2023 Chilean constitutional referendum explained

Country:Chile
Date:17 December 2023
Question:Are you in favor or against the text of the New Constitution?
Yes Text:In favor
No Text:Against
Website:Official results
Yes:5470025
No:6894287
Invalid:650639
Electorate:15406352
Map:2023_Chilean_Referendum_by_commune_percentage.svg
Mapdivision:commune
Outcome:New constitution not adopted

A constitutional referendum was held in Chile on 17 December 2023,[1] [2] to determine whether the public approved a new constitution drafted by an appointed committee of experts and amended by an elected Constitutional Council.[3] The new text of the constitution was approved by the Council on 30 October and put to a vote on 17 December.[4]

The proposed constitution was rejected by a 12-point margin, with 56% of the electorate voting against the constitution and 44% in favour.[5] [6] [7]

Background

See also: 2022 Chilean constitutional referendum. On 4 September 2022,[8] a national plebiscite, best known as the "exit plebiscite",[9] [10] was held to determine whether voters agreed with the new Political Constitution of the Republic drafted by the Constitutional Convention earlier that year. The proposed constitution, which had faced "intense criticism that it was too long, too left-wing and too radical",[11] was rejected by a margin of 62% to 38%.[12] [13] It was considered one of the world’s most progressive constitutions, but many voters found it too polarising, and controversies mired the process.[14] Therefore, the current 1980 Constitution continued to be in effect.

Agreement for Chile

Lawmakers announced the "Agreement for Chile" in December 2022, as a second attempt to draft a new constitution with different rules. The agreement states that a group of 50 directly-elected constitutional advisors will draft the constitution based on a preliminary draft prepared by a commission of 24 experts appointed by Congress. Additionally, a 14-member body appointed by Congress will ensure that the proposed text aligns with the 12 institutional and fundamental principles outlined in the agreement.[15]

The agreement was reached on 12 December 2022,[16] and ratified by the right-wing Congress a month later,[17] [18] with the Republican Party and the Party of the People not participating in the agreement while agreeing to participate in the elections. This new system would involve two councils; a Congress-elected Council of Experts and a popular election of a Constitutional Council. In this first phase on 25 January 2023, Congress chose members on the Council of Experts. Independent Democratic Union politician Hernán Larraín, who previously supported the Pinochet dictatorship, was chosen to head the Council of Experts to draft the new constitution.[19]

Council members would be directly elected in May, with equal representation of men and women and the participation of indigenous peoples. A three-fifths majority vote in the Council is required to approve articles, which is lower than the two-thirds majority required in the previous convention. Unlike the previous convention, the number of seats reserved for indigenous representatives was not fixed; rather, it will depend on the number of votes they receive. The commission's work period on the first draft was set from 6 March to 6 June, and the Constitutional Council would commence its work thirty days after its election on 6 June 2023. The council was given a deadline to deliver the draft constitution by 6 November, and a mandatory referendum was set to be held on 17 December 2023.[20]

Drafting of the constitution

The new constitution was to be drafted by 24 experts and 50 constitutional advisors elected by direct vote.[21]

Expert Commission

See main article: Expert Commission. The Expert Commission (Spanish; Castilian: Comisión Experta) in Chile is a 24 member body created to assist in the drafting of a new constitution by the second constituent assembly. Its primary objective is to draft a constitution for the Constitutional Council before it begins its work, and the commission's text will be used as a starting point.

On March 6, 2023, the Commission of Experts was inaugurated at the Palace of the former National Congress of Chile. The inaugural session was chaired by Hernán Larraín, the 75-year-old dean of the commissioners. After the session, the Commission elected its president and vice-president, with the president elected by a majority vote and the vice-president by the second highest number of votes. In the event of a tie, a procedure would have been established to distinguish between the two highest majorities.[22] The primary objective of the commission is to create a preliminary draft[23] of a new Constitution for discussion by the 50 members of the Constitutional Council, beginning on June 7.[24] [25] Following the Assembly's establishment in June, the commissioners will join and be able to attend sessions and commissions, and have the right to speak, but not vote.[26]

Constitutional Council

See main article: Constitutional Council (Chile). The general 51 seats in the Constitutional Council were elected in the same manner as members of the Senate of Chile, which is multi-member proportional representation (D'Hondt method) with open lists in constituencies of between two and five seats corresponding to the regions. As in the previous constituent body, there will be additional seats reserved for indigenous peoples, but this time they will be based on their percentage of votes, and not according to a number set in advance by ethnic group. There is also gender parity required, in which the lists presented by the parties alternate male and female candidates, with measures in place to adjust should the election result in an imbalance (the final chamber must contain 25 men and 25 women).

Chilean right-wing parties, which were opposed to major changes to the constitution,[27] won a 3/5 majority of constitutional council members to freely draft a new constitution and removing the veto option for the left-wing camp. This marked a sharp shift from a left-wing majority that freely drafted a rejected first constitutional rewrite in 2021,[14] and reflected disillusionment with the government of President Gabriel Boric, whose approval rating stood at under 35%. The Republican Party, which has been described as far right,[28] [29] [30] became the leading political force with 34% of the vote and 23 members, giving the party a veto right on amendments.[31] [32] President Boric’s left-wing coalition garnered about 28% and 16 seats, while a separate coalition of traditional right-wing parties gained more than 21% of the vote and 11 seats. Another seat was won by the Indigenous list. Centrist parties took the remainder of the vote while failing to gain seats.[14]

Contents

The proposed document was described as "conservative" and "market-friendly", with "strict rules around immigration and abortion",[5] a fact largely credited to the efforts of the Republican Party.[33]

Party positions

ChoicePartiesPolitical orientationLeaderRef
In favor Chile Vamos (ChV)Liberal conservatism—
Independent Democratic Union (UDI)ConservatismJavier Macaya[34]
National Renewal (RN)ConservatismRodrigo Galilea[35]
Political Evolution (Evópoli)Classical liberalismGloria Hutt[36]
Republican Party (PLR)National conservatismArturo Squella[37]
Amarillos por Chile (AxCh)ConcertacionismAndrés Jouannet[38]
Democrats (D)Christian humanismXimena Rincón[39]
Party of the People (PDG)PopulismFranco Parisi[40]
Common Sense (SC)RegionalismRodrigo Caramori Donoso[41]
Against Democratic Socialism (SD)Social democracy—
Socialist Party of Chile (PS)Social democracyPaulina Vodanovic[42]
Party for Democracy (PPD)ProgressivismJaime Quintana[43]
Radical Party of Chile (PR)Social liberalismLeonardo Cubillos[44]
Liberal Party of Chile (PL)Social liberalismJuan Carlos Urzúa[45]
Broad Front (FA)ProgressivismGabriel Boric[46]
Social Convergence (CS)Libertarian socialismDiego Ibáñez
Democratic Revolution (RD)Democratic socialismDiego Vela
CommonsAutonomismMarco Velarde
Chile Digno (ChD)Democratic socialism—
Communist Party of Chile (PCCh)CommunismLautaro Carmona[47]
Social Green Regionalist Federation (FREVS)RegionalismFlavia Torrealba Diaz[48]
Humanist Action (AH)HumanismTomás Hirsch[49]
Christian Democratic Party (PDC)Christian democracyAlberto Undurraga[50]
Humanist Party of Chile (PH)Universal humanismClaudio Ojeda Murillo[51]
Equality Party (PI)Left-wing populismIván Carrasco[52]
Progressive Homeland (PP)ProgressivismMarco Enríquez-Ominami[53]
People's Party (Popular)Left-wing nationalismCristián Cuevas
Popular Green Alliance Party (PAVP)Animal welfareCarlos Pichuante Verdugo[54]
Both Christian Social Party (PSC)Religious conservatismSara Concha

Opinion polls

The table below lists weighted voting intentions from opinion polls in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication.

PollsterFieldwork dateSample sizeIn favorAgainstDon't knowLead
Cadem[55] 8–10 November 202371032%style=background:pink50%18%−18
Criteria[56] 2–6 November 20231,00032%style=background:pink68%−36
Cadem[57] 13–15 September 202370329%style=background:pink71%−42

Results

Chileans voted against the new constitution, with a turnout of just under 85%. This marked the second draft constitution to be rejected following a referendum, after the prior draft was defeated in 2022. This indicates a failure for both the left-wing and right-wing camps, who drafted the first and second proposals, respectively.

Support for the "against" option was strongest in the central and northern parts of the country, while the "in favor" performed relatively better in the southern half of Chile, except in Magallanes Region.[58]

At a communal level the option "in favor" would have won if counting only communes with less than 10,000 inhabitants, while the "against" option had in general an increasing share of the vote in more populated communes, reaching 58% of the vote if counting only communes with more than 100,000 inhabitants.[59]

The "against" vote was particularly strong among women under 34 years of age among which 70.1% voted against.[58]

The voting pattern was similar to that of the second round of the 2021 Chilean general election with areas that voted mostly for Boric showing a stronger vote for the "against" option and areas that voted mostly for José Antonio Kast displaying relatively more votes for the "in favor" option.[59]

Aftermath

President Boric stated that he would not seek a third referendum or constitutional convention.[60]

Various politicians of the centre-right and right-wing parties Evópoli, National Renewal and Independent Democratic Union signed a letter in late December 2023 blaming "maximalism" on behalf of the hard-right Republican Party for the defeat of the new proposed constitutional text.[61] Pundit Pablo Ortúzar interpreted the result as a left-wing "vengeance" for the 2022 Chilean constitutional referendum aided by a "dirty campaign".[62]

Within Social Convergence, President Boric's party, there were calls to move into a political "offensive" following the success of the "against" option they had supported.[63]

Pundit Daniel Mansuy interpreted the result a defeat for the Chilean "political class" in general and more in particular for the Republican Party.[64]

Notes and References

  1. News: 2023-12-17 . Chile votes on new conservative draft constitution . en-GB . 2023-12-19 . 2023-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183631/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67715543 . live .
  2. Web site: 2023-12-17 . Chile votes in second referendum aimed at replacing Pinochet-era constitution . 2023-12-19 . France 24 . en . 2023-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218210738/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20231217-chile-votes-in-second-referendum-aimed-at-replacing-pinochet-era-constitution . live .
  3. News: 2022-12-13 . Chilean lawmakers reach agreement to start work on new constitution . en . Reuters . 2023-05-08 . 2023-05-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523041145/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chilean-lawmakers-reach-agreement-start-work-new-constitution-2022-12-13/ . live .
  4. Web site: Laborde . Antonia . 2023-11-01 . Keys to understanding the new draft of Chile's Constitution: From the welfare state to the polls . 2023-11-01 . EL PAÍS English . en-us . 2023-11-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101171325/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-01/keys-to-understanding-the-new-draft-of-chiles-constitution-from-the-welfare-state-to-the-polls.html . live .
  5. Web site: Villegas . A. . Chileans reject conservative constitution to replace dictatorship-era text . Reuters . 18 December 2023.
  6. Web site: 2023-12-17 . Chilean voters reject conservative constitution, after defeating leftist charter last year . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218053713/https://apnews.com/article/chile-new-constitution-referendum-f7be231ff564856f6a5e1b0c0ac12c57 . 2023-12-18 . 2023-12-18 . AP News . en.
  7. Web site: Chile rejects second attempt to renew constitution . 2023-12-19 . dw.com . en . 2023-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218193156/https://www.dw.com/en/chile-rejects-second-attempt-to-renew-constitution/a-67749225 . live .
  8. Web site: Fuentes . Cristóbal . 2022-04-05 . Ya hay fecha: plebiscito de salida para votar una nueva Constitución será el 4 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220405180246/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/ya-hay-fecha-plebiscito-de-salida-para-votar-una-nueva-constitucion-sera-el-4-de-septiembre/WEIXXKMZ4ZFQFMDWVYMKSFIGNE/ . 5 April 2022 . 2022-04-05 . La Tercera.
  9. Web site: Armaza, Christian . 26 October 2020 . Plebiscito de salida: la instancia donde se aprobará o rechazará la nueva Constitución . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031063004/http://www.diarioeldia.cl/region/plebiscito-salida-instancia-donde-se-aprobara-rechazara-nueva-constitucion . 31 October 2020 . 27 October 2020 . El Día . es.
  10. News: 13 March 2022 . Plebiscito de Salida: cuándo es y por qué es urgente . chile.as.com . live . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220313232318/https://chile.as.com/actualidad/plebiscito-de-salida-cuando-es-y-por-que-es-urgente-n/ . 13 March 2022.
  11. News: Schmidt . Samantha . 5 September 2022 . Chilean voters decisively reject leftist constitution . en-US . Washington Post . live . 2022-09-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905053305/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/04/chile-votes-constitution-referendum/ . 5 September 2022 . 0190-8286.
  12. Web site: 4 September 2022 . Plebiscito: Chile rechaza propuesta de nueva Constitución con histórica participación de más de 12 millones de personas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904232625/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/plebiscito-chile-rechaza-propuesta-de-nueva-constitucion/2LDNK3XR6RGN5FJRJ5IDLT74JM/ . 4 September 2022 . 4 September 2022 . La Tercera.
  13. News: 5 September 2022 . Chile votes overwhelmingly to reject new, progressive constitution . The Guardian . live . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905004914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/05/chile-votes-overwhelmingly-to-reject-new-progressive-constitution . 5 September 2022.
  14. Web site: Chile's conservatives win most seats on constitution rewrite body . 2023-05-08 . www.aljazeera.com . en . 2023-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518133111/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/8/chiles-conservatives-win-most-seats-on-constitution-rewrite-body . live .
  15. Web site: Third Time's a Charm? Chile Embarks on a New Constitution-making Process . 2023-05-08 . ConstitutionNet . en . 2023-05-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519131612/https://constitutionnet.org/news/third-times-charm-chile-embarks-new-constitution-making-process . live .
  16. News: 2022-12-13 . Chilean Political Parties Agree to Have Another Go at Rewriting Constitution . en . Bloomberg.com . 2022-12-21 . 2022-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221214010736/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-13/chile-will-try-to-write-a-new-constitution-for-a-second-time . live .
  17. Web site: 15 February 2023 . Chile's New Constitutional Process Shifts to the Right . 2023-05-24 . NACLA . en . 2023-05-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230525131916/https://nacla.org/chiles-new-constitutional-process-shifts-right . live .
  18. Web site: Parlamento chileno aprueba reforma que habilita nuevo proceso constituyente DW 11.01.2023 . 2023-03-04 . DW.COM . Deutsche Welle . es-ES . 2023-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304130428/https://www.dw.com/es/parlamento-chileno-aprueba-reforma-que-habilita-nuevo-proceso-constituyente/a-64357260 . live .
  19. Valdivia Ortiz de Zárate . Verónica . 25 January 2016 . La unión demócrata independiente (udi): un caso de conservadurismo modernizador en Chile . Union democrata independiente (udi): a case of modernizing conservatism in Chile . Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos . es . 10.4000/nuevomundo.68811 . 29 October 2018 . free . 26 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025124/https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/68811 . live .
  20. Web site: Dispatch . Peoples . 2023-01-15 . Chilean Congress approves bill to launch new constituent process . 2023-01-23 . Peoples Dispatch . en-US . 2023-05-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085555/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/15/chilean-congress-approves-bill-to-launch-new-constituent-process/ . live .
  21. News: 2022-12-13 . Chilean lawmakers reach agreement to start work on new constitution . en . Reuters . 2023-05-09 . 2023-05-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523041145/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chilean-lawmakers-reach-agreement-start-work-new-constitution-2022-12-13/ . live .
  22. Web site: 13 December 2022 . Consejo Constitucional: Revisa el documento con todos los detalles del "Acuerdo por Chile" . T13 . t13.cl . es . 1 June 2023 . 13 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230513203957/https://www.t13.cl/noticia/politica/consejo-constitucional-revisa-documento-todos-detalles-del-acuerdo-chile-13-12-2022 . live . .
  23. Web site: 12 December 2022 . Expertos empiezan en enero de 2023 y plebiscito se haría en diciembre: el calendario que fija el acuerdo constitucional . latercera.com . es . 1 June 2023 . 17 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221217110953/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/expertos-empiezan-en-enero-2023-y-plebiscito-se-haria-en-diciembre-el-calendario-que-fija-el-acuerdo-constitucional/VXJGCJLPGJH6LBOZMAV4PKW2T4/ . live .
  24. Web site: 12 December 2022 . Ad portas del fin de negociación: Partidos trabajan en redacción del acuerdo y órgano se llamaría Consejo Constitucional . emol.com . es . 1 June 2023 . 12 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212214009/https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2022/12/12/1080853/acuerdo-constitucional-redactando-texto.html . live .
  25. Web site: 12 December 2022 . Hay acuerdo entre partidos: órgano 100% electo y 24 expertos redactarían la nueva Constitución . t13.cl . es . 1 June 2023 . 31 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230131032504/https://www.t13.cl/noticia/politica/habria-acuerdo-partidos-organo-100-electo-nueva-constitucion-12-12-2022 . live .
  26. Web site: 13 December 2022 . Consejo Constitucional: Revisa el documento con todos los detalles del "Acuerdo por Chile" . T13 . t13.cl . es . 1 June 2023 . 13 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230513203957/https://www.t13.cl/noticia/politica/consejo-constitucional-revisa-documento-todos-detalles-del-acuerdo-chile-13-12-2022 . live . .
  27. News: Phillips . Tom . 2023-05-08 . Chile: major blow to president as far right triumphs in key constitution vote . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-05-10 . 0261-3077 . 2023-05-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205713/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/08/chile-constitution-committee-vote-jose-antonio-kast-gabriel-boric . live .
  28. News: 2023-05-08 . Chile constitution: Far-right party biggest in new assembly . en-GB . . 2023-05-23 . 2023-05-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230520083353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65524068 . live .
  29. Web site: 8 May 2023 . Chile: Far-right party on top in constitution rewrite vote . 2023-05-23 . . en . 2023-05-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524193157/https://www.dw.com/en/chile-far-right-party-on-top-in-constitution-rewrite-vote/a-65546486 . live .
  30. News: Phillips . Tom . 2023-05-08 . Chile: major blow to president as far right triumphs in key constitution vote . en-GB . . 2023-05-23 . 0261-3077 . 2023-05-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205713/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/08/chile-constitution-committee-vote-jose-antonio-kast-gabriel-boric . live .
  31. Web site: 2023-05-08 . Chile's far-right party wins most seats on constitutional rewrite committee . 2023-05-23 . . en . 2023-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518081148/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20230508-chile-s-far-right-party-wins-most-seats-on-constitutional-rewrite-committee . live .
  32. Web site: 23 May 2023 . Far Right Holds Chile Hostage . 2023-05-23 . . en . 2023-06-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601015131/https://nacla.org/chile-held-hostage-far-right . live .
  33. News: Nicas . Jack . Chile's Left Forced a New Constitution. Then the Right Took Control. . The New York Times . 17 December 2023 . 2023-12-18 . 2023-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218033309/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/americas/chile-constitution-referendum-vote.html . live .
  34. Web site: 2023-09-02 . Macaya (UDI) se la jugará para que el "A favor" sea la opción de los que estuvieron por el "Rechazo" . 2023-12-17 . El Mostrador . es . 2023-11-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104201231/https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2023/09/02/macaya-udi-se-la-jugara-para-que-el-a-favor-sea-la-opcion-de-los-que-estuvieron-por-el-rechazo/ . live .
  35. Web site: 2023-10-26 . RN define postura oficial por el A Favor del nuevo texto constitucional . 2023-12-17 . Renovación Nacional . es . 2023-11-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104232804/https://rn.cl/rn-define-postura-oficial-por-el-a-favor-del-nuevo-texto-constitucional/ . live .
  36. Web site: Evópoli confirmó lo esperado: Se suma al A Favor para el plebiscito . 2023-12-17 . Cooperativa.cl . Spanish . 2023-11-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118212942/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/politica/constitucion/evopoli-confirmo-lo-esperado-se-suma-al-a-favor-para-el-plebiscito/2023-11-04/121527.html . live .
  37. Web site: Rodríguez . Ariadna . 2023-10-27 . Partido Republicano fija su postura a favor en el plebiscito constitucional . 2023-12-17 . La Tercera . 2023-10-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031222608/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/partido-republicano-fija-su-postura-a-favor-en-el-plebiscito-constitucional/KSYXYGMRIZBANJPVE4IUSDP5X4/ . live .
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  40. Web site: Aranda . Alonso . 2023-11-08 . Tras encuesta digital: Partido de la Gente se inclina "A favor" de la propuesta de nueva Constitución con un 50,1% de los votos . 2023-12-17 . La Tercera . 2023-11-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110232742/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/tras-encuesta-digital-partido-de-la-gente-se-inclina-a-favor-de-la-propuesta-de-nueva-constitucion/FJSX6H33FRHQ5ET2H4UXQPZGXY/ . live .
  41. Web site: 2023-11-15 . Servel publica la nómina de los Partidos Políticos que dieron cumplimiento a los requisitos para participar en la campaña del Plebiscito Constitucional - Servicio Electoral de Chile . 2023-12-17 . www.servel.cl . es-MX . 2023-11-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231119185954/https://www.servel.cl/2023/11/15/servel-publica-la-nomina-de-los-partidos-politicos-que-dieron-cumplimiento-a-los-requisitos-para-participar-en-la-campana-del-plebiscito-constitucional/ . live .
  42. Web site: Rodríguez . Ariadna . 2023-11-01 . Partido Socialista define su postura por el "En Contra" ante el plebiscito constitucional . 2023-12-17 . La Tercera . 2023-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105150240/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/partido-socialista-define-su-postura-por-el-en-contra-ante-el-plebiscito-constitucional/BO4EDVTRXZFZNIU4MYMFHRRUVI/ . live .
  43. Web site: 24horas . PPD llamó a votar en contra de proyecto de nueva Constitución: "La propuesta es un retroceso" . 2023-12-17 . www.24horas.cl . es-CL . 2023-11-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101213830/https://www.24horas.cl/proceso-constituyente/ppd-llamo-a-votar-en-contra-de-proyecto-de-nueva-constitucion- . live .
  44. Web site: S.A.P . El Mercurio . 2023-11-07 . Partido Radical anuncia que votará En Contra de la propuesta: "No responde a las demandas de la ciudadanía" . 2023-12-17 . Emol . Spanish . 2023-11-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108234206/https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2023/11/07/1112205/partido-radical-en-contra.html . live .
  45. Web site: PL oficializa su voto 'En contra' para el plebiscito - La Tercera . 2023-12-17 . www.latercera.com . 2023-11-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112161726/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/favorece-a-los-mismos-de-siempre-partido-liberal-oficializa-su-voto-en-contra-para-el-plebiscito/EMC5C3HNOZAPTHVDYQQW7FS4A4/?outputType=amp . live .
  46. Web site: Plebiscito: Frente Amplio anuncia voto 'En contra' - La Tercera . 2023-12-17 . www.latercera.com . 2023-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106175917/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/un-texto-extremo-frente-amplio-anuncia-voto-en-contra-en-el-plebiscito-constitucional/2IU6JDLSMFD6LGUKAFNMROD6FM/?outputType=amp . live .
  47. Web site: PC definió su postura En Contra de cara al plebiscito constitucional . 2023-12-17 . Cooperativa.cl . Spanish . 2023-11-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107105247/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/politica/constitucion/pc-definio-su-postura-en-contra-de-cara-al-plebiscito-constitucional/2023-11-03/122709.html . live .
  48. Web site: Rubio . Paz . 2023-11-05 . Regionalistas Verdes anuncian su respaldo a la opción "En contra" ante plebiscito constitucional . 2023-12-17 . La Tercera . 2023-11-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231114144929/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/regionalistas-verdes-se-decantan-por-opcion-en-contra-ante-plebiscito-constitucional/2PGRYXG3EVET5GKB2LCHYUZY4E/ . live .
  49. Web site: Chile . Redacción . 2023-11-02 . Chile: Acción Humanista llama a votar En Contra . 2023-12-17 . Pressenza . es-ES . 2023-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231105213031/https://www.pressenza.com/es/2023/11/accion-humanista-llama-a-votar-en-contra/ . live .
  50. Web site: T13 . 2023-11-08 . Nueva Constitución: DC votará "En Contra" en plebiscito y descartan posible tercer proceso . 2023-12-17 . Facebook . es . 2023-11-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231111163202/https://www.t13.cl/noticia/politica/nueva-constitucion-dc-votara-contra-plebiscito-descartan-posible-tercer-proceso-8-11-2023 . live .
  51. Web site: Chile . Partido Humanista de . 2023-09-07 . Chile vota en contra . 2023-12-17 . Pressenza . es-ES . 2023-11-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101191509/https://www.pressenza.com/es/2023/09/chile-vota-en-contra/ . live .
  52. Web site: Igualdad . Partido . 2023-08-15 . Convocan a "Encuentro "Voto En Contra":150 org sociales, sindicales, políticas, diputados, ex constituyentes e intelectuales . 2023-12-17 . Partido igualdad . es . 2023-10-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028155939/https://partidoigualdad.cl/2023/08/15/convocan-a-encuentro-voto-en-contra150-org-sociales-sindicales-politicas-diputados-ex-constituyentes-e-intelectuales/ . live .
  53. Web site: 2023-09-27 . ✍ Carta abierta "No hay razón suficiente" . 2023-12-17 . Progresistas . es-CL . 2023-10-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190210/https://www.progresistas.cl/carta-abierta-no-hay-razon-suficiente/ . live .
  54. Web site: Chile . C. N. N. . CNTV informa repartición de los tiempos en la franja electoral: ¿Qué pactos se inscribieron y cuántos minutos tiene cada uno? . 2023-12-17 . CNN Chile . es . 2023-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113233646/https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/tiempos-franja-electoral-plebiscito_20231110/ . live .
  55. Web site: Opción "a favor" retrocede luego de 6 semanas al alza y llega a 32% (-3pts), mientras el "en contra" se mantiene en 50% . 2023-11-14 . Sitio Web Cadem . 2023-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113172421/https://cadem.cl/estudios/opcion-a-favor-retrocede-luego-de-6-semanas-al-alza-y-llega-a-32-3pts-mientras-el-en-contra-se-mantiene-en-50/ . live .
  56. Web site: Chile, Criteria poll . 2023-11-13 . X (formerly Twitter) . en . 2023-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113193437/https://twitter.com/AmericaElige/status/1722750624578637937 . live .
  57. Web site: Chile, Cadem poll . 2023-11-13 . X (formerly Twitter) . en . 2023-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113193437/https://twitter.com/AmericaElige/status/1704328032717000828 . live .
  58. News: ¿Cómo fue la participación? ¿Qué aprendimos? . 2023-12-22 . 2023-12-30 . . Spanish.
  59. News: El mapa del voto al plebiscito en Chile, municipio a municipio . Andrino . Borja . . Hidalgo Pérez . Montse . Spanish.
  60. Web site: 2023-12-17 . Chileans reject conservative constitution to replace dictatorship-era text . 2023-12-18 . Reuters.
  61. News: Figuras de centroderecha firman carta criticando "lógica maximalista" de republicanos en el proceso constitucional . 2023-12-23 . 2023-12-23 . . Spanish.
  62. News: Pablo Ortúzar: "A la derecha le conviene cerrar tratos con un gobierno despelotado y débil" . Soto . Marcelo . 2023-12-28 . 2023-12-30 . . es.
  63. News: "Nos da la oportunidad para pasar a la ofensiva": El reservado balance posplebiscito del partido del Presidente Boric . Azócar . Vanessa . 2023-12-29 . 2023-12-30 . . Spanish.
  64. News: Daniel Mansuy: "Al gobierno de Gabriel Boric le quedan pocas semanas de espacio político real" . Sánchez . Jaime . . Spanish.

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