2023 Dutch general election explained

Country:Netherlands
Last Update:30 November 2023 9:52
Time Zone:CET
Previous Election:2021
Next Election:Next
Seats For Election:All 150 seats in the House of Representatives
Majority Seats:76
Turnout:77.75% (0.96pp)
Election Date:22 November 2023
Leader1:Geert Wilders
Party1:Party for Freedom
Last Election1:17
Seats1:37
Percentage1:23.49
Leader2:Frans Timmermans
Party2:GroenLinks–PvdA
Last Election2:17
Seats2:25
Percentage2:15.75
Leader3:Dilan Yeşilgöz
Party3:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Last Election3:34
Seats3:24
Percentage3:15.24
Leader4:Pieter Omtzigt
Party4:New Social Contract
Last Election4:New
Seats4:20
Percentage4:12.88
Party5:Democrats 66
Last Election5:24
Seats5:9
Percentage5:6.29
Leader6:Caroline van der Plas
Party6:BBB
Last Election6:1
Seats6:7
Percentage6:4.65
Leader7:Henri Bontenbal
Party7:Christian Democratic Appeal
Last Election7:15
Seats7:5
Percentage7:3.31
Leader8:Lilian Marijnissen
Party8:Socialist Party (Netherlands)
Last Election8:9
Seats8:5
Percentage8:3.15
Leader9:Stephan van Baarle
Party9:Denk (political party)
Last Election9:3
Seats9:3
Percentage9:2.37
Leader10:Esther Ouwehand
Party10:Party for the Animals
Last Election10:6
Seats10:3
Percentage10:2.25
Leader11:Thierry Baudet
Party11:Forum for Democracy
Last Election11:8
Seats11:3
Percentage11:2.23
Leader12:Chris Stoffer
Party12:Reformed Political Party
Last Election12:3
Seats12:3
Percentage12:2.08
Leader13:Mirjam Bikker
Party13:Christian Union (Netherlands)
Last Election13:5
Seats13:3
Percentage13:2.04
Party14:Volt Netherlands
Last Election14:3
Seats14:2
Percentage14:1.71
Leader15:Joost Eerdmans
Party15:JA21
Last Election15:3
Seats15:1
Percentage15:0.68
Map:Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023 map.svg
Cabinet
Before Election:Fourth Rutte cabinet
Before Party:VVD–D66–CDA–CU
After Party:PVV–VVD–NSC–BBB

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2023 to elect the members of the House of Representatives.[1] [2] The elections had been expected to be held in 2025 but a snap election was called after the fourth Rutte cabinet collapsed on 7 July 2023 due to immigration policy disagreements between the coalition parties.[3] The incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced that he would not lead his party into the election and that he would retire from politics.[4]

In what was described as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",[5] the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders, won 37 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, becoming the largest party for the first time.[6] [7] All four parties of the incumbent coalition government suffered losses.[8]

After the election, a cabinet formation began to determine which parties would form the next government. Subsequently on 16 May 2024, a coalition agreement was settled upon by PVV, VVD, NSC and BBB.[9] Furthermore, immigration policy has been heavily prioritised on the incoming government's agenda,[10] as coalition representatives stated they would embrace the "strictest" asylum policy.[11] Numerous reforms are also expected across areas such as welfare and health, as emphasised upon by NSC leader Pieter Omtzigt during the election campaign, similar to addressing issues having surfaced in the aftermath of the Dutch childcare benefits scandal.[12] Several observers have described the new government as the most right-wing in recent history.[13]

Following further negotiation amongst parties, Dick Schoof, an intelligence director, was then nominated for Prime Minister.[14] Shortly afterwards, all participating parties agreed to the nomination.[15] He then became Prime Minister in a new cabinet formation over a month later on 2 July after being formally appointed by the King.[16]

Background

The 2021 Dutch general election resulted in the formation of the fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Democrats 66 (D66), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Christian Union (CU). Mark Rutte, leader of VVD, continued in his role as prime minister.[17]

Since 2019, the government has had the intention to limit the human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Its nitrogen bill has met resistance from several opposition parties including the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), which was founded in 2019 and entered the House of Representatives with one seat in 2021. The 2023 Dutch provincial elections, which were won by the BBB, led to heavy losses for the ruling coalition. Since the provincial councils indirectly elect the Dutch Senate,[18] it meant that the ruling coalition had to face more difficulty passing legislation.[19]

The government resigned on 7 July 2023 after the four parties failed to agree on a proposed limitation of family reunification for refugees fleeing armed conflict.[20] The coalition government led by Mark Rutte collapsed ahead of the anticipated November elections due to irreconcilable disagreements on migration issues.[21] The dispute arose from Rutte's proposal to tighten restrictions on the reunification of asylum seekers' families, aiming to reduce the number of migrants following a previous scandal involving overcrowded migration centers. CDA supported Rutte's proposal, while the opposition of CU and D66 led to a breakdown in negotiations. The parties decided unanimously that they could not remain together in the coalition.[22] [23] [24] [25] The king asked that the prime minister and his government continue to carry out their duties in a caretaker capacity.[26] This could have been seen as a move by Rutte to keep migration on the center stage as his party was disunited on his nitrogen policies.[27]

Leadership changes

On 10 July 2023, Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would not run again as lead candidate for the VVD, and leave politics when a new cabinet would be sworn in. Other party leaders and parliamentary leaders also announced they would not return, including Sigrid Kaag (D66), Wopke Hoekstra, Pieter Heerma (both CDA),[28] Attje Kuiken (PvdA),[29] Kees van der Staaij (SGP),[30] Farid Azarkan (Denk),[31] Liane den Haan (independent),[32] Nilüfer Gündoğan (independent),[33] and Sylvana Simons (BIJ1).[34] Jesse Klaver announced that, although he wanted to continue as member of parliament, he would not be candidate for leader of the Labour Party–GroenLinks alliance. Additionally, Vera Bergkamp, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, did not stand for reelection.[35]

Electoral system

See main article: Elections in the Netherlands. Pursuant to articles C.1, C.2 and C.3 of the electoral law, elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years in March, unless a snap election is called. The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by open list proportional representation. The number of seats per list is determined using the D'Hondt method. A list must receive a number of votes equal to or exceeding the Hare quota (1 full seat) in order to qualify for seat distribution, meaning there is an electoral threshold of 0.67%.[36] Voters have the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively ¼ of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.[37] [38]

Political parties and lead candidates

See also: List of candidates in the 2023 Dutch general election.

Party!Main ideology!Lead candidate!2021 result!Districts! class="unsortable"
1People's Party for Freedom and DemocracyConservative liberalism21.87% (34 seats)20[39]
2Democrats 66Social liberalism15.02% (24 seats)20[40]
3Social democracy, green politics10.88% (17 seats)20[41] [42]
4Party for FreedomNationalism, right-wing populism10.79% (17 seats)20[43]
5Christian Democratic AppealChristian democracy9.50% (15 seats)20[44] [45]
6Socialist PartyDemocratic socialism, left-wing populism5.98% (9 seats)20[46]
7Forum for DemocracyNational conservatism, right-wing populism5.02% (8 seats)20[47]
8Party for the AnimalsEnvironmentalism, Animal rights advocacyEsther Ouwehand3.84% (6 seats)20[48]
9Christian UnionChristian democracyMirjam Bikker3.37% (5 seats)20[49]
10Volt NetherlandsEurofederalism2.42% (3 seats)20[50] [51]
11JA21Conservative liberalism, right-wing populism2.37% (3 seats)20[52]
12Reformed Political PartyChristian right2.07% (3 seats)20[53]
13DenkDenkMinority interests2.03% (3 seats)20[54]
1450PLUSPensioners' interests1.02% (1 seat)20[55]
15Farmer–Citizen MovementAgrarianism1.00% (1 seat)20[56]
16BIJ10.84% (1 seat)20[57] [58]
17Pirate politics, green politics0.22% (0 seats)20[59] [60]
18Interest of the NetherlandsRight-wing populism, conservative liberalism—20[61]
19New Social ContractChristian democracy—20[62]
20SplinterAnti-identity politics0.29% (0 seats)20[63]
21Libertarian PartyLibertarianism0.05% (0 seats)19[64]
22LEF – For the New GenerationYouth politics—19[65]
23Together for the NetherlandsRight-wing populism—19[66] [67]
24Netherlands with a PlanParticipatory democracy—17[68]
25Party for SportsHealth promotion—11[69]
26Political Party for Basic IncomeUniversal basic income advocacy —8[70]

Campaign

Debates

2023 Dutch general election debates
DateOrganisersChannelVenue<----> Present   Invited   Not invited  <----> Absent  
22 OctoberCollege TourNPO 3Vrije Universiteit, AmsterdamNINININININININIPNINIPNIPNINIP[71]
30 OctoberGL/PvdA, NSCYouTubeLuxor Live, ArnhemNINININININININIPNINIPNININININI[72] [73]
3 NovemberNOSNPO Radio 1Nieuwspoort, The HaguePPPPPPPPAPPPPPPPP[74]
5 NovemberRTL NieuwsRTL 4Felix Meritis, AmsterdamNINININININININIPNINIPNINININIP[75]
12 NovemberNININININIPPNIAPNIANIPNIPP[76]
16 NovemberTalpa TVSBS6Media Park, HilversumNINININININININIPNINIPNININIPP[77]
17 NovemberND VerkiezingsdebatYouTubeDe Basiliek, VeenendaalNIPPNININININININIPNINININININI[78]
17 NovemberSP, NSCYouTubeUnknownNINININININIPNIPNINININININININI[79]
17 NovemberEenVandaagNPO 1Media Park, HilversumNIPPNININIPNINININININININININI
18 NovemberNININIPPNININININININIPNINININI
18 NovemberOmroep Brabant,
Omroep Zeeland, L1		NINIPNINIPPNIAPNIANIPNIPP[80]
19 NovemberJeugdjournaalNPO 3Media Park, HilversumNINIPNINIPNINIANINIPNIPNIPP
20 NovemberEenVandaagNPO 1Ahoy, RotterdamNININININIPNINIPNINIPNIPNIPP[81]
21 NovemberNOSB67, The HaguePPNIPPNINIPNINIPNIPNIPNINI
NINIPNINIPPNIPPNIPNIPNIPP

NOS op 3 debates

In addition to the conventional debates, a series of debates between two or three party leaders were hosted by news program NOS op 3. The debates are broadcast through the programme's media outlets, such as radio and YouTube. The debates were broadcast in real-time and were held with a select group of young people present, who, in addition to the viewers on the YouTube live stream, asked the candidates various questions.[82]

Assaults and attacks on Thierry Baudet

Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the far-right[83] Forum for Democracy (FvD) was attacked with an umbrella upon his arrival at Ghent University on 26 October 2023,[84] [85] resulting in a mild concussion.

On 20 November, Baudet was beaten with a beer bottle at a campaign event in Groningen, and was later hospitalised. Numerous politicians denounced the attack, with Mark Rutte stating that the attack was "totally unacceptable".[86] [87] The far-left group AFA Noord claimed responsibility for the attack.[88] [89]

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Dutch general election. The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) established a lead in the polls following its victory in the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, but started to decline in May 2023, and further declined when Pieter Omtzigt announced he would contest the election with his newly established party New Social Contract (NSC), which immediately performed well in the polls at the expense of BBB.[90] In the last polls before the election, NSC declined because it was unclear whether Pieter Omtzigt was willing to serve as prime minister should his party win the election. Their voters mostly diverted to VVD and PVV.[91]

Results

Geert Wilders' PVV won 37 seats of the 150-seat parliament, more than doubling their seats from the previous election in 2021. The left-leaning GroenLinks–PvdA (GL-PvdA) finished second with 25 seats. The VVD party ended third with 24 seats. NSC came fourth with 20 seats.[7]

By province

Results by province[92]
ProvincePVVGL-
PvdA		VVDNSCD66BBBCDASPDenkFvDPvdDSGPCUVoltJA21Others
26.014.012.616.04.58.83.73.30.52.31.80.82.61.00.60.8
26.611.814.812.24.55.22.53.23.33.31.93.82.61.10.72.6
24.514.611.216.34.38.35.33.40.42.71.81.02.70.90.71.7
22.215.414.413.25.96.23.62.91.42.02.24.12.81.50.61.5
21.820.29.914.65.76.13.04.50.82.32.70.93.41.90.61.7
33.313.513.814.14.84.43.43.71.22.31.70.10.31.00.61.7
26.913.118.112.76.64.43.54.11.81.91.80.40.61.60.71.7
19.820.717.110.17.93.22.33.13.42.53.10.31.02.30.72.8
22.011.611.121.94.38.53.52.41.42.11.53.03.41.30.61.1
24.414.716.010.96.42.63.32.74.12.42.33.12.41.80.81.9
17.620.516.210.58.42.83.42.33.11.82.82.83.02.60.61.6
23.911.114.712.14.15.94.33.10.82.51.89.72.90.70.71.7
10.913.810.78.226.25.01.61.50.42.32.20.411.71.40.33.5
Postal voters abroad6.328.617.412.110.53.21.91.90.33.34.00.71.65.20.82.2

Aftermath

Political analysis

International media described the results as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",[93] and as a landslide victory for the Party for Freedom (PVV).[94] [95] [96] Many analysts speculated that the rise of the PVV was due to great debate performances by Wilders in the weeks leading to the election. When migration became the largest issue of the election, it helped to boost the appeal of Wilders.[97] Some politics journalists opined that Wilders was able to build wider support by softening some of his statements after VVD leader Dilan Yeşilgöz suggested she might include the PVV in negotiations and declaring in a debate that he would be "a Prime Minister for all Dutch people."[98] Others commented ahead of the election that newer anti-establishment and alternative parties to the PVV such as the Forum for Democracy, JA21, BBB and Pieter Omtzigt's New Social Contract ran out of steam when voters, having experimented with them, moved back to the PVV because Wilders had remained a stronger and more consistent political figure.[99]

In addition, the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA coalition, Frans Timmermans, was disliked by many right wingers, and since the VVD and NSC did not directly rule out working with either PVV or GL-PvdA, this led to right-wing voters consolidating around Wilders in order to prevent a Timmermans premiership.[100] The Farmer–Citizen Movement saw a decline from their peak in the provincial elections in March, with many of their voters going towards NSC or PVV, for issues around nitrogen emissions were only a minor topic in the campaign.[101]

The Dutch Parliamentary Election Study, a cooperation between 38 political scientists and sociologists, confirmed that migration was the largest concern amongst voters, resulting in the election win of issue owner PVV. Furthermore, it concluded a third of the electorate had changed their favored party during the campaign, including across different ideological blocks. The latter was partly caused by low trust in politics. According to the study, many voters – especially those voting for the PVV – favored a strong leader as a result of past political crises.[102]

Reactions

Following his party's performance, Wilders was praised by Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán. He was also praised by far-right leaders across Europe such as Marine Le Pen, Matteo Salvini, André Ventura, Alice Weidel, Tom Van Grieken, and Santiago Abascal.[103] [104]

All parties of the incumbent coalition government lost seats in this election.[8] Incumbent coalition party Democrats 66 leader Rob Jetten blamed the senior coalition party VVD and its leader Dilan Yeşilgöz for the successes of Wilders and the PVV in the election, saying on election night that "Yeşilgöz left the door wide open for Wilders" and blaming her party's campaign strategy for allowing "the politics of intolerance [to be] normalized while it should never be normal". Yeşilgöz denied her party's strategy was to blame for the PVV's success, saying, "It was not the VVD that made the PVV great. The voters did that."[105]

Government formation

See main article: 2023–2024 Dutch cabinet formation. In February, Kim Putters (PvdA) was appointed informateur to determine the best structure for a new cabinet. He recommended forming an extra-parliamentary cabinet with PVV, VVD, NSC, and BBB. Under the guidance of informateurs Elbert Dijkgraaf and Richard van Zwol, these parties reached an agreement on 15 May. Minister selection began on 23 May with formateur Van Zwol. On 28 May, civil servant Dick Schoof (independent) was nominated as Prime Minister after Ronald Plasterk withdrew over integrity concerns. The 29 cabinet members were sworn in on 2 July.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 14 July 2023 . Dutch general election to take place on November 22 . 6 November 2023 . DutchNews.nl . en-GB . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027080232/https://www.dutchnews.nl/2023/07/dutch-general-election-to-take-place-on-november-22/ . live.
  2. Web site: 14 July 2023 . Dutch voters will go to the polls on Nov. 22 after the fall of Mark Rutte's coalition . 6 November 2023 . . The Hague, Netherlands . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112063602/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-rutte-coalition-dutch-kaag-894643c1ad37bb93894b72bce95c84ba . live.
  3. Web site: Kabinet gevallen over asieldeal: Rutte weet nog niet of hij doorgaat als VVD-leider . 8 July 2023 . 7 July 2023 . ad.nl . nl . 9 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230709142723/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/kabinet-gevallen-over-asieldeal-rutte-weet-nog-niet-of-hij-doorgaat-als-vvd-leider~a66d934c/. live.
  4. Web site: 10 July 2023 . Rutte kondigt vertrek uit politiek aan: 'Niet meer beschikbaar als lijsttrekker VVD' . 10 July 2023 . nos.nl . nl . 10 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230710083502/https://nos.nl/artikel/2482242-rutte-kondigt-vertrek-uit-politiek-aan-niet-meer-beschikbaar-als-lijsttrekker-vvd . live.
  5. Web site: Corder . Mike . Casert . Raf . 22 November 2023 . Anti-Islam populist Wilders heading for a massive win in Netherlands in a shock for Europe . 22 November 2023 . Associated Press . The Hague, Netherlands . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122072542/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-candidates-prime-minister-f31f57a856f006ff0f2fc4984acaca6b . live.
  6. Web site: Meijer . Bart . Deutsch . Anthony . 22 November 2023 . Dutch election: Wilders' far-right party set for gains . 22 November 2023 . . Amsterdam . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122083112/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dutch-vote-tight-race-pick-new-prime-minister-2023-11-22/ . live.
  7. Web site: Henley . Jon . Pjotr . Sauer . Senay . Boztas . 22 November 2023 . Far-right party set to win most seats in Dutch elections, exit polls show . 22 November 2023 . . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122235543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/far-right-party-set-to-win-most-seats-in-dutch-elections-exit-polls-show . live.
  8. News: . 23 November 2023 . Politieke aardverschuiving: PVV veruit de grootste, coalitie afgestraft . Political landslide: PVV by far the largest, coalition punished . nl . . 25 November 2023 . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123163223/https://nos.nl/collectie/13958/artikel/2498924-politieke-aardverschuiving-pvv-veruit-de-grootste-coalitie-afgestraft . live.
  9. Web site: Dutch populist Wilders reaches government deal after six months . 2024-05-17 . www.bbc.com . en-GB.
  10. News: May 16, 2024 . New Dutch Government to Crack Down on Migration, Green Measures . Bloomberg.
  11. Web site: Netherlands: New coalition pitches 'strictest' asylum policy – DW – 05/16/2024 . 2024-05-17 . dw.com . en.
  12. Web site: Sanou . Hanneke . 2024-05-14 . Childcare scandal compensation may cost €14 billion: NOS . 2024-05-17 . DutchNews.nl . en-GB.
  13. Web site: 2024-05-16 . Netherlands set for most right-wing government in years . 2024-05-17 . Yahoo News . en-US.
  14. Web site: 2024-07-22 . Dutch ex-spy chief Dick Schoof named as PM-candidate . 2024-07-22 . BBC News . en-GB.
  15. Web site: 2024-07-22 . Former spy chief Dick Schoof proposed as Netherlands PM . 2024-07-22 . Al Jazeera . en-GB.
  16. Web site: 2024-07-22 . Schoof government sworn in . 2024-07-22 . www.government.nl . en-GB.
  17. Web site: Huwelijk van kabinet-Rutte IV was gedoemd te mislukken . NOS . nl . 7 July 2023 . 9 July 2023 . 15 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230715163630/http://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2481946-huwelijk-van-kabinet-rutte-iv-was-gedoemd-te-mislukken . live.
  18. News: Henley . Jon . 16 March 2023 . Rural populist party emerges as big winner in Dutch elections . en-GB . The Guardian . 23 November 2023 . 0261-3077 . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123030146/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/rural-populist-party-farmer-citizen-movement-big-winner-dutch-elections . live.
  19. Web site: 24 March 2023 . Spreidingswet naar Tweede Kamer, maar nieuwe Eerste Kamer lijkt serieuzer obstakel . 23 November 2023 . nos.nl . nl . 5 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605234642/https://nos.nl/artikel/2468677-spreidingswet-naar-tweede-kamer-maar-nieuwe-eerste-kamer-lijkt-serieuzer-obstakel . live.
  20. Web site: Hoe Rutte vriend en vijand verraste: reconstructie van de val van Rutte IV . NOS . nl . 8 July 2023 . 9 July 2023 . 8 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230708205819/https://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2482044-hoe-rutte-vriend-en-vijand-verraste-reconstructie-van-de-val-van-rutte-iv . live.
  21. Web site: 12 November 2023 . Dutch election candidates make migration a key campaign issue in the crowded Netherlands . 23 November 2023 . The Independent . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123211531/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dutch-ap-ter-apel-freedom-party-mark-rutte-b2445867.html . live.
  22. Web site: Jha . Mausam . 2023-07-08 . Explainer: Why did PM Mark Rutte-led Dutch government collapse? . 2023-11-23 . mint . 22 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122055247/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/explainer-why-did-pm-mark-rutte-led-dutch-government-collapse-11688793353988.html . live.
  23. Web site: Explained: Why the Dutch government led by PM Mark Rutte collapsed . 23 November 2023 . Deccan Herald . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123211531/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/explained-why-the-dutch-government-led-by-pm-mark-rutte-collapsed-1235359.html . live.
  24. News: Dutch PM Mark Rutte resigns after collapse of coalition government . 3 December 2023 . . 8 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203034134/https://news.sky.com/story/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-resigns-after-collapse-of-coalition-government-12917179 . 3 December 2023.
  25. News: Mark Rutte hands in resignation to the king after coalition collapse . 3 December 2023 . . 7 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203041306/https://www.euronews.com/2023/07/07/dutch-government-reportedly-collapses-after-failure-to-reach-agreement-on-asylum-measures . 3 December 2023.
  26. Web site: Prime Minister Rutte tenders government's resignation . Government of the Netherlands . 3 December 2023 . 8 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203043841/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/07/07/prime-minister-rutte-tenders-governments-resignation . 3 December 2023.
  27. 10 July 2023 . What to Know About the Dutch Government's Collapse—and What Comes Next . 23 November 2023 . Time . 16 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116141838/https://time.com/6293255/mark-rutte-netherlands-government-collapse/ . live.
  28. Web site: Ook CDA-fractievoorzitter Heerma wil niet op kieslijst . NOS.nl . nl . 10 July 2023 . 14 July 2023 . 2 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802154316/https://nos.nl/artikel/2482253-ook-cda-fractievoorzitter-heerma-wil-niet-op-kieslijst . live.
  29. Web site: Attje Kuiken (PvdA) keert niet terug in de Tweede Kamer: 'Ik heb het fantastisch gehad' . AD.nl . nl . 18 August 2023 . 18 August 2023 . 31 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831233008/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/attje-kuiken-pvda-keert-niet-terug-in-de-tweede-kamer-ik-heb-het-fantastisch-gehad~adfdf724/ . live.
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  98. News: Offensive, hostile and unrepentant: Geert Wilders in his own words . The Guardian . 24 November 2023 . 26 November 2023 . 26 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231126203940/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/24/offensive-hostile-and-unrepentant-geert-wilders-in-his-own-words . live . Boztas . Senay.
  99. Web site: Are the Dutch set for a sharp turn to the Right? . 26 November 2023 . 27 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127150232/https://unherd.com/thepost/are-the-dutch-set-for-a-sharp-turn-to-the-right/ . live.
  100. Web site: Stöckl . Benedikt . 2023-07-21 . Timmermans candidacy for Dutch PM angers right-wing . 2023-11-25 . www.euractiv.com . en-GB . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125213954/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/timmermans-candidacy-for-dutch-pm-angers-right-wing/ . live.
  101. News: Tullis . Paul . 16 November 2023 . Nitrogen wars: the Dutch farmers' revolt that turned a nation upside-down . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-11-25 . 0261-3077 . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125213953/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/16/nitrogen-wars-the-dutch-farmers-revolt-that-turned-a-nation-upside-down . live.
  102. News: Meer en meer mensen in Nederland verlangen naar een sterke leider – en nog 4 lessen uit het Nationaal Kiezersonderzoek . subscription . 10 July 2024 . Valk . Guus . Lamyae . Aharouay . 11 July 2024 . nl . . An increasing part of the Dutch population wish for a strong leader – and 4 more conclustions from the Dutch Parliamentary Election Study .
  103. News: Sullivan . Helen . 23 November 2023 . European far-right leaders celebrate Geert Wilders' party leading Dutch election exit polls . en-GB . The Guardian . 23 November 2023 . 0261-3077 . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123182430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/23/european-far-right-leaders-celebrate-geert-wilders-leading-exit-polls-dutch-elections . live . Reuters.
  104. Web site: Hülsemann . Laura . Camut . Nicolas . Ngendakumana . Pierre Emmanuel . Euroskeptics applaud shock Wilders win in Dutch election . POLITICO . 23 November 2023 . 26 November 2023 . 26 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231126170846/https://www.politico.eu/article/euroskeptic-cheer-shock-geert-wilders-dutch-election/ . live.
  105. News: . 23 November 2023 . D66 leader blames VVD for late Wilders surge to apparent election victory . NL Times . . . 25 November 2023 . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201002959/https://nltimes.nl/2023/11/23/d66-leader-blames-vvd-late-wilders-surge-apparent-election-victory . live.

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