2023 Canadian wildfires explained

Total Fires:6,551 (as of October 6, 2023)
Total Area:18.496e6ha (as of October 6, 2023)
Date:March 1, 2023—November 2023
Season Name:Canadian wildfires
Is Season:yes
Year:2023
Fatalities:8
Evacuated:155,856 people[1] (as of July 7, 2023)
Location:Canada (all 13 provinces and territories) and subsequent spillover into the Northern United States
Canadian wildfires of 2023

Beginning in March 2023, and with increased intensity starting in June, Canada was affected by a record-setting series of wildfires. All 13 provinces and territories were affected, with large fires in Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. The 2023 wildfire season had the most area burned in Canada's recorded history, surpassing the 1989, 1995, and 2014 fire seasons,[2] as well as in recorded North American history, surpassing the 2020 Western US wildfire season.[3] [4]

As of October 6,6,551 fires had burned 184961km2,[5] about 5% of the entire forest area of Canada,[6] and more than six times the long-term average of 27300km2 for that time of the year. As of mid-October, the total area burnt was more than 2.5 times the previous record.[7] Eight firefighters were killed, and 185,000 to 232,000 people were displaced.[8] International aid helped reduce the impact of the fires.[9] [10]

Smoke emitted from the wildfires caused air quality alerts and evacuations in Canada and the United States.[11] In late June, the smoke crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reaching Europe.[12] [13] Many of the largest fires were under control by July, including fires which had funnelled smoke into the Eastern Seaboard. However, significant fires continued well into the fall season, with several major fires breaking out in September.[14] Moderate-to-severe drought conditions from British Columbia to northern Ontario also continued into fall.[15] Though most of the fires were extinguished by winter, some in northern Alberta and British Columbia continued to smoulder in peat, reigniting the following February and starting the 2024 fires.[16]

Background

See also: Climate change in Canada. The frequency, intensity, and timing of wildfires in Canada have changed over time. In general, since the 1970s and 1980s, the total annual number of wildfires has decreased but the area burned in Canada has increased.[17] Since 1959, the number of large fires greater than 200ha has increased and the average fire season has become longer by about two weeks.[18] In Canada, wildfire season usually starts in May.[19] The 2023 fires were compared to the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire[20] [21] and the 2021 Lytton wildfire.

The 2023 fire season was mainly driven by anthropogenic climate change.[22] Climate change has made weather warmer and drier, raising wildfire risk as vegetation is more flammable under these conditions.[23] [24] [25] In Western Canada, a drought from 2022 persisted and, along with low winter snowpack, led to dried out soil; in contrast, Nova Scotia and Quebec saw normal soil moisture levels but high temperatures and rapid drying caused a flash drought.[22] Temperatures in Canada from May to October were 2.2C-change higher than the 1991–2020 average.[22] Following the Quebec wildfires, an analysis by World Weather Attribution showed that in Quebec, because of climate change, fire weather is twice as likely to occur and 20% more intense.[26] The 2023 Western North America heat wave exacerbated the wildfires in Alberta.[27] [28]

Roughly half of all wildfires in Canada are caused by lightning; due to climate change, lightning-caused fires are happening more frequently, and lightning strikes are expected to double by the end of the century.[29] [30] In terms of wildfire acreage, lightning-caused fires account for about 85% of land burned.[31] [32] Lightning-caused fires often happen in clusters in remote locations.[33] The other half of wildfires in Canada are human-caused, often unintentionally sparked[34] [35] by things such as discarded cigarette butts, abandoned smouldering campfires,[36] sparks from braking trains, off road vehicles, and land clearing activities. While false claims of arson gained traction on social media, arson is generally a minor cause of wildfires in Canada.[37] [38]

Forest management is also a factor in the wildfires. Because Canada's forest management has focused on fire suppression, dry vegetation has accumulated on the forest floor.[39] Canada has generally stopped performing controlled burns, which help reduce the risk of larger and more dangerous fires.[40] [41] It is difficult to get permission for controlled burns, especially for Indigenous groups who have historically performed them and are disproportionately affected by wildfires.[42] Canada lacks a national firefighting service, and local resources are stretched thin due to budget cuts.[43]

Wind from a passing cold front during the week of May 18 exacerbated the fire risk.[25] Canadian Minister of Public Safety Bill Blair said: "These conditions, this early in the season, are unprecedented. Due to climate change, similar extreme weather events may continue to increase in both frequency and severity across our country."[44]

Wildfires

Alberta

In May, Alberta was the province most impacted by wildfires.[45] Most large wildfires in Alberta in 2023 were triggered by lightning. On May 6, the province of Alberta declared a provincial state of emergency.[46] [47] By May 7, 108 active fires were burning in the province.[48] The provincial state of emergency ended on June 3.[49] As of June 7, the province said there had been 591 reported wildfires in the province since March.[50]

High Level Forest Area

Two fires that were out of control in the High Level Forest Area were active on 15 May.

HWF-036, named the Long Lake Fire, is a rapidly growing fire classified as out of control. It is the largest fire in the province during the 2023 wildfire season, currently having an active burning area of 108402ha. It was started just south of the Rainbow Lake Airport and initially grew to the northwest. However, due to multiple wind shifts over the following week, the fire began to spread in an eastward direction. On May 13, the fire made a 25-kilometer run towards the community of Chateh. This also resulted in Rainbow Lake being surrounded in all directions by the wildfire, as well as power and cell service being cut off. Alberta Wildfire, the Rainbow Lake Fire Department and other fire crews from Alaska and Ontario are working together to prevent the growth of the fire.[51] They deployed 83 firefighters, four helicopters and other heavy equipment by May 15.[52]

HWF-030, named the Paskwa Fire, was another out-of-control fire that spread eastward due to extreme conditions. It reached an active burning area of 35285ha. It was within the community of Fox Lake, and was 13 kilometres from the community of Garden River. The fire remained south of the Peace River. The extreme weather conditions made it hard for firefighters and aircraft to assist the fire. 76 firefighters and 13 helicopters were deployed as well as heavy equipment. A state of local emergency was declared for Fox Lake, followed by an evacuation order on May 3. An evacuation alert for Garden River was issued on May 13. Over 100 structures were destroyed in Fox Lake as of May 11.

HWF-042 was under control at 181ha on May 6. It was 1km (01miles) north of the Highway 88 bridge over the Peace River. Highway 88 was closed on the afternoon of May 6 until one lane was opened later that day.[53] Twelve firefighters and seven helicopters, heavy equipment and airtankers worked to prevent the fire from spreading further.

Official nameDateLocationStatusArea burned
HWF-042May 6 1km (01miles) N of Peace RiverUnder Control181ha
HWF-036May 3 Rainbow LakeBeing Held203022ha
HWF-030May 2 Fox LakeUnder Control96582ha

British Columbia

British Columbia saw an unusual lack of rain in May and early June, leading to increased wildfire conditions in the province.[54] In British Columbia, 72% of wildfires in 2023 were triggered by natural causes, while the remainder were due to human activity.[55] In a study of British Columbia's 2017 fire season, researchers found that human-caused climate change had a strong influence on the amount of area burned.[56]

In early June, the province saw multiple wildfires in or near Peachland and on Vancouver Island near both Port Alberni and Sayward.[57] As of June 2, there were 54 active fires in the region. Officials estimated about half of the province's wildfires were caused by human action. In the west of Vancouver Island, highway access to the towns of Port Alberni, Tofino, and Ucluelet was cut off for more than two weeks due to the Cameron Bluffs wildfire.[58] In northeastern British Columbia, the Donnie Creek wildfire became the single largest wildfire in BC history. It attained this status on June 18. By June 24, the fire was burning over an area of greater than 5,648 square kilometres (2,180 square miles).[59] [60] [61]

There were 377 active wildfires in British Columbia as of July 15, including 20 that were classified as "highly visible, threatening or potentially damaging 'wildfires of note'".[62] Unruly blazes destroyed properties and closed parts of the Trans-Canada highway .[63]

Between July and Oct 21, much of BC had seen less than a quarter of usual rainfall, with Vancouver at 10% and Victoria, British Columbia recording only 2 millimetres of rain instead of its normal average of 132 mm. As of Oct 21, there were still 202 active wildfires.[64]

Manitoba

As of June 6, there had been 70 fires in Manitoba, below the province's average number for that point in the season.[65] Compared to past years, human caused fires were less frequent, with lightning causing the majority.

As of May 27, there were six active wildfires in the province, including a fire near Cross Lake First Nation and Pimicikamak Cree Nation.[66]

On June 2, Manitoba only had three wildfires active in the province.[67] Lightning over June 3 and 4 raised the total fire count to 12 by June 5, and to 14 by June 6. Of those, four were considered out of control.

On June 6, officials were focused on monitoring and containing fires near Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi First Nation, and St. Theresa Point First Nation.

On September 1, fires were still burning.

New Brunswick

New Brunswick had experienced 177 wildfires as of June 7, with four still active, including fires in West Branch, Alnwick Parish, and Valley Road in Kars.

A fire near Saint Andrews, which had started on May 28, was brought under control on June 5.[68]

Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador saw 34 wildfires before May 1, far outpacing the 2022 season, which saw only 2 fires in that same period.[69] [70] This was attributed to dry conditions. Between May 1 and 19, 19 other fires were recorded. Wet conditions in early June created a low fire risk for Newfoundland, allowing water bombers from Newfoundland to be deployed to assist with firefighting efforts in Labrador, Nova Scotia and Quebec.[71]

On June 8, there were 72 active wildfires in the province.

Northwest Territories

On June 7, there were eleven active wildfires in the Northwest Territories. At that point, there had been 21 total fires, affecting 403815ha. By August 15, there were over 230 wildfires throughout the territory.[72] By August 17, they were within 170NaN0 of the capital city, Yellowknife, leading to an evacuation order.[73] The wildfires caused telecommunication and internet signals to be cut off throughout the South Slave Region, which led to concerns about the feasibility of a safe evacuation.[74] [75]

By August 23, wildfires in the territory had produced 97 megatonnes of carbon, accounting for roughly a fourth of the total 327 megatonnes produced by Canada's wildfires in 2023.

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia saw the largest recorded wildfires in its history.[76] On average, in Nova Scotia, only about 3% of wildfires are caused by lightning, with the remaining being caused by human activity.[77] Of those caused by human activity, about a third of Nova Scotia's fires are caused by people on or near their own property, and about a quarter are caused by arson. On June 1, there were four out-of-control fires in the province.

In suburban Halifax, an estimated 200 structures were destroyed by fire. By June 1, the Halifax fire was 50% contained, but was not considered under control. At the time, no missing people or injuries from the Halifax fire were reported. By June 4, the Halifax fire was 100% contained.[78] The Barrington Lake fire in Shelburne County, which started May 27, covered 230km2 at its largest. On June 7, officials announced it was successfully contained.[79] As of June 7, the fire had destroyed 60 residences and 150 other structures.

Barrington Lake wildfire

A major wildfire started around May 27 near Barrington Lake in Shelburne County.[80] The fire burned around 23015ha and between 30 and 40 structures were destroyed.[81] [82] The response to the fire included widespread evacuation orders of the surrounding area, displacing around 5000 people. This wildfire was the largest recorded in the history of Nova Scotia.[83]

Efforts to stop the fire includes the use of American water bombers and additional firefighters from the U.S. and Costa Rica.

Tantallon wildfire

A second major wildfire in the Tantallon area was first reported at 3:30 pm on May 28. It spread rapidly through the Westwood Hills subdivision throughout the evening. The fire burned through 950ha as of June 2.[84] Halifax mayor Mike Savage described the response to the fire as "unprecedented" in the area.[85] Approximately 16,400 people were placed under mandatory evacuation orders in the surrounding areas. Preliminary reports stated that approximately 151 houses were destroyed and 50 other structures were damaged or destroyed.[86] [87] As of June 3 the fire was declared "largely contained" with help from the Canadian military and a heavy rainstorm.[88]

Ontario

Smoke from the fires caused air quality in Ottawa, Toronto,[89] as well as most of Southern Ontario on June 5–7 to hit the highest level on Environment Canada's Air Quality Health Index, the worst in the province of Ontario.[90] [91] Air quality also hit the highest level in Kingston and Belleville, Ontario.[92]

Smoke from the fires descended on Ottawa once again on June 25–26, reaching the maximum level by 11am. This forced the city of Ottawa to cancel outdoor programs, races at the Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival were cancelled, as were activities at the Ottawa Summer Solstice Indigenous Festival.[93]

On June 28, the air quality in Toronto ranked among the worst in the world and once again reached the highest level on Environment Canada's Air Quality Health Index. This forced a number of city-run outdoor recreation programs to move indoors.[94]

Quebec

Quebec has been particularly hard hit during the 2023 wildfire season, with more frequent wildfires than in the past, and fewer resources and experience with which to fight them.[95] It has seen the most area burned of any province with 5.2e6ha.[96] As of June 10, the province had reported 446 fires, compared to the average of 212 for the same date.[97]

On June 8, 137 fires were active in Quebec and 54 in Ontario.[98]

On the afternoon of June 25, Montreal had the worst air quality in the world due to wildfire smoke in the region; several cultural and sporting events were cancelled or postponed in response.[99]

Saskatchewan

Like other regions, Saskatchewan had a dry spring, leading to increased risk for wildfires.[100] By May 25, the province had seen 187 fires; the five-year average for that point in the season is 111. Firefighting crews struggled due to heavy smoke, which made it difficult both for crews to travel and to monitor the fires.[101]

Some communities, although not directly in the path of any fires, lost power due to fires in the region, particularly from May 14 to 17.[102] [103]

Domestic impacts

Evacuations

Estimates of the number of displaced vary. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimated that 185,000 people were displaced, representing 43% of worldwide wildfire-related displacements for 2023. Forty-three thousand of those were in Alberta, and 59,000 were in British Columbia.[8] The State of Wildfires report estimated that 232,000 were evacuated.[104]

Alberta evacuations

Multiple settlements were placed under evacuation orders, resulting in over 29,000 Albertans being evacuated by May 7.[105] On May 11, at least 300 members of the Canadian Armed Forces were sent to different parts of Alberta to help.[106]

Evacuation orders were issued for multiple communities throughout the province. On April 29, mandatory evacuation orders were issued for the towns of Evansburg and Entwistle, due to two wildfires in their vicinity.[107] The evacuation order was lifted on May 3, only for it to be reinstated on May 4, due to the fires increasing in size.[108]

The community of Fox Lake, on the Fox Lake 162 reserve, was issued an evacuation order May 3, with all residents being evacuated by May 5. As of May 11, the local police station, general store, and at least 100 homes had been destroyed by fire.[109] The town of Drayton Valley, approximately southwest of Edmonton, was issued an evacuation order on May 4. The local fire department reported that one structure had been lost.[110]

On May 5, the hamlet of Nordegg and the Big Horn 144A reserve were issued an evacuation order due to nearby wildfires.[111] Also on May 5, evacuation orders were issued for the town of Edson due to multiple nearby wildfires.[112] On May 6, the town of Fox Creek and the hamlet of Little Smoky were issued an evacuation order.[113]

On May 13, the community of Chateh issued an evacuation order due to the Long Lake Fire (HWF-036) making a 250NaN0 run toward the community.[114] On May 14, the community of Chipewyan Lake was issued an evacuation order due to an out-of-control wildfire starting north of the community.

Residents of Rainbow Lake were allowed to return on June 2.

More than 3,000 Albertans remained under evacuation orders as of June 8.[115] On June 9, residents of Edson and Yellowhead County were asked to evacuate.

British Columbia evacuations

In early May, some British Columbia residents evacuated their homes due to out-of-control wildfires there. Around May 22, residents were evacuated from near Tzenzaicut Lake, which is about 6000NaN0 north of Vancouver.[116] In early June, officials recommended that British Columbians be prepared to evacuate if need be.[117] On June 7, the community of One Island Lake was evacuated.[118] On June 8, the community of Tumbler Ridge was evacuated.[119] As of July 15, there were nearly 70 evacuation orders across the province.

In August, premier David Eby declared a state of emergency as the city of West Kelowna was evacuated when the McDougall Creek wildfire grew to cover 6,800 hectares. The campus of UBC Okanagan and some nearby suburbs were placed under evacuation order.[120] Overall, at least 35,000 people were under evacuation order and another 30,000 under evacuation alert, as of August 19.

Manitoba evacuations

Approximately 7,000 members of the Pimicikamak Cree Nation were evacuated on May 24; most residents were able to return by May 26.[121] [122]

Northwest Territories evacuations

The Katl'odeeche First Nation (Hay River Reserve) and the residents of Hay River were evacuated on May 14. The 3,000 residents of Hay River were allowed to return on May 24, while the 300 members of the K'at'lodeeche First Nation were not able to return until June 7.[123] On May 31, the residents of Sambaa K'e were evacuated to Fort Simpson.[124]

On August 14, authorities in the Northwest Territories declared a state of emergency and issued another evacuation order to communities throughout the Dehcho, South Slave, and North Slave Regions, including those in Behchokǫ̀, Enterprise, Fort Smith, Hay River, Kakisa, the Kátł'odeeche First Nation and Jean Marie River.[125] [126] Hundreds of people were airlifted out of the wildfire zone with the assistance of the Canadian Armed Forces.[127] Stanton Territorial Hospital ramped down its health services and began sending some of its patients to St. Albert, Alberta.[128] [129] By the evening of August 15, Yellowknife itself began issuing precautionary evacuation alerts to parts of the city, as the wildfire began drawing closer.[130] On the same day, Michael St Amour, the mayor of Enterprise, said that between 85–90% of his town was destroyed by the fires.[131] On the evening of August 16, evacuation orders were issued for Yellowknife, N’dilo, Dettah, and Ingraham Trail, affecting an estimated 22,000 people.

On August 19, 87% of Yellowknife was evacuated by 6:58am (ET), with only 2,600 of the original 20,000 remaining, 1,000 of which were essential workers.[132] By August 21, 68% of the population of the Northwest Territories had been evacuated.[133]

Air Canada and WestJet were initially criticized for high prices and unwaived cancellation fees for flights to and from Yellowknife; they had since changed policies to alleviate financial burden for evacuees as of August 17. Both carriers also increased the number of flights to Yellowknife.[134]

The evacuation order for Yellowknife, Dettah and N’dilo was rescinded September 6, and people began to return to Yellowknife later that day.[135] An estimated 1,000 people had been flown home by September 8.[136]

Nova Scotia evacuations

In late May, the communities of Hammonds Plains, Pockwock, and Upper Tantallon were put under evacuation orders.[137] 16,000 residents were evacuated from Halifax. The Halifax Regional Municipality opened several centres for evacuees. On June 2, some residents were permitted to briefly return to their homes to survey damage. Due to safety risks, none were allowed to return permanently.[138] [139] This was a source of frustration for evacuees, along with what some residents deemed to be "communication failures" from the provincial government.

Residents near Shelburne were evacuated on May 31; the total number of evacuees from Shelburne County numbered about 5,000. Several local farmers also evacuated their animals to the county's exhibition grounds. Nova Scotia provided free camping at several locations for people displaced by the fire in Shelburne.[140]

Quebec evacuations

As of June 4, 14,000 residents had been evacuated from their homes in Quebec.[141] On June 6, 7,500 residents were evacuated from Chibougamau, the largest town in Northern Quebec. On June 7, the nearby Cree Nation of Mistissini was asked to evacuate, and the Cree Nation of Waswanipi began evacuating of their own accord.[142]

On June 6, Quebec's Public Security Ministry announced a large evacuation alert for the province, prompting towns such as Chapais to immediately evacuate citizens.[143] The mayor of Lebel-sur-Quévillon, where about 2,100 people (or the entire city's population) were forced from their homes, stated that the fires were as close as 10km (10miles) from the city.[144]

On June 23, more than 300 residents were evacuated from Val-Paradis, Beaucanton and Lac Pajegasque; they were permitted to return on June 25. On June 23 the Cree community of Mistissini asked residents to evacuate for the second time that month.[145] The Atikamekw of Opitciwan were allowed to return on June 26.

Saskatchewan evacuations

On May 15, 535 residents of Buffalo Narrows evacuated. Other evacuated communities included the Buffalo River Dene Nation, the English River First Nation, the Lac La Ronge Indian Band, and the Canoe Lake First Nation.

By May 18, the Saskatchewan Public Safety Agency (SPSA) was supporting around 1,000 evacuees from effected regions of the province, who were temporarily housed in Lloydminster, North Battleford, and Regina. Support provided included food, clothing, housing, and other required services. The number of evacuees at the time was higher than 1,000, as the SPSA was not supporting individuals who evacuated of their own accord or who made separate housing plans.

Many residents in Deschambault Lake evacuated in mid-May. Evacuees from Île-à-la-Crosse and Buffalo Narrows received assistance from the University of Regina.

Other domestic impacts

Economic

In mid-May, oil companies in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan curbed production as a precautionary measure in parts of the provinces; this in turn drove up the price of oil.[146] The cost of drought and wildfires in Alberta totaled $2.9 billion.[8]

Many businesses were affected by evacuations, road closures, and travel advisories from countries warning residents not to travel to Canada.[147] A report from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) noted that British Columbia was hit especially hard, with tourist destinations such as Tofino suffered from collapsing hotel occupancy rates, and that by September 2023 the fires had cost Canada over $3 billion.[147] The effects continued into 2024 as travelers became reluctant to book trips in advance in case of fires.[147]

Political

The wildfires impacted the Alberta general election scheduled for May 29. The Alberta New Democratic Party announced the party would stop campaigning in the seven ridings hit particularly hard by the fires: Drayton Valley-Devon, Lesser Slave Lake, Central Peace-Notley, Lac Ste. Anne-Parkland, Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville, West Yellowhead, and Grande Prairie-Wapiti.[148]

International effects

Effects on environment and climate

Pollution due to a global increase in wildfires has created widespread, long-term impacts on human health.[149] Due to wildfire emissions, Canada broke its record for annual carbon emissions in late June.[150] As of late August, the wildfires had released 327–355 megatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere.[151] [152] According to Merritt Turetsky, a carbon cycle scientist, this is a "vicious cycle" as warming is associated with drier vegetation, drier vegetation ignites more rapidly, greenhouse gases are released, and greenhouse gases "wind up in the atmosphere, [causing] more warming".

Scientists from the World Resources Institute and the University of Maryland estimated the overall emissions as 3.28bn tons (2.98 metric tons) more than fossil fuel emissions of India. According to professor Jacob Bendix, “The loss of that much forest is a very big deal, and very worrisome,” “Although the forest will eventually grow back and sequester carbon in doing so, that is a process that will take decades at a minimum, so that there is a quite substantial lag between addition of atmospheric carbon due to wildfire and the eventual removal of at least some of it by the regrowing forest. So, over the course of those decades, the net impact of the fires is a contribution to climate warming.”[153] The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service estimated that Canada's wildfires produced 23% of global wildfire carbon emissions in 2023.[154]

United States

May

In May, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency issued several alerts for poor air quality due to smoke from Alberta and Saskatchewan fires[155] [156] and ground-level ozone.[157] [158] [159] Smoke from the Alberta wildfires led to air quality alerts in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, and Washington by May 21.[160]

June

On June 2, smoke from the Nova Scotia wildfires affected air quality in Washington, D.C., and the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The smoke from wildfires in Quebec[161] drifted into the Northeastern United States on June 5–6 and triggered air quality alerts for most of New York, Connecticut and some of the surrounding states, as well as the Midwestern states of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin.[162] [163] The smoke on June 6 was estimated by one Stanford researcher to have been the third-worst in the country since 2006.[164] On June 6 and 7, solar farms in the Northeast and Midwest dropped production by around or more than 50% due to the smoke.[165] By the night of June 6, New York City had the worst air pollution of any major city in the world; by the morning of June 7 it had fallen to second place, behind Delhi.[166] [167] [168] This also marked the city's worst air quality since the 1960s and also since the 1966 New York City smog.

By June 7, air quality alerts also went out to residents in the Delaware Valley in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, and to additional areas in New England.[169] [170] In total, approximately 128 million Americans were under air quality alerts by the evening of June 7. The air quality index surpassed 400 in New York City; Syracuse, New York; Princeton Junction, New Jersey; and the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania.[171] After a brief respite, New York City's air quality returned to being the worst of any major city in the world.

On June 7, New York City officials announced plans to distribute one million N95 masks.[172] Several airline flights to and from New York City, New Jersey, and Washington, D.C. were delayed or cancelled;[173] by the afternoon, the Federal Aviation Administration halted all flights going to LaGuardia Airport in New York City, citing visibility concerns.[174] Schools across New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut announced closures.[175] All bridges connecting Staten Island to New Jersey had their speed limits reduced to 30mph due to low visibility from the wildfire smoke.[176] Major League Baseball, the National Women's Soccer League, and the Women's National Basketball Association postponed games scheduled to be held in New York City, New Jersey, and Philadelphia the night of June 7.[177] The Public Theater cancelled its June 8 and 9 Shakespeare in the Park performances of Hamlet. On Broadway, performances of Camelot, Hamilton, and Prima Facie were cancelled due to the poor air quality.[178] [179] On the morning of June 8, air quality was worst throughout the area surrounding Pennsylvania, Washington, D.C., and Trenton, New Jersey.[180] [181] Philadelphia's air quality levels reached their worst levels since 1999.[182] New York City climbed into the worst tier of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's six-tier air quality index, causing Governor Kathy Hochul to call it an "emergency crisis". Flights continued to be delayed for planes bound for Newark, New York City, and Philadelphia, with delays for Charlotte and Dallas also expected.[183] [184] [185] United Airlines issued travel waivers to impacted passengers. Horse racing at Belmont Park in New York was cancelled,[186] and Major League Baseball also postponed a game in Washington D.C. that night.[187] The Bronx Zoo closed on June 8 due to smoke.[188]

New York City public high schools and the School District of Philadelphia announced they would switch to virtual learning on June 9, due to poor air quality.[189] [190] By June 11, air quality alerts were still active in New York City, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, but air quality had substantially improved from earlier in the week.[191]

On June 14, an air quality alert was issued for Minnesota due to dangerous air quality levels affecting the state. The air quality in Minneapolis reached 256 at 6:00pm that day.[192] On June 27, the smoke spread over the Midwest, causing Chicago to suffer from the worst air quality in the world, reaching 228 AQI.[193] Michigan and Pennsylvania were also affected,[194] and sent out air quality alerts to residents.[195] [196] Air quality alerts were issued for 80 million people in the US.[197] On June 29, an MLB game in Pittsburgh was delayed by 45 minutes, and several players on the Pittsburgh Pirates were upset with the MLB for not postponing the game.[198]

Europe

The wildfire smoke also drifted to Europe; as of May 23–25, it was mainly located over Scandinavia.[199] [200] On June 8, Iceland and Greenland were affected by drifting smoke, with forecasts suggesting Norway would also be affected over the next few days.[201] [202] As of June 9, smoke in Europe was not dense enough to have harmful effects on health.[203] [204]

On June 25, the smoke reached the Azores; by June 26, it reached Western Europe, specifically France, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[205] As the smoke was higher in the atmosphere, it did not affect air quality as it did in the United States, but forecasts predicted it could lead to more vivid sunrises and sunsets and hazy skies.[206]

Fatalities

Six people, four of them firefighters, died due to the wildfires.[207] On July 11, a 9-year-old boy in 100 Mile House, B.C., died after suffering an asthma attack worsened by wildfire smoke.[208] On July 13, a firefighter for the B.C. Wildfire Service was killed by a falling tree.[209] [210] On July 15, a firefighter for the Northwest Territories Forest Management Service died when he was struck by a falling tree.[211] On July 19, a firefighter was killed when his Bell 205A helicopter crashed as he was bucketing water as part of firefighting operations in northwestern Alberta.[212] [213] A contract firefighter was fatally injured in the Prince George Fire Centre region on July 28.[214] On August 18, a hospital patient from Yellowknife, N.W.T., died during the evacuation of the city.[215] Additionally, on September 19, four contract crew members died in a vehicle crash with a semi-truck near Walhachin, B.C., as they returned from a shift working on fires in the Vanderhoof region.[216]

Domestic government responses

In Alberta

On May 9, the government of Yukon sent 21 firefighters to assist crews in Alberta. The team returned to Yukon on May 24. Another 21-person team returned to Alberta on May 31.[217] On May 11, at least 300 members of the Canadian Armed Forces were also sent to different parts of Alberta to help.[218]

In British Columbia

The province planned to put campfire bans in place on June 8, to stay in effect until October.[118] [219] International fire crews also came to British Columbia from five countries. Natural Resources Canada, with its Fire Weather Index, also tracked the wildfires and issued warnings. On 18 August, the province imposed an emergency, giving officials more power to deal with fire risks.

On August 20, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Armed Forces would help with evacuation in B.C.[220] Trudeau visited the province on August 25 to meet with community leaders dealing with the wildfires.[221]

In Manitoba

Travel restrictions were placed in southeastern Manitoba on May 27. Provincial burn permits for the area were cancelled, with the exception of burn permits for essential operations that had been approved by a conservation officer and which had had a site inspection.

The government of Manitoba was not sending firefighters to assist other provinces in early June, due to concerns about Manitoba's fire risk.

In the Northwest Territories

Although Nova Scotia sent a team of 20 firefighters to the NWT on May 25, they were recalled on May 29 due to the worsening wildfire situation in their home province. On June 6, the Canadian government announced that they and the Government of the Northwest Territories would match United Way donations for disaster relief in the region.[222]

Smoke from the wildfires caused highways in the territory to be shut down, with the NWT government stating that "[h]ighway travel is not an option as a way out" due to dangerous conditions, instead saying "[y]our safest way out is on the plane, NOW. GO TO THE AIRPORT NOW." Kandis Jameson, the mayor of Hay River, urged residents on August 15 to "find transport out of [town] immediately," describing their situation as "life-threatening." On August 19, NWT Premier Caroline Cochrane announced that she had evacuated to Alberta to avoid taking up a space on one of the last planes to leave.

On August 14, Shane Thompson, the NWT Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, described the scale of the fires as "unprecedented" and "unlike anything we’ve ever experienced."

In Nova Scotia

To prevent further fires, all open fires were banned province-wide on May 29. On May 30, hiking, camping, fishing, and the use of vehicles in the woods were banned in all forests in the province until June 25, or until conditions allow them to be lifted. The Halifax Regional Municipality also closed all heavily wooded city parks on May 31.[223]

All schools in Shelburne County and several schools in Halifax Regional Municipality were closed in response to the fires.[224]

In late-May, New London, Prince Edward Island sent a team of four firefighters to assist crews in Nova Scotia.[225] On May 29, Newfoundland and Labrador sent two waterbombers to the province.[226] In early June, a six-person team from Alberta came to the province to assist in assessing fire damage to property and infrastructure.

Financial relief

The provincial government issued an initial emergency payment of $500 to all evacuated households in the immediate aftermath of the fires.[227] Additionally, the Canadian government established a donation matching program with the Nova Scotian government and the Canadian Red Cross to support those affected by the fires.[228]

On June 7, the provincial government announced it would give a one-time grant of $2,500 to registered farmers in Halifax and Shelburne County who had been under mandatory evacuation orders.

Aftermath

Delays of up to three years in rebuilding houses are expected due to the province's construction backlog.[229]

In Saskatchewan

The provincial government put a fire ban in place on May 16; it was lifted on May 24 due to improving conditions.

On May 19, the SPSA announced they would provide financial aid to residents impacted by fire-related power outages.

The government of Quebec sent two amphibious tankers to the province to assist with firefighting efforts.

Government strategies for future fires

The Canadian government outlined a first line of actions that could help avoid or mitigate wildfires in future seasons:

Other reactions

International responses

On May 8, 22 firefighters from the Oregon Department of Forestry were sent to Alberta to assist in fire control efforts,[233] and on June 6, Quebec Premier François Legault announced that 200 French and American firefighters would travel to Quebec to help fight the wildfires, and that the province was in negotiations with Chile, Costa Rica, and Portugal to find more resources.[234] On June 7, the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre said that 950 firefighters and other personnel had travelled from other countries (including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States) to provide aid. On June 8, the European Commission announced they would be sending more than 280 firefighters from France, Spain, and Portugal. New York governor Kathy Hochul announced the state would send seven firefighters over the course of two weeks, per the request of Canada.

Around 5,000 firefighters from multiple countries arrived in Canada as of June 14, with more expected to arrive from Chile and Costa Rica. Prime Minister Trudeau said that Canadian firefighters would also help other countries, saying that "fire seasons aren't always aligned and that allows for a travelling of resources that is part of how we're going to make sure we're protecting communities all around the world."

Facebook blocking wildfire news stories

In response to the Online News Act, Meta (owner of Facebook) began blocking access to news sites for Canadian users at the beginning of August 2023.[235] [236] This also extended to local Canadian news stories about the wildfires,[237] a decision that was heavily criticized by Trudeau, local government officials, academics, researchers, and evacuees.[238] [239] [240] Trudeau accused Facebook of "putting corporate profits ahead of people’s safety," with Premier of British Columbia David Eby expressing similar sentiments.

Evacuees who fled the Northwest Territories wildfires described the difficulty they faced attempting to share news (made worse by an already "barren" media landscape in the territory),[241] as many relied on Facebook to communicate their situation. Ollie Williams of Yellowknife's Cabin Radio said that users had to resort to posting screenshots of news stories, as posting news directly would result in the link getting blocked.

Meta responded to these criticisms by stating that Canadians "can continue to use our technologies to connect with their communities and access reputable information […] from official government agencies, emergency services and non-governmental organizations," and encouraged them to use Facebook's Safety Check feature.

Conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories were promoted about the cause of the wildfires by climate change deniers, with arson, pyrotechnic drones, directed-energy weapons and space lasers being among the supposed causes.[242] [243] These conspiracy theories went viral on social media platforms such as TikTok.[244]

In June, conspiracy theorists shared a TikTok video claiming that satellite footage showed the fires started spreading "at the same time" and that they were therefore caused deliberately.[245] [246] France 24 noted that the fires started over a period of twelve hours. Another TikTok video showed a helicopter carrying out backburning to get the fire under control, falsely claiming that it was the cause of the fires. Some social media users also falsely suggested that the haze seen over the United States was caused by ammonium nitrate instead of the wildfires.[247]

Canadian former National Hockey League player Theo Fleury suggested on Twitter that governments are lying about the nature of climate change to facilitate "climate lockdowns". People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier accused "green terrorism" of starting the fires.

In early 2024, a Quebec man who posted conspiracy theories claiming the fires were started deliberately by the government pleaded guilty to setting 14 fires himself, the largest of which burned over 872 hectares and resulted in the evacuation of about 500 homes in Chapais.[248]

Fire progression

  Date   Area burned, in ha[249]
Apr 26
Apr 27
May 1
May 2
May 3
May 4
May 5
May 6
May 7
May 8
May 9
May 10
May 11
May 12
May 13
May 14
May 15
May 16
May 17
May 18
May 19
May 20
May 21
May 22
May 23
May 24
May 25
May 26
May 27
May 28
May 29
May 30
May 31
Jun 1
Jun 2
Jun 3
Jun 4
Jun 5
Jun 6
Jun 8
Jun 9
Jun 10
Jun 11
Jun 12
Jun 13
Jun 14
Jun 15
Jun 16
Jun 17
Jun 18
Jun 19
Jun 20
Jun 21
Jun 22
Jun 23
Jun 24
Jun 25
Jun 26
Jun 27
Jun 28
Jun 29
Jun 30
Jul 1
Jul 2
Jul 3
Jul 4
Jul 5
Jul 6
Jul 7
Jul 8
Jul 9
Jul 10
Jul 11
Jul 12
Jul 13
Jul 14
Jul 15
Jul 16
Jul 17
Jul 18
Jul 19
Jul 20
Jul 21
Jul 22
Jul 23
Jul 24
Jul 25
Jul 26
Jul 27
Jul 28
Jul 29
Jul 30
Jul 31
Aug 1
Aug 2
Aug 3
Aug 4
Aug 5
Aug 6
Aug 7
Aug 8
Aug 9
Aug 10
Aug 11
Aug 12
Aug 13
Aug 14
Aug 15
Aug 16
Aug 17
Aug 18
Aug 19
Aug 20
Aug 21
Aug 22
Aug 23
Aug 24
Aug 25
Aug 26
Aug 27
Aug 28
Aug 29
Aug 30
Aug 31
Sep 1
Sep 2
Sep 3
Sep 4
Sep 5
Sep 6
Sep 7
Sep 8
Sep 9
Sep 10
Sep 11
Sep 12
Sep 13
Sep 14
Sep 15
Sep 20
Sep 27
Oct 6

External links

Notes and References

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  4. Web site: The 7 largest wildfires in North American history. PropertyCasualty360. June 28, 2023. December 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201201215150/https://www.propertycasualty360.com/2014/07/23/the-7-largest-wildfires-in-north-american-history/. live.
  5. Web site: Fire Statistics . Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre . October 6, 2023.
  6. Web site: The State of Canada's Forests Report. June 11, 2015 . Government of Canada. August 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719130425/https://natural-resources.canada.ca/our-natural-resources/forests/state-canadas-forests-report/how-much-forest-does-canada-have/17601. July 19, 2023. live.
  7. News: Livingston . Ian . 18 October 2023 . Canada’s astonishing and record fire season finally slows down . 8 April 2024 . The Washington Post.
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  59. News: Kulkarni . Akshay . June 6, 2023 . Compare the size of the Donnie Creek wildfire to other historic blazes and major North American cities . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164913/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-wildfire-wrap-jun-6-1.6866693 . June 6, 2023.
  60. News: June 21, 2023 . B.C.'s largest recorded wildfire could burn until winter, officials say . . . live . June 24, 2023 . June 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625104032/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-donnie-creek-wildfire-winter-1.6883580.
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  63. News: 2023-08-20 . As fires rage in British Columbia, more residents prepare for evacuations . en . Reuters . August 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230820164636/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/fires-rage-british-columbia-more-residents-prepare-evacuations-2023-08-20/ . live .
  64. Web site: B.C. drought by the numbers: Vancouver, Victoria saw less than 10% of average rainfall since July. October 21, 2022. British Columbia.
  65. News: Hirschfield . Kevin . June 6, 2023 . Four fires now out of control in Manitoba as province continues to monitor wildfire situation . . June 8, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100636/https://globalnews.ca/news/9751254/four-fires-now-out-of-control-in-manitoba-as-province-continues-to-monitor-wildfire-situation/ . live .
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  67. News: Thompson . Sam . June 5, 2023 . Wildfires ramp up in Manitoba after weekend lightning strikes - Winnipeg . . June 8, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100729/https://globalnews.ca/news/9746950/wildfires-ramp-manitoba-weekend-lightning-strikes/ . live .
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  69. News: May 19, 2023 . It's a wild year for wildfires already in parts of Newfoundland . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519145808/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/wildfires-nl-1.6846769 . May 19, 2023.
  70. News: May 2, 2023 . Dozens of wildfires reported amid dry conditions in Newfoundland and Labrador . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230520070402/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/dozens-of-wildfires-reported-amid-dry-conditions-in-newfoundland-and-labrador-100849334/ . May 20, 2023.
  71. News: June 6, 2023 . You might hate it, but Newfoundland's wet start to summer is a dream for forest firefighters . . June 8, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100641/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/nl-fire-season-1.6866754 . live .
  72. News: August 15, 2023 . Wildfire now 20km from Yellowknife, risk 'has risen' over last day . CBC News . August 16, 2023 . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816035752/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/wildfire-yellowknife-risk-aug-15-1.6937043 . live .
  73. Web site: August 16, 2023 . Yellowknife to begin evacuation tonight as wildfires approach . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817010618/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-wildfire-emergency-update-august-16-1.6938756 . August 17, 2023 . August 16, 2023 . CBC News.
  74. News: Smith . Alanna . August 15, 2023 . Hay River's mayor says time running out to evacuate as Northwest Territories wildfires block highway . The Globe and Mail . August 16, 2023 . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816050146/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-hay-rivers-mayor-says-time-running-out-to-evacuate-as-northwest/ . live.
  75. News: August 15, 2023 . 'Raining ashes': N.W.T. evacuees recall flight, long drives as wildfires continue . . August 16, 2023 . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816070021/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/armed-forces-members-mobilize-in-northwest-territories-to-help-battle-wildfires . live.
  76. News: June 1, 2023 . Nova Scotia wildfires grow, prompt air quality warnings as far south as Virginia . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604031337/https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-halifax-firefighters-us-south-africa-20f340036282d892aaa5528f1e48e618 . June 4, 2023.
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  78. News: Bailey . Mitchell . June 4, 2023 . 'Under control': Wildfire in the Halifax area 100% contained, officials say . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607024249/https://globalnews.ca/news/9744716/ns-wildfires-tantallon-hammonds-plains-shelburne-june-4/ . June 7, 2023.
  79. News: MacDonald . Michael . June 7, 2023 . Huge wildfire in southwestern Nova Scotia 'being held' after burning for 11 days . . . June 8, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101212/https://globalnews.ca/news/9752159/shelburne-county-ns-wildfire-being-held/ . live .
  80. News: June 2, 2023 . Barrington Lake blaze in Nova Scotia is the largest wildfire ever recorded in provincial history . National Post . June 3, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101146/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/barrington-lake-blaze-in-nova-scotia-is-the-largest-wildfire-ever-recorded-in-provincial-history . live .
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  82. Web site: Henderson . Jennifer . May 31, 2023 . 'Please send more water bombers': Volunteer firefighters in Shelburne plead for more help . May 31, 2023 . Halifax Examiner . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531200006/https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/environment/fires/please-send-more-water-bombers-volunteer-firefighters-in-shelburne-plead-for-more-help/ . live.
  83. News: chisholm . Cassidy . June 3, 2023 . Historic wildfire in Shelburne County remains out of control, says premier . CBC News . June 3, 2023 . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603150958/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/crews-attack-shelburne-wildfire-rain-1.6864785 . live.
  84. News: Natural Resources and Renewables . May 29, 2023 . Update on Wildfires in Halifax Regional Municipality, Shelburne County . News Release – Nova Scotia . June 3, 2023 . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603050914/https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20230529001 . live.
  85. News: Logan . Cloe . May 30, 2023 . How climate change is fuelling fires in Eastern Canada . National Observer . June 3, 2023 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161007/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/30/news/how-climate-change-fuelling-fires-eastern-canada . live.
  86. Web site: Woodford . Zane . May 30, 2023 . Halifax says 'approximately 200 homes or structures' damaged in Tantallon fire . May 30, 2023 . Halifax Examiner . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530102522/https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/environment/halifax-says-approximately-200-homes-or-structures-damaged-in-tantallon-fire/ . live.
  87. Web site: Woodford . Zane . May 30, 2023 . Halifax considers shrinking evacuation area, reports 151 homes lost in Tantallon fire . May 30, 2023 . Halifax Examiner . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202621/https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/environment/fires/halifax-considers-shrinking-evacuation-area-reports-151-homes-lost-in-tantallon-fire/ . live.
  88. News: June 3, 2023 . Officials declare Halifax-area wildfire largely contained as rain brings relief . CTV News Atlantic . June 3, 2023 . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603195047/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/rain-brings-much-needed-relief-to-firefighters-battling-halifax-area-wildfires-1.6426016 . live.
  89. News: June 6, 2023 . Raging Quebec forest fires prompt special air quality statement for Toronto . . June 6, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101227/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/special-air-quality-statement-toronto-forest-fire-smoke-1.6866738 . live.
  90. News: June 6, 2023 . Air quality risk 'off the charts' in Ottawa because of fire smoke . . June 6, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101150/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/air-quality-fire-smoke-ottawa-gatineau-1.6865730 . live.
  91. News: Rocca . Ryan . June 6, 2023 . Air quality statements in effect for large part of Ontario as forest fires rage in Quebec . . live . June 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606141701/https://globalnews.ca/news/9748674/air-quality-statement-ontario-quebec-wildfires/ . June 6, 2023.
  92. News: June 7, 2023 . Dangerously bad, smoky air persists in Ottawa area -ca . . June 6, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101150/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/air-quality-fire-smoke-ottawa-gatineau-1.6865730 . live.
  93. News: June 25, 2023 . Poor air quality across Ottawa Sunday causes many events to be cancelled -ca . . June 25, 2023 . June 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625200400/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/poor-air-quality-across-ottawa-sunday-causes-many-events-to-be-cancelled-1.6454950 . live.
  94. News: June 28, 2023 . Air quality in Toronto ranked 6th worst in the world . . June 28, 2023 . June 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628110825/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-air-quality-wildfire-smoke-1.6891013 . live.
  95. News: Onishi . Norimitsu . June 8, 2023 . 'How Could This Happen?': Canadian Fires Burning Where They Rarely Have Before . . live . limited . June 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005035/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/world/canada/quebec-canada-wildfires-locations.html . June 9, 2023.
  96. Web site: Weather that drove eastern Canada's devastating wildfires made twice as likely by climate change . CNN . August 22, 2023 . August 22, 2023 . August 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822200433/https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/22/americas/canada-wildfires-climate-change-quebec/index.html . live .
  97. News: Hubbard . Halisia . June 10, 2023 . Rain may soon help put out flames in Canada's worst recorded wildfire season . . live . June 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150018/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/10/1181525347/canada-wildfires-rain-forecast-worst-ever . June 11, 2023.
  98. Web site: June 8, 2023 . Smoke From Canadian Wildfires Blankets U.S. . June 8, 2023 . . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102323/https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/smoke-canadian-wildfires-blankets-us . live.
  99. News: June 25, 2023 . Poor air quality in Montreal from Quebec wildfires forces event cancellations . . June 28, 2023 . June 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629190318/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-air-quality-forest-fires-smog-1.6888062 . live.
  100. News: Peterson . Julia . May 23, 2023 . Sask. wildfires remain 'extremely aggressive' . June 10, 2023 . . May 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524064227/http://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/sask-wildfires-remain-extremely-aggressive . live.
  101. News: Lynn . Josh . May 23, 2023 . Smoke continues to hamper fight against 'extremely aggressive' Sask. wildfires . June 10, 2023 . . June 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230613205717/https://www.ctvnews.ca/smoke-continues-to-hamper-fight-against-extremely-aggressive-sask-wildfires-1.6410063 . live.
  102. News: May 18, 2023 . Northern Saskatchewan residents continue to flee homes due to wildfires . . June 9, 2023 . June 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610022451/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/northern-saskatchewan-residents-continue-to-flee-homes-due-to-wildfires-1.6847804 . live.
  103. News: Sask. wildfires: Money coming for residents hit by power outages; long weekend caution advised . Benson . Andrew . May 19, 2023 . June 10, 2023 . . June 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610022452/https://globalnews.ca/news/9712147/sask-wildfire-power-outages-funds-long-weekend-safety/ . live.
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  106. News: Mertz . Emily . May 11, 2023 . Alberta wildfires: Where and how are Canadian Armed Forces deployed? . . live . May 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512192131/https://globalnews.ca/news/9690879/alberta-wildfires-where-how-canadian-armed-forces-deployed/ . May 12, 2023.
  107. News: Communities surrounding Edmonton under evacuation orders as area grass fires grow . . live . May 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165013/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/high-winds-fuel-large-grass-fire-near-entwistle-alberta-evacuation-order-issued . April 30, 2023.
  108. News: May 5, 2023 . Entwistle residents flee twice in once week, more Parkland County residents evacuated Friday . . live . May 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144429/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entwistle-residents-flee-twice-in-once-week-more-parkland-county-residents-evacuated-friday-1.6386791 . June 9, 2023.
  109. News: May 5, 2023 . Fox Lake evacuees settling in High Level area as wildfire remains out of control . . live . May 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144309/https://www.ctvnews.ca/fox-lake-evacuees-settling-in-high-level-area-as-wildfire-remains-out-of-control-1.6386560 . June 9, 2023.
  110. News: Drayton Valley residents flee central Alberta town amid wildfire evacuation order . . live . May 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230506022812/https://globalnews.ca/news/9672424/brazeau-county-drayton-valley-wildfire-may-3/ . May 6, 2023.
  111. News: McIntosh . Sean . May 5, 2023 . Evacuation alert issued for Nordegg, Bighorn area due to wildfire . . live . May 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230506023435/https://www.reddeeradvocate.com/news/evacuation-alert-issued-for-nordegg-bighorn-area-due-to-wildfire/ . May 6, 2023.
  112. News: May 5, 2023 . Damage details, length of evacuation order unknown in Yellowhead County . . live . May 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144159/https://www.ctvnews.ca/damage-details-length-of-evacuation-order-unknown-in-yellowhead-county-1.6386813 . June 9, 2023.
  113. Web site: Fisher . Erica . May 6, 2023 . UPDATE: Fox Creek evacuation order expanded to include Little Smoky, surrounding areas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230506070953/https://www.mygrandeprairienow.com/107609/news/fox-creek-area-told-to-prepare-for-possible-evacuation/ . May 6, 2023 . May 7, 2023 . My Grande Prairie Now.
  114. News: May 14, 2023 . "Residents of Chateh, Alta., flee their homes again as fire encroaches" . 1 . . live . May 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515025929/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-alberta-wildfire-climate-1.6843356 . May 15, 2023.
  115. News: Williams . Nia . Shakil . Ismail . June 8, 2023 . International help rolls in to fight unyielding Canadian wildfires . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100135/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/wildfires-burn-across-canada-with-little-relief-sight-2023-06-08/ . June 30, 2023.
  116. News: May 22, 2023 . Rain, even smoke help fight wildfires in Alberta; new blaze brings evacuation in British Columbia . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529010707/https://apnews.com/article/canada-alberta-british-columbia-wildfires-3a988b45616aed324d265f25d164c299 . May 29, 2023.
  117. News: Daflos . Penny . June 5, 2023 . 'When, not if': British Columbians warned to prepare for wildfire evacuations . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100136/https://www.ctvnews.ca/when-not-if-british-columbians-warned-to-prepare-for-wildfire-evacuations-1.6428744 . June 30, 2023.
  118. News: Kulkarni . Akshay . June 6, 2023 . Campfire bans coming for much of B.C. as wildfire shuts down Vancouver Island highway . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608141756/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/port-alberni-vancouver-island-fire-1.6867830 . June 8, 2023.
  119. News: June 8, 2023 . More than 2,000 ordered to evacuate from B.C.'s Tumbler Ridge in UNESCO Global Geopark due to nearby wildfire . . live . June 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100142/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tumbler-ridge-evacuation-order-1.6870478 . June 30, 2023.
  120. Web site: UBCO under evacuation order due to aggressive fire behaviour Globalnews.ca . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230819220046/https://globalnews.ca/news/9905908/ubco-evacuation-order-kelowna-bc-wildfires/ . August 19, 2023 . 2023-08-19 . Global News . en-US.
  121. News: Bernhardt . Darren . May 25, 2023 . Some residents already returning after raging wildfire forces 7,000 people to flee Pimicikamak Cree Nation . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530070031/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/pimicikamak-cree-nation-wildfire-manitoba-1.6854124 . May 30, 2023.
  122. News: Houde . Colleen . May 26, 2023 . Most residents of northern Manitoba community return home after wildfire forces evacuation . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230526140903/https://www.chvnradio.com/articles/most-residents-of-northern-manitoba-community-return-home-after-wildfire-forces-evacuation . May 26, 2023.
  123. News: June 7, 2023 . K'atl'odeeche First Nation residents in N.W.T. allowed to return to reserve . Coast Reporter . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100647/https://www.coastreporter.net/national-news/katlodeeche-first-nation-residents-in-nwt-allowed-to-return-to-reserve-7110088 . June 30, 2023.
  124. News: Lamberink . Lily . May 31, 2023 . Evacuation order issued for wildfire-threatened Sambaa K'e, N.W.T. . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603093541/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/sambaa-k-e-fire-evacuation-1.6860816 . June 3, 2023.
  125. News: Smith . Alanna . August 14, 2023 . Northwest Territories issues new evacuation warnings after unprecedented wildfires . The Globe and Mail . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816035753/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-northwest-territories-issues-new-wildfire-evacuation-warnings/ . August 16, 2023.
  126. News: Ziafati . Noushin . August 14, 2023 . Evacuation orders for parts of Northwest Territories; residents airlifted away from threat of wildfires . CTV News . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816010705/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/evacuation-orders-for-parts-of-northwest-territories-residents-airlifted-away-from-threat-of-wildfires-1.6518611 . August 16, 2023.
  127. News: August 15, 2023 . Canadian military mobilizes to help fight wildfires in Northwest Territories . Associated Press . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816035753/https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-yellowknife-emergency-northwest-territories-bb909389825bebe2db636cea2256fc10 . August 16, 2023.
  128. News: Blake . Emily . August 15, 2023 . Hospital services reduced, some patients moved as precaution . Cabin Radio . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816035753/https://cabinradio.ca/141738/news/yellowknife/hospital-services-reduced-some-patients-moved-as-precaution/ . August 16, 2023.
  129. News: Henderson . Jennifer . August 15, 2023 . BREAKING: Northwest Territories fire evacuees being sent to St. Albert . . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816035752/https://www.stalbertgazette.com/local-news/breaking-northwest-territories-fire-evacuees-being-sent-to-st-albert-7411757 . August 16, 2023.
  130. News: Aug 15, 2023 . Wildfire threat to Yellowknife 'serious,' parts of city on evacuation alert . CBC News . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816050152/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-premier-update-wildfires-1.6937511 . August 16, 2023.
  131. News: August 15, 2023 . Enterprise, N.W.T., '90 per cent gone' after wildfire ravages community . CBC News . Yahoo! Sports . live . August 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816050152/https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/enterprise-nwt-90-per-cent-gone-after-wildfire-ravages-community-234851274.html?guccounter=1 . August 16, 2023.
  132. Web site: Graveland . Bill . August 19, 2023 . 'Most of the people are now gone': Yellowknife nearly emptied as fire fight continues . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230820234348/https://www.cp24.com/news/most-of-the-people-are-now-gone-yellowknife-nearly-emptied-as-fire-fight-continues-1.6526012 . August 20, 2023 . 2023-08-19 . cp24 . en.
  133. Web site: Carroll . Luke . August 21, 2023 . N.W.T. says it won't offer financial aid to evacuees paying for their own accommodations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014730/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-wildfire-update-august-21-2023-1.6943142 . August 22, 2023 . August 21, 2023 . CBC News.
  134. News: Harris . Sophia . August 17, 2023 . WestJet, Air Canada face criticism over Yellowknife flights as wildfires rage . CBC.ca . live . August 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817203713/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/westjet-air-canada-wildfire-yellowknife-1.6939525 . August 17, 2023.
  135. Web site: 6 September 2023 . Evacuation order lifted for Yellowknife after three weeks of wildfire danger . 9 September 2023 . The Globe and Mail.
  136. Web site: 7 September 2023 . Thousands of residents return to Yellowknife, but many still out in other communities . 9 September 2023 . Toronto Star.
  137. Web site: Williams . Ollie . May 29, 2023 . Nova Scotia, facing its own fires, recalls 20 people sent to help NWT . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601122548/https://cabinradio.ca/131024/news/environment/wildfires/nova-scotia-facing-its-own-fires-recalls-20-people-sent-to-help-nwt/ . June 1, 2023 . June 8, 2023 . cabinradio.ca -US.
  138. News: June 2, 2023 . Halifax residents board buses to view homes destroyed by wildfires . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604031335/https://apnews.com/article/wildfires-canada-halifax-rain-nova-scotia-e2050ed8c7e34fd69e0a98c7bcc533cb . June 4, 2023.
  139. News: Petracek . Heidi . June 7, 2023 . 'This is not helping': Frustrated evacuees say official communication lacking in wildfire recovery . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144135/https://www.ctvnews.ca/this-is-not-helping-frustrated-evacuees-say-official-communication-lacking-in-wildfire-recovery-1.6432051 . June 9, 2023.
  140. News: NS Wild Fire Resources & Updates . . live . June 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230613070841/https://www.dsu.ca/fire-evacuation . June 13, 2023.
  141. News: Morris . Erika . June 4, 2023 . Quebec fire authorities say they're unable to bring all fires under control . . live . June 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604235822/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-fires-burning-out-of-control-1.6865147 . June 4, 2023.
  142. News: Yanez-Leyton . Cassandra . Watts . Rachel . June 7, 2023 . Fire evacuees flee northern Quebec communities to safety of Saguenay . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102328/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/fire-evacuees-flee-northern-quebec-communities-to-safety-of-saguenay-1.6868016 . June 30, 2023.
  143. News: June 3, 2023 . Municipalities across Quebec on alert as wildfires rage across province . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605031452/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/lebel-sur-quevillon-evacuation-wildfires-1.6864795 . June 5, 2023.
  144. News: June 7, 2023 . Dozens of wildfires in Canada remain out of control . . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102325/https://www.syracuse.com/us-news/2023/06/quebec-orders-more-evacuations-as-dozens-of-wildfires-in-canada-remain-out-of-control.html . June 30, 2023.
  145. News: June 23, 2023 . Cree community in Quebec orders evacuation due to heavy smoke . . live . June 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625045705/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-northern-city-in-quebec-and-cree-community-ordered-to-evacuate/ . June 25, 2023.
  146. News: Newburger . Emma . May 17, 2023 . Wildfires burn millions of acres in Canada, send oil prices higher . . live . June 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610021038/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/17/wildfires-burn-millions-of-acres-in-canada-send-oil-prices-higher.html . June 10, 2023.
  147. News: Lompe . Hope . Fires of 2023 burn holes in tourism operator pockets . Castanet . 2024-08-19 . 2024-08-20.
  148. Web site: Climenhaga . David . 2023-05-07 . Wildfire state of emergency introduces new calculus to Alberta election campaign . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230507061538/https://albertapolitics.ca/2023/05/wildfire-state-of-emergency-introduces-new-calculus-to-alberta-election-campaign/ . 2023-05-07 . 2023-05-07 . Alberta Politics . en-CA.
  149. Gao . Yuan . Huang . Wenzhong . Yu . Pei . Xu . Rongbin . Yang . Zhengyu . Gasevic . Danijela . Ye . Tingting . Guo . Yuming . Li . Shanshan . March 2023 . Long-term impacts of non-occupational wildfire exposure on human health: A systematic review . . 320 . 121041 . 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121041 . 36639044 . 2023EPoll.32021041G . 255695901.
  150. News: Bennett . Paige . Wildfire Emissions in Canada for First Half of 2023 Are Already Worse Than Any Full Year on Record . June 29, 2023 . Ecowatch . June 28, 2023 . June 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629154255/https://www.ecowatch.com/canada-wildfire-emissions-record-2023.html . live.
  151. News: Lamberink . Liny . August 28, 2023 . N.W.T. fires have released 97 megatonnes of carbon, says European agency — 277 times what its people emit . CBC News . August 31, 2023 . August 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230831054349/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-fire-emissions-2023-1.6948761 . live .
  152. Web site: Freedman . Andrew . Canada's wildfire emissions skyrocket as fires spread . 11 October 2023 . Axios . Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service.
  153. News: Canada’s 2023 wildfires created four times more emissions than planes did last year – report . 7 July 2024 . The Guardian . The Associated Press . 27 June 2024.
  154. Web site: Canada produced 23% of the global wildfire carbon emissions for 2023 . Copernicus . 2023-12-12 . 2024-08-02.
  155. News: May 18, 2023 . Smoke from wildfires extends unhealthy air quality alert into May 19 for Minnesota . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524042648/https://www.brainerddispatch.com/weather/smoke-from-wildfires-extends-unhealthy-air-quality-alert-into-may-19-for-minnesota . May 24, 2023.
  156. Web site: May 18, 2023 "Smoke Front" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607212339/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/smoke-outbreak-may-18-2023.html . June 7, 2023 . June 7, 2023 . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources .
  157. News: Harlow . Tim . May 23, 2023 . Air quality alert in effect for southern Minnesota, Twin Cities . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530181315/https://www.startribune.com/air-quality-alert-in-effect-for-southern-minnesota-twin-cities/600277130/ . May 30, 2023.
  158. News: May 22, 2023 . Air quality alert issued due to ozone for Tuesday for southern Minnesota . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523161038/https://www.keyc.com/2023/05/22/air-quality-alert-issued-due-ozone-tuesday-southern-minnesota/ . May 23, 2023.
  159. News: May 23, 2023 . Air quality alert for much of Minnesota and Wisconsin . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230523223742/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/05/23/air-quality-alert-for-much-of-minnesota-and-wisconsin . May 23, 2023.
  160. News: Brink . Haley . Chinchar . Allison . Sottile . Zoe . May 21, 2023 . How wildfires in Alberta lead to poor air quality in the Midwest . CNN . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604014625/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/21/weather/canada-wildfires-midwest-air-quality-weather/index.html . June 4, 2023.
  161. News: June 6, 2023 . Canada wildfires: Tens of millions under air quality warnings as fires burn -GB . BBC News . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606234140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65828469 . June 6, 2023.
  162. News: Chow . Denise . June 6, 2023 . Air quality levels in parts of the U.S. plunge as Canada wildfires rage . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230606123725/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/canada-wildfires-smoke-air-quality-rcna87732 . June 6, 2023.
  163. News: Oberholtz . Chris . June 6, 2023 . New York City in code red 'unhealthy' air quality as Canadian wildfire smoke pours into Northeast . . June 6, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102826/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/nyc-unhealthy-air-quality-northeast-canada-wildfires . live.
  164. News: June 7, 2023 . Air quality live updates: New York City has the worst air in the world as smoke from Canadian wildfires rolls in . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607181652/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/unhealthy-air-quality-canada-wildfires-live-updates-rcna88092 . June 7, 2023.
  165. News: June 8, 2023 . Smoke Sends US Northeast Solar Power Plunging by 50% as Wildfires Rage in Canada . . live . limited . June 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630103348/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-08/smoke-sends-northeast-solar-power-plunging-by-50-as-wildfires-rage . June 30, 2023.
  166. News: June 8, 2023 . New York City has the worst air quality in the world as smoke from Canadian wildfires rolls in . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921075647/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/unhealthy-air-quality-canada-wildfires-live-updates-rcna88092 . September 21, 2023 . The air quality in New York City was the worst in the world Wednesday, according to IQAir.com, a tracking service..
  167. News: Yan . Holly . Elamroussi . Aya . Tebor . Celina . Tirrell . Meg . Burnside . Tina . Tucker . Emma . June 7, 2023 . Intense smoke fills NYC and forces a 'code red' in Philadelphia as millions from the East Coast to Canada suffer from Quebec's wildfires . CNN . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124233/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/07/weather/new-york-air-pollution-canada-wildfires-climate-wednesday/index.html . June 7, 2023.
  168. News: June 7, 2023 . Live updates: Eastern U.S. air quality reaches harmful levels as Canadian wildfires rage . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607161349/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/06/07/canada-wildfires-smoke-air-quality-updates/ . June 7, 2023.
  169. News: June 7, 2023 . Air quality alert: Smoke from wildfires in Canada leads to code red across Delaware Valley . . June 7, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102832/https://6abc.com/air-quality-philadelphia-alert-pennsylvania-new-jersey-delaware/13361876/ . live.
  170. News: June 7, 2023 . Air Quality Alert: Smoke from Canadian wildfires drifts across New England . . June 7, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102831/https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/quebec-ontario-wildfires-smoke-new-england-boston-canada-air-quality-alert/ . live.
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  172. News: Dillinger . Katherine . June 7, 2023 . New York state to make 1 million N95 masks available to residents due to poor air quality . CNN . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607163247/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/us-air-quality-canadian-wildfires-06-07-23/index.html . June 7, 2023.
  173. News: June 7, 2023 . La Guardia and Newark flight delays over Canada wildfire smoke -GB . BBC News . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608023937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65839336 . June 8, 2023.
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  176. https://www.nj.com/news/2023/06/speed-limits-across-nj-bridges-reduced-due-to-low-visibility-from-wildfire-haze.html Speed limits across N.J. bridges reduced due to low visibility from wildfire haze
  177. News: Fitzpatrick . Mike . June 7, 2023 . MLB, WNBA postpone games due to smoke from Canadian wildfires . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608031658/https://apnews.com/article/new-york-city-yankees-white-sox-canada-wildfires-18874c689cdb894939910c556dc6f30c . June 8, 2023.
  178. News: June 8, 2023 . Jodie Comer halts Broadway show due to New York air quality: 'I can't breathe' . . June 8, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102835/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/jodie-comer-broadway-nyc-air-quality-b2353592.html . live .
  179. Web site: Cristi . A. A. . CAMELOT, HAMILTON Cancel Tonight's Performances Due To Air Quality . June 8, 2023 . . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630103850/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/CAMELOT-Cancels-Tonights-Performance-Due-To-Air-Quality-Updating-Live-20230607 . live .
  180. News: Ives . Mike . Williams . Kevin . Stack . Liam . June 8, 2023 . Wildfire Smoke Spreads Across Swaths of U.S.: Live News and Updates . . limited . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608133305/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/08/us/canada-wildfires-air-quality-smoke?name=styln-wildfires-smoke&region=TOP_BANNER&block=storyline_menu_recirc&action=click&pgtype=Interactive&variant=undefined . June 8, 2023.
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  186. News: June 8, 2023 . NY governor warns Belmont Stakes could be affected if air quality doesn't improve . . June 9, 2023 . June 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630104333/https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-air-quality-belmont-mlb-7b056b200247faec759f97882ebc3808 . live .
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  191. News: Yang . Maya . June 11, 2023 . Poor air quality returns to US north-east from Canada wildfires -GB . . June 12, 2023 . June 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611235945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/11/poor-air-quality-returns-to-us-north-east-canada-wildfires . live .
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  196. Web site: Shugarts . Doug . June 28, 2023 . Air quality declines in Pittsburgh as smoke and haze from Canadian wildfires blanket metro area . June 28, 2023 . . June 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628120358/https://www.wesa.fm/environment-energy/2023-06-28/pittsburgh-air-canadian-wildfires . live.
  197. News: Hemingway Jaynes . Cristen . 80 Million People in U.S. Under Air Quality Alerts as Canada's Wildfire Smoke Swings South Again . June 29, 2023 . Ecowatch . June 28, 2023 . June 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160525/https://www.ecowatch.com/canada-wildfire-smoke-us-air-quality.html . live.
  198. News: Pirates players call out MLB for playing game through wildfire smoke, Andrew McCutchen wears mask on bases . June 16, 2024 . CBS Sports . June 29, 2023.
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  200. Web site: May 26, 2023 . Smoke from Canada wildfires reaches Europe . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607223524/https://www.copernicus.eu/en/media/image-day-gallery/smoke-canada-wildfires-reaches-europe . June 7, 2023 . June 7, 2023 . Copernicus Programme.
  201. News: June 8, 2023 . Smoke from Canadian wildfires forecast to reach Norway . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608113843/https://apnews.com/article/norway-canada-wildfires-smoke-aad296c7b84cc969014614748aaa1046 . June 8, 2023.
  202. News: Taylor . Derrick Bryson . June 8, 2023 . Smoke from the wildfires stretches across the Atlantic to Norway. . . live . limited . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011900/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/world/europe/canada-wildfires-smoke-norway.html . June 9, 2023.
  203. News: Paddison . Laura . June 9, 2023 . Smoke from Canada's wildfires has reached as far as Norway . June 12, 2023 . . June 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611115413/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/09/europe/canada-wildfires-norway-smoke-climate-intl/index.html . live.
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  207. News: Livingston . Ian . 2023-10-18 . Canada's astonishing and record fire season finally slows down . 2024-04-04 . Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  208. Web site: CNN . Sara . Smart . July 18, 2023 . 9-year-old Canadian boy dies after suffering asthma attack worsened by wildfire smoke, parents say . July 26, 2023 . KWWL . August 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826162036/https://www.kwwl.com/news/national/9-year-old-canadian-boy-dies-after-suffering-asthma-attack-worsened-by-wildfire-smoke-parents/article_10effeea-2d8f-5f7c-a68f-79960a295679.html . live .
  209. Web site: July 22, 2023 . 'She made my world sparkle': Emotional procession held for fallen B.C. wildfire fighter in Revelstoke . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726022740/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/she-made-my-world-sparkle-emotional-procession-held-for-fallen-b-c-wildfire-fighter-in-revelstoke-1.6490526 . July 26, 2023 . July 26, 2023 . British Columbia.
  210. Web site: Devyn Helena Gale (November 24, 2003 - July 13, 2023) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727132845/https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/28483678/devyn-helena-gale/wall . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . Bowers Funeral Service.
  211. Web site: The Canadian Press . July 18, 2023 . Family remembers firefighter killed in N.W.T. as brave and passionate about his job . July 26, 2023 . Toronto Star . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726022738/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/family-remembers-firefighter-killed-in-n-w-t-as-brave-and-passionate-about-his-job/article_eed0b0b7-002f-5f47-b8be-bb96addaf65b.html . live .
  212. Web site: Snowdon . Wallis . July 20, 2023 . Pilot dead after helicopter fighting wildfire crashes in northwestern Alberta . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032822/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-helicopter-wildfire-crash-1.6912301 . Jul 25, 2023.
  213. Web site: 2023-07-20 . Helicopter pilot killed in crash during firefighting operation in northern Alberta . 2024-04-04 . Edmonton . en.
  214. Web site: Matassa-Fung . Darrian . July 29, 2023 . Firefighter killed in line of duty in Prince George Fire Centre region: BC Wildfire Service Globalnews.ca . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729212812/https://globalnews.ca/news/9865476/bc-firefighter-killed-prince-george-fire-centre/ . July 29, 2023 . 2023-07-29 . Global News . en-US.
  215. News: Carroll . Luke . August 19, 2023 . Patient dies during evacuation of Yellowknife hospital . . live . August 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230820015730/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nwt-wildfire-update-1.6941729 . August 20, 2023.
  216. News: Crawford . Tiffany . Ruttle . Joseph . September 20, 2023 . Four B.C. Wildfire Service contract workers die in crash on Highway 1 near Walhachin . Vancouver Sun.
  217. News: Egwu . Patrick . June 3, 2023 . The Yukon sends additional wildfire personnel to Alberta and the N.W.T. . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604200357/https://www.yukon-news.com/news/the-yukon-sends-additional-wildfire-personnel-to-alberta-and-the-n-w-t/ . June 4, 2023.
  218. Web site: Mertz . Emily . May 11, 2023 . Alberta wildfires: Where and how are Canadian Armed Forces deployed? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512192131/https://globalnews.ca/news/9690879/alberta-wildfires-where-how-canadian-armed-forces-deployed/ . May 12, 2023 . May 13, 2023 . Global News.
  219. News: Steacy . Lisa . June 6, 2023 . Here's when and where campfire bans are coming into effect in B.C. . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630100637/https://www.ctvnews.ca/here-s-when-and-where-campfire-bans-are-coming-into-effect-in-b-c-1.6430339 . June 30, 2023.
  220. News: August 21, 2023 . Canada to deploy army to help fight wildfires in British Columbia . Al Jazeera . live . August 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230825131453/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/21/canada-to-deploy-army-to-help-fight-wildfires-in-british-columbia . August 25, 2023.
  221. News: Clarkson . Becca . August 25, 2023 . Prime minister in B.C. visiting with those involved in wildfire response . CTV News Vancouver . live . August 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230825194449/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/prime-minister-in-b-c-visiting-with-those-involved-in-wildfire-response-1.6534876 . August 25, 2023.
  222. The Government of Canada to match United Way donations to support wildfire response in the Northwest Territories . June 5, 2023 . . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726212106/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2023/06/the-government-of-canada-to-match-united-way-donations-to-support-wildfire-response-in-the-northwest-territories.html . July 26, 2023 . live.
  223. News: May 30, 2023 . Municipal fires and impacts update – May 30, 11 p.m . . live . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531001038/https://www.halifax.ca/home/news/municipal-fires-impacts-update-may-30-845-pm . May 31, 2023.
  224. News: June 2, 2023 . Emergency alerts and information . Emergency Alerts – Nova Scotia . live . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531105213/https://novascotia.ca/alerts/ . May 31, 2023.
  225. News: Yarr . Kevin . June 5, 2023 . P.E.I. fire chief describes 'unbelievable' destruction of N.S. wildfire . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101148/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-allen-cole-tantallon-fire-1.6865650 . June 30, 2023.
  226. News: May 29, 2023 . 2 N.L. waterbombers in the air to fight N.S. wildfires, says Furey . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530001803/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/nl-water-bombers-nova-scotia-1.6857752 . May 30, 2023.
  227. News: Premier's Office . Natural Resources and Renewables . May 29, 2023 . Support for Nova Scotians Impacted by Wildfires; Provincewide Burn Ban . . live . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530124714/https://novascotia.ca/news/release/?id=20230529002 . May 30, 2023.
  228. News: June 2, 2023 . Barrington Lake blaze in Nova Scotia is the largest wildfire ever recorded in provincial history . . . live . June 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101146/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/barrington-lake-blaze-in-nova-scotia-is-the-largest-wildfire-ever-recorded-in-provincial-history . June 30, 2023.
  229. News: June 7, 2023 . Rebuilding homes after Nova Scotia wildfires could take up to three years - Halifax . . live . June 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230630101147/https://globalnews.ca/news/9752647/rebuilding-homes-ns-wildfire-three-years/ . June 30, 2023.
  230. Web site: Canada . Natural Resources . 2023-06-05 . The Government of Canada Provides Update on Wildfire Seasonal Outlook and Outlines Response . 2023-08-17 . www.canada.ca . August 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817210456/https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2023/06/the-government-of-canada-provides-update-on-wildfire-seasonal-outlook-and-outlines-response.html . live .
  231. Web site: Agency . Canadian Space . 2019-08-30 . WildFireSat: Enhancing Canada's ability to manage wildfires . 2023-08-17 . Canadian Space Agency . August 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818003547/https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/wildfiresat/ . live .
  232. News: Tumilty . Ryan . June 7, 2023 . Trudeau says federal government looking at new ways to respond to fires, floods . National Post . August 17, 2023 . August 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826162041/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/trudeau-says-feds-looking-at-new-ways-to-respond-to-fires-floods . live .
  233. Web site: . May 8, 2023 . ODF sends 22 firefighters to Alberta to help fight wildfires . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230517053407/https://odffire.com/2023/05/08/odf-sends-22-firefighters-to-alberta-to-help-fight-wildfires/ . May 17, 2023 . May 17, 2023.
  234. News: June 5, 2023 . Canadian province of Quebec looks for international support to fight wildfires . . live . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053052/https://apnews.com/article/wildfires-canada-quebec-55d9a5d14e631271475fe0af1d55bea8 . June 7, 2023.
  235. News: August 1, 2023 . Meta starts blocking news in Canada over law on paying publishers . . August 24, 2023 . August 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822081048/https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-starts-process-end-news-availability-canada-2023-08-01/ . live .
  236. News: Lindeman . Tracey . August 4, 2023 . 'Disaster': warning for democracy as experts condemn Meta over Canada news ban . . August 24, 2023 . August 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826162605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/04/canada-meta-news-ban-facebook-fake . live .
  237. News: Ljunggren . David . August 18, 2023 . Canada demands Meta lift news ban to allow wildfire info sharing . Reuters . August 24, 2023 . August 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824212724/https://www.reuters.com/technology/canada-demands-meta-lift-ban-news-allow-fires-info-be-shared-2023-08-18/ . live .
  238. News: Woolf . Marie . Walsh . Marieke . Smith . Alanna . . August 21, 2023 . Trudeau accuses Facebook of prioritizing profits by blocking news access during wildfires . en-CA . The Globe and Mail . August 24, 2023 . August 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824145856/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-facebook-trudeau-wildfires-bill-c18/ . live .
  239. News: Gillies . Rob . August 21, 2023 . Prime Minister Justin Trudeau slams Facebook for blocking Canada wildfire news . Associated Press . August 24, 2023 . August 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230825141252/https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-facebook-news-blocking-734a5bc05796e38a011c6c9a473efea8 . live .
  240. News: Evans . Pete . August 18, 2023 . N.W.T. wildfire evacuees say Facebook's news ban 'dangerous' in emergency situation . CBC News . August 24, 2023 . August 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824212009/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/nwt-wildfire-evacuation-meta-blocking-news-1.6939286 . live .
  241. News: Alam . Hina . August 22, 2023 . Lack of local media, Meta's news block impact Northwest Territories residents' access to information . The Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . August 24, 2023 . August 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824213142/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-northwest-territories-under-threat-by-wildfires-and-lack-of-local-news-2/ . live .
  242. Web site: Ling . Justin . June 8, 2023 . Denialists Are Blaming Anything but Climate for Canada's Fires . live . https://archive.today/20230609074208/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/08/air-quality-canada-wildfire-smog-fire/ . 9 June 2023 . July 25, 2023 . Foreign Policy.
  243. Web site: June 9, 2023 . Canada wildfires spark 'ecoterrorist' conspiracy theory . July 25, 2023 . . . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725160043/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230609-canada-wildfires-spark-ecoterrorist-conspiracy-theory . live .
  244. Web site: Marcus . Josh . June 18, 2023 . TikTok allowed millions of people to see Canadian 'helicopter' wildfire conspiracies . July 25, 2023 . . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725160042/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tiktok-canada-wildfire-conspiracy-theory-b2359863.html . live .
  245. Web site: Thalen . Mikael . June 8, 2023 . Meteorologist explains that conspiratorial TikTok claiming Canadian wildfires all started at once . July 25, 2023 . The Daily Dot -US . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725160044/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/canada-wildfires-conspiracy-theories/ . live.
  246. Web site: June 15, 2023 . Truth or Fake - These satellite images do not prove that Canadian wildfires were caused deliberately . July 25, 2023 . France 24 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725160054/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/truth-or-fake/20230615-these-satellite-images-do-not-prove-that-canadian-wildfires-were-deliberately-caused . live .
  247. Web site: Roley . Gwen . June 22, 2023 . Canadian wildfire smoke changed sky's color, not chemical release . July 25, 2023 . . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725231757/https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33JY44F . live.
  248. Web site: Serebrin . Jacob . January 15, 2024 . Quebec man who blamed wildfires on government pleads guilty to setting 14 fires . 16 January 2024 . . Canadian Press.
  249. Web site: National Fire Situation Reports (archive) . Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre . October 6, 2023.

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