2022 Israeli legislative election explained

Country:Israel
Previous Election:2021
Next Election:Next
Election Date:1 November 2022
Seats For Election:All 120 seats in the Knesset
Majority Seats:61
Turnout:70.63% (3.19pp)
Party1:Likud
Leader1:Benjamin Netanyahu
Percentage1:23.41
Seats1:32
Last Election1:30
Party2:Yesh Atid
Leader2:Yair Lapid
Percentage2:17.78
Seats2:24
Last Election2:17
Party3:RZP–Otzma
Leader3:Bezalel Smotrich
Percentage3:10.84
Seats3:14
Last Election3:6
Party4:National Unity (Israel)
Leader4:Benny Gantz
Percentage4:9.08
Seats4:12
Last Election4:14
Party5:Shas
Leader5:Aryeh Deri
Percentage5:8.25
Seats5:11
Last Election5:9
Party6:United Torah Judaism
Leader6:Yitzhak Goldknopf
Percentage6:5.88
Seats6:7
Last Election6:7
Party7:Yisrael Beiteinu
Leader7:Avigdor Lieberman
Percentage7:4.48
Seats7:6
Last Election7:7
Party8:United Arab List
Leader8:Mansour Abbas
Percentage8:4.07
Seats8:5
Last Election8:4
Party9:Hadash–Ta'al
Leader9:Ayman Odeh
Percentage9:3.75
Seats9:5
Last Election9:5
Party10:Israeli Labor Party
Leader10:Merav Michaeli
Percentage10:3.69
Seats10:4
Last Election10:7
Prime Minister
Before Election:Yair Lapid
Before Party:Yesh Atid
After Election:Benjamin Netanyahu
After Party:Likud

Legislative elections were held in Israel on 1 November 2022 to elect the 120 members of the 25th Knesset. The results saw the right-wing national camp of former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu win a parliamentary majority, amid losses for left-wing and Arab parties, as well as gains by the far-right.[1] [2] [3]

After the 2021 elections, the next elections had been scheduled for no later than 11 November 2025 according to the four-year term limit set by . The thirty-sixth government, a national unity government formed between eight political parties following the 2021 elections, held the narrowest possible majority (61 seats) in the 120-member Knesset. In April 2022, MK Idit Silman left the governing coalition, leaving it without a majority.[4]

On 20 June 2022, following several legislative defeats for the government in the Knesset, prime minister Naftali Bennett and alternate prime minister Yair Lapid announced the introduction of a bill to dissolve the 24th Knesset,[5] which was approved on 30 June. Simultaneously, in accordance with the rotation government agreement that was part of the 2021 coalition deal, Lapid became prime minister and led a caretaker government until a new government took office.[6] [7]

Within the context of the 2018–2022 Israeli political crisis, this was the fifth Knesset election in nearly four years, as no party had been able to form a stable coalition since 2019.[8] [9] A total of 40 parties registered to run for these elections, although only twelve to fourteen parties were projected to cross the 3.25% electoral threshold to win seats under the closed list, proportional representation electoral system. Ten parties succeeded in crossing the threshold.[2] [10] On 21 December, Netanyahu announced that he had succeeded in forming a coalition government consisting of 64 MKs.[11] The thirty-seventh government was sworn in on 29 December.

Background

The extended period of political deadlock that led up to the election was the result of four inconclusive elections (April 2019, September 2019, 2020, and 2021). In April and September 2019, neither incumbent Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, nor leader of the main opposition party Blue and White, Benny Gantz, was able to muster a 61-seat governing majority, leading to fresh elections.[12] [13] In March 2020, these resulted in the formation of a unity government, the thirty-fifth government of Israel, between Netanyahu and Gantz,[14] which collapsed in December following a budgetary dispute, leading to another election in March 2021.[15] [16] The 2021 election led to the formation of another unity government, this one between eight political parties, with the leader of the Yamina party, Naftali Bennett, and the leader of Yesh Atid, Yair Lapid, becoming prime minister and Alternate Prime Minister of Israel, respectively.[17] [18] Bennett and Lapid agreed to rotate their positions after two years, with Lapid becoming the prime minister and Bennett becoming the alternate prime minister.[19]

Upon the government's formation in June 2021, it held 61 seats in the Knesset; all these members of the Knesset (MK) came from coalition parties excluding Yamina's Amichai Chikli.[20] [21] [22] On 6 April 2022, Yamina MK Idit Silman, resigned from the coalition, causing the governing coalition to lose its majority in the Knesset.[23] Silman cited a decision from Minister of Health, Nitzan Horowitz, to enforce a court ruling allowing hospital visitors to enter with chametz (leavened bread) during Passover, which is forbidden under Jewish law,[24] and other religion-related actions of the coalition.[25] On 19 May, Meretz MK Ghaida Rinawie Zoabi resigned from the coalition, alleging that the government had adopted a hardline stance on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and related issues, and lowering its number of seats in the Knesset to a minority of 59.[26] She rejoined the coalition three days later.[27] On 7 June, she joined the opposition in voting down a bill that would have renewed the application of Israeli law in the West Bank settlements, which was set to expire in July.[28] The bill was supported by the government.[29] On 13 June, Yamina MK Nir Orbach left the coalition, arguing that left-wing members of the coalition were holding it hostage.[30]

On 20 June, Bennett and Lapid announced the introduction of a bill to dissolve the Knesset in a joint statement, stating that Lapid would become the interim prime minister following the dissolution. The dissolution of the Knesset automatically delayed the expiration date of the ordinances until 90 days after the formation of the next government.[31] [32] The bill to dissolve the Knesset passed its first reading on 28 June.[33] The bill passed its third reading on 29 June and the date for elections was set for 1 November 2022.[34] Bennett opted to retire from politics and not seek reelection; he resigned as the leader of Yamina on 29 June, and was succeeded by Ayelet Shaked.[35]

On 30 June, in accordance with the coalition agreement, Lapid succeeded Bennett as the caretaker prime minister.[36]

Campaign

On 10 July, Blue and White and New Hope formed a joint list, known as Blue and White – The New Hope, excluding Derekh Eretz that ran as part of New Hope in 2021.[37] [38] On 14 August, the list was joined by former Israel Defense Forces's Chief of the General Staff, Gadi Eizenkot, as well as Yamina MKs Matan Kahana and Shirly Pinto, and was subsequently renamed the National Unity Party.[39] [40]

On 27 July, Yamina formed a joint list with Derekh Eretz, known as Zionist Spirit.[41] The alliance dissolved on 11 September.[42] On 13 September, Yamina announced a joint run with The Jewish Home.[43] that day, Derekh Eretz withdrew from the race.[44]

On 14 September, the Religious Zionist Party, Noam and Otzma Yehudit submitted a single list.[45]

On 15 September, several minutes before the party list submission deadline, the Joint List dissolved, with Balad and Hadash–Ta'al submitting two separate lists.[46]

In August, Israel launched Operation Breaking Dawn, resulting in clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian groups.[47] The operation was supported by members of the opposition, including Netanyahu,[48] Religious Zionist Party leader Bezalel Smotrich, and Shas leader Aryeh Deri.[49]

Timeline

Electoral system

The 120 seats in the Knesset are elected by closed list, proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The electoral threshold for the election is 3.25%.[52] In the Israeli-occupied territories, only the settlers have the right to vote.[53] [54]

Surplus-vote agreements

See also: D'Hondt method. Two parties could sign a surplus vote agreement that allowed them to compete for leftover seats as if they were running together on the same list, a system known as apparentment. The Bader–Ofer method slightly favours larger lists, meaning that alliances are more likely to receive leftover seats than parties would be individually. If the alliance were to receive leftover seats, the Bader–Ofer calculation would be applied privately to determine how the seats are divided among the two allied lists.[55]

The following parties signed surplus vote-sharing agreements for the 2022 election:

Political parties

See also: List of political parties in Israel.

Factions before the election

See main article: List of members of the twenty-fourth Knesset. The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 24th Knesset.

NameIdeologySymbolPrimary demographicLeader2021 resultAt dissolution
Votes (%)Seats
LikudConservatism–24.19%
Yesh AtidLiberalism–Yair Lapid13.93%
ShasReligious conservatismSephardi, Mizrahi, and Haredim JewsAryeh Deri7.17%
Blue and WhiteLiberal Zionism–Benny Gantz6.63%
YaminaNational conservatism–Ayelet Shaked6.21%
LaborSocial democracy–Merav Michaeli6.09%
United Torah JudaismReligious conservatismAshkenazi HaredimMoshe Gafni5.63%
Yisrael BeiteinuNationalism
Secularism		Russian-speakersAvigdor Lieberman5.63%
Religious ZionismReligious ZionismIsraeli settlers
Modern Orthodox and Hardal Jews		Bezalel Smotrich5.12%
Otzma YehuditKahanismItamar Ben-Gvir
Joint ListBig tent
Minority interests		Israeli ArabsAyman Odeh4.82%
New HopeNational liberalism–Gideon Sa'ar4.74%
MeretzSocial democracy–Nitzan Horowitz4.59%
Ra'amIslamismIsraeli Arab and Sunni Muslims
Negev Bedouin		Mansour Abbas3.79%
Independent––Amichai Chikli

Retiring incumbents

The table below lists all members of the Knesset (MK) who did not stand for re-election.

PartyNameYear first elected
Joint ListOsama Saadi[60] 2019
LikudYuval Steinitz[61] 1999[62]
MeretzIssawi Frej2021
Ghaida Rinawie Zoabi[63] 2021
Tamar Zandberg[64] 2013
New HopeBenny Begin[65] 2021
Meir Yitzhak Halevi[66] 2021
Yoaz Hendel[67] 2019
Zvi Hauser[68] 2019
United Arab ListMazen Ghnaim[69] 2021
United Torah JudaismYaakov Litzman[70] 1999
YaminaNaftali Bennett[71] 2019
Nir Orbach[72] 2021
Yesh AtidNira Shpak[73] 2021
Inbar Bezek[74] 2021

Contesting parties

See main article: Party lists for the 2022 Israeli legislative election. Forty parties initially submitted lists to participate in the elections, however, one party withdrew, leaving 39 parties.[75] Among these, were the following:

Not running

Leadership elections and primaries

Leadership elections were held by some parties to determine party leadership ahead of the election. Primary elections were held by some parties in advance of the national election to determine the composition of their party list.

Balad

Balad party leader Sami Abu Shehadeh gained another term as party leader in a vote held by party members on 6 August.[93]

Hadash

Hadash held its party primary on 13 August. Party head Ayman Odeh was re-elected.[94]

Labor

See main article: 2022 Israeli Labor Party leadership election. The leadership election for the Israeli Labor Party was held on 18 July, where party leader Merav Michaeli defeated party secretary general Eran Hermoni in a historic consecutive win by a party leader.[95]

The Israeli Labor Party primaries took place on 9 August.[96]

Likud

Benjamin Netanyahu did not face a challenge for the party leadership.[97] Likud MK Yuli Edelstein, a former health minister and speaker of the Knesset, had initially stated an intent to challenge Netanyahu in 2021 but announced in late June 2022 that he would not do so.[97] [98] Netanyahu last faced an internal leadership challenge in 2019, when he defeated Gideon Sa'ar by a large margin; Sa'ar then left the Likud in 2020 to form New Hope.[98] The planned leadership election was cancelled on 19 July, as no one besides Netanyahu contested it.[99]

Likud is one of several Israeli parties that allows its membership to determine a portion of the party's electoral list.[97] The Likud's electoral list is composed of candidates selected by four methods: national primary elections, regional representatives (chosen from 10 regions), slots set aside for minorities, and slots filled by the party leader (Netanyahu).[100] The primaries took place on 10 August.[101] Contenders included Netanyahu's economic advisor Avi Simhon,[102] far-right former MK Moshe Feiglin, and former MK Ayoob Kara.[103] A Likud party committee moved the minority slot to a low position on the party list (No. 44), making it unlikely that the candidate selected to fill the slot would be elected.[100] This move angered the Druze, including Likud MK Fateen Mulla, who currently fills the Likud minority seat.[100]

Meretz

See main article: 2022 Meretz leadership election. Yair Golan announced on 6 July that he would run in the Meretz leadership election and challenge incumbent Nitzan Horowitz.[104] Horowitz announced on 12 July that he would not run in the leadership election.[105] Former party leader Zehava Gal-On announced on 19 July that she will also run.[106]

The election committee of the party selected 23 August as the date for the party primary and the leadership primary.[107] Gal-On defeated Golan, returning to her former position as Meretz leader.[108]

Religious Zionist

The Religious Zionist Party held its primaries digitally on 23 August.[109] The candidate deadline was 2 August.[110]

Ta'al

Ta'al held its party primary on 27 August.[111] Party leader Ahmad Tibi was re-elected.[112]

United Arab List

Mansour Abbas was approved for another term as the party leader of the United Arab List on 6 August.[113]

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Israeli legislative election. This graph shows the polling trends from the 2021 Israeli legislative election until the next election day using a 4-poll moving average. Scenario polls are not included here. For parties not crossing the electoral threshold (currently 3.25%) in any given poll, the number of seats is calculated as a percentage of the 120 total seats.

Results

The official body administering the elections, the Central Election Committee for the 25th Knesset, released the final official results of the elections on 9 November and the chairman of the committee, Supreme Court Justice Yitzhak Amit, presented them to the President Herzog.[115]

The official results showed that of 6,788,804 total eligible voters, 4,794,593 cast their ballots, representing a 70.63% turnout rate. 0.62% were declared invalid or spoiled. The detailed breakdown of results is as follows:[116]

Members of the Knesset who lost their seats

PartyNameYear first elected
BaladSami Abu Shehadeh[117] 2019
Economic Freedom PartyAbir Kara[118] 2021
The Jewish HomeYomtob Kalfon2021
Orna Starkmann2022
Israeli Labor PartyRam Shefa2019
Emilie Moatti2021
Ibtisam Mara'ana2021
LikudEti Atiya2019
Keti Shitrit2019
Tzachi Hanegbi1988
Keren Barak2019
Orly Levy-Abekasis2009
MeretzMossi Raz2021
Michal Rozin2021
Ali Salalha2021
Yair Golan2019
Gaby Lasky2021
Nitzan Horowitz2019
National Unity PartyMichel Buskila2022
Eitan Ginzburg2019
Yael Ron Ben-Moshe2020
Mufid Mari2021
Ruth Wasserman Lande2021
Shirly Pinto2021
Alon Tal2021
United Torah JudaismYitzhak Pindrus2021
Yisrael BeiteinuAlex Kushnir2019
Yossi Shain2019
Limor Magen Telem2021
Elina Bardach-Yalov2021
Sharon Roffe Ofir2021

Aftermath

See also: List of members of the twenty-fifth Knesset. With 86% of the vote counted, the right-wing bloc led by Benjamin Netanyahu, known in Israel as the national camp, was forecast to win a majority of seats at 65, while both leftist Meretz and Balad parties were under the electoral threshold.[119] As all the votes were counted, they remained under the threshold;[120] far-right parties saw a surge in their vote share.[121] In terms of votes, both blocs were neck-and-neck, with the anti-Netanyahu bloc achieving 49.5% but not gaining enough seats due to Meretz and Balad narrowly missing the electoral threshold,[122] as 289,000 anti-Netanyahu votes went wasted in terms of seats share.[123] Orly Ades, head of Israel's election panel Central Elections Committee, said Netanyahu's party Likud tried to undermine voting supervision, and described their actions as "something we've never seen before".[124]

Netanyahu's bloc went on to win 64 seats, while the coalition led by the incumbent prime minister Yair Lapid won 51 seats.[125] In addition to Meretz and Balad, the right-wing party The Jewish Home also failed to cross the electoral threshold.[2] The new majority has been variously described as the most right-wing government in Israeli history,[126] as well as its most religious government.[127] [128]

Lapid conceded to Netanyahu,[129] and congratulated him,[130] wishing him luck "for the sake of the Israeli people".[131] Netanyahu received congratulatory messages from leaders around the world, including those of Canada, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Jordan, Sudan, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others.[132] [133] [134] [135]

On 15 November, the swearing-in ceremony for the newly elected members of the 25th Knesset was held during the opening session. The incoming Knesset includes 29 female lawmakers, 7 less than the last Knesset, and 28 new parliamentarians. The vote to appoint a new Speaker of the Knesset, which is usually conducted at the opening session, and the swearing in of cabinet members were postponed since ongoing coalition negotiations had not yet resulted in agreement on these positions.[136] [137] [138]

The vote to replace incumbent Knesset speaker Mickey Levy was scheduled for 13 December, after Likud and its allies secured the necessary number of signatures for it.[139] Yariv Levin of Likud was elected as a temporary speaker by 64 votes, while his opponents Meirav Ben-Ari of Yesh Atid and Ayman Odeh of Hadash got 45 and five votes respectively.[140] He resigned on 29 December and Amir Ohana of Likud was elected as the speaker by 63 votes.[141]

Government formation

See main article: Thirty-seventh government of Israel.

On 3 November 2022, Netanyahu told his aide Yariv Levin to begin informal coalition talks with allied parties after 97% of the vote was counted.[142]

Netanyahu himself started holding talks on 6 November. He first met with Moshe Gafni, the leader of the Degel HaTorah faction of United Torah Judaism, and then with Yitzhak Goldknopf, the leader of the United Torah Judaism alliance and its Agudat Yisrael faction. Meanwhile, the Religious Zionist Party leader Bezalel Smotrich and the leader of its Otzma Yehudit faction Itamar Ben-Gvir pledged that they would not enter the coalition without the other faction. Gafni later met with Smotrich for coalition talks.[143] Smotrich then met with Netanyahu. On 7 November, Netanyahu met with Ben-Gvir.[144] A major demand among all of Netanyahu's allies was that the Knesset be allowed to override the rulings of the Supreme Court.[145] Netanyahu met with the Noam faction leader and its sole MK Avi Maoz on 8 November.[146]

Israeli President Isaac Herzog began consultations with heads of all political parties on 9 November after the election results were certified.[147] Shas met with Likud for coalition talks on 10 November.[148] By 11 November, Netanyahu had secured recommendations from 64 MKs, which constituted a majority.[149] He was given the mandate to form the thirty-seventh government of Israel by President Herzog on 13 November.[150] Otzma Yehudit and Noam officially split from Religious Zionism on 20 November as per a pre-election agreement.[151]

Likud signed a coalition agreement with Otzma Yehudit on 25 November.[152] [153] [154] with Noam on 27 November,[155] the Religious Zionist Party on 1 December,[156] [157] United Torah Judaism on 6 December,[158] [159] and with Shas on 8 December.[160]

Netanyahu asked Herzog for a 14-day extension after the agreement with Shas in order to finalise the roles his allied parties would play.[161] Herzog on 9 December extended the deadline to 21 December.[162] On that date, Netanyahu informed Herzog that he had succeeded in forming a coalition.[163] The coalition government was sworn in on 29 December.[164]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. News: 3 November 2022 . Israel Election Final Results: Netanyahu, Jewish Far Right Win Power, Fiasco for Left . . 3 November 2022.
  3. News: Kingsley . Patrick . Lapid Concedes in Israel, Paving Way for Netanyahu's Return to Power . . 3 November 2022 . 3 November 2022 . 0362-4331.
  4. News: Ben Zion . Ilan . 6 April 2022 . Israel government loses majority as religious lawmaker quits . . 6 April 2022.
  5. News: Carrie. Keller-Lynn . 20 June 2022 . Bennett announces coalition's demise, new elections: 'We did our utmost to continue' . . 3 July 2022.
  6. News: Tia. Goldenberg. Israel's caretaker PM Lapid holds first Cabinet meeting. Associated Press News. 3 July 2022. 9 July 2022.
  7. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Knesset disbands, sets elections for November 1; Lapid to become PM at midnight . The Times of Israel . 30 June 2022 .
  8. Web site: Sagalyn. Dan. 31 October 2022 . Israel holds fifth election in four years as Netanyahu attempts to regain power . 4 November 2022 . PBS NewsHour.
  9. News: Alsaafin . Linah . Najjar . Farah . Israel election updates: Netanyahu set for comeback – Exit polls . 4 November 2022 . Al Jazeera.
  10. News: What happens next: Netanyahu expected to be tasked with forming government next week. Tress. Luke. The Times of Israel. 3 November 2022. 6 November 2022.
  11. News: Israel seems closer to its most right-wing government yet as Netanyahu says he's formed a new coalition. CBS News. 22 December 2022. 25 December 2022.
  12. Web site: 24 April 2019. בחירות 2019 (אפריל) . 2019 Election (April) . 21 June 2022 . . he.
  13. Web site: 22 January 2020. בחירות 2019 (ספטמבר) . 2019 Election (September) . 21 June 2022 . . he.
  14. Web site: 25 March 2020. בחירות 2020 . 2020 Election . 21 June 2022 . . he.
  15. Web site: Wootliff . Raoul . Israel calls 4th election in 2 years as Netanyahu-Gantz coalition collapses . 23 December 2020 . The Times of Israel. 23 December 2020.
  16. Web site: 10 April 2021. בחירות 2021 . 2021 Election . 21 June 2022 . . he.
  17. News: 13 June 2021 . על חודו של קול: ממשלת בנט-לפיד אושרה בכנסת . he . Ynet . 2 June 2022.
  18. News: 11 June 2021. ממשלת השינוי הורכבה: כל מפלגות הקואליציה חתמו על ההסכמים . Haaretz. he . 2 June 2022.
  19. Web site: 5 April 2021. Lapid says he made offer to Bennett to be PM first in rotation . 1 June 2022 . .
  20. Web site: 7 May 2022. בקואליציה של 60 כל ח"כ הופך למלך . 21 June 2022 . Israel Hayom.
  21. Web site: Lapid finalizes coalition deals with all parties in incoming 'change government' . 21 June 2022 . The Times of Israel. 11 June 2021.
  22. Web site: 29 June 2021. נוסחת עמיחי שיקלי: כך יראו יחסים העבודה עם הקואליציה . Amichai Chikli Formula: how his working relationship with the coalition will look . 21 June 2022 . Srugim . he.
  23. Web site: Ravid . Barak . 6 April 2022 . Israeli government on brink of collapse after key lawmaker quits coalition . 6 April 2022 . Axios.
  24. Web site: 6 April 2022 . Silman: What bothered me is a minister said to abide by High Court . 6 April 2022 . The Jerusalem Post.
  25. Web site: 3 May 2022 . Edith Silman In An interview with Amit Segal: We Received a Caressing Hug From The Media Investigation Against Shmulik Silman In News 13 . 11 May 2022 . Middle East 24 News English .
  26. Web site: Meretz MK Rinawie Zoabi quits coalition, putting it in minority. The Times of Israel. 19 May 2022. Boxerman. Aaron. Keller-Lynn. Carrie. 6 November 2022.
  27. Web site: Political crisis over, Rinawie Zoabi returns to government. The Jerusalem Post. 22 May 2022. Hoffman. Gil. 6 November 2022.
  28. Web site: 11 June 2022. סער יגיש את חוק יו"ש לממשלה; גורמים בקואליציה: "לא יעלה במליאה השבוע" . 21 June 2022 . Maariv. he.
  29. Web site: 12 June 2022. תקנות יו"ש אושרו בממשלה פה אחד; סער: "חיוני שיועברו כדי למנוע תוהו ובוהו" . 21 June 2022 . Maariv. he.
  30. Web site: Yamina MK Nir Orbach quits coalition; PM admits it could collapse 'in a week or two' . 21 June 2022 . The Times of Israel . 13 June 2022.
  31. Web site: 20 June 2022. בגלל תקנות יו"ש: הסיבה לפיזור הכנסת . 21 June 2022 . Srugim . he.
  32. Web site: Israel heading to elections, Knesset to disband, Lapid to become PM . The Jerusalem Post. Gil. Hoffman. 20 June 2022 . 21 June 2022.
  33. Web site: Bill dissolving the Knesset passes first reading . Arutz Sheva. 28 June 2022. 27 June 2022. Hezki. Baruch.
  34. News: Azulai . Moran . 30 June 2022 . הכנסת פוזרה סופית: בחירות ב-1 בנובמבר, לפיד יהפוך בחצות לרה"מ ה-14 . he . The Knesset has officially dissolved: Elections on 1 November, Lapid will become 14th prime minister at midnight . Ynet . 30 June 2022.
  35. News: Bennett announces he won't run in next elections, hands Yamina leadership to Shaked. . Jeremy. Sharon. 29 June 2022. 6 November 2022.
  36. Web site: Spiro . Amy . Yair Lapid takes over as Israel's 14th prime minister. . 1 July 2022 . 22 July 2022.
  37. News: Azulai. Moran. Karni. Yuval. 10 July 2022 . In political partnership Gantz, Sa'ar aim for unity government . . he. 10 July 2022.
  38. News: 10 July 2022 . Blue and White, New Hope announce union, will run as joint slate in November vote . 29 October 2022 . The Times of Israel.
  39. News: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Ex-IDF chief Eisenkot, former Yamina minister Kahana join Gantz-led 'National Camp' . 14 August 2022 . .
  40. Web site: 22 August 2022 . ח"כ שירלי פינטו תרוץ ברשימת המחנה הממלכתי . 31 October 2022 . Israel Hayom. he.
  41. News: Breuer . Eliav . 27 July 2022 . Israel Elections: Shaked, Hendel announce joint run as 'Zionist Spirit' . . 27 July 2022.
  42. News: 11 September 2022 . Zionist Spirit's Shaked, Hendel end their short-lived political partnership . . 11 September 2022.
  43. Web site: 13 September 2022. ההסכם נחתם: איילת שקד תרוץ עם הבית היהודי . 31 October 2022 . 13tv.co.il . he.
  44. News: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . 13 September 2022 . Minister Hendel bows out of Knesset race, days after Zionist Spirit breakup . 15 September 2022 . The Times of Israel.
  45. Web site: National Unity, Religious Zionism and Yisrael Beytenu submit final candidate lists. The Times of Israel. 14 September 2022. 19 November 2022. Carrie Keller-Lynn.
  46. News: Azulai . Moran. Goldischt . Haim . Halabi . Einav. 15 September 2022 . המהלך שעשוי לחרוץ את גורל הבחירות: הרשימה המשותפת התפלגה . he . Ynet . 31 October 2022.
  47. News: Berg . Raffi. Knell . Yolande . 5 August 2022 . Gaza: Palestinian militant killed as Israel strikes after threats . BBC News . 5 August 2022.
  48. News: Eichner . Itamar . 7 August 2022 . נתניהו הגיע לעדכון ביטחוני אצל לפיד: "נותן גיבוי מלא, נתתי כמה עצות" . Ynet . he. 31 October 2022.
  49. News: Azulay . Moran . Halabi . Einav . 5 August 2022 . באופוזיציה מגבים את צה"ל וקוראים: "לפיד, תקוף בעוצמה". במשותפת ביקרו: "דם תמורת קולות" . he . Ynet . 31 October 2022.
  50. Web site: 3 July 2022 . Announcement by the Register of Parties regarding shortening deadlines and changing procedures for the elections to the Twenty-fifth Knesset . Israeli Government. he. 3 November 2022.
  51. News: Bennett announces resignation, hopes incoming government 'will act responsibly'. The Times of Israel. 3 November 2022. 3 November 2022. Staff writer.
  52. News: With Bader-Ofer method, not every ballot counts. The Jerusalem Post. 16 March 2014. Harkov. Lahav. 4 November 2022.
  53. Berda. Yael. Mann. Itamar. 28 April 2022. Voting as a Vehicle for Self-Determination in Palestine and Israel . 6 November 2022. Texas Law Review. 100. 5.
  54. News: Estrin. Daniel. 2 November 2022. With most votes now counted, Netanyahu seems poised to return as Israel's leader . NPR . https://web.archive.org/web/20221102211401/https://www.npr.org/2022/11/02/1133516979/israel-election-results-netanyahu. 2 November 2022. 4 November 2022.
  55. Web site: The Distribution of Knesset Seats Among the Lists—the Bader-Offer Method. Knesset. 4 November 2022.
  56. News: Carrie Keller-Lynn. Meretz, Labor parties sign surplus-vote agreement . . 3 October 2022. 12 November 2022.
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  58. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Yesh Atid, National Unity ink surplus vote-sharing deal. . 21 August 2022. 21 August 2022.
  59. Web site: הודעה לעיתונות - הודעה בדבר התקשרויות בין רשימות מועמדים, כפי שהוגשו לוועדת הבחירות המרכזית לכנסת ה-25 . Central elections Committee . 31 October 2022 . Hebrew . 25 October 2022.
  60. Web site: 3 September 2022 . Joint List MK says he won't run in upcoming Knesset elections . . 3 September 2022.
  61. Web site: Noa. Shpigel . 5 July 2022 . Two Longtime Israeli Lawmakers Say They're Quitting Politics . . 6 July 2022.
  62. News: Azulai . Moran . 5 July 2022 . שטייניץ פורש מהפוליטיקה: "מגיע לי ולמשפחתי לנשום קצת אוויר נקי" . he . Steinitz Retires from Politics: 'I and my family deserve to breathe some fresh air' . Ynet . 7 July 2022.
  63. Web site: MKs Ghanaim and Zoabi will not run for the next Knesset - report. The Jerusalem Post. 21 June 2022. 29 July 2022.
  64. News: 'I Decided to Take a Break': Israeli Minister Zandberg Won't Run for Parliament . Member of the Knesset Tamar Zandberg . 18 July 2022 . Haaretz.
  65. Web site: 28 July 2022 . MK Benny Begin, son of first Likud PM, leaves politics. . 28 July 2022.
  66. Web site: Segal . Amit . 1 September 2022 . "למרות מיקומו הריאלי": סגן השרה מאיר יצחק הלוי הודיע על פרישה . despite his practical position - Deputy Minister Meir Yitzhak Halevi announces retirement . 1 September 2022 . N12.
  67. Web site: Communications Minister Yoaz Hendel announces he'll not run in elections . 13 September 2022 . . 13 September 2022 . en-US.
  68. News: Cohen . Shirit Avitan . 13 September 2022 . אחרי הפרידה משקד: השר הנדל פורש מהמירוץ לבחירות הקרובות . Globes . 13 September 2022.
  69. Web site: 21 June 2022 . Rebel coalition MK Ghanaim says he won't run in upcoming Knesset election . . 6 July 2022.
  70. Web site: Haredi MK Yaakov Litzman says he will not run for Knesset again . The Times of Israel. 26 December 2021. 9 October 2022.
  71. Web site: 29 June 2022 . Israel's Knesset Set to Dissolve; Bennett Says He Will Not Seek Reelection . . 6 July 2022.
  72. Web site: Yamina MK Nir Orbach quits politics, urges Israeli right to 'wake up'. The Times of Israel. 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022.
  73. Web site: Yesh Atid MK Nira Shpak to leave Knesset, run in local elections. The Jerusalem Post. 10 September 2022. 12 September 2022.
  74. Web site: שתי ח"כיות מיש עתיד הודיעו על פרישה . 20 September 2022 . סרוגים . he.
  75. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Gur . Haviv Rettig . Schneider . Tal . Magid . Jacob . Fifth time's a charm? ToI's guide to the 39 parties vying for your vote, again . The Times of Israel . 26 October 2022 .
  76. IsraelexLive. 1570472158954135552. Next up: Green Leaf, a pro-marijuana party that has a long and storied history but has never made it into the Knesset. They didn't run last time.. 17 September 2022. 15 September 2022.
  77. Web site: Staff writer. High Court overturns election bans for Arab Balad party and ex-Yamina MK Chikli. 9 October 2022. 9 October 2022. The Times of Israel.
  78. Web site: Baruch . Hezki . 4 September 2022 . Former Yamina MK registers candidates for new Economic Freedom party. . 15 September 2022.
  79. Web site: 20-year-old protest candidate known for TikTok videos files her party's Knesset slate. 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel.
  80. News: 14 September 2022 . Party registration opens at Knesset ahead of November 1 election . en . . 14 September 2022.
  81. Web site: החלה הגשת הרשימות לכנסת ה-25: תסתיים מחר ב-22:00 • שידור חי . 14 September 2022. ch10.co.il. he .
  82. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Arab-led Joint List splits into 2 factions, shuffling political deck at last minute. 15 September 2022. The Times of Israel.
  83. Web site: Labor files electoral slate, closing door on possible joint run with Meretz. 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel.
  84. Web site: Likud No. 2 files electoral slate, needles Shaked but stops short of urging her to quit. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel. 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022.
  85. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . National Unity, Religious Zionism and Yisrael Beytenu submit final candidate lists. 14 September 2022. . en-US. 14 September 2022.
  86. Web site: Breuer . Eliav . Israel Elections: Parties hand in Knesset lists before deadline. 14 September 2022. The Jerusalem Post. 14 September 2022.
  87. Web site: Colorful Pirate Party registers to run in upcoming election. 14 September 2022. 14 September 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel.
  88. Web site: Shaked-led Jewish Home files candidates for November 1 vote, day after merger deal. The Times of Israel. 15 September 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  89. Web site: Mansour Abbas vows to continue 'political partnership' as Ra'am submits electoral list. 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel.
  90. Web site: Breuer . Eliav . Israel Elections: Joint List falls apart, Balad to run separately. 15 September 2022 . 15 September 2022.
  91. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . Yesh Atid files electoral slate, signaling end of Labor-Meretz unity push . 15 September 2022. 15 September 2022 . . en-US.
  92. News: 13 September 2022 . Minister Hendel bows out of Knesset race, days after Zionist Spirit breakup . 13 September 2022 . . en.
  93. Web site: MK Sami Abu Shehadeh retains role as Balad faction leader. The Times of Israel. 6 August 2022. 6 August 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  94. Web site: Israel Elections: Hadash re-elects Odeh as head, Touma-Sliman and Cassif. The Jerusalem Post. 13 August 2022. 13 August 2022.
  95. Web site: Michaeli clinches second elected term as Labor leader, a first in party's history. Carrie. Keller-Lynn. The Times of Israel. 18 July 2022. 18 July 2022.
  96. Web site: Labor primaries: Younger MKs take top spots; Barlev and Shai likely out . . 10 August 2022. 9 August 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  97. Web site: As Likud primaries near, final date and procedures still in the air. 5 July 2022. 16 July 2022. The Times of Israel. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  98. Web site: Edelstein, who said Netanyahu can't win, abandons Likud leadership challenge. The Times of Israel. 23 June 2022.
  99. Web site: Unchallenged Netanyahu cements Likud chairmanship; leadership primary formally nixed. 19 July 2022. 19 July 2022. The Times of Israel. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  100. Web site: Druze rage at Likud moves minority slot to #44 on list. The Jerusalem Post. Eliav. Breuer. 11 July 2022. 12 July 2022.
  101. Web site: Likud primaries: Who is number 1? Which MKs are out and where is Miri Regev?. The Jerusalem Post. 12 August 2022. Eliav. Breuer.
  102. Web site: Netanyahu's economic adviser to run in Likud primaries. The Times of Israel. 3 July 2022. 3 July 2022. David. Rosenberg.
  103. Web site: Far-right ex-MK Feiglin dips feet back into Likud after failed solo Knesset run. The Times of Israel. 3 July 2022. 3 July 2022.
  104. Web site: Meretz leadership in play as Golan enters race against Horowitz. The Times of Israel. 6 July 2022. 6 July 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  105. Web site: Nitzan Horowitz to step down as Meretz head. The Jerusalem Post. 12 July 2022. 12 July 2022. Eliav. Breuer.
  106. Web site: Zehava Galon announces candidacy for Meretz primaries. The Jerusalem Post. 19 July 2022. 19 July 2022.
  107. Web site: Meretz primaries set for August 23. Arutz Sheva. 14 July 2022. 15 July 2022.
  108. Web site: Galon wins Meretz leadership race, returning to head left-wing party after 3 years. The Times of Israel. 23 August 2022. 23 August 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  109. Web site: Religious Zionism primary keeps sitting MKs at top of Knesset slate. The Times of Israel. 23 August 2022. 23 August 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  110. News: Carrie. Keller-Lynn . 29 July 2022 . 'We have no home': Undecided former Yamina voters wait for least worst option . . 29 July 2022.
  111. Web site: Tibi's party to remain part of Joint List. Arutz Sheva. 18 July 2022. 17 July 2022. Dalit Halevi.
  112. News: אוסאמה סעדי משך את מועמדותו והבחירות הפנימיות בתע"ל הסתיימו ללא הכרעה . he . Haaretz . 31 October 2022.
  113. Web site: Mansour Abbas secures another term leading Ra'am. The Times of Israel. 6 August 2022. 6 August 2022. Carrie. Keller-Lynn.
  114. Web site: 2022 Israeli Election Debate in English (Hosted by Yad l'Olim) . .
  115. Web site: President Herzog receives the official results of the elections to the Twenty-Fifth Knesset. 9 November 2022. gov.il .
  116. Web site: תוצאות ארציות . National Results. Central Election Committee for the 25th Knesset. he.
  117. News: Fox . Nina . 3 November 2022 . שרים מכהנים, ח"כים שזגזגו: הנציגים שלא יחזרו לכנסת . he . Ynet . 20 November 2022.
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  119. News: Bachner . Michael . 2 November 2022 . With 86% of votes tallied, Netanyahu headed for decisive comeback victory . . 6 November 2022.
  120. News: 2 November 2022 . Israel election: Final results announced for election 2022 . The Jerusalem Post. 6 November 2022 .
  121. News: Berg . Raffi . 1 November 2022 . Netanyahu set for comeback with far right's help . BBC News. 6 November 2022.
  122. News: Tibon. Amir. 2 November 2022. The Two Left-wing Politicians Who Crowned Netanyahu . Haaretz . 4 November 2022.
  123. News: Sharon . Jeremy . 3 November 2022 . Netanyahu won 8-seat majority over his opponents despite near-parity in raw votes . . 6 November 2022.
  124. News: Maanit . Chen . 3 November 2022 . Election Panel Says Likud Sought to Undermine Supervision of Voting on Election Night . . 6 November 2022.
  125. News: Fitoussi . Olivier . 3 November 2022 . Israel election: Final results show Netanyahu bloc at 64 seats . . 6 November 2022.
  126. News: Kershner . Isabel . Kingsley . Patrick . 1 November 2022 . Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election . The New York Times . 6 November 2022 . 0362-4331.
  127. News: Maltz . Judy . 3 November 2022 . Will Israel Become a Theocracy? Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners . . 6 November 2022.
  128. News: Gross . Judah Ari . 4 November 2022 . Israel poised to have its most religious government; experts say no theocracy yet . . 6 November 2022.
  129. News: Raice . Shayndi . 3 November 2022. Benjamin Netanyahu Wins Another Shot at Leading Israel as Lapid Concedes . 4 November 2022 . The Wall Street Journal.
  130. Web site: Ravid . Barak . 3 November 2022 . Israel's Lapid congratulates Netanyahu on election win. 3 November 2022 . Axios.
  131. News: 3 November 2022. Final results give Likud bloc 64 seats; ADL: Far right will hurt Israel globally . 3 November 2022 . The Times of Israel .
  132. Web site: International congratulations start coming in for Netanyahu . The Jerusalem Post. 3 November 2022 .
  133. Web site: Biden calls Netanyahu to congratulate him on his election victory . The Jerusalem Post. 7 November 2022 .
  134. Web site: World leaders congratulate Netanyahu on his election victory. Israel National News . 10 November 2022 .
  135. Web site: Jordanian king, Sudanese military ruler congratulate Netanyahu on election win . The Times of Israel . 14 November 2022 .
  136. Web site: Israel HaYom . 15 November 2022 . Israel to swear in 25th Knesset ahead of Netanyahu's 6th term as PM. Ettinger. Amir. Shlezinger. Yehuda.
  137. Web site: Bachner . Michael . As 25th Knesset sworn in, president urges MKs to end 'addiction' to toxic discourse . The Times of Israel . 20 November 2022 .
  138. Web site: Reich . Eleanor H.. Israel swears in new parliament, most right-wing in history . 15 November 2022 . Associated Press . 15 November 2022 . en-US.
  139. News: 12 December 2022. Carrie Keller-Lynn. Key vote on Knesset speaker pushed to Tuesday after Lapid camp threatens filibuster. 12 December 2022. The Times of Israel.
  140. News: 13 December 2022. Abdelraouf Arnaout. Israeli lawmakers elect interim Knesset speaker. 14 December 2022. Anadolu Agency.
  141. News: 29 December 2022. Carrie Keller-Lynn. Likud's Amir Ohana becomes Israel's first openly gay Knesset speaker. 29 December 2022. Times of Israel.
  142. News: 3 November 2022. With 97% of votes tallied, Netanyahu launches government talks. 6 November 2022. Ynet.
  143. News: Spiro. Amy. 6 November 2022. As Netanyahu begins coalition talks, Smotrich and Ben Gvir vow to remain united. 6 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  144. News: 7 November 2022. Ben Gvir after talks, 1st picture with Netanyahu: 'Full right' coalition on its way. 8 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  145. News: 8 November 2022. UTJ insisting no government without High Court override commitment first — reports. 12 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  146. News: 8 November 2022. Breuer. Eliav. Anti-LGBTQ+ MK Avi Maoz, Netanyahu meet ahead of coalition negotiations. 9 November 2022. The Jerusalem Post.
  147. News: 9 November 2022. Israel's Election Results Certified, President Begins Consultations. 9 November 2022. The Media Line.
  148. News: 10 November 2022. Breuer. Eliav. Shas, Likud meet for coalition negotiation talks. 12 November 2022. The Jerusalem Post.
  149. News: 11 November 2022. Netanyahu to be mandated to form new Israeli government. 13 November 2022. Al Jazeera.
  150. News: Dov. Lieber. 13 November 2022. Israeli President Hands Mandate to Benjamin Netanyahu to Form Government. 13 November 2022. The Wall Street Journal.
  151. News: 20 November 2022. Separating from Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit and Noam now independent parties. Keller-Lynn. Carrie. 20 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  152. News: 25 November 2022. Ben Gvir to get newly created role of national security minister in deal with Likud. 25 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  153. News: 25 November 2022. אחרי ההסכם: מי יכהן כשר ומי יו"ר ועדה? כל הפרטים. 25 November 2022. Srugim. Guy. Ezra. Hebrew.
  154. News: 25 November 2022. Gantz blasts Netanyahu for making Ben Gvir 'the real PM' with expanded security role. 27 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  155. News: Carrie Keller-Lynn. 27 November 2022. Netanyahu puts extremist homophobic politician in charge of Israel's Jewish identity. 27 November 2022. The Times of Israel.
  156. News: Carrie Keller-Lynn. 1 December 2022. Netanyahu gives Smotrich broad powers over settlements, Palestinian construction. 3 December 2022. The Times of Israel.
  157. News: Elia Breur. 1 December 2022. Smotrich gets finance ministry, authority over West Bank in coalition deal. 4 December 2022. The Jerusalem Post.
  158. News: 6 December 2022. As Netanyahu's coalition deadline nears, Likud signs interim deal with UTJ. 8 December 2022. The Times of Israel.
  159. News: 8 December 2022. Israel's incoming government will be a bureaucratic puzzle - Analysis. Eliav Breuer. 8 December 2022. The Jerusalem Post.
  160. News: 8 December 2022. Likud inks deal with Shas, finishes doling out government posts to coalition allies. 8 December 2022. The Times of Israel.
  161. News: 8 December 2022. Netanyahu secures parliament majority, seeks more time to form government. Henriette Chacar. 8 December 2022. Reuters.
  162. News: 9 December 2022. Israeli President grants Netanyahu 10-day extension to form government. 9 December 2022. The National.
  163. Web site: Keller-Lynn . Carrie . 'I've done it': Netanyahu announces his 6th government, Israel's most hardline ever . 21 December 2022 . 22 December 2022 . The Times of Israel.
  164. Web site: Knell . Yollande . Gritten . David . Netanyahu's hard-line new government takes office in Israel . 29 December 2022 . 29 December 2022 . BBC.

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