that a voter could vote outside the electoral district of their residence and electronically. Unlike in previous elections, on 5 March voters were able to vote in any precinct within the constituency, while voters who had voted electronically during the advance voting were able to vote on a paper ballot, although their electronic vote would be cancelled. Citizens who were not able to go to the polling stations or to vote electronically could order a ballot box at home and vote between 3 and 5 March 2023.[21] Around eighty foreign observers monitored the election.[22]

Seats by electoral district

MapElectoral districtSeats
1Haabersti, Põhja-Tallinn and Kristiine districts in Tallinn10
2Kesklinn, Lasnamäe and Pirita districts in Tallinn13
3Mustamäe and Nõmme districts in Tallinn8
4Harju (excluding Tallinn) and Rapla counties16
5Hiiu, Lääne and Saare counties6
6Lääne-Viru county5
7Ida-Viru county6
8Järva and Viljandi counties7
9Jõgeva and Tartu counties (excluding Tartu)7
10City of Tartu8
11Võru, Valga and Põlva counties8
12Pärnu county7
Source: Eesti Rahvusringhääling[23]

Pre-election composition

PartySeats
Estonian Reform Party34
Estonian Centre Party23
Conservative People's Party of Estonia19
Isamaa11
Social Democratic Party9
Parempoolsed1
Independents4
Source: Riigikogu[24]

Contesting parties

See also: List of political parties in Estonia. The Estonian National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election. Their registration numbers and order were determined by a draw of lots.[25] [26] [27]

NameIdeologyPolitical positionLeaderTotal candidates2019 result
Votes (%)Seats
ParempoolsedFiscal conservatismCentre-rightLavly Perling125did not exist
GreensGreen politicsCentre-leftJohanna Maria Tõugu581.8%
IsamaaNational conservatismCentre-right to
right-wing		Helir-Valdor Seeder12511.4%
Social Democratic PartySocial democracyCentre-leftLauri Läänemets1259.8%
Conservative People's PartyRight-wing populismRight-wing to
far-right		Martin Helme12517.8%
Estonia 200LiberalismCentreLauri Hussar1254.4%
Reform PartyClassical liberalismCentre-rightKaja Kallas12528.9%
Centre PartySocial liberalismCentre-leftJüri Ratas12523.1%
United Left PartyRussian minority politics[28] [29] Left-wingIgor Rosenfeld250.1%
Individual candidates—100.3%

Party manifestos and slogans

Party!colspan=2 class="unsortable"
Manifesto (external link)Other slogan(s)
ParempoolsedVoice of reason (Estonian: Mõistuse hääl)
GreensGreen energy, smart development (Estonian: Roheline energia, tark areng)
IsamaaThere is only one fatherland! (Estonian: On vaid üks isamaa!)
Social Democratic PartySelf-sufficiency is security! (Estonian: Toimetulek on julgeolek!)
Conservative People's PartyLet's save Estonia! (Estonian: Päästame Eesti!)
Estonia 200It's possible with us (Estonian: Meiega on võimalik)
Reform PartyEstonia in safe hands (Estonian: Kindlates kätes Eesti)
Centre PartyBravely for the people! (Estonian: Julgelt inimeste heaks!)We are on your side! (Russian: Мы за вас!)
United Left PartyTogether for peace (Estonian: Koos rahul nimel)

Campaign

Issues

The Eesti Rahvusringhääling and NPR commented that the issues that were discussed during the campaign period were the cost of living crisis, especially regarding rising prices and inflation, as well as issues regarding security and national defence due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[30] [31] Eesti Rahvusringhääling also asserted that the programmes of the contesting parties were largely influenced by the current war in Ukraine.[32] Ellu Saar, a sociology professor, and Triin Lauri, an associate professor at Tallinn University, said that in the programmes of EKRE and Isamaa stated their support to protect the Estonian language in higher education, while Estonia 200 and SDE mention united schools where native Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking students would study together.[33]

Saar and Lauri commented that the Centre Party had a vague opinion regarding the issue of education. The Estonian Greens and SDE also mentioned school culture, quality of management, reducing path dependence as issues they would tackle. The Reform Party also stated its support for introducing national defence classes in schools, while Isamaa said that there should be more investments in national defence.[34] The Centre Party called for higher salaries for those who work to contribute to the national defence, SDE suggested to implement a new tax regarding defence spending, while EKRE said that militarised border guards should be brought back. Anne Raiste of Eesti Rahvusringhääling said that the contesting parties all shared similar positions regarding foreign policy and that they pledged to implement forms of direct democracy or a more efficient representative democracy.[35] [36] In regards to the 2022–2023 Ukrainian refugee crisis, EKRE and Isamaa pledged to not accept any new refugees,[37] [38] while the Reform Party stated that it would continue accepting new Ukrainian refugees.[39] Euronews said that EKRE's support in opinion polls had fallen due to alleged links with Russia.

Regarding the economy, Raiste said that the contesting parties had pledged to raise pensions to €1,000 or more.[40] The Centre Party stated its support for the introduction of progressive taxation, while SDE and the Greens had adopted similar positions.[41] On the other hand, Reform stated that it would balance the budget, while EKRE called for reduction of taxes. Estonia 200 said that labour taxes should be lowered, while Parempoolsed promised to not introduce any new taxes. Scholars Liili Abuladze and Luule Sakkeus stated that EKRE and Isamaa put their family policy focuses on families with many children and that the needs of those most vulnerable are hardly addressed.[42] EKRE stated its opposition to transition to sustainable energy to lower energy bills, while the Reform Party pledged to adopt sustainable energy. EKRE also criticised Kallas's Reform Party due to the growing inflation.[43] The Centre Party campaigned on infrastructure investments and affordable housing.[44]

Debates

2023 Estonian parliamentary election debates
DateOrganisers
ReformEKRECentreE200SDEIsamaaEERParempoolsedRefs
Eesti TelevisioonP
Kaja Kallas		P
Martin Helme		P
Jüri Ratas		P
Lauri Hussar		P
Lauri Läänemets		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder		NP
Lavly Perling		[45]
PostimeesP
Urmas Klaas		P
Jaak Valge		P
Jaan Toots		P
Kristina Kallas		P
Krista Aru		P
Tõnis Lukas		P
Johanna Maria Tõugu		P
Elmo Somelar		[46]
PostimeesP
Jürgen Ligi		P
Jaak Madison		P
Jaak Aab		P
Ando Kiviberg		P
Lauri Läänemets		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder		NP
Priit Põllumäe		[47]
Lääne EluP
Kalle Laanet		P
Helle-Moonika Helme		P
Janek Mäggi		P
Kalev Stoicescu		P
Madis Kallas		P
Mikk Lõhmus		P
Marko Kaasik		P
Kristjan Vanaselja		[48]
VikerraadioNNP
Jüri Ratas		P
Lauri Hussar		NNNN[49]
Eesti TelevisioonP
Kristen Michal		P
Rain Epler		P
Taavi Aas		P
Marek Reinaas		P
Riina Sikkut		P
Priit Sibul		NP
Siim Kiisler		[50]
VikerraadioNNNNP
Lauri Läänemets		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder		NP
Lavly Perling		[51]
PostimeesP
Yoko Alender		P
Rain Epler		P
Ismail Mirzojev		P
Gea Kangilaski		P
Lemmit Kaplinski		P
Priit Humal		P
Kaia Solnik		P
Indrek Adler		[52]
PostimeesP
Jürgen Ligi		P
Kalle Grünthal		P
Kersti Sarapuu		P
Kaspar Taimsoo		P
Eimar Veldre		P
Ründo Mülts		P
Oliver Rohesalu		P
Priit Põllumäe		[53]
VikerraadioP
Signe Riisalo		P
Kert Kingo		P
Tanel Kiik		P
Irja Lutsar		P
Helmen Kütt		P
Lea Danilson-Järg		NP
Marelle Erlenheim		[54]
Eesti TelevisioonNNNNNNP
Marko Kaasik		P
Kristjan Vanaselja		[55]
PostimeesP
Signe Riisalo		P
Kert Kingo		P
Monika Haukanõmm		P
Diana Ingerainen		P
Heljo Pikhof		P
Merike Värik		P
Susanna Saar		P
Toomas Kasemaa		[56]
PostimeesP
Andres Sutt		P
Raul Siem		P
Andrei Korobeinik		P
Kristina Kallas		P
Riina Sikkut		P
Kristjan Järvan		P
Marti Soosaar		P
Lavly Perling		[57]
VikerraadioP
Liina Kersna		P
Jaak Valge		P
Jaak Aab		P
Kristina Kallas		P
Piret Hartman		NNP
Tauno Õunapuu		[58]
VikerraadioP
Annely Akkermann		P
Siim Pohlak		P
Lauri Laats		P
Joakim Helenius		P
Lauri Paeveer		P
Aivar Kokk		NP
Alar Voitka		[59]
VikerraadioP
Liina Kersna		P
Loone Ots		P
Tõnis Mölder		P
Kristina Kallas		P
Jevgeni Ossinovski		P
Tõnis Lukas		NP
Andres Kaarmann		[60]

P
Andres Sutt		P
Martin Helme		P
Tanel Kiik		P
Joakim Helenius		P
Riina Sikkut		P
Urmas Reinsalu		NN[61]
VikerraadioP
Hanno Pevkur		P
Jaak Madison		P
Neeme Väli		P
Margus Tsahkna		P
Raimond Kaljulaid		P
Urmas Reinsalu		NP
Ilmar Raag		[62]
VikerraadioP
Meelis Kiili		P
Jaak Valge		P
Mihhail Kõlvart		P
Aleksei Jašin		P
Piret Hartman		P
Hendrik Agur		NP
Ivo Loide		[63]

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Estonian parliamentary election.

Results

Voting at Estonian embassies abroad took place between 18 and 23 February 2023.[64] The National Electoral Committee had announced that 47.3% of voters cast their ballot during the pre-election period, which began on 27 February and ended before 5 March, a majority of whom voted online.[65] [66] Voting stations on 5 March 2023 were opened from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm.[67] [68] There were 966,129 citizens that had the right to vote in the election.[69]

The turnout progressed towards 63% by 7:00 pm according to Eesti Rahvusringhääling, with the highest turnout being in the Rapla County and the lowest in the Ida-Viru County.[70] With 312,181 electronic votes, these were the first elections where more than half of votes were cast online.[71] Later that day, Eesti Rahvusringhääling, Reuters, and the Associated Press reported that the Reform Party won the most votes and seats in the Riigikogu, with EKRE placing second and the Centre Party placing third.[72] [73] Additionally, Eesti Rahvusringhääling reported that Estonia 200 would enter the Riigikogu for the first time since its formation.[74]

Results by constituency

ConstituencyReformCentreEKREIsamaaSDEE200EERParempoolsedEÜVPIndependents
data-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Sdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"S
No. 131.4420.949.715.6110.0115.721.102.303.300.10
No. 229.4429.059.115.418.6110.921.001.604.900.10
No. 334.7318.9111.716.508.9114.211.102.101.900.00
No. 440.0710.2114.638.317.1113.720.703.401.300.80
No. 527.6111.2119.417.8013.9117.110.902.100.000.00
No. 631.1113.4020.5213.707.508.710.503.001.500.20
No. 714.1125.818.414.007.608.300.501.0014.9015.50
No. 827.8210.2123.3111.9112.9210.700.802.100.000.30
No. 930.439.2019.7112.019.0014.611.002.601.500.00
No. 1035.947.3014.518.619.9118.411.702.001.600.00
No. 1124.0513.4126.528.5112.3111.511.302.300.000.20
No. 1229.5211.4126.0210.016.7012.820.802.200.700.00
Total31.243715.281616.05179.2798.21813.33140.9602.3002.3900.960
Source: National Electoral Committee, Eesti Rahvusringhääling[75]

Aftermath

Tanel Kiik, the vice-chair of the Centre Party, had said that "the Centre Party would be satisfied if it were to get 20 seats" in the Riigikogu, while Sven Mikser, the former chairman of the SDE, said that "nine mandates is probably the best the party can do in Estonia today".[76] Ratas later described the results as "mediocre". After the publication of e-vote results, Kallas gave a speech and thanked her voters. Kallas was congratulated by Sanna Marin, the prime minister of Finland, and Krišjānis Kariņš, the prime minister of Latvia.[77] [78]

Martin Helme, the leader of EKRE, stated that "he does not trust the e-vote results" and demanded a recount.[79] On 9 March 2023, EKRE made an appeal to the Supreme Court of Estonia, requesting the results to be annulled and claiming that "several anomalies and technical errors in the e-voting process had been observed".[80] Lawyer Paul Keres of EKRE also claimed that the e-voting process is unconstitutional.[81] This case was dismissed on 13 March.[82]

Government formation

As the party that won the most seats in the election, Reform Party began negotiations between the parties to attempt to form a government. Eesti Rahvusringhääling reported that while experts predicted that the Reform–Estonia 200–SDE coalition would be formed after the election, Kallas only ruled out a coalition with EKRE.[83] A day after the election, Kallas said "that it is clear that voters expect to see Estonia 200 in the government", while she also said that there are four possible coalitions for the Reform Party to form.[84] [85] Kallas invited Estonia 200 and SDE for government talks on 7 March 2023.[86] Lauri Läänemets, the leader of SDE, confirmed on 7 April that the Reform Party, Estonia 200, and SDE reached an agreement.[87] A day later, Kallas revealed the composition of her new cabinet.[88] [89] The coalition agreement was signed on 10 April.[90] [91] [92] Soon after, Kallas became the prime-minister designate,[93] with the Riigikogu approving the coalition government on 12 April.[94] [95] Her cabinet was sworn in on 17 April.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 5 April 2019 . Kaja Kallas: Coalition ready for Riigikogu vote on 15 April . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 1 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221201063626/https://news.err.ee/927272/kaja-kallas-coalition-ready-for-riigikogu-vote-on-15-april . live.
  2. Web site: 6 March 2019 . Reform to begin coalition talks with Centre Party . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 1 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221201063622/https://news.err.ee/917068/reform-to-begin-coalition-talks-with-centre-party . live.
  3. Web site: 8 March 2019 . Centre rejects Reform's offer to begin coalition talks . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 8 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208152648/https://news.err.ee/918142/centre-rejects-reform-s-offer-to-begin-coalition-talks . live.
  4. Web site: 8 March 2019 . Kallas: Reform to approach Isamaa, Social Democrats next . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 2 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221202172143/https://news.err.ee/918169/kallas-reform-to-approach-isamaa-social-democrats-next . live.
  5. News: 15 April 2019 . Estonian parliament rejects Reform's Kallas as PM . Reuters . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145259/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-estonia-politics-government-idUSKCN1RR1AI . live.
  6. Web site: 7 April 2019 . Estonie: Le Premier ministre sortant scelle un accord de coalition tripartite . 7 February 2023 . Mediapart . fr . 1 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221201063623/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/070419/estonie-le-premier-ministre-sortant-scelle-un-accord-de-coalition-tripartite . live.
  7. Web site: 17 July 2021 . Estonia likely to see euroskeptic party brought to power . 7 February 2023 . Associated Press . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145259/https://apnews.com/article/europe-estonia-legislature-54d52f04e95944d8bf93f1bbb69ad2ed . live.
  8. Web site: 29 April 2019 . Nationalist Party Enters Estonia's Government . 7 February 2023 . Voice of America . 1 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190501011712/https://www.voanews.com/a/nationalist-party-enters-estonia-s-government/4897062.html . live.
  9. Web site: Tambur . Silver . 13 January 2021 . Estonia's prime minister Jüri Ratas resigns, Kaja Kallas asked to form the government . 7 February 2023 . Estonian World . en-GB . 26 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210126072044/https://estonianworld.com/security/a-political-crisis-in-estonia-prime-minister-juri-ratas-resigns/ . live.
  10. Web site: Belga . Par . 14 January 2021 . Estonie: l'europhile convaincue Kaja Kallas désignée au poste du Premier ministre . 7 February 2023 . Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française . fr . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207160811/https://www.rtbf.be/article/estonie-l-europhile-convaincue-kaja-kallas-designee-au-poste-du-premier-ministre-10673384 . live.
  11. Web site: 26 January 2021 . Kallas' coalition votes total second-highest since independence restoration . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 1 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221201063626/https://news.err.ee/1608086218/kallas-coalition-votes-total-second-highest-since-independence-restoration . live.
  12. Web site: Belga . Par . Louvigny . Adeline . 3 June 2022 . Estonie: la coalition gouvernementale s'effondre . 7 February 2023 . Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française . fr . 1 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221201070629/https://www.rtbf.be/article/estonie-la-coalition-gouvernementale-s-effondre-11006114 . live.
  13. Web site: 15 July 2022 . Riigikogu grants Kallas mandate to form new government . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  14. News: 15 July 2022 . Estonian parliament confirms PM Kallas to lead new government . Reuters . 7 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145259/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/estonian-parliament-confirms-pm-kallas-lead-new-government-2022-07-15/ . live.
  15. Web site: 20 January 2015 . Riigikogu Election Act . 1 April 2015 . Riigi Teataja . 12 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200912184449/https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/501092014005/consolide/current . live.
  16. Web site: Estonia: Riigikogu (The Estonian Parliament) . 7 February 2023 . Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline . 8 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200208181137/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2105.htm . live.
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  34. Web site: Raiste . Anne . 31 January 2023 . Several parties call for mandatory school defense education . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 2 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202054946/https://news.err.ee/1608870026/several-parties-call-for-mandatory-school-defense-education . live.
  35. Web site: Raiste . Anne . 31 January 2023 . Political parties' election manifestos share similar foreign policy goals . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155420/https://news.err.ee/1608868757/political-parties-election-manifestos-share-similar-foreign-policy-goals . live.
  36. Web site: Raiste . Anne . 17 February 2023 . Political parties pledge more direct democracy, a more efficient Riigikogu . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155427/https://news.err.ee/1608889109/political-parties-pledge-more-direct-democracy-a-more-efficient-riigikogu . live.
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  40. Web site: Raiste . Anne . 2 February 2023 . Parties pledge €1,000 pensions, more senior centers and flexible pensions . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155419/https://news.err.ee/1608872807/parties-pledge-1-000-pensions-more-senior-centers-and-flexible-pensions . live.
  41. Web site: Pott . Toomas . 14 February 2023 . Political parties try to woo voters with tax cut promises . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155418/https://news.err.ee/1608885440/political-parties-try-to-woo-voters-with-tax-cut-promises . live.
  42. Web site: Abuladze . Liili . Sakkeus . Luule . 26 February 2023 . Analüüs: Erakondade perekonnapoliitika lubadused . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228041009/https://www.err.ee/1608897593/analuus-erakondade-perekonnapoliitika-lubadused . live.
  43. Web site: Tanner . Jari . 4 March 2023 . Ukraine ally Kallas fights for reelection in Estonia vote . 5 March 2023 . Associated Press . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305135240/https://apnews.com/article/estonia-parliamentary-election-ukraine-russia-war-kallas-757d969e3b76312962292898c6c59bcc . live.
  44. Web site: 5 March 2023 . Estonian PM's party beats far right by wide margin to win general election . 6 March 2023 . France 24.
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  49. News: Müller . Arp . Ojakivi . Mirko . Jüri Ratas, Lauri Hussar lock swords in heated Vikerradio head-to-head show . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 23 February 2023 . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227203900/https://news.err.ee/1608894836/juri-ratas-lauri-hussar-lock-swords-in-heated-vikerradio-head-to-head-show . live.
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  51. News: Ojakivi . Mirko . SDE, Parempoolsed and Isamaa leaders debate key issues ahead of elections . 28 February 2023 . 21 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et . 22 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222080501/https://news.err.ee/1608893036/sde-parempoolsed-and-isamaa-leaders-debate-key-issues-ahead-of-elections . live.
  52. News: Oecologicumis toimuval valimisdebatil vaetakse keskkonnateemasid . 28 February 2023 . 20 February 2023 . Postimees . et . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221142848/https://tartu.postimees.ee/7716469/oecologicumis-toimuval-valimisdebatil-vaetakse-keskkonnateemasid . live.
  53. News: Otse: Riigikogu kandidaatide valimisdebatt . 28 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . Postimees . et . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216125445/https://jarvateataja.postimees.ee/7713801/otse-riigikogu-kandidaatide-valimisdebatt . live.
  54. News: Third 'Valimisstuudio' election debate focuses on healthcare . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 16 February 2023 . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217072044/https://news.err.ee/1608887429/third-valimisstuudio-election-debate-focuses-on-healthcare . live.
  55. News: Valimisdebatt: Parempoolsed ja Rohelised jäid tuumajaama teemal eriarvamusele . 28 February 2023 . 16 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228202705/https://www.err.ee/api/statistics/articleStatistics . live.
  56. News: Valimisdebatt keskendub puuetega inimeste toimetulekule . 28 February 2023 . 15 February 2023 . Postimees . et . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215080749/https://www.postimees.ee/7712677/otse-valimisdebatt-keskendub-puuetega-inimeste-toimetulekule . live.
  57. News: Tehnoloogiaettevõtjad: Eesti kasutab tehnoloogiasektori võimekusest tühise osa . 28 February 2023 . 13 February 2023 . Postimees . et . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105502/https://www.postimees.ee/7708474/valimisdebatt-tehnoloogiaettevotjad-eesti-kasutab-tehnoloogiasektori-voimekusest-tuhise-osa . live.
  58. News: Second 'Valimisstuudio' election debate on education, science and culture . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 9 February 2023 . et . 12 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230212205247/https://news.err.ee/1608879242/second-valimisstuudio-election-debate-on-education-science-and-culture . live.
  59. News: "Vikerraadio" valimisdebatis vaieldi laenukoormuse ja uute maksude üle . 28 February 2023 . 7 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et . 24 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232916/https://www.err.ee/1608877121/vikerraadio-valimisdebatis-vaieldi-laenukoormuse-ja-uute-maksude-ule . live.
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  61. News: Whyte . Andrew . AmCham/FICE pre-election political party debate . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 2 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208095913/https://news.err.ee/1608871619/watch-again-amcham-fice-pre-election-political-party-debate . live.
  62. News: Security first topic of 'Valimisstuudio' series of election debates . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 2 February 2023 . et . 4 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204034326/https://news.err.ee/1608871661/security-first-topic-of-valimisstuudio-series-of-election-debates . live.
  63. News: Vikerraadio elections debate: Learning language key to integration . 28 February 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 1 February 2023 . 23 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223155418/https://news.err.ee/1608870431/vikerraadio-elections-debate-learning-language-key-to-integration . live.
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  65. News: 28 February 2023 . 13 percent of Estonia's electorate have already voted . 28 February 2023 . Err . 28 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228202706/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-1&features=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%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1629405767576047616&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F1608897260%2Faround-1-300-russian-belarusian-citizens-firearms-permits-to-be-revoked&sessionId=0dd4b0d6c9e45d6b45d1b07e23b6a48bd9a2cf8c&siteScreenName=errnews&theme=light&widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&width=550px . live.
  66. News: 4 March 2023 . Estonia sets new e-voting record at Riigikogu 2023 elections . 5 March 2023 . Err . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305135218/https://news.err.ee/1608904730/estonia-sets-new-e-voting-record-at-riigikogu-2023-elections . live.
  67. Web site: Election activities and deadlines – Election of the Riigikogu 2023 . 28 February 2023 . Valimised . 29 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129230510/https://www.valimised.ee/en/parliament-2023/election-activities-and-deadlines-election-riigikogu-2023 . live.
  68. News: 3 March 2023 . Expert: Poll variations can be cause for celebration for Reform and EKRE . 5 March 2023 . Err . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305135314/https://news.err.ee/1608903230/expert-poll-variations-can-be-cause-for-celebration-for-reform-and-ekre . live.
  69. Web site: Key participation figures . 28 February 2023 . Valimised . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227141223/https://www.valimised.ee/en . live.
  70. News: 5 March 2023 . Voter turnout 63 percent by 7 p.m. Sunday . 5 March 2023 . Err . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305174213/https://news.err.ee/1608905111/voter-turnout-63-percent-by-7-p-m-sunday . live.
  71. News: 6 March 2023 . Online votes make up two-thirds of Reform, less than third of EKRE votes . 6 March 2023 . Err . live . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306142324/https://news.err.ee/1608906014/online-votes-make-up-two-thirds-of-reform-less-than-third-of-ekre-votes.
  72. Web site: 5 March 2023 . Reform takes comfortable lead after e-votes counted . 5 March 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305233510/https://news.err.ee/api/statistics/articleStatistics . live.
  73. Web site: Tanner . Jari . 5 March 2023 . PM Kaja Kallas' Reform Party set to win in Estonia vote . 5 March 2023 . Associated Press . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305233456/https://apnews.com/article/estonia-election-kallas-helme-b3dc215a53a822d7b82e5bf6020e4a52 . live.
  74. Web site: 6 March 2023 . Top six takeaways from Estonia's 2023 Riigikogu elections . 5 March 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305233529/https://news.err.ee/api/statistics/articleStatistics . live.
  75. News: Valimised 2023 . 6 March 2023 . et . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306001007/https://www.err.ee/k/rk-valimised-2023 . live.
  76. News: 5 March 2023 . Live blog: 2023 Riigikogu elections . 5 March 2023 . Err . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305174320/https://news.err.ee/1608905171/live-blog-2023-riigikogu-elections . live.
  77. Web site: Marin . Sanna . 6 March 2023 . Warm congratulations to PM @kajakallas on your success in the Estonian parliamentary elections. Looking forward to continuing our close cooperation in EU affairs, NATO and security policy and our support to Ukraine. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306123605/https://twitter.com/MarinSanna/status/1632642358603833346 . 6 March 2023 . 6 March 2023 . Twitter.
  78. Web site: 6 March 2023 . Kariņš congratulates Kallas on Estonian election success . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306123605/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/karins-congratulates-kallas-on-estonian-election-success.a499432/ . 6 March 2023 . 6 March 2023 . LSM.
  79. Web site: 5 March 2023 . Riigikogu valimistel on hääle andnud rekordarv inimesi . 5 March 2023 . Postimees . et . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305233505/https://www.postimees.ee/7725235/valimisblogi-riigikogu-valimistel-voidutses-reformierakond . live.
  80. News: 9 March 2023 . EKRE appeals e-vote result at Supreme Court . Err . live . 9 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309100513/https://news.err.ee/1608909179/ekre-appeals-e-vote-result-at-supreme-court . 9 March 2023.
  81. Web site: Kiisler . Indrek . 9 March 2023 . Keres: e-hääli ei saa arvestada, kuna need on kokku loetud põhiseaduse vastaselt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309102351/https://www.err.ee/1608909278/keres-e-haali-ei-saa-arvestada-kuna-need-on-kokku-loetud-pohiseaduse-vastaselt . 9 March 2023 . 9 March 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et.
  82. Web site: 2023-03-13 . Valimiskomisjon Martin Helme õiguste rikkumist ei tuvastanud . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230521/https://www.err.ee/1608913763/valimiskomisjon-martin-helme-oiguste-rikkumist-ei-tuvastanud . 13 March 2023 . 2023-03-13 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et.
  83. Web site: Duxbury . Charlie . 5 March 2023 . Estonia's incumbent leader Kaja Kallas on course for election win . 6 March 2023 . Politico . 5 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230305235637/https://www.politico.eu/article/estonia-election-incumbent-prime-minister-kaja-kallas-ekre-reform-party-on-course-for-win/ . live.
  84. Web site: Kannel . Astrid . Kuusk . Priit . 6 March 2023 . Kallas: Eesti 200 on selgelt valijate ootus . 6 March 2023 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306220951/https://www.err.ee/1608906440/kallas-eesti-200-on-selgelt-valijate-ootus . live.
  85. News: 6 March 2023 . Reform Party weighing four coalition options . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . live . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306142323/https://news.err.ee/1608905966/reform-party-weighing-four-coalition-options . 6 March 2023.
  86. News: 7 March 2023 . Kaja Kallas: Reform inviting Eesti 200, Social Democrats to coalition talks . 7 March 2023 . Err . 7 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307190158/https://news.err.ee/1608906884/kaja-kallas-reform-inviting-eesti-200-social-democrats-to-coalition-talks . live.
  87. Web site: Leas . Reene . 2023-04-07 . SDE leader: Coalition agreement ready, includes tax changes . 2023-04-07 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  88. Web site: 2023-04-08 . Reformierakond avalikustas oma valitsusdelegatsiooni . 2023-04-08 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling . et.
  89. Web site: 2023-04-08 . Coalition agreement: VAT, income tax to rise by 2 percent . 2023-04-08 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  90. Web site: 2023-03-27 . New coalition aims to sign agreement on April 10 . 2023-04-08 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  91. Web site: Ots . Mait . 2023-03-28 . New government to take office likely in the second half of April . 2023-04-08 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  92. Web site: 2023-04-10 . Reform, Eesti 200 and SDE sign coalition agreement . 2023-04-10 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  93. Web site: Tanner . Jari . Manenkov . Kostya . 2023-04-08 . Estonia PM's party clinches new coalition government deal . 2023-04-10 . Associated Press.
  94. Web site: 2023-04-12 . Riigikogu gives Kaja Kallas mandate to form new government . 2023-04-12 . Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  95. Web site: Tanner . Jari . 12 April 2023 . Estonia's Parliament approves PM Kaja Kallas's 3rd Cabinet . 2023-04-12 . ABC News.

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