2022 Luding earthquake explained

2022 Luding earthquake
Timestamp:2022-09-05 04:52:19
Anss-Url:us7000i59t
Isc-Event:624749357
Local-Time:12:52
Magnitude: 6.7, 6.8
Location:29.49°N 102.22°W
Type:Strike-slip
Intensity:

Pga:0.68 g
Aftershocks:6,486 recorded (as of 22 October)
Casualties:93 dead, 424 injured, 24 missing

A 6.7 (6.8) earthquake struck Luding County in Sichuan province, China on 5 September 2022 at 12:52:19 local time. The epicenter was located from Chengdu,[1] or southeast of Kangding. Ninety-three people died, 424 were injured and 24 remained missing. More than 13,000 homes and other infrastructure were damaged or destroyed. It was the largest earthquake to strike the province since 2017.[2]

Tectonic setting

Sichuan is situated in a complex zone of faulting created by the continued collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. As Himalayan underthrusting continues, the crust of the Eurasian Plate is deformed and uplifted to form the Tibetan Plateau. Instead of thrust faulting to its south, the Tibetan Plateau accommodates deformation through strike-slip escape tectonics. Large amounts of strike-slip motion are accommodated through major faults and their splays along the plateau, such as the Altyn Tagh Fault, Kunlun Fault, Haiyuan Fault, and Xianshuihe fault systems. Left-lateral strike-slip motion squeezes the crustal blocks of the Tibetan Plateau outwards, forcing it to move eastwards. Meanwhile, the strike-slip motion also results in an east–west extension of the plateau, causing normal faults to break within the thickened crust.[3] [4]

On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is broadly the result of the northward convergence of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Plate. The convergence of the two plates is accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. In the past 20 years, 25 other earthquakes M5.0+ have occurred within of 5 September 2022, event. Most of this seismicity is related to aftershocks of previous destructive earthquakes in the western margin of the Sichuan Basin. This event is southwest of a cluster of seismicity following an M6.6 earthquake on 20 April 2013 that resulted in 196 fatalities. An M7.9 earthquake on 12 May 2008 occurred near the September event and resulted in over 87,000 fatalities, making it one of the most destructive earthquakes in recent history.

Earthquake

The earthquake measured 6.8 on the surface-wave magnitude scale ;[5] on the moment magnitude scale, it measured 6.7. According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake was a result of shallow strike-slip faulting on the western margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake occurred on either an NNW–SSE striking, steep WSW dipping left-lateral fault, or a WSW–ENE striking, near vertical dipping right-lateral fault.[6] The location and sense of motion are consistent with movement on or near the left-lateral Xianshuihe fault system, which runs for .[7] Many faults in this region are related to the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau to the west, against the strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

Experts from the Sichuan Earthquake Administration said the earthquake occurred near the Moxi Fault, a segment of the southeastern Xianshuihe fault zone.[8] They added that it is unlikely that a larger earthquake will occur near the epicenter, but aftershocks would persist. The Xianshuihe fault zone is a large active left-lateral fault that defines the margin between the Bayan Har and the Sichuan-Yunnan blocks. It produced destructive earthquakes in 1786 (M7.75), 1816 (M7.5), 1850 (7.5), 1893 (M7.0), 1904 (M7.0), 1923 (M7.3), 1948 (7.3), 1955 (M7.5), 1973 (M7.6), 1981 (M6.9) and 2014 (M6.3). No M7.0+ earthquakes have been recorded along the Moxi Fault since 1786. It runs north–south between Kangding and Shimian. The fault was considered a potential source for large earthquakes due to the absence of any since 1786.[9]

A length along a NNW–SSE striking fault corresponded to the rupture with a maximum slip of .[10] Most of the seismic moment was released within the first 10 seconds of the rupture initiating, which then propagated to the southwest. At least 2,715 aftershocks were recorded until 12 September,[11] at depths of and distributed along a north–northwest trend.[12] On 22 October, a 5.3 aftershock was recorded near Moxi Town.[13] It had an epicenter away from the mainshock. By 22 October, 6,486 aftershocks had been recorded.[14] A 5.5 aftershock occurred with an epicenter from that of the mainshock's on 26 January.[15] [16]

Using broadband seismic networks, the total rupture duration was calculated at 16 seconds, releasing 4.1×1014 J of energy. An energy magnitude of 6.8 was determined. As the value is larger than (6.7), the earthquake likely released seismic energy in an efficient manner. It may have resulted in more extreme ground shaking compared to earthquakes with similar values.[17]

Strong ground motion

See also: Spectral acceleration. Strong ground motion data was recorded at four accelerographs at Hailuogou, Moxi Town, Detuo and Yanzigou. Three accelerographs, namely those in Hailuogou, Moxi Town and Detuo, contributed to the earthquake early warning. The Hailuogou accelerograph which was nearest to the epicenter recorded the highest peak ground acceleration (pga)—0.68 g in the north–south component. The pga values at Hailuogou, Moxi Town and Detuo slightly exceeded the limit considered for earthquakes in the area. In addition, the highest peak ground velocity (pgv) was /s in the east–west component, recorded at Moxi Town. The vertical component pgv was at the town /s.[18]

Impact

The earthquake struck Sichuan province while its COVID-19 lockdown was in effect. It followed a drought and heat wave which had affected water and power supplies due to the province's dependency on hydropower. Two earthquakes in June caused at least four deaths.[19]

Casualties

At least 93 people were killed,[20] and 424 were injured. A further 24 people remain missing, nine in Luding County and 16 in Shimian County. Provincial officials reported 55 fatalities and 264 injuries in Ganzi Prefecture.[21] [22] Three park employees of Hailuogou National Geological Park[23] [24] were among the dead.[25] The Alpine Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Gongga Mountain, a research facility, partially collapsed,[26] killing a graduate student, and injuring three.[27] Most of the casualties were attributed to collapsing homes while some were buried by landslides as they walked on roads.[28] Some received minor injuries due to rockfalls.[29] Eight people from the county received medical attention at West China Medical Center in Chengdu.[30]

A further 38 people in Shimian County (Ya'an Prefecture) died and 158 were injured; including six fatalities and 11 injuries reported in Caoke; 24 fatalities and 27 injured in Wanggangping;[31] seven fatalities and another seven injured in Xinmin. At Xinmian, 33 were injured.[32] Five people were injured in Hanyuan County. One person was also injured in Liangshan Prefecture.[22] The injured were treated at a hospital.[33] Seventeen days after the earthquake, an injured survivor was located by a resident and rescued.[34]

Damage

A preliminary evaluation of damage revealed 243 homes collapsed and a further 13,010 were damaged. Two pieces of public infrastructure were destroyed and 142 were damaged. The earthquake also destroyed four hotels and damaged an additional 307. Slope failures caused roads to collapse. Seven small to medium-sized hydropower stations were heavily damaged. Water supply systems were also affected.[35] Many towns and villages were damaged to varying extents. Preliminary reports indicate communication services were down in the towns of Moxi and Yanzigou. At Detuo, landslides severely damaged many homes. Roads were damaged at Lengmoan.[36] Roads were badly damaged so rescuers had to reach the town by boats.

Satellite imagery and a field investigation revealed 4,528 earthquake-triggered landslides over a area. The total area of landslides was .[37] In Luding County, a section of Sichuan Provincial Highway 211 was buried under a landslide while another was obstructed by rockfalls. These roads were cleared by officials immediately.[38] Although there was no damage to dams and hydropower facilities, damaged powerlines affected 43,158 customers.[39] About of optical cables and 289 communication stations were damaged, interrupting communication systems to 35,000 homes. Nine electrical substations remained out of operation and three were damaged. At least 57 electric transmission cables tripped.[40] More than 200 people were trapped at Hailuogou National Geological Park.[41] Thousands were trapped when a landslide blocked the confluence of the Dadu and Wandong rivers, forming a lake.[42] Residents living downstream were evacuated.[43] On the morning of 6 September, the lake overflowed, discharging water at a rate of /s. Twelve hours later, the rate decreased to /s.[44]

The earthquake-produced shaking assigned a maximum seismic intensity (CSIS) of IX over the mountainous northwestern region of the province. It was felt in the towns of Moxi, Yanzigou and Dewei in Luding County for . The maximum CSIS felt in Ya'an Prefecture was VII.[45] CSIS VI was felt over a area by 580,000 people.[46] The earthquake was felt several hundred kilometers away in Changsha, Hunan province, and Xi'an, Shaanxi province.[47] Shaking in Luding was reportedly so intense that people faced difficulties trying to remain standing.[48]

CSIS in selected locations
city/county Location
IXLuding County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureMoxi, Detuo, Yanzigou, Dewei
Shimian County, Ya'anWanggangping Yizu Zangzu Township, Caoke Tibetan Township, Xinmin Tibetan Yi Township
VIIILuding County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureMoxi, Yanzigou, Deto, Dewei
Shimian County, Ya'anWanggangping Yizu Zangzu Township, Caoke Tibetan Township, Xinmin Tibetan Yi Township
VIILuding County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureYanzigou, Luqiao, Dewei Town, Moxi, Lengqi, Xinglong, Deto, Pengba
Kangding, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureYulin, Gonggashanxiang
Jiulong County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureHongbaxiang, Wanbaxiang
Shimian County, Ya'anCaoke Tibetan Township, Xieluoxiang, Anshunxiang, Wanggangping Yizu Zangzu Township, Fengle Township, Xinmian Street, Yingzheng Township, Meiluo, Xinmin Tibetan Yi Township, Yonghe Township
Hanyuan County, Ya'anYidong Town, Fuxiang Township, Qianyu Town
Yingjing County, Ya'anNiubeishan
Tianquan County, Ya'anLouhe

Response

An earthquake early warning was activated four seconds after the mainshock was initiated. Residents in Kangding, away, were given seven seconds of warning before shaking occurred. At Ya'an and Chengdu, 20 seconds and 50 seconds of warning were given, respectively. These warnings were broadcast through loudspeakers, mobile phones, and televisions.[49] Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, asked local officials to "make saving lives the first priority, go all out to rescue people in disaster-stricken areas and minimise loss of life". Li Keqiang, the Premier of the State Council, urged a "swift evaluation of the situation, as well as all-out rescue and medical treatment efforts".[50]

Emergency response

Emergency management officials from Luding County were dispatched to verify casualties and evaluate the damage.[51] Officials prevented vehicle entry into China National Highway 318 to ensure rescue roadways were unblocked.[52] Railway services including C6633, D1919, and G8792, operated by the China Railway Chengdu Group, were delayed for damage inspections. Affected passengers were refunded.[53]

The Ministry of Emergency Management and the National Committee for Disaster Reduction issued a Level IV emergency response to the area. More than 6,500 emergency rescue personnel from Ganzi, Chengdu, Deyang, Leshan, Ya'an, Meishan, and Ziyang were dispatched to the epicenter.[54] [55] In addition, 370 fire trucks and construction vehicles, nine rescue helicopters, three drones, and 31 rescue equipment were deployed.[56]

In Moxi, personnel from the Sichuan Forest Fire Brigade rescued trapped residents from the rubble and transported the injured over a river.[57] At least 50 people who were injured received treatment by medical teams. Emergency personnel pulled over 30 people trapped beneath debris. Rescuers had to dig through the debris by hand as rescue equipment was unable to pass through narrow passageways.

Rescuers pulled three survivors and one body from the rubble of a collapsed hotel in Moxi.[58] Rescuers also located survivors trapped beneath a collapsed bridge in Detuo.[59] All 219 people previously trapped for over 50 hours at Hailuogou National Geological Park were successfully evacuated to Moxi via helicopter.[60] [61]

Firefighters used rubber boats to reach affected villages. At Ziyachang and Wandong villages, 17 people were evacuated. Firefighters were also observing the dammed lake and warned residents to evacuate. Rescuers evacuated over 900 residents in Qinggangping, a village near Moxi which was threatened by rapid-flowing water.[62] Local authorities were concerned over the possibility of more landslides forming pools of water in rivers elsewhere.[63] Officials said that the extent of damage on the Dadu River remains unknown but was being monitored.[64] The river was later discharged but the affected residents had already evacuated.

Wet weather conditions and mudflows have disrupted rescuers' attempts to search for the missing. China's meteorological administration issued a yellow alert warning of the possibility of "geological disasters". Heavy downpours were expected in some areas while moderate precipitation was forecasted for several days. The administration added that "post-earthquake geological conditions are inherently fragile, and the impact of additional rainfall may lead to landslides and mudslides". Aftershocks triggered additional landslides.[65]

Relief efforts

On 5 September, the Chinese government reserved 50 million yuan (US$7,250,000) for relief efforts. An additional 150 million yuan (US$21,602,010) was provided on 9 September.[66] Officials of Sichuan also allocated 50 million yuan to Ganzi. The Red Cross Society of China provided 1 million yuan (US$143,000), 450 tents, 3,000 relief packages, 2,400 beds, and 1,200 blankets. In addition, more than 150 members of the organization responded to the crisis.[67] Donations from 65 businesses to assist in recovery efforts totaled 1.168 billion yuan (US$167,435,988), according to SASAC.[68] Wuliangye donated 15 million yuan (US$2,200,000) while BYD donated 5 million yuan (US$718,000).[69] [70]

Over 3,600 people and 70 search and rescue dogs from Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai, and other nearby regions were put on standby for possible interregional efforts. The State Reserve Bureau and Ministry of Emergency Management allocated 3,000 tents, 10,000 quilts, 10,000 beds, and other relief supplies to relocate residents of Luding County.[71] More than 50,000 residents in Ganzi and Ya'an were evacuated, and 22,000 were relocated across 124 makeshift settlements.[72]

Roads giving way to the epicenter region had reopened, allowing traffic to resume by 7 September.[73] Officials in Luding County said that its lithium battery factories were unaffected. Most commercial and industrial operations had resumed. The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda said that all four panda facilities across the province were unaffected.[74] PetroChina operated three gas stations at its facilities in Kangding and Ganzi to ensure its supply for disaster relief. Trucks were also utilized to mobilize oil to the region.[75] By 8 September, power was restored to 34,184 households or about 80 percent of Ganzi and Ya'an prefectures.[76] China Tower said that 211 of its 398 mobile communication facilities lost power while two were out of service. In response, 138 repair specialists, 59 vehicles, and 116 generators were dispatched to the area.[77]

Taiwan's fire department said that 40 rescuers, a search dog, and five tonnes of equipment were on standby if assistance was needed.[78] CEO of Apple, Tim Cook, said that the company pledged to donate to relief efforts, although the amount of money was not disclosed.[79]

COVID-19 response

When the earthquake struck, residents in Chengdu who attempted to flee their homes found the exits to these buildings locked. Under China's Zero-COVID response and stringent lockdown rules, apartment blocks were locked to keep residents indoors.[80] Videos of these incidents, where frightened residents were locked from inside their apartments, circulated online and sparked anger among netizens. In response, the Chengdu Health Commission said "priority should be given to safeguarding the lives of the public in the event of earthquakes, fires, floods and other disasters".[81]

The Ganzi Prefecture Emergency Command for the New Coronary Pneumonia Epidemic issued a statement on WeChat to prevent a local epidemic in the disaster-stricken area. The statement stated that rescue workers were required to present a negative nucleic acid test certificate within 24 hours and a green health code. Rescuers also had to make sure they did not travel to cities with COVID-19 cases. Rescue workers would have to undergo an inspection at checkpoints before carrying out rescue missions.[82] Authorities placed the affected area under temporary restrictions, prohibiting the public from entering. Survivors were regularly tested for COVID-19 every day and had to disclose their travel history by logging their location on a mobile app. Residents of the area also needed to present approval documents to local authorities before entering.[83]

Aftermath

Memorial services were held on 12 September, at 12:52 in Sichuan in remembrance of the earthquake victims. Air raid sirens and vehicle horns sounded as part of the mourning ceremony. Government officials, personnel from the People's Liberation Army, rescue personnel, and members of the public brought flowers to commemorate the victims. Politicians including Wang Xiaohui and Sichuan's governor Huang Qiang were present during the service.[84] [85] Psychological assistance was provided for survivors.[86]

By 13 September, electricity and communication services had returned. Officials also reduced the emergency level in the affected area.[87] More than 10,000 students unable to return to school received lessons via online classes.[88] All classes were resumed on 14 September, some lessons were conducted at off-campus locations.[89]

The 5.3 aftershock on 22 October triggered significant rockfalls and damaged homes in Moxi Town. The Sichuan Forest Fire Brigade was deployed to respond to the aftershock.[90]

See also

Notes and References

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  31. News: 泸定6.8级地震已造成72人遇难 . Luding earthquake with magnitude 6.8 has killed 72 people . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . zh . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906042129/http://news.china.com.cn/2022-09/06/content_78406829.htm . live .
  32. News: Tao . Huang Qi . 四川泸定6.8级地震造成石棉县28人遇难 . 6 September 2022 . . . zh . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906024228/https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2022-09-06/doc-imizmscv9306409.shtml#/ . live .
  33. News: Liliu . Zhang . 四川泸定6.8级地震已造成65人遇难 . 6.8 magnitude earthquake in Luding, Sichuan has killed 65 people . Tao . Oriole . 6 September 2022 . . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906042101/http://news.china.com.cn/2022-09/06/content_78406829.htm . live .
  34. News: Maishman . Elsa . China earthquake: Man rescued after 17 days lost in mountains . 22 September 2022 . . 22 September 2022 . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-62994147 . live .
  35. News: Ayuan . Gong . Xinxin . Wang . Sichuan Luding earthquake has killed 65 people, infrastructure is severely damaged . 四川泸定地震已致65人遇难 基础设施受损严重 . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045309/http://m.cyol.com/gb/articles/2022-09/06/content_wPNVpSRVK.html . live .
  36. News: Zhongjun . Liu . 四川泸定6.8级地震：震区有房屋受损 通信中断 . Sichuan Luding earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8: houses damaged in the earthquake area and communication interruption . 5 September 2022 . China News Network . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905085246/http://news.china.com.cn/2022-09/05/content_78405359.htm . live .
  37. Zhao . B. . Hu . Kh. . Yang . Zj. . Liu . Q. . Zou . Q. . Chen . Hy. . Zhang . B. . Zhang . Wf. . Zhu . L. . Su . Lj. . Geomorphic and tectonic controls of landslides induced by the 2022 Luding earthquake . Journal of Mountain Science . 2022 . 19 . 12 . 3323–3345 . 10.1007/s11629-022-7732-8. 2022JMouS..19.3323Z . 254807216 .
  38. News: Qing . Li . Yuexin . Wang . Yuanyang . Chen . 四川泸定6.8级地震 通往震中的S211线泸定牛背山大桥路段已抢通 . Cover News . . zh . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905083532/https://cj.sina.com.cn/articles/view/1496814565/593793e502001bj10 . live .
  39. News: Zehong . Lin . 四川地震罹難人數增至46人 另有16人失聯、146人輕重傷 . Sichuan earthquake death toll rises to 46, 16 missing, 146 seriously injured . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045309/https://udn.com/news/story/7332/6591417 . live .
  40. News: Xie . Echo . Ziwen . Zhao . Here's what you need to know about deadly earthquakes in China's Sichuan province . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907003650/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3191580/heres-what-you-need-know-about-deadly-earthquakes-chinas-sichuan . live .
  41. News: Tao . Oriole Qi . 四川海螺沟景区200余人被困 道路正在抢通中 . zh . 6 September 2022 . . . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906024840/https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2022-09-06/doc-imqmmtha6151797.shtml#/ . live .
  42. News: 四川泸定6.8级地震已造成65人死亡 . 6.8 magnitude earthquake in Luding, Sichuan has killed 65 people . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906042841/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20220906-1310217 . live .
  43. News: Bradsher . Keith . Strong Earthquake Shakes Southwestern China, Killing Dozens . 6 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906011319/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/05/world/asia/strong-earthquake-china.html . live .
  44. News: Limei . Zhao . 风险解除！泸定地震造成的湾东河堰塞湖已过流 . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 16 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220916010953/http://m.cyol.com/gb/articles/2022-09/06/content_YvBBdcm9V.html . live .
  45. News: Zhang . Shuzhen . 应急管理部发布四川泸定6.8级地震烈度图 . The Ministry of Emergency Management released the intensity map of the Sichuan Luding earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 . 11 September 2022 . . 11 September 2022 . zh . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911110154/https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/yjglbgzdt/202209/t20220911_422190.shtml . live .
  46. News: Kunwei . Deng . 四川泸定6.8级地震灾害评估：地震最高烈度达到9度 . Sichuan Luding M6.8 earthquake disaster assessment: the highest earthquake intensity reaches 9 degrees . 5 September 2022 . China News Network . Enorth Net News . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905073712/http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2022/09/05/053083770.shtml . live .
  47. News: China's Sichuan hit by province's strongest earthquake since 2013 . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905063258/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/magnitude-66-earthquake-strikes-sichuan-in-southwest-china-usgs . live .
  48. News: Earthquake in China's Sichuan kills 21 as landslides strike . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905110447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/5/earthquake-in-chinas-sichuan-kills-seven-as-landslides-strike . live .
  49. News: Yudi . Yang . 四川泸定发生6.8级地震 电视、手机、大喇叭齐发预警 . 5 September 2022 . . Dayoo News . 5 September 2022 . zh . 7 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207131931/https://news.dayoo.com/society/202209/05/140000_54350518.htm . dead .
  50. News: Update: Xi orders all-out rescue efforts after 6.8-magnitude earthquake in SW China. Xinhua News Agency. 5 September 2022. 5 September 2022. 5 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220905150415/https://english.news.cn/20220905/009611dd2e154b089868502f16691a36/c.html. live.
  51. News: Zhenyu . Xie . Jianan . Xiong . 四川泸定县发生6.8级地震 当地应急管理局：目前救援人员已经出动 伤亡等情况还在核实中 . The local emergency management bureau of a 6.8-magnitude earthquake occurred in Luding County, Sichuan: At present, the rescuers have been dispatched and the casualties are still being verified . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905061543/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2022-09-05/2452221.html . live .
  52. News: Shuhong . Deng . 四川泸定县发生6.8级地震 国道318线只出不进 . A 6.8-magnitude earthquake occurred in Luding County, Sichuan, and National Highway 318 can only go out and not enter . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905060008/https://www.bjnews.com.cn/detail/166235688114412.html . live .
  53. News: Jingbo . Sun . 四川泸定6.8级地震：部分列车将不同程度晚点 . Sichuan Luding earthquake of magnitude 6.8: some trains will be delayed to varying degrees . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905083531/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2022/09-05/9844895.shtml . live .
  54. News: Qingchu . Wang . China makes all-out rescue effort as quake kills 46 . 5 September 2022 . . . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905224834/https://www.shine.cn/news/nation/2209060115/ . live .
  55. News: Linlin . Gao . 泸定县发生6.8级地震 国家减灾委、应急部已启动IV级应急响应 . The National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Ministry of Emergency Response have launched a level IV emergency response when a 6.8-magnitude earthquake occurred in Luding County . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905063125/http://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202209/05/WS6315948fa3101c3ee7ae735b.html . live .
  56. News: 四川泸定地震已造成72人遇难 . Sichuan Luding earthquake has killed 72 people . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . zh . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045310/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20220907-1310526 . live .
  57. News: Yujie . Yan . 直击四川泸定6.8级地震：森林消防震中营救转移伤者和被困群众 . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045311/http://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202209/05/WS6315ffa1a3101c3ee7ae7535.html . live .
  58. News: Jiannan . Chen . 女子被埋4小时成功脱险 回述地震发生瞬间 . The woman was buried for 4 hours and successfully escaped, recalling the moment of the earthquake . 7 September 2022 . . Beijing Qianlong News Network . 7 September 2022 . zh . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120506/http://china.qianlong.com/2022/0907/7604200.shtml . live .
  59. News: . Upstream News . 泸定地震掩埋车辆里现生命迹象，救援人员：疑有三人 . Signs of life found in vehicles buried in Luding earthquake, rescuers: three people suspected . 7 September 2022 . Yue Niu News . 7 September 2022 . zh . Yu . Xiaohua . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122716/http://www.shaoxing.com.cn/jcgy/p/2962504.html . live .
  60. News: More people evacuated after earthquake in Sichuan . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907142155/https://english.news.cn/20220907/9a2989cc87f44688b8956c1c8aa5cb64/c.html . live .
  61. News: Qian . Peng . Hongxia . Gao . 海螺沟景区219名滞留人员已安全转运 . 219 stranded persons in Hailuogou Scenic Spot have been transferred safely . 8 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . zh . 10 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220910023535/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2022/0907/c345509-40115328.html . live .
  62. News: Yonghang . Xiao . Hongbin . Yue . Bo . Yuan . 四川甘孜特警已成功转移出地震灾区被困群众900余人 . Sichuan Ganzi special police have successfully transferred more than 900 people trapped in the earthquake-stricken area . 6 September 2022 . . zh . 20 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163617/http://society.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0906/c1008-32520630.html . live .
  63. News: Philip . Glamann . Li . Jing . Chen . Qian . China Trying to Help 1,000 Villagers Trapped After Sichuan Quake . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906083754/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-06/china-trying-to-help-1-000-villagers-trapped-after-sichuan-quake . live .
  64. News: Zhang . Phoebe . Death toll from Sichuan earthquake rises to 65, with 12 missing and hundreds trapped in national park . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906045502/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3191492/death-toll-chinas-sichuan-earthquake-rises-65-12-missing-and . live .
  65. News: Downpours and mudslides hamper China's Sichuan earthquake rescue mission . 8 September 2022 . . CNA . 8 September 2022 . 8 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220908081209/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/china-sichuan-earthquake-rescue-hampered-heavy-rain-mudslides-2927051 . live .
  66. News: . . 财政部、应急部再次预拨四川省1.5亿元中央自然灾害救灾资金 支持进一步做好泸定地震救灾工作 . The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Emergency Response once again allocated 150 million yuan of central natural disaster relief funds in Sichuan Province to support further efforts in the relief work of the Luding earthquake . 9 September 2022 . . 9 September 2022 . zh . 9 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220909014428/https://news.cnstock.com/news,bwkx-202209-4954554.htm . live .
  67. News: Jing . Peng . Hua . Qin . 中国红十字会总会继续支持四川泸定地震灾区开展救援救助 . The Red Cross Society of China will continue to support the Sichuan Luding earthquake-stricken area in carrying out rescue and relief efforts . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045350/http://society.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0906/c1008-32520814.html . live .
  68. News: 已捐近12亿！央企全力支援四川泸定地震灾区 . Nearly 1.2 billion has been donated! Central enterprises fully support Sichuan Luding earthquake-stricken area . 7 September 2022 . Sino-Singapore Jingwei . 7 September 2022 . zh . Guo . Jinjia . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907133548/https://www.jwview.com/jingwei/html/09-07/502720.shtml . live .
  69. News: Sisi . Zhao . 五粮液向四川甘孜泸定及雅安地震灾区捐赠1500万元 第一时间派遣突击队驰援 . Wuliangye donated 15 million yuan to the earthquake-stricken areas in Ganzi, Luding and Ya'an, Sichuan and dispatched commandos to help immediately . 6 September 2022 . . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 20 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163300/http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/pinpai/20220906/2489792.shtml . live .
  70. News: Tenghu . Song . 比亚迪向四川地震灾区捐赠500万元 . BYD donates 5 million yuan to Sichuan earthquake-stricken areas . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . zh . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011045315/https://kuaixun.stcn.com/cj/202209/t20220906_4845302.html . live .
  71. News: Limei . Zhao . 国家综合性消防救援队伍1100余人赶赴泸定地震灾区 . More than 1,100 national comprehensive fire rescue teams rushed to the earthquake-stricken area of Luding . 5 September 2022 . . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905190449/http://news.cyol.com/gb/articles/2022-09/05/content_dg0EES07E.html . live .
  72. News: China earthquake death toll rises to 82 . 8 September 2022 . . 8 September 2022 . 8 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220908054238/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-earthquake-death-toll-rises-to-82 . live .
  73. News: China clears roads to earthquake epicentre, death toll rises to 74 . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907030744/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-clears-roads-earthquake-epicentre-death-toll-rises-72-2022-09-07/ . live .
  74. News: Xiang . Wang . All pandas safe at four panda bases after earthquakes in China's Sichuan . 5 September 2022 . . . 5 September 2022 . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905190711/https://www.shine.cn/news/nation/2209050114/ . live .
  75. News: Zhu . Zhu . 泸定发生6.8级地震 当地加油站已开设抗震救灾绿色通道 . 5 September 2022 . Cover News . 5 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905190456/https://www.sohu.com/a/582735879_120952561 . live .
  76. News: 已造成82人遇难！《中国科学报》释疑泸定地震：断裂带异于汶川地震，与干旱有关吗？ . 82 people have been killed! "Science of China" clarifies the Luding earthquake: Is the fault zone different from the Wenchuan earthquake, is it related to drought? . 8 September 2022 . . Sina Corporation . 8 September 2022 . zh . Wang . Zhaocheng . 8 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220908061223/https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2022-09-08/doc-imqqsmrn8273322.shtml?cref=cj . live .
  77. News: 四川泸定389个移动通信站址 因地震停电211个 . 211 of 389 mobile communication sites in Luding, Sichuan lost power due to the earthquake . 8 September 2022 . . . 8 September 2022 . zh . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220905083533/https://cj.sina.com.cn/articles/view/1726918143/66eeadff02001fesn . live .
  78. News: Taiwan offers condolences over China quake, ready to send rescuers . 6 September 2022 . . . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906092039/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/taiwan-offers-condolences-over-china-quake-ready-send-rescuers-2922381 . live .
  79. News: Feng . Coco . Apple CEO Tim Cook pledges donations to China's earthquake-hit Sichuan province . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907093555/https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3191642/apple-ceo-tim-cook-pledges-donations-chinas-earthquake-hit-sichuan . live .
  80. News: Disbelief, anger as China's COVID-19 lockdown traps residents during 6.8 magnitude earthquake in Chengdu . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906162028/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/disbelief-anger-as-chinas-covid-19-lockdown-traps-residents-during-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-in-chengdu-article-94034314 . live .
  81. News: Mao . Frances . Outcry as Chinese lockdown traps residents during earthquake . 6 September 2022 . . 6 September 2022 . 6 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906081229/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-62804213 . live .
  82. News: 【CDTV】四川泸定地震后，当地防疫部门要求"先核酸，再救援" . [CDTV] After the earthquake in Luding, Sichuan, the local epidemic prevention department required "nucleic acid first, then rescue" . 7 September 2022 . . 7 September 2022 . zh . 8 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220908033459/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/686655.html . live .
  83. News: Varma . K. J. M. . China's quake-hit Sichuan province bans entry of unauthorised people orders daily COVD tests for survivors . 7 September 2022 . . . 7 September 2022 . 7 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220907152816/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2022/09/07/fgn51-china-ld-quake.html . live .
  84. News: Liang . Xinlu . Sichuan mourns earthquake victims as death toll rises and rain hampers search and rescue . 12 September 2022 . . 12 September 2022 . 12 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912121140/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3192239/toll-rises-93-sichuan-mourns-earthquake-victims-conditions-continue . live .
  85. News: Qiong . Liu . Memorial services held to mourn victims of 6.8-magnitude Sichuan quake . 12 September 2022 . . 12 September 2022 . 12 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220912130750/https://english.news.cn/20220912/155dfc866d8840f8854e935068311379/c.html . live .
  86. News: 省精神医学中心开展泸定地震灾后心理援助系列行动 . The Provincial Psychiatric Center launched a series of psychological assistance actions after the Luding earthquake . 22 September 2022 . Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital . 22 September 2022 . zh . 22 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922145427/https://m.samsph.com/news_hos/2022/wdL2mgaj.html . live .
  87. News: Sichuan returns to normal as quake death toll hits 93 . 11 October 2022 . Reuters. 13 September 2022 . 28 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928023924/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-sichuan-returning-normal-earthquake-death-toll-hits-93-2022-09-13/ . live .
  88. News: Zhibo . Lin . Haoxin . Song . 争分夺秒 全力以赴 . Race against the clock to go all out . 11 October 2022 . People's Daily . 12 September 2022 . zh . 14 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220914002350/http://sn.people.com.cn/n2/2022/0912/c186331-40120896.html . live .
  89. News: 四川泸定地震：泸定县和石棉县学校实现复课 . Sichuan Luding Earthquake: Schools in Luding and Shimian County resume classes . 11 October 2022 . China News Service . China Central Television . 14 September 2022 . zh . 15 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220915081737/https://news.cctv.com/2022/09/14/ARTIAayf8TsU1yWhzBLIhB59220914.shtml . live .
  90. News: Hang . S. . Zhixiang . C. . 四川泸定发生5.0级地震，当地居民称震感强烈，救援力量已集结. A 5.0-magnitude earthquake hit Luding, Sichuan, local residents said the tremor was felt strong, and rescue forces have been assembled . 22 October 2022 . The Beijing News . 22 October 2022 . zh.

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