2022 French legislative election explained

Country:France
Flag Year:2022
Type:parliamentary
Previous Election:2017 French legislative election
Previous Year:2017
Election Date:12 June 2022 (first round)
19 June 2022 (second round)
Next Election:2024 French legislative election
Next Year:2024
Seats For Election:All 577 seats in the National Assembly
Majority Seats:289
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the 2022 French legislative election
Turnout:47.5% (1.2 pp) (1st round)
46.2% (3.6 pp) (2nd round)
Elected Members:List of deputies of the 16th National Assembly of France
Outgoing Members:List of deputies of the 15th National Assembly of France
Party1:La République En Marche!
Leader1:Élisabeth Borne
Alliance1:Ensemble
Last Election1:New alliance
Seats1:245
Seat Change1: 101
1Blank: round
%
1Data1:5,857,364
25.8% 6.5%
2Blank: round
%
2Data1:8,002,419
38.6% 10.6%
Party2:La France Insoumise
Last Election2:New alliance
Alliance2:New Ecological and Social People's Union
Leader2:Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Leaders Seat2:Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th (did not stand)
Seats2:131
Seat Change2: 74
1Data2:5,836,079
25.7%1.1%
2Data2:6,556,198
31.6% 19.9%
Party4:National Rally
Alliance4:–
Leader4:Marine Le Pen
Leaders Seat4:Pas-de-Calais's 11th
Last Election4:8
Seats4:89
Seat Change4: 82
1Data4:4,248,537
18.7% 5.5%
2Data4:3,589,465
17.3% 8.5%
Party5:The Republicans (France)
Leader5:Christian Jacob
Alliance5:Union of the Right and Centre
Leaders Seat5:Seine-et-Marne's 4th (did not stand)
Last Election5:130
Seats5:64
Seat Change5: 56
1Data5:2,568,502
11.3% 7.5%
2Data5:1,512,281
7.3% 18.0%
Prime Minister
Before Party:LREM
After Election:Élisabeth Borne
After Party:LREM

Legislative elections were held in France on 12 and 19 June 2022 to elect the 577 members of the 16th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. The elections took place following the 2022 French presidential election, which was held in April 2022. They have been described as the most indecisive legislative elections since the establishment of the five-year presidential term in 2000 and subsequent change of the electoral calendar in 2002. The governing Ensemble coalition remained the largest bloc in the National Assembly but substantially lost its ruling majority, resulting in the formation of France's first minority government since 1993; for the first time since 1997, the incumbent president of France did not have an absolute majority in Parliament. As no alliance won a majority, it resulted in a hung parliament for the first time since 1988.

The legislative elections were contested between four principal blocs: the centrist presidential majority Ensemble coalition, including Emmanuel Macron's Renaissance, the Democratic Movement, Horizons, as well as their allies; the left-wing New Ecological and Social People's Union (NUPES), encompassing La France Insoumise, the Socialist Party, Ecologist Pole and the French Communist Party; the centre-right Union of the Right and Centre (UDC), including The Republicans, the Union of Democrats and Independents, as well as their allies; and the far-right National Rally (RN). The NUPES alliance was formed in the two months following the presidential election, in which the left-wing vote had been fragmented; it consisted of the first French Left alliance since the Plural Left in 1997.

In the first round, there was some controversy among the Ministry of the Interior and news media about which bloc finished first, as both the NUPES and Ensemble obtained about 26% of the vote. They were followed by the RN on about 19% and UDC with about 11%. Turnout for the first round was a record-low 47.5%. In the second round, when turnout was higher than that of 2017, Macron's Ensemble coalition secured the most seats (245) but fell 44 seats short of an absolute majority. The NUPES was projected to win 131 (Ministry of the Interior) or 142 seats (Le Monde), while RN became the largest parliamentary opposition as a party (89). The UDC received enough seats (64 or 71) to be a kingmaker in the next government but suffered losses.

The results were perceived by political commentators as a dramatic blow for Macron, who, all at once, lost his majority in Parliament, three government ministers (Amélie de Montchalin for Ecological Transition, Brigitte Bourguignon for Health and Justine Bénin for the Sea) and three close parliamentary allies (incumbent president of the National Assembly Richard Ferrand, Macron's own former Interior minister and head of the LREM parliamentary group Christophe Castaner and MoDem parliamentary group leader Patrick Mignola), all defeated in their constituencies. The 2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos at the Stade de France on 28 May,[1] rape accusations against newly-appointed minister Damien Abad or the unusually long period between Macron's reelection as President and the formation of the new Borne government (26 days) have been cited as major factors in Macron's majority wipeout.[2]

Macron's government, which enjoyed a 115-seat majority before the election, now fell at least 38 short of an overall majority, the largest margin for any French Cabinet since 1958. This near-unprecedented situation created potential for political instability and gridlock. Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne offered her resignation on 21 June 2022, but Macron refused to accept it. Talks among the various parties to form a stable majority government began later on 21 June but rapidly failed. On 6 July, Prime Minister Borne presented her minority government policy plan to the Parliament.

Background

Following the 2017 legislative elections the incumbent president Emmanuel Macron's party, La République En Marche! (LREM), and its allies held a majority in the National Assembly (577 seats). The LREM group had 308 deputies, the Democratic Movement and affiliated democrats group had 42 deputies, and Agir ensemble, which was created in November 2017, had 9 deputies.[3] Although a proposal to have part of the French Parliament elected with a proportional representation system was included in Macron's platform in 2017, this election promise was not fulfilled.[4] A similar promise was made by François Hollande during the 2012 presidential election.[5]

Macron, from the centrist LREM, had defeated Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right National Rally, 66–34% in the 2017 French presidential election.[6] [7] The 2022 French presidential election was held on 10 and 24 April. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held, in which Macron defeated Le Pen 58–41% and was reelected as President of France.[8] In the first round, Macron took the lead with 27.9% of votes, while Valérie Pécresse, the candidate for the Republicans, took under 5% of the vote in the first round, the worst result in the history of the party or its Gaullist predecessors. Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, received 1.75% of the vote, the worst in the history of the Socialist Party (PS).[9] With more than 30% of the vote, it was the best result for French far-right figures since the founding of the Fifth French Republic with the 1958 French presidential election.[10] Jean-Luc Mélenchon of La France Insoumise (LFI) came third in the first round with 21.95% of the vote and 1.2% behind second-placed Le Pen, also coming first in the 18–24 and 25–34 age groups, as well in Île-de-France, the most populous region of France.[11] [12]

In the context of the legislative election common participation, as the largest French Left force in the presidential election,[13] [14] [15] LFI sought to unite the main left-leaning parties around the banner of the New Ecological and Social People's Union,[16] [17] [18] or NUPES.[19] [20] Discussions were held with Europe Ecology – The Greens,[21] [22] including the Ecologist Pole,[23] [24] as well as the French Communist Party,[25] which joined the coalition on 2–3 May 2022, respectively;[26] the PS reached an agreement to join the coalition on 4 May, which was confirmed by a National Council party vote on 5 May.[27] [28] This resulted in the first wide left-wing alliance since the Plural Left in the 1997 French legislative election.[16]

Discussion with the Federation of the Republican Left (FGR), which wanted to join NUPES,[29] [30] went unanswered;[31] the FGR then formed alliances with the Radical Party of the Left, which internally rejected integration into NUPES, and the dissident minority in the PS, among the miscellaneous left. Their candidates presented themselves as part of the "secular and republican" left between Macron and Mélenchon.[32] The New Anticapitalist Party announced it would not enter the coalition due to what they called insurmountable ideological differences with the PS,[33] [34] [35] while Lutte Ouvrière announced that the party would run its own slate separate from NUPES, which they believe to be reformist.[36]

On 5 May 2022, LREM changed its name to Renaissance, introducing its big tent coalition for the legislative election made up of the presidential majority parties called Ensemble Citoyens (Ensemble).[37] [38] On 16 May, Macron appointed Élisabeth Borne as Prime Minister, replacing Jean Castex. Borne, a member of Renaissance and formerly of the PS, was serving as Macron's Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion prior to her appointment as prime minister. She is only the second woman to hold the office.[39]

Electoral system

The 577 members of the National Assembly, known as deputies, are elected for five years by a two-round system in single-member constituencies. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of valid votes and a vote total greater than 25% of the registered electorate is elected in the first round. If no candidate reaches this threshold, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates plus any other candidate who received a vote total greater than 12.5% of registered voters. The candidate who receives the most votes in the second round is elected.[40]

Dates

According to the provisions of the Electoral Code, the election must be held within the sixty days which precede the expiry of the powers of the outgoing National Assembly, attached to the third Tuesday of June, five years after its election, except in the event of dissolution of the National Assembly.[41] The end of the mandate of the Assembly elected in 2017 is set for 21 June 2022. The dates for the legislative elections in mainland France were set for 12 and 19 June.[42] Declarations of candidacy must be submitted no later than 20 May for the first round and 14 June for the second round.[43] French nationals who live abroad were able to vote in the days preceding the ballot.[44]

Major parties and alliances

Below are the major parties and alliances contesting the elections, listed by their combined results in the previous elections. According to Le Journal du dimanche, the elections are mainly contested between three blocs: a left-wing bloc (NUPES), a presidential bloc on the center-right (Ensemble), and a far-right bloc.[45]

Party or allianceMain ideologyPositionLeader
EnsembleLa République En Marche! and alliesLiberalismCenterStanislas Guerini
Democratic MovementLiberalismCenter to center-rightFrançois Bayrou
HorizonsCenter-rightÉdouard Philippe
UDCThe Republicans and alliesLiberal conservatismChristian Jacob
Union of Democrats and IndependentsLiberalismCenter to center-right
NUPESLa France Insoumise and alliesDemocratic socialismLeft-wing to far-leftAdrien Quatennens
Green politicsCenter-left to left-wingJulien Bayou
Socialist Party and alliesSocial democracyCenter-leftOlivier Faure
French Communist PartyCommunismLeft-wing to far-leftFabien Roussel
National Rally and alliesFar-rightJordan Bardella
Radical Party of the Left and alliesSocial liberalismCenter-leftGuillaume Lacroix
UPFDebout la France and alliesNational conservatismRight-wing to far-rightNicolas Dupont-Aignan
Les PatriotesRight-wing nationalismRight-wing to far-rightFlorian Philippot
Reconquête and alliesRight-wing nationalismFar-rightÉric Zemmour

Deputies not standing for reelection

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 French legislative election.

See also: Opinion polling on the Emmanuel Macron presidency.

Results

First round

After the first round, the New Ecological and Social People's Union (NUPES) and Ensemble Citoyens (Ensemble) obtained about 26%. Amid significant losses on the right-wing of the political spectrum for the Republicans (LR) and the Union of the Right and Centre (UDC),[46] results for Emmanuel Macron's Ensemble alliance showed it was now the centre-right, having performed strongly among the traditionally centre-right electorate of UDC. The French far-right achieved mixed results; while the National Rally (RN) achieved 18% and was likely to obtain the necessary seats to form a parliamentary group, Éric Zemmour's Reconquête reached 4%, and both he and the party failed to win a seat, and former RN leader Marine Le Pen had to go through the second round for her seat due to low turnout.[47]

In contests between NUPES and RN candidates, officials from Ensemble said they would decide on a "case-by-case basis" on whether or not to support a candidate.[47] Élisabeth Borne, Prime Minister of France, said: "Our position is no vote for RN." At the same time, she expressed support only for NUPES candidates who in her view respect republican values.[48] [49] The first round confirmed that La France Insoumise (LFI) within NUPES and among the French Left, while the centre-left dissidents achieved a much lower numbers of votes like the 2022 French presidential election; of the over 70 dissident candidates, only 15 qualified for the second round.[50]

The first round was marked by a record low turnout at 47.5%.[51] Additionally, there was some controversy in the results between the Ministry of the Interior and French news outlets, such as France Info and Le Monde, in particular on whether NUPES or Ensemble finished first;[52] This was due to disagreements on whether left-wing candidates should be considered within the NUPES framework or not;[53] similar discrepancies also existed for UDC and other alliances.[54] NUPES finished either second (per the Ministry of the Interior) or first (per Le Monde), slightly behind or ahead of Ensemble (25.75–25.66% per the Ministry of the Interior and 26.1–25.9% per Le Monde).[55] [56] [57]

Second round

The second round had a higher turnout than that in the 2017 French legislative election but did not match that of the first round a week earlier. The Ensemble alliance slightly underperformed the polls and lost their absolute majority in Parliament,[58] while still winning the most seats.[59] NUPES slightly underperformed relative to the polls, but still managed to substantially increase its proportion of seats and was to reported to have won 131 seats by the Ministry of the Interior.

RN substantially overperformed the polls to win an unprecedented 89 seats and become the largest parliamentary opposition group, because each component party of NUPES intended to form its own separate parliamentary grouping,[60] [61] . RN thereby eclipsed the UDC coalition, which won enough seats to be a kingmaker in the next government but still lost seats, as expected, and was projected to win 75 seats.[59] It was the best performance for the far right in the era of the French Fifth Republic,[62] and their best performance since the late 19th century.[10] Several news outlets, such as Agence France-Presse, gave a different result as to the final seat count, with Ensemble on 247, NUPES on 142, and UDC on 64, respectively, according to Le Monde. This was due to differences as to whether candidates, particularly in the French overseas constituencies, were classified as members of these alliances or not.[63]

The elections resulted in a hung parliament, as Ensemble had only a relative majority (a plurality).[65] It was the first hung parliament since the establishment of the five-year presidential term after the 2000 French constitutional referendum,[66] as well as the first relative majority only since the 1988 French legislative election.[46] The overall results were seen as a disavowal and major blow for Macron, with a risk of political instability and gridlock.[66] Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire called the outcome a "democratic shock", and said that if the other blocs did not cooperate, "this would block our capacity to reform and protect the French".[65] Prime Minister Borne commented: "The result is a risk for our country in view of the challenges we have to face."[65] LR, the leading party of UDC, was thought to be the kingmaker and potentially play a role for Macron to keep his presidential majority;[47] however, Christian Jacob, the president of LR and the leader of UDC, stated that his party would remain in opposition, meaning Macron's party would not remain in control of the legislature.[67] [68] Mélenchon called the results "disappointing" and said that NUPES and the French Left should form a united, single parliamentary group to avoid RN from becoming the largest opposition group in Parliament,[69] [70] which was refused by leaders of Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), French Communist Party (PCF), and Socialist Party (PS).[71]

Results by constituency

See main article: Results of the 2022 French legislative election by constituency.

See also: Election results of Cabinet Ministers during the 2022 French legislative election, List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2022 French legislative election and List of deputies of the 16th National Assembly of France.

2022 French legislative election map results by constituency

Electorate

Sociology of the electorate
DemographicEXGNUPESDVGECOENSDVCUDC/DVDUPFRNRECOthers
Total vote1.2%25.2%4.1%2.6%25.2%1.5%13.7%1.2%18.9%3.9%2.5%
First-round vote in the 2022 presidential election
Jean-Luc Mélenchon0%85%5%3%2%0%3%0%2%0%0%
Yannick Jadot5%39%12%11%10%6%6%0%0%0%11%
Emmanuel Macron0%5% 3%1%71%4%12%0%0%1%3%
Valérie Pécresse0%3%2%1%9%3% 76%0%5%1%0%
Marine Le Pen0%5%0%1%2%0%9% 1%78%2%2%
Éric Zemmour0%1%0%3%5%0%24%1%18% 46%2%
Political party affiliation
LFI0%93%3%0%0%0%1%0%2%0%1%
EELV1%52%9%11%9%0%7% 0%2%0%9%
PS2%43%18%2%24%0%3%1%3%0%4%
LREM / MoDem0%2%3%1%82%5%6% 0%0%0%1%
LR / UDI0%2%2%2%13%0%70%0%8%2%1%
RN0%3%0%1%2%0%3%0%87%1%3%
REC0%0%0%0%7%0% 8%1% 8%76%0%
None2%25%3%5% 21%2%18%1%19%2%2%
Sex
Men1%23%4%3%25%1%14%1%21%5%2%
Women2%27%4%3%25%2%14%2%17%2%2%
Age
18–24 years old1%42%3%3%13%0%10%1%18%5%4%
25–34 years old3%38%4%5%19%1%6%2%18%4%0%
35–49 years old1%31%2%3%18%2%11%1%26%2%3%
50–59 years old1%22%4%4%17%1%14%2%30%3%2%
60–69 years old2%26%5%1%28%2%13%1%13%5%4%
70 or older1%15%5%2%38%1%19%1%12%4%2%
Socio-occupational classification
Manager/professional1%28%7%3%22%7%14%0%11%4%3%
Intermediate occupation1%35%3%4%22%0%10%1%20%2%2%
White-collar worker2%31%4%3%14%3%10%3%25%3%2%
Blue-collar worker1%18%3%3%11%0%11%1%45%4%3%
Retired1%18%5%2%35%1%18%1%12%4%3%
Employment status
Employee1%29%4%4%18%2%11%1%25%3%2%
(Private employee)1%27%2%3%19%3%12%1%25%4%3%
(Public employee)2%33%7%4%16%0%9%3%24%1%1%
Self-employed2%25%4%2%33%0%10%3%14%7%0%
Unemployed4%30%2%1%7%6%11%0%27%9%3%
Education
Less than baccalauréat1%17%2%3%27%3%12%1%28%4%2%
Baccalauréat1%24%5%2%23%0%15%1%23%3%4%
Bac +21%25%5%3%23%0%16%2%18%5%2%
At least bac +32%32%4%2%27%3%12%1%11%3%3%
Monthly household income
Less than €1,2503%34%2%4%19%0%7%4%21%4%2%
€1,250 to €2,0002%28%5%2%19%1%12%2%23%4%2%
€2,000 to €3,0001%26%5%2%27%0%11%1%21%4%2%
More than €3,0000%22%4%3%28%3%17%1%15%4%3%
Moment of choice of vote
In the last few weeks1%29%3%1%28%1%10%1%20%5%1%
In the last few days3%19%6%4%20%2%22%2%17%2%3%
At the last moment2%13%7%8%18%6%20%3%12%2%9%
Agglomeration
Fewer than 2,000 inhabitants1%27%4%2%21%0%12%2%22%4%5%
2,000 to 10,000 inhabitants2%21%5%3%21%1%14%0%26%2%5%
10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants2%22%2%2%29%0%17%1%22%3%0%
50,000 to 200,000 inhabitants2%22%6%2%23%3%13%1%22%5%1%
1%27%4%3%28%2%14%2%13%4%2%
Religion
Roman Catholic1%13%4%3%30%1%19%1%21%5%2%
(Regular practitioner)1%8%8%2%26%3%29%2%14%7%0%
(Occasional practitioner)1%12%2%2%27%4%28%0%17%5%2%
(Non-practitioner)1%13%4%3%31%1%16%2%23%4%2%
Other religion2%38%7%5%18%0%14%0%8%3%5%
Non religion2%39%4%2%20%2%7%1%17%3%3%
Demographic
EXGNUPESDVGECOENSDVCUDC/DVDUPFRNRECOthers
Sociology of the electorate
Source: Ipsos France[72]

Aftermath

Due to the Ensemble's loss of 100+ seats, they were now 44 seats shy of a majority in the National Assembly, and need to find support among other MPs from the left or the right side of politics to help build a working majority government. President Macron asked Prime Minister Borne, who offered her resignation, to stay in office with the same cabinet in an effort to gain time according to analysts to form a stable government, with or without Borne.[73] LFI requested a vote of no confidence to be held on 5 July.[74] [75]

Despite not ruling out any deal with any party, it is speculated that Macron and Ensemble are eyeing a deal with UDC.[73] Despite previously stating otherwise,[47] UDC's Jacob confirmed that he would take part in talks with Macron.[73] RN's Le Pen and the leaders of two NUPES parties, Olivier Faure (PS) and Fabien Roussel (PCF), stated that they would take part in talks with Macron. LFI's Mélenchon confirmed that he would not take part in talks.[73]

Formation of parliamentary groups

Composition of the National Assembly on 29 June 2022[76] [77]
Parliamentary groupMembersRelatedTotalPresident
GDRDemocratic and Republican Left - NUPES22022André Chassaigne
LFILa France Insoumise - NUPES75075Mathilde Panot
ECOEcologist - NUPES23023Julien Bayou
SOCSocialists and affiliated - NUPES27431Boris Vallaud
LIOTLiberties, Independents, Overseas, and Territories16016Bertrand Pancher
RENRenaissance1684172Aurore Bergé
DEMDemocratic group, MoDem and Independents48048Jean-Paul Mattei
HORHorizons and affiliated28230Laurent Marcangeli
LRThe Republicans59362Olivier Marleix
RNNational Rally88189Marine Le Pen
NINon-Attached Members9–9–

Vote of no confidence

See main article: 2022 vote of no confidence in the government of Élisabeth Borne. Shortly after the election, a vote of no confidence was tabled by the left-wing NUPES coalition. It was rejected as only left-wing parliamentary groups supported the motion.[78]

Prime Minister Borne offered her resignation on 21 June 2022, but President Macron refused to accept it. Talks among the various parties to form a stable majority government began later on 21 June but rapidly failed. On 6 July, Borne presented her minority government policy plan to the Parliament.[73] [79]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Les incidents au Stade de France ont contribué à mobiliser tous les électorats d'opposition. l'Express. fr. 13 July 2022.
  2. Book: Vigogne, Ludovic . Les sans jours . 2023 . The off days . fr . Paris . Bouquins. 978-2-38292-451-8.
  3. Web site: 18 June 2017. As it happened: Macron's centrist party wins absolute majority in French legislative elections. 16 June 2022. France 24. 12 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220612103419/https://www.france24.com/en/20170618-live-liveblog-france-politics-legislative-elections-parliament-round-2. live.
  4. News: 22 February 2021. Élections législatives de 2022 : quand la proportionnelle se réinvite dans le débat. 14 March 2021. Midi Libre. fr. 26 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226035408/https://www.midilibre.fr/2021/02/22/quand-la-proportionnelle-se-reinvite-dans-le-debat-9386708.php. live.
  5. News: Législatives 2022 : la proportionnelle enterrée. 26 September 2021. Les Échos. fr. 17 March 2021. 28 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193020/https://www.lesechos.fr/amp/1299132. live.
  6. Web site: Anderson. Emma. 4 January 2022. European elections to watch in 2022. live. Politico. 21 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121161016/https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-elections-2022-poll-of-polls-france-portugal-hungary/. 19 June 2022.
  7. Web site: Bernard. Mathias. 24 April 2022. French president Emmanuel Macron wins re-election: a victory with deep challenges. 25 April 2022. The Conversation. 25 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220425013805/https://theconversation.com/french-president-emmanuel-macron-wins-re-election-a-victory-with-deep-challenges-181843. live.
  8. Web site: Amaro. Silvia. Clinch. Matt. 24 April 2022. Macron beats far-right rival Le Pen in French presidential election. 24 April 2022. CNBC. 4 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504161954/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/24/france-election-2022-result-emmanuel-macron-vs-marine-le-pen.html. live.
  9. News: Samuel. Henry. Valérie Pécresse could lose €5m of her own election campaign money. 12 April 2022. The Daily Telegraph. 11 April 2022. 11 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220411232755/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/04/11/valerie-pecresse-could-lose-5m-election-campaign-money/. live.
  10. News: Adghirni. Sami. 20 June 2022. How an Emboldened Far-Right Is Changing French Politics. The Washington Post. 20 June 2022. 23 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220623045352/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/how-an-emboldened-far-right-is-changing-french-politics/2022/06/20/b5c57cfe-f084-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html. live.
  11. News: Willsher. Kim. Macron and Le Pen restart campaigns with Mélenchon a potential 'kingmaker'. 11 April 2022. The Guardian. 11 April 2022. 11 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/french-presidential-election-macron-le-pen-melenchon. live.
  12. News: Faure. Mélanie. Jean-Luc Mélenchon s'impose en Île-de-France, Emmanuel Macron en tête à Paris. 11 April 2022. Europe 1. 11 April 2022. fr. 11 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220411062502/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-simpose-en-ile-de-france-emmanuel-macron-en-tete-a-paris-4104956. live.
  13. Web site: 2 May 2022. Explained: What is France's 'left alliance' and will it work?. 3 May 2022. The Local France. 2 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220502152231/https://www.thelocal.fr/20220502/explained-what-is-frances-left-alliance-and-will-it-work/. live.
  14. Oxford Analytica. 3 May 2022. France's left-wing alliance unlikely to win election. Emerald Expert Briefings. 10.1108/OXAN-ES268938. 2633-304X.
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  16. News: Thomas-Darbois. Lisa. 1 June 2022. An Institut Montaigne Explainer: Understanding Legislative Elections in France. Institut Montaigne. 21 June 2022. 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601153623/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/institut-montaigne-explainer-understanding-legislative-elections-france. live.
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