2022 Brazilian general election explained

Previous Election:	2018 Brazilian general election
Previous Year:	2018
Next Election:	2026 Brazilian general election
Next Year:	2026
Country:	Brazil
Module:	Embed: yes Election Name: Presidential election Type: presidential Alliance Name: no Turnout: 79.05% (first round) 79.41% (second round) Opinion Polls: Opinion polling for the 2022 Brazilian presidential election Election Date: (first round) (second round) President Before Election: Jair Bolsonaro Before Party: Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) After Election: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva After Party: Workers' Party (Brazil) Candidate1: Lula da Silva Image1: Foto oficial de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (estreita).jpg Party1: Workers' Party (Brazil) Alliance1: Brazil of Hope Running Mate1: Geraldo Alckmin Popular Vote1: 60,345,999 Percentage1: 50.90% Candidate2: Jair Bolsonaro Party2: Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) Running Mate2: Walter Braga Netto Popular Vote2: 58,206,354 Percentage2: 49.10% Module: Embed: yes Election Name: Chamber of Deputies Seats For Election: All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies Majority Seats: 257 Party1: Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) Party Leader1: Altineu Côrtes Percentage1: 16.64 Last Election1: 33 Seats1: 99 Party2: Brazil of Hope Party Leader2: Reginaldo Lopes Percentage2: 14.03 Last Election2: 70 Seats2: 81 Party3: UNIÃO Percentage3: 9.34 Last Election3: 81 Seats3: 59 Party4: Progressistas Party Leader4: André Fufuca Percentage4: 7.95 Last Election4: 37 Seats4: 47 Party5: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) Percentage5: 7.58 Last Election5: 34 Seats5: 42 Party6: Brazilian Democratic Movement Percentage6: 7.19 Last Election6: 34 Seats6: 42 Party7: Republicans (Brazil) Party Leader7: Vinicius Carvalho Percentage7: 6.96 Last Election7: 30 Seats7: 40 Party8: Always Forward (Brazil) Percentage8: 4.50 Last Election8: 37 Seats8: 18 Party9: PSOL REDE Federation Party Leader9: Sâmia Bomfim Percentage9: 4.24 Last Election9: 11 Seats9: 14 Party10: Brazilian Socialist Party Percentage10: 3.81 Last Election10: 32 Seats10: 14 Party11: Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) Party Leader11: André Figueiredo Percentage11: 3.50 Last Election11: 28 Seats11: 17 Party12: Podemos (Brazil) Percentage12: 3.30 Last Election12: 17 Seats12: 12 Party13: Avante (political party) Percentage13: 2.00 Last Election13: 7 Seats13: 7 Party14: Social Christian Party (Brazil) Percentage14: 1.78 Last Election14: 8 Seats14: 6 Party15: Solidarity (Brazil) Percentage15: 1.56 Last Election15: 13 Seats15: 4 Party17: Patriota Percentage17: 1.40 Last Election17: 9 Seats17: 4 Party18: Brazilian Labour Party (current) Percentage18: 1.30 Last Election18: 10 Seats18: 1 Party19: New Party (Brazil) Percentage19: 1.24 Last Election19: 8 Seats19: 3 Party20: Republican Party of the Social Order Percentage20: 0.73 Last Election20: 8 Seats20: 3 Module: Embed: yes Election Name: Federal Senate Seats For Election: 27 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate Party1: Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) Party Leader1: Flávio Bolsonaro Percentage1: 25.39 Last Election1: 2 Seats1: 13 Party2: Brazilian Socialist Party Party Leader2: Dário Berger Percentage2: 13.67 Last Election2: 2 Seats2: 1 Party3: Brazil of Hope Party Leader3: Paulo Rocha Percentage3: 12.85 Last Election3: 6 Seats3: 9 Party4: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) Percentage4: 11.36 Last Election4: 7 Seats4: 10 Party5: Progressistas Party Leader5: Mailza Gomes Percentage5: 7.62 Last Election5: 5 Seats5: 7 Party6: Brazil Union Party Leader6: Davi Alcolumbre Percentage6: 5.49 Last Election6: 10 Seats6: 12 Party7: Social Christian Party (Brazil) Percentage7: 4.30 Last Election7: 1 Seats7: 1 Party8: Republicans (Brazil) Party Leader8: Mecias de Jesus Percentage8: 4.28 Last Election8: 1 Seats8: 3 Party9: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Leader9: Eduardo Braga Percentage9: 3.90 Last Election9: 12 Seats9: 10 Party10: Podemos (Brazil) Party Leader10: Alvaro Dias Percentage10: 1.78 Last Election10: 7 Seats10: 6 Party11: Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) Party Leader11: Cid Gomes Percentage11: 1.59 Last Election11: 4 Seats11: 2 Party Leader12: Izalci Lucas Percentage12: 1.39 Last Election12: 11 Seats12: 5 Party13: PSOL REDE Federation Party Leader13: Randolfe Rodrigues Percentage13: 0.69 Last Election13: 5 Seats13: 1 Party14: Republican Party of the Social Order Party Leader14: Telmário Mota Percentage14: 0.21 Last Election14: 1 Seats14: 1

General elections were held in Brazil on 2 October 2022 to elect the president, vice president, the National Congress, the governors, vice governors, and legislative assemblies of all federative units, and the district council of Fernando de Noronha. As no candidate for president—or for governor in some states—received more than half of the valid votes in the first round, a runoff election for these offices was held on 30 October. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva received the majority of the votes in the second round and became president-elect of Brazil.

Far-right incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro was seeking a second term. He had been elected in 2018 as the candidate of the Social Liberal Party but left that party in 2019, followed by the resignation or dismissal of many of his ministers during his term. After a failed attempt to create the Alliance for Brazil, he joined the Liberal Party in 2021. For the 2022 election, he selected Walter Braga Netto of the same party as his vice presidential candidate rather than the incumbent vice president Hamilton Mourão.

Former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, of the left-wing Workers' Party, was a candidate for a third non-consecutive term after previously having been elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. His successor from the same party, former president Dilma Rousseff, was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014, but was impeached and removed from office in 2016 due to accusations of administrative misconduct. Lula's intended candidacy in 2018 was disallowed due to his conviction on corruption charges in 2017 and subsequent arrest; a series of court rulings led to his release from prison in 2019, followed by the annulment of his conviction and restoration of his political rights by 2021. For his vice presidential candidate in the 2022 election, Lula selected Geraldo Alckmin, who had been a presidential candidate of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party in 2006 (facing Lula in the second round) and 2018 but changed his affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party in 2022.^[1]

Lula received the most votes in the first round, with 48.43% to Bolsonaro's 43.20%, which made him the first presidential candidate to obtain more votes than the incumbent president in Brazil. While Lula came close to winning in the first round, the difference between the two leading candidates was closer than opinion polls had suggested, and right-wing parties made gains in the National Congress. Nevertheless, Lula's vote share was the second-best performance for the Workers' Party in the first round of a presidential election, behind only his own record of 48.61% in 2006. In the second round, Lula received 50.90% of the votes to Bolsonaro's 49.10%, the closest presidential election result in Brazil to date. Lula became the first person to secure a third presidential term, receiving the highest number of votes in a Brazilian election. At the same time, Bolsonaro became the first incumbent president to lose a bid for a second term since a 1997 constitutional amendment allowing consecutive re-election.

In response to Lula's advantage in pre-election polls, Bolsonaro had made several pre-emptive allegations of electoral fraud. Many observers denounced these allegations as false and expressed concerns that they could be used to challenge the outcome of the election. On 1 November, during his first public remarks after the election, Bolsonaro refused to elaborate on the result, although he did authorise his chief of staff, Ciro Nogueira Lima Filho, to begin the transition process with representatives of president-elect Lula on 3 November. On 22 November, Bolsonaro and his party requested that the Superior Electoral Court invalidate the votes recorded by electronic voting machines that lacked identification numbers, which would have resulted in him being elected with 51% of the remaining votes. On the next day the court rejected the request and fined the party R$22.9 million (US$4.3 million) for what it considered bad faith litigation. Lula was sworn in on 1 January 2023; a week later, pro-Bolsonaro protestors stormed the offices of the National Congress, the Presidential Palace, and the Supreme Federal Court, unsuccessfully attempting to overthrow the newly-elected government. The elected members of the National Congress were sworn in on 1 February.^[2]

Background

From 1994 to 2014 presidential elections in Brazil were dominated by candidates of the centrist Brazilian Social Democracy Party and the left-wing Workers' Party. After unsuccessful attempts in the 1989, 1994, and 1998 presidential elections, Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was elected in the 2002 and 2006 presidential elections.^[3] His successor from the same party, Dilma Rousseff, was elected in the 2010 and 2014 presidential elections. The controversial 2016 impeachment of Rousseff removed her from office due to allegations of administrative misconduct, and she was succeeded by her vice president, Michel Temer of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement. In 2017, Operation Car Wash controversially resulted in Lula being convicted on charges of corruption by judge Sergio Moro and arrested, which prevented his intended candidacy in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election, despite his substantial lead in the polls. He was replaced as his party's presidential candidate by former mayor of São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, who lost to far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party.^{[4] [5] [6]}

In 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party. This was followed by the dismissal or resignation of many members of the Bolsonaro administration,^[7] including Moro, whom he had appointed as Minister of Justice and Public Safety. Bolsonaro then attempted to create another party, the Alliance for Brazil, but he was unsuccessful.^[8] In 2021, Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party and selected Walter Braga Netto of his party as the vice presidential candidate instead of Hamilton Mourão, the incumbent vice president.^[9] A series of rulings by the Supreme Federal Court questioning the legality of Lula's trial and the impartiality of then judge Moro led to Lula's release from prison in 2019, followed by the annulment of Moro's cases against Lula and the restoration of Lula's political rights by 2021.^{[10] [11]} Lula launched his candidacy for president in 2022, selecting as his vice presidential candidate Geraldo Alckmin, who had been a presidential candidate of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party in 2006 and 2018 but changed his affiliation to the left-wing Brazilian Socialist Party in 2022.^{[12] [13]} The three parties supporting Bolsonaro in 2022 (Liberal Party, Progressistas, and Republicans) had supported Alckmin in 2018 and Rousseff in 2014.^[14] After Bolsonaro's departure from the Social Liberal Party, the party merged with the Democrats to form the Brazil Union in 2022.^[15]

Electoral system

See main article: Electoral system of Brazil and Elections in Brazil. Brazil's president and vice president are elected as a joint ticket using the two-round system. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October, which in 2022 was on 2 October.^[16] A candidate who receives more than 50% of the total valid votes in the first round is elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round participate in a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this instance, 30 October 2022), and the candidate who receives a plurality of votes in the second round is elected. The 2022 Brazilian gubernatorial elections to elect the governors and vice governors of all states of Brazil and of the Federal District were held on the same dates and with the same two-round system as the presidential election. One-third of the 81 members of the Brazilian Senate were up for election in 2022, one senator being elected from each of the states and the Federal District using plurality voting. The other two-thirds of the Senate were elected in 2018.^[17]

All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies) are elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. All members of the Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states (state deputies) and of the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District (district deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, are also elected. These elections are held using open list, proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method.^{[18] [19]} All seven members of the District Council of Fernando de Noronha are elected by single non-transferable vote. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council are not nominated by political parties.^[20]

Voters

Voting in Brazil is allowed for all citizens over 16 years old. There is compulsory voting for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years old except conscripts; as there is conscription in Brazil, those who serve the mandatory military service are not allowed to vote.^[21] Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification, such as being absent from their voting locality at the time,^[22] must pay a fine, normally R$3.51,^{[23] [24]} which is equivalent to US$0.67 as of October 2022. In some cases, the fine may be waived, reduced, or increased up to R$35.13 (US$6.67).^[25]

The Brazilian diaspora may only vote for president and vice president.^[26] Due to the Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal, Portuguese citizens legally residing in Brazil for more than three years may also register to vote in Brazilian elections.^[27]

Candidates and political parties

See also: List of political parties in Brazil. All candidates for federal, state, Federal District, and municipal offices must be nominated by a political party. For offices to be elected by majority or plurality (executive offices and senators), parties may form an electoral coalition (coligação) to nominate a single candidate. The coalitions do not need to be composed of the same parties for every nomination, do not need to be maintained after the election, and are not valid for offices to be elected proportionally (deputies and aldermen).^[28] A new law, valid for this election, also allowed parties to form a different type of alliance called federation (federação), which acts as a single party to nominate candidates for all offices in all locations, including those to be elected proportionally, and must be maintained with a single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature.^[29] Federations may also act as parties to form coalitions. For 2022, the federations formed were Brazil of Hope (PT–PCdoB–PV), Always Forward (PSDB–Cidadania), and the PSOL REDE Federation (PSOL–REDE).^[30]

For offices to be elected proportionally, each party must nominate candidates of each sex in a distribution between 30 and 70%.^[28] Under rulings by the Superior Electoral Court and the Supreme Federal Court, parties must also allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each sex and race.^[31]

Procedure

See main article: Electronic voting in Brazil. Voting in Brazilian elections can only be done in person and only on election day, which is always a Sunday. There is no provision for either postal voting or early voting. Voter registration must be done in advance, and each voter can only vote in one designated voting station, either based on the voter's registered domicile or at a different location that the voter must specifically request if planning to be there temporarily on election day. Voters must provide photo identification at their voting station before proceeding to vote.^[32]

More than 92,000 voting stations were installed in all municipalities of Brazil, the Federal District, and Fernando de Noronha.^[33] Most voting stations are in public schools.^[34] In some sparsely populated areas, such as indigenous territories, the installation and use of voting stations requires extensive travel and logistics.^[35] Voting stations were also installed in 160 locations in other countries, mostly in Brazilian diplomatic missions, for citizens residing abroad.^[36]

Voting is done almost entirely on DRE voting machines, designed for extreme simplicity. The voter dials a number corresponding to the desired candidate or party, causing the name and photo of the candidate or party to appear on the screen, then the voter presses a green button to confirm or an orange button to correct and try again. It is also possible to leave the vote blank by pressing a white button, or to nullify the vote by dialing a number that does not correspond to any candidate or party. Paper ballots are only used in case a voting machine malfunctions or in locations abroad with fewer than 100 voters.^[32]

The electronic system is subject to extensive tests, including on machines randomly selected from actual voting stations on election day, witnessed by political parties to rule out fraud. After voting ends, every machine prints a record of its total votes for each candidate or party, which is publicly displayed for comparison with the results published electronically.^[37] The system delivers the complete election results usually a few hours after voting ends, which is extremely fast for such a large population as Brazil. At the same time, the system does not create a physical record of individual votes to allow a full election recount.^[38]

The partial vote count for an office can only start being published after voting has ended in all locations in Brazil voting for that office, to avoid influencing those still voting. Due to time zones in Brazil, in previous years the vote count for president (the only one that combines votes from more than one state) could only start being published after voting ended in, two hours after it had ended for the vast majority of the population in . To avoid this undesirable wait, the Superior Electoral Court ordered for 2022 that voting stations were to operate at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00, 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00, and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00.^[39] Politicians from the state of Acre (UTC−05:00) filed a legal complaint against this order due to the unreasonably early start of voting preparations in their local time; the complaint was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.^[40] The unified voting time does not apply to voting stations for citizens abroad, which still operate from 8:00 to 17:00 local time, even though some of them end up to four hours after UTC−03:00.^[41]

Presidential candidates

Candidates in runoff

scope=colgroup colspan=2	Party	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Presidential candidate^[42]	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Vice presidential candidate	scope=col	Coalition
style=background:		(PT13)		Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (campaign) President of Brazil (2003–2010) Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1987–1991)		Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) Governor of São Paulo (2001–2006, 2011–2018) Vice Governor of São Paulo (1995–2001)	Brazil of Hope: Brazil of Hope (PT, PCdoB, PV) PSOL REDE (PSOL, REDE) Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Solidarity Avante Act Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS)
style=background:		(PL22)		Jair Bolsonaro (campaign) President of Brazil (2019–2023) Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (1991–2018)		Walter Braga Netto Minister of Defence (2021–2022) Chief of Staff of the Presidency (2020–2021)	For the Good of Brazil: Liberal Party (PL) Republicans (REP) Progressistas (PP)

Candidates not advanced to runoff

scope=colgroup colspan=2	Party	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Presidential candidate	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Vice presidential candidate	scope=col	Coalition
style=background:		(MDB15)		Simone Tebet (campaign) Senator for Mato Grosso do Sul (since 2015) Vice Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul (2011–2014)		Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) Senator for São Paulo (since 2019)	Brazil for Everyone: Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) Always Forward (PSDB, Cidadania) Podemos (PODE)
style=background:		(PDT12)		Ciro Gomes Federal Deputy for Ceará (2007–2011) Minister of National Integration (2003–2006) Minister of Finance (1994) Governor of Ceará (1991–1994)		Ana Paula Matos Vice Mayor of Salvador (since 2021)
style=background:		(UNIÃO 44)		Soraya Thronicke Senator for Mato Grosso do Sul (since 2019)		Marcos Cintra Secretary of the RFB (2019) Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1999–2003)
style=background:		(NOVO30)		Luiz Felipe d'Avila		Tiago Mitraud Federal Deputy for Minas Gerais (2019–2023)
style=background:		(PTB14)		Kelmon Souza		Luiz Cláudio Gamonal
style=background:		Popular Unity(UP 80)		Leonardo Péricles		Samara Martins
style=background:		(PCB21)		Sofia Manzano		Antonio Alves da Silva
style=background:		(PSTU16)		Vera Lúcia Salgado		Kunã Yporã Tremembé
style=background:		(DC27)		José Maria Eymael Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1986–1995)		João Barbosa Bravo Mayor of São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro (1993–1997)

Coalitions

Additional support for second round:^[96]

Congress

The results of the previous general elections and the composition of the National Congress at the time of the 2022 election are given below. The party composition changed significantly during the course of the legislature due to numerous replacements of members, changes in their party affiliation, and mergers of parties. In 2022, all members of the Chamber of Deputies and one third of the Senate (one senator from each state and Federal District) were up for election.

Composition of the National Congress of Brazil

scope=colgroup rowspan=3 colspan=2	Party^[97]	scope=colgroup colspan=3	Chamber of Deputies	scope=colgroup colspan=6	Senate
scope=col	Elected	scope=col	Incumbent	scope=col rowspan=2	+/–	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Elected	scope=col	Incumbent	scope=col rowspan=2	+/–	scope=colgroup colspan=2	Up for election^[98]
scope=col	2018	scope=col	2022^[99]	scope=col	2014	scope=col	2018	scope=col	2022^[100]	scope=col	2022	scope=col	2026
	33	76	43	1	1	7	5	2	5
	37	58	21	1	5	8	2	4	4
	56	56		2	4	7	1	2	5
	81	51	30	3	8	8	3	1	7
	34	46	12	2	4	11	5	3	8
	30	44	14	–	1	1		–	1
	34	37	3	5	7	13	1	4	9
	32	24	8	3	2	1	4	1	–
	29	22	7	4	4	6	2	2	4
	28	19	9	4	2	3	3	1	2
	17	9	8	–	3	8	5	2	6
	13	8	5	–	1	–	1	–	–
	10	8	2	–	–	–		–	–
	10	8	2	–	–	–		–	–
	8	8		–	–	–		–	–
	8	8		–	1	1		1	–
	8	7	1	–	2	1	1	–	1
	7	6	1	–	–	–		–	–
	9	5	4	–	1	–	1	–	–
	8	4	4	–	1	2	1	1	1
	4	4		–	–	–		–	–
	10	3	7	2	2	2	2	2	–
	1	2	1	–	5	1	4	–	1
	3	–	3	–	–	–		–	–
	2	–	2	–	–	–		–	–
	1	–	1	–	–	–		–	–
	–	–		–	–	1	1	1	–
Total		513	513		27	54	81		27	54

Campaign

Debates

Below is a list of the presidential debates scheduled or held for the 2022 election (times in). For the first time since the 1989 presidential election, television and radio stations, and newspapers and news websites grouped themselves into pools to hold presidential debates, by request from the campaigns in order to reduce the number of debates scheduled for the 2022 elections.^{[101] [102] [103]}

2022 Brazilian presidential election debates

	Date, time, and location	Hosts	Moderators	Participants
Key: Present Absent Invited Out of the election	scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:		scope=col style=background:
		d'Avila				Souza
scope=row style=text-align:center	1.1	style=max-width:12em	28 August 2022, 21:00, São Paulo^[104]	style=max-width:12em	Bandeirantes, TV Cultura, Folha, UOL	style=max-width:16em	Adriana Araújo, Eduardo Oinegue, Fabíola Cidral, Leão Serva
scope=row style=text-align:center	1.2	style=max-width:12em	24 September 2022, 18:15, Osasco^[105]	style=max-width:12em	SBT, CNN Brazil, Estado, Veja, Terra, NovaBrasil FM	Carlos Nascimento
scope=row style=text-align:center	1.3	style=max-width:12em	29 September 2022, 22:30, Rio de Janeiro^[106]	Globo	William Bonner
scope=row style=text-align:center	2.1	style=max-width:12em	16 October 2022, 20:00, São Paulo^[107]	style=max-width:12em	Bandeirantes, TV Cultura, Folha, UOL	style=max-width:16em	Adriana Araújo, Eduardo Oinegue, Fabíola Cidral, Leão Serva			colspan=5
scope=row style=text-align:center	2.2	style=max-width:12em	21 October 2022, 21:30, Osasco^[108]	style=max-width:12em	SBT, CNN Brazil, Estado, Veja, Terra, NovaBrasil FM	Carlos Nascimento			colspan=5
scope=row style=text-align:center	2.3	style=max-width:12em	23 October 2022, 21:30, São Paulo^[109]	Record	Eduardo Ribeiro			colspan=5
scope=row style=text-align:center	2.4	style=max-width:12em	28 October 2022, 21:30, Rio de Janeiro^[110] ^[111]	Globo	William Bonner

Incidents

Political violence

Since the official beginning of the election campaign in August 2022 and before that, various political commentators said the incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro incited physical,^[112] or verbal violence, against his critics and political opponents, especially women,^[113] such as saying that he and his supporters "must obliterate" the opposition Workers' Party,^{[114] [115]} engaging in a smear campaign of political commentators, journalists, or interviewers on his social media and speeches,^{[116] [117] [118]} and in one occasion trying to grab a phone from a disillusioned voter and YouTuber who confronted him in a rally.^{[119] [120]}

An Amnesty International survey found that in the three months leading up to the first round on 2 October, there was at least one case of political violence every two days, with 88% of cases in September alone, including murders, threats against voters, physical assaults, and restrictions on freedom of movement for candidates. On 5 October, the Observatory of Political and Electoral Violence in Brazil of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Unirio) had recorded at least 212 cases of political violence between July and September of this year, an increase of 110% compared to the previous quarter. According to the survey, leaders of 29 parties were hit by some kind of violence in the third quarter of 2022. The Workers' Party received the highest number of targets with 37 cases (17.5%), then there was the Socialism and Liberty Party with 19 (9%), while the Global Justice and Land of Rights organizations recorded 247 episodes of political violence in 2022, a 400% increase in the number of cases recorded in 2018. At least 121 cases occurred between 1 August and 2 October. According to Agência Pública, there were at least 32 episodes of intimidation or violence against interviewers from research institutes, such as Datafolha, Ipec, and Quaest, until 5 October.^[121]

Notable cases

June–August

In June, a Bolsonaro supporter was arrested after throwing fireworks against Lula supporters during a political act of the Workers' Party in Cinelândia, Rio de Janeiro.^[121] Several Lula supporters had already been hit by a liquid described as sewage launched from a drone that flew over a pre-campaign event of the Workers' Party in Minas Gerais, which featured former mayor Alexandre Kalil, at the time the Social Democratic Party pre-candidate for the government of Minas Gerais. The suspect, agriculturalist Rodrigo Luiz Parreira, was arrested a week later. In July, a walk with Marcelo Freixo, the Brazilian Socialist Party candidate for the government of Rio de Janeiro, had to be abruptly closed after armed supporters of a state deputy appeared on the site and made threats.^[121] Also in July, a homemade bomb was set off at a Lula rally in downtown Rio de Janeiro, leaving no injuries. The perpetrator has been arrested. Days before that, Bolsonaro supporters surrounded a vehicle carrying Lula in the city of Campinas.^[122]

On 10 July, city guard Marcelo Aloizio de Arruda, a Workers' Party activist, was murdered for political reasons during his birthday party at a community centre located in Foz do Iguaçu in the state of Paraná. Jorge Guaranho, a federal prison officer, was arrested after storming the victim's party shouting that he was a supporter of Bolsonaro, and shooting at Arruda. The shooter was also injured during the attack due to self-defense exercised by the victim.^{[123] [124]} Based on an incorrect statement from the local police, some media outlets mistakenly reported that the men killed each other. The police later backtracked from the statement, and stated instead that Guaranho had been hospitalized.^[125] Arruda was survived by his wife and four young children.^[126] In the hours following the murder, politicians—including some 2022 presidential candidates—and authorities condemned the attack, with some of them calling for calm.^{[127] [128]} Also on 10 July, the local police opened an investigation into the crime's motivation;^[129] a day later, the police chief officer leading the probe was found to have previously made online posts against the Workers' Party, potentially violating due process because of abuse of power, which unofficially caused her to be removed from the investigation.^{[130] [131]}

On 11 July, a judge ordered the pre-trial arrest of the suspect, and after four days the local police concluded that there was no political motivation for the crime.^[132] On 18 July, both the prosecutors and Arruda's family disputed the conclusions, citing the fact that the police did not search the shooter's phone and did not investigate a possible connection with the suicide of a security service worker in the community centre who had allegedly sent the party footage to the suspect.^{[133] [134] [135]} The following day, the judge overseeing the case ordered the police to redo the inquiry taking into account those claims.^[136] On 20 July, the prosecutors charged Guaranho with first degree murder for political reasons, and he was bound over for trial.^{[137] [138]} On 10 August, following his discharge from a hospital, Guaranho was temporarily placed under house arrest and ordered to wear an ankle monitor.^{[139] [140]} He was sent to prison two days later,^[141] and he was denied a release from jail on 13 August.^[142]

In August, a datafolha interviewer was chased in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, by four men. Shouting "communist" and "leftist", the men tried to pick up the tablet she used to conduct the research.^[121] On 8 September, two farm workers had an argument over politics and their preferred presidential candidates in a rural property in the city of Confresa in the western state of Mato Grosso. Rafael Silva de Oliveira, a 24-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, reportedly stabbed his 42-year-old coworker Benedito Cardoso dos Santos,^[143] a supporter of former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, 70 times,^[144] after both had been arguing over politics for hours on the same day and the situation escalated to a physical altercation. During the fight, Oliveira reportedly took a knife and started stabbing Santos in his eyes, forehead and neck, after Santos had punched Oliveira in the chin, according to the local police. Following the murder, the suspect tried to behead the victim's body with an axe but eventually gave up and went to a local healthcare centre seeking medical assistance, where he was seen by a doctor and subsequently arrested by the police. Oliveira was also under criminal investigations for unrelated crimes such as homicide, rape, and fraud, according to the police and a court ruling.^{[145] [146] [147]}

September–October

On 13 September, farmer Luiz Carlos Ottoni, a 44-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, attacked city councilwoman Cleres Relevante of the Workers' Party and her aide in Salto do Jacuí, a small city in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Ottoni used his car to hit hers after reportedly following Relevante and her aide on their way back her home. Relevante told the police that right before the car attack, she noticed she and her aide were being followed by a car that occasionally kept doing burnouts, unexpected speed-ups and stops, as if to intimidate them. The car eventually rammed the back of hers and fled the scene. She called the police, who chased the attacker but were later informed that he had fatally suffered an accident while trying to escape the manhunt.^{[148] [149]}

On 19 September, a group of Bolsonaro supporters verbally abused, kicked and punched a blind man who was wearing a Lula campaign button as he took the subway in the city of Recife, in the northeastern state of Pernambuco. The victim's wife said that her husband had a seizure due to the assault while he was at the hospital for a first appointment and that he had to remain hospitalized for three days, after which he was released but for the following week he could not get out of his bed by himself.^{[150] [151] [152]} On 20 September, an election survey interviewer was assaulted by a Bolsonaro supporter while the victim was interviewing another person. The suspect also heckled the interviewer several times during the survey before his son joined him in the attack. Pollster Datafolha, the victim's employer, said that there had been at least ten similar cases since the campaign officially started in August 2022.^[153]

On 24 September, Antônio Carlos Silva, a farm worker, was murdered after he answered a question made by Edmilson Freire, a Bolsonaro supporter. According to eye-witnesses, Freire entered a bar and shouted "who supports Lula?", for which Silva said he would vote for Lula, then Freire stabbed him in the ribs. Silva was seen by a doctor but did not survive the injury. Freire, who reportedly has criminal records for unrelated domestic violence, was arrested.^[154] On the same day, Hildor Henker, a Bolsonaro supporter, was stabbed in a bar in Rio do Sul, in the southern state of Santa Catarina, after he had gotten into an argument about "politics and old family problems" with a Workers' Party supporter, whose name was not released by the police. Henker, who was wearing a Bolsonaro shirt, reportedly hit the Workers' Party supporter in the face, and the latter grabbed Henker by the neck, took him out of the bar, and stabbed him in the leg after a fight, hitting his femoral artery. Henker ran across the bar, bleeding, and collapsed due to his wounds. He was taken to the hospital but died the next day. According to the police, the suspect escaped the scene and went back to his home, and as of 27 September he was still wanted by the police.^{[155] [156]}

On 25 September, Paulo Guedes, a federal lawmaker for the Workers' Party, suffered an assassination attempt during a motorcade rally in Montes Claros in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais. Guedes was reportedly at the top of a campaign rally truck when a police officer in plainclothes shot at the rally from the back seat of a car.^[157] The Federal Police of Brazil later arrested and indicted the officer for two counts: election campaign harassment and unlawful discharge of a firearm.^{[158] [159]}

On 4 October, José Roberto Gomes Mendes, a 59-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, was murdered after an argument over politics with Luiz Antonio Ferreira da Silva, a 42-year-old Workers' Party supporter, inside their home in the city of Itanhaém, in the state of São Paulo. During the argument, Mendes allegedly attacked Silva with a knife, and during the fight, Silva used the same knife to stab Mendes. The police later arrived at the scene and found that Mendes had died of his wounds. Silva confessed the crime to the police.^[160]

On 12 October, Bolsonaro visited the Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida in São Paulo to accompany the religious celebrations. Supporters of the president promoted riots outside the time and attacked journalists who were covering the ceremony including those of the TV Aparecida, which is owned by the church, and the TV Vanguarda, which is affiliated to the TV Globo. They also attacked a man with a red shirt and booed an archbishop who spoke out against hunger.^[161]

On 13 August 2021, former lawmaker and Bolsonaro ally Roberto Jefferson was arrested due to his verbal threats to government officials and institutions. In January 2022, he was allowed to be moved to house arrest for health reasons under the conditions that he would not maintain external communication or receive visits other than by family members.^[162] Jefferson violated these conditions multiple times, and he attempted to be a presidential candidate in the 2022 election under the Brazilian Labour Party but was ruled ineligible due to a previous criminal conviction and was replaced by Kelmon Souza as his party's candidate. On 21 October, Jefferson released a video, through his daughter Cristiane Brasil, where he insulted Supreme Federal Court judge Cármen Lúcia due to rulings that she issued in the 2022 presidential election.^[163] Due to Jefferson's multiple violations of his house arrest conditions, Supreme Federal Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered his return to prison. On 23 October, Jefferson violently resisted the arrest warrant being carried out by Federal Police agents, who were met with gunfire and two grenades thrown by him. Some of the agents were injured during the siege, subsequently hospitalized, and later released. Hours after negotiating his surrender terms along with other Bolsonaro allies present in his house, Jefferson turned himself in to the police and was later indicted for four attempted homicides of the agents that he had attacked earlier.^{[164] [165]}

Disinformation

Disinformation became a major topic in the 2022 elections, since experiences from previous elections, especially in 2018, led to new approaches by individuals, including electoral officials, as well as private and public institutions amid a surge in the use of fake news to discredit political opponents and the electoral system itself.^[166] In that context, the Superior Electoral Court issued several law-like guidances regarding disinformation, such as further banning political ads on the internet, and tightening penalties for online breaches of the electoral law. In October 2021, after an investigation by the police and prosecutors, the Superior Electoral Court ruled that Fernando Francischini, a hard-liner lawmaker in the southern state of Paraná and ally of Bolsonaro, had violated electoral law by making false claims about the electronic voting system in 2018. The court removed him from his seat in the state legislature and banned him from elected office for the next eight years.^[167] Francischini filed an appeal against the ruling but it was later dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.^[168]

On 20 September 2022, the Superior Electoral Court reported that it had received more than 15,500 election-related disinformation complaints over the prior four months.^[169] On 24 September, an incident of bulk messaging was reported in the state of Paraná, which was governed by an ally of Bolsonaro. Several phone users said that they had received a message from the official state alert-messaging service,^[170] which read: "Bolsonaro is gonna win the elections in the first round! Otherwise, we are going to the streets to protest! We're gonna storm the Supreme Court and the Congress buildings! President Bolsonaro counts on us all!!" The Superior Electoral Court referred the alleged breach to prosecutors so they could investigate if any electoral crime was committed, and if so, to identify its perpetrators.^[171]

Electoral fraud allegations

See also: Planning for a coup d'état after the 2022 Brazilian presidential elections. Bolsonaro alleged that electronic voting in Brazil was prone to vote rigging since at least 2015, when he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successfully pushed for a bill requiring voting machines to also print vote records. Brazil's Public Prosecutor's Office challenged the law citing secret ballot concerns,^{[172] [173]} and the Supreme Federal Court suspended the law in June 2018.^{[174] [175]}

During the 2018 elections, several social media platforms were flooded with fake claims that electronic ballots had been set up to favor candidates other than Bolsonaro, and that he had allegedly won the presidential election in the first round.^[176] After investigating those claims, authorities and forensic experts ruled out any fraud in the ballots, and concluded that some videos shared online were manipulated and edited to spread those allegations.^[177] As president, Bolsonaro also insisted on voter fraud claims and pushed for an election audit,^[178] despite the voting machines already being audited and the vote counts being publicly available for verification.^[179]

Since 2018, some social media companies, such as YouTube, Facebook,^[180] and Twitter,^[181] restricted or removed videos, livestreams, campaign advertisements, online groups and channels, online-content monetization,^[182] and posts from Bolsonaro, his allies, and supporters linked to election-related disinformation,^[183] insurrection, and incitement to violence on their own or by a court order for violating laws or those companies' policies.^{[184] [185]} Despite signing agreements with the Superior Electoral Court in which they committed to fight disinformation,^{[186] [187]} social networks acted slowly or ignored requests to remove it.^[188]

In July 2022, Bolsonaro addressed dozens of foreign diplomats, to whom he made several claims of vulnerabilities in the country's electronic voting system. Following the presentation, the electoral authority issued a statement debunking several of the claims mentioned by Bolsonaro.^[189] Brazilian and international law experts, political analysts, and authorities warned that such allegations undermined democracy and paved the way for an unfounded election result challenge or a self-coup, such as the 2021 United States Capitol attack.^{[190] [191]} Many experts also feared that if Bolsonaro lost the election, the military and local police officers, who helped carry out the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and were heavily present in his government,^{[192] [193]} could play a significant role in either blocking a peaceful transition of power or being complicit with possible rioters trying to overthrow a newly elected administration.^{[194] [195]}

On 28 September, four days prior to the first round of the elections, Bolsonaro's Liberal Party released a statement saying a party report found that there were "several flaws" in the election process conducted by the Superior Electoral Court, adding, without providing any evidence, that the court met only "5% of the all the requirements for a proper election certification". The court dismissed those claims as "false and misleading and meant to disturb the electoral process", and ordered an investigation into the authors of party's report.^{[196] [197]}

Reactions to potential coup

On 26 July, the faculty of law of the University of São Paulo launched a pro-democracy petition as a response to Bolsonaro's criticism of the electronic ballots and the Brazilian voting system in general with over 3,000 signatures, among intellectuals, artists, law experts including retired justices of the Supreme Federal Court, businesspeople, and others.^[198] On 30 July, the petition topped 540,000 signatures, and four days later reached 700,000 endorsements.^{[199] [200]}

On 17 August, a report by Brazilian newspaper Metrópoles leaked an online conversation by a group of pro-Bolsonaro businessmen who expressed their preference for a coup d'état rather than a return of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the presidency. The businessmen stated that the Supreme Federal Court and the Superior Electoral Court were suspected of election fraud, and proposed that a separate commission recount the votes. The messages also showed that business leader José Koury floated the idea of paying a bonus to employees who voted according to their employers' interests, if it were legal, and that malls chain businessman ordered "thousands of little flags" to be distributed to shopkeepers and customers in Barra World Shopping, one of his company's malls. In response to the report, the businessmen declared their support for democracy and denied any encouragement of illegal activity.^{[201] [202]}

On 23 August, by order of the Supreme Federal Court, the Federal Police carried out search and seizure warrants on the homes, offices, and other properties of the businessmen who allegedly supported a potential coup, including Koury, Peres, and billionaire Luciano Hang, among others.^[203] The court also ordered a freeze in their bank and social media accounts, their testimonies, and access to their financial records. The businessmen stated that this order constituted political persecution and an attack on their freedom of speech.^[204]

International reactions

On 9 June, Bolsonaro and U.S. president Joe Biden met during the Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles. Anonymous sources reported to Bloomberg News that Bolsonaro asked for Biden's help with the elections, saying that a possible administration of former president Lula would be against U.S. interests. Biden changed the subject when approached but emphasized the importance of keeping the integrity of Brazil's elections.^[205] Bolsonaro answered that he respected democracy and would respect the election results. Biden's response echoed the comments made by Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, the U.S. ambassador to Brazil nominated by Biden. Portuguese/Spanish-language spokesperson of the U.S. Department of State, Kristina Rosales, argued that the elections needed to be transparent and monitored by international observers. Brazil's justice minister Anderson Torres responded that international observers were of little help and favored the participation of the Federal Police, the Brazilian Armed Forces, and civil society in the elections.^[206]

In a June 2022 speech about human rights in various countries, Michelle Bachelet, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, cited concerns in Brazil, such as threats to environmentalists and indigenous people, police violence, racism, and attacks against politicians, especially Afro-Brazilians, women, and LGBT people, ahead of the elections in October. She also appealed to the Brazilian authorities to ensure respect for fundamental rights and independent institutions.^[207]

On 6 July, it was reported that members of the U.S. House of Representatives affiliated with the Democratic Party called for measures that would suspend American aid to the Brazilian Army if it intervened in the election.^{[208] [209]} The amendment author, Tom Malinowski of New Jersey, withdrew the requirement with no opposition on the House floor from any representative except for Adam Schiff of California.^[210] On 20 July, Spokesperson for the U.S. Department of State, Ned Price, was asked about the meeting with foreign diplomats hosted by Bolsonaro on 18 July, when Bolsonaro made disputed claims about the Brazilian electoral system. Price responded that U.S. officials had spoken with senior Brazilian officials about the electronic voting system, that the U.S. view was that the Brazilian electoral system was successfully tested for many years and was a model for other nations, and that the United States would follow the elections with great interest.^{[211] [212]}

During the International Ministerial Conference on Freedom of Religion or Belief in July 2022 held in London, Hungary's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Péter Szijjártó, requested a meeting with Brazil's Minister of Women, Families, and Human Rights, Cristiane Britto, to learn more about the electoral environment. Britto commented about polarization and cited perceived similarities in the views of both countries regarding family issues. Szijjártó asked if there was anything that Hungary could do to help in Bolsonaro's re-election, and said that Brazil had the largest Hungarian community in Latin America and that it mostly supported the incumbent president.^{[213] [214]}

On 29 September, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution co-sponsored by Senators Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Tim Kaine of Virginia, in which they called for the respect of the Brazilian election results and stressed that the United States would not support "any government that comes to power through undemocratic means".^{[215] [216]}

Voter suppression attempts

On 27 September, it was reported that some public transportation companies, most of them bus companies, as well as city administrations whose mayors were Bolsonaro allies, could either suspend some buses operations, claim a lack of funding for free travel passes that were usually granted to voters on election day, or order the vehicles sabotaged and engage in voter suppression. Poor and extremely poor voters, among whom Lula had been leading in the polls, were supposed to be the main target of this strategy, since they could only resort to public transportation on their way to the polling stations and back home.^[217]

In the first round

Despite some city administrations and Senator Randolfe Rodrigues asking the Supreme Federal Court to grant free rides for voters on election day,^{[218] [219]} Porto Alegre, a major city in southern Brazil whose mayor was a Bolsonaro supporter, announced that it was going to cut free travel passes because of "budgetary costs" for the first time in 25 years;^[220] after intense scrutiny by critics and politicians, it gave up on the plan. On 29 September, the Supreme Federal Court issued an injunction blocking public transportation operations from being reduced on election day.^{[221] [222]}

On 1 October, the Bolsonaro campaign asked the Superior Electoral Court to immediately block free travel passes in the public transportation system, arguing that the Supreme Federal Court's previous decision would hurt the cities' finances since the costs of free rides on election day were allegedly not anticipated and previously agreed upon by their legislatures. The Superior Electoral Court rejected the request, saying that no additional costs were created for the cities.^{[223] [224]}

Intimidation of voters

Voter intimidation, which includes coercion, threats of retaliation, workplace harassment, or a promotion at work, is both an electoral and a labor crime in Brazil.^{[225] [226]} It can also be considered a form of electoral fraud, voter suppression and workplace bullying. Reports of such crime, of which the main targets are employees, contractors and suppliers, have grown in the country since at least early 2022.^[227] On 19 May, Havan, a retail chain, and its owner, billionaire Luciano Hang, were both ordered to pay damages to a former employee of the company after a court found that she had suffered workplace harassment as a way to force her to vote for Bolsonaro.^{[228] [229]}

On 5 October, the Public Prosecutor's Office and a labor court issued a joint statement warning employers against voter intimidation in the workplace after Stara and Extrusor, two companies based in southern Brazil, had sent their suppliers a memorandum threatening to cut their production and funds from 2023 on in the event that former president Lula were elected in 2022. There were also reports of a brickworks in northern Brazil that publicly offered each of its employees cash if Jair Bolsonaro were re-elected, and of an agriculture businesswoman in northeastern Brazil who was charged with asking farmers to "have no mercy" in firing employees who voted for Lula.^{[230] [231]}

On 10 October, an agribusiness leader and husband of a mayor in the state of Goiás sent farmers a voicenote threatening to shut his business if former president Lula were elected president, and saying that his employees "were desperate" to get people to change their minds not to vote for Lula in order to keep their jobs.^[232] On 11 October, the Labor Prosecutor's Office reported that it had received nearly 200 complaints of voter intimidation since the beginning of the election campaign in August 2022.^[233] As of 21 October, there had been 1,112 reports of voter intimidation in 2022, far higher than a total of 212 reports in the 2018 elections, which made many prosecutors open joint tasks forces to investigate the cases.^[234] On 22 October, employees of a meatpacking company based in southeastern Brazil denounced that they were forced among other things to wear pro-Bolsonaro shirts while at work, reportedly violating several food safety rules, besides the electoral law.^[235]

In the second round

See main article: article and Police operations in the 2022 Brazilian general election. On 30 October, reports spread on social media of Federal Highway Police (PRF) engaging in unusual patterns of stops in poorer areas of the country that were expected to favour Lula,^[236] leading to calls for the close-of-polling hour to be pushed back. The number of police searches of vehicles was 80 percent higher than had been recorded on 2 October, the day of the first round of voting, and directly violated an order from Superior Electoral Court president Alexandre de Moraes to suspend such activities on Election Day.^[237] Stops disproportionately took place in the Northeast Region, which has historically recorded the strongest vote for the Workers' Party.^[238] Police roadblocks also created a traffic jam on the Rio–Niterói Bridge.^{[239] [240]}

Workers' Party supporters immediately called the actions an attempt of electoral subversion. O Globo reported that the director of the PRF,, had posted and then deleted a video on Instagram endorsing Bolsonaro the previous night.^[241] O Globo additionally reported that the operation had been discussed in the office of President Bolsonaro on 19 October, suggesting it was performed at his direction.^[242] Activists made an appeal to Moraes, who ordered an immediate halt to the operations and subpoenad Vasques; however, Moraes claimed the operations did not stop anyone from voting and rejected a request from the PT to extend voting hours beyond the 5 pm deadline.^[243] Vasques was then arrested on 10 August 2023.^[244]

Environmental issues

Some commentators noted the importance of this election for the Amazon rainforest,^[245] as well as climate change.^[246] On 23 September, the British environmental-focused website Carbon Brief released a report made by researchers at the University of Oxford, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research showing that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon could be reduced by 89% if Lula were elected in 2022 and his environmental policy continued until 2030. The report said that Lula's enforcement of the Brazilian Forest Code, the country's flagship legislation for tackling deforestation in the Amazon and other ecosystems, would curb forest clearings and could also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, a re-election of Bolsonaro would likely see the pace of deforestation accelerate in the coming years, including what one of the report authors described as huge areas beyond the scope of the Forest Code.^[247]

Views and endorsements

On 3 September, medical journal The Lancet published an editorial calling the stakes in the Brazilian elections high and highlighting among other things that Bolsonaro, described as someone "who is known for his volatility and indirect incitement of violence, will not go quietly" if he were not re-elected as predictions pointed to, and that "he has already criticised Brazil's electronic voting system in the presence of foreign ambassadors". It concluded by saying "there is an unprecedented chance for new beginnings in Latin America; an opportunity to make positive changes to alleviate deep neglect, inequality, and violence. Let us hope that Brazil chooses to seize this opportunity."^[248]

On 25 October, ahead of the second round, British weekly scientific journal Nature published an editorial in which it said that a second term for incumbent Bolsonaro would "represent a threat to science, democracy and the environment", and cited Bolsonaro's similarities to former U.S. president Donald Trump, both of whom it said "have sought to undermine the rule of law and slash the powers of regulators" and "ignored scientists' warnings about COVID-19 and denied the dangers of the disease." It concluded by stating that "Brazil's voters have a valuable opportunity to start to rebuild what Bolsonaro has torn down. If Bolsonaro gets four more years, the damage could be irreparable."^[249]

Opinion polls

Presidential election

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Brazilian presidential election.

First round

Second round

Results

President

By federative unit

Federative unit !! colspan=4

Second round !	First round
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva		Jair Bolsonaro		Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva		Jair Bolsonaro		Simone Tebet		Ciro Gomes		Others
Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
	121,566	29.70	style=background:#b2d1ea	287,750	style=background:#b2d1ea	70.30	129,022	29.26	style=background:#b2d1ea	275,582	style=background:#b2d1ea	62.50	20,122	4.56	12,314	2.79	3,877	0.88
	style=background:#ffb7b7	976,831	style=background:#ffb7b7	58.68	687,827	41.32	style=background:#ffb7b7	974,156	style=background:#ffb7b7	56.50	621,515	36.05	67,411	3.91	43,542	2.53	17,593	1.02
	189,918	48.64	style=background:#b2d1ea	200,547	style=background:#b2d1ea	51.36	style=background:#ffb7b7	197,382	style=background:#ffb7b7	45.67	187,621	43.41	27,497	6.36	14,670	3.39	4,991	1.15
	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,004,991	style=background:#ffb7b7	51.10	961,741	48.90	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,019,684	style=background:#ffb7b7	49.58	880,198	42.80	87,060	4.23	44,527	2.16	25,207	1.23
	style=background:#ffb7b7	6,097,815	style=background:#ffb7b7	72.12	2,357,028	27.88	style=background:#ffb7b7	5,873,081	style=background:#ffb7b7	69.73	2,047,599	24.31	197,305	2.34	217,224	2.58	87,799	1.04
	style=background:#ffb7b7	3,807,891	style=background:#ffb7b7	69.97	1,634,477	30.03	style=background:#ffb7b7	3,578,355	style=background:#ffb7b7	65.91	1,377,827	25.38	66,214	1.22	369,222	6.80	37,646	0.69
	926,767	41.96	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,282,145	style=background:#b2d1ea	58.04	897,348	40.40	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,160,030	style=background:#b2d1ea	52.23	85,325	3.84	56,221	2.53	22,206	1.00
	729,295	41.19	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,041,331	style=background:#b2d1ea	58.81	649,534	36.85	style=background:#b2d1ea	910,397	style=background:#b2d1ea	51.65	105,377	5.98	74,308	4.22	22,959	1.30
	1,542,115	41.29	style=background:#b2d1ea	2,193,041	style=background:#b2d1ea	58.71	1,454,723	39.51	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,920,203	style=background:#b2d1ea	52.16	170,742	4.64	90,695	2.46	45,106	1.23
	style=background:#ffb7b7	2,668,425	style=background:#ffb7b7	71.14	1,082,749	28.86	style=background:#ffb7b7	2,603,454	style=background:#ffb7b7	68.84	983,861	26.02	78,254	2.07	96,095	2.54	19,981	0.53
	652,786	34.92	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,216,730	style=background:#b2d1ea	65.08	633,748	34.39	style=background:#b2d1ea	1,102,866	style=background:#b2d1ea	59.84	55,989	3.04	29,437	1.60	20,848	1.13
	599,547	40.51	style=background:#b2d1ea	880,606	style=background:#b2d1ea	59.49	588,323	39.04	style=background:#b2d1ea	794,206	style=background:#b2d1ea	52.70	79,719	5.29	29,314	1.95	15,427	1.02
	style=background:#ffb7b7	6,190,960	style=background:#ffb7b7	50.20	6,141,310	49.80	style=background:#ffb7b7	5,802,571	style=background:#ffb7b7	48.29	5,239,264	43.60	500,658	4.17	310,324	2.58	163,816	1.36
	style=background:#ffb7b7	2,509,084	style=background:#ffb7b7	54.75	2,073,895	45.25	style=background:#ffb7b7	2,443,730	style=background:#ffb7b7	52.22	1,884,673	40.27	204,075	4.36	116,057	2.48	31,401	0.67
	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,601,953	style=background:#ffb7b7	66.62	802,502	33.38	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,554,868	style=background:#ffb7b7	64.21	717,416	29.62	57,154	2.36	76,225	3.15	16,025	0.66
	2,506,605	37.60	style=background:#b2d1ea	4,159,343	style=background:#b2d1ea	62.40	2,363,492	35.99	style=background:#b2d1ea	3,628,612	style=background:#b2d1ea	55.26	309,685	4.72	180,599	2.75	84,376	1.28
	style=background:#ffb7b7	3,640,933	style=background:#ffb7b7	66.93	1,798,832	33.07	style=background:#ffb7b7	3,558,322	style=background:#ffb7b7	65.27	1,630,938	29.91	96,570	1.77	130,015	2.38	36,164	0.66
	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,551,383	style=background:#ffb7b7	76.86	467,065	23.14	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,518,008	style=background:#ffb7b7	74.25	406,897	19.90	42,179	2.06	59,321	2.90	17,981	0.88
	4,156,217	43.47	style=background:#b2d1ea	5,403,894	style=background:#b2d1ea	56.53	3,847,143	40.68	style=background:#b2d1ea	4,831,246	style=background:#b2d1ea	51.09	365,969	3.87	301,489	3.19	110,830	1.17
	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,326,785	style=background:#ffb7b7	65.10	711,381	34.90	style=background:#ffb7b7	1,264,179	style=background:#ffb7b7	62.98	622,731	31.02	38,633	1.92	71,740	3.57	9,981	0.50
	2,891,851	43.65	style=background:#b2d1ea	3,733,185	style=background:#b2d1ea	56.35	2,806,672	42.28	style=background:#b2d1ea	3,245,023	style=background:#b2d1ea	48.89	317,957	4.79	190,945	2.88	77,155	1.16
	262,904	29.34	style=background:#b2d1ea	633,236	style=background:#b2d1ea	70.66	261,749	28.98	style=background:#b2d1ea	581,306	style=background:#b2d1ea	64.36	31,217	3.46	19,353	2.14	9,610	1.06
	67,128	23.92	style=background:#b2d1ea	213,518	style=background:#b2d1ea	76.08	68,760	23.05	style=background:#b2d1ea	207,587	style=background:#b2d1ea	69.57	12,956	4.34	6,709	2.25	2,357	0.79
	1,351,918	30.73	style=background:#b2d1ea	3,047,630	style=background:#b2d1ea	69.27	1,279,216	29.54	style=background:#b2d1ea	2,694,406	style=background:#b2d1ea	62.21	191,310	4.42	88,672	2.05	77,380	1.79
	11,519,882	44.76	style=background:#b2d1ea	14,216,587	style=background:#b2d1ea	55.24	10,490,032	40.89	style=background:#b2d1ea	12,239,989	style=background:#b2d1ea	47.71	1,625,596	6.34	898,540	3.50	402,177	1.57
	style=background:#ffb7b7	862,951	style=background:#ffb7b7	67.21	421,086	32.79	style=background:#ffb7b7	828,716	style=background:#ffb7b7	63.82	378,610	29.16	42,073	3.24	40,247	3.10	8,786	0.68
	style=background:#ffb7b7	434,593	style=background:#ffb7b7	51.36	411,654	48.64	style=background:#ffb7b7	434,303	style=background:#ffb7b7	50.40	379,194	44.00	25,209	2.93	18,141	2.11	4,945	0.57
	style=background:#ffb7b7	152,905	style=background:#ffb7b7	51.28	145,264	48.72	style=background:#ffb7b7	138,933	style=background:#ffb7b7	47.17	122,548	41.61	13,167	4.47	13,341	4.53	6,536	2.22

First round vote distribution

Second round vote change from first round

Chamber of Deputies

In the table below, the last column is a comparison with the result of the 2018 Brazilian general election.

Federal Senate

In the table below, the total shown for each party is the sum of senators elected in 2022 and those not up for election in 2022, based on their party affiliation at the time of that election. The last column is a comparison between this total and the sum of senators elected in 2018 and those not up for election in 2018, based on their party affiliation at the time of that election.

Aftermath

Analysis

Presidential election results

While Lula received the most votes in the first round with a lead of five percentage points and narrowly missed being elected in the first round, the result proved disappointing for his supporters, as polls had suggested a lead of up to 15 points, and some predicted that he would be elected in the first round. Instead, Bolsonaro outperformed almost all published opinion polling. This was partly attributed to a significant number of supporters of minor candidates deciding to vote for Bolsonaro shortly before the election, along with a number of Bolsonaro supporters refusing to respond to pollsters in the view that pollsters were part of a "fake news establishment".^[250] Additionally, Brazil had last conducted a census in 2010, and a number of pollsters oversampled poorer voters who generally backed Lula. At the same time, this was the first time that the incumbent president attempting re-election did not receive the highest number of votes in the first round.^{[251] [252] [253]} Lula's performance marked the second best result for the Workers' Party in the first round of a presidential election, behind only his result in 2006, and represented the highest number of votes for a candidate in the first round of a Brazilian election.^[254]

For the second round, both Bolsonaro and Lula sought key endorsements.^[255] Bolsonaro was endorsed by former judge Sergio Moro and the governors of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo.^[256] Simone Tebet and Ciro Gomes, the most voted presidential candidates to not advance to the runoff, endorsed Lula,^[257] as did former president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. While Tebet endorsed Lula, her party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement, was split and gave its leaders freedom of choice.^[258] In the second round, Lula received 50.90% of the votes to Bolsonaro's 49.10%,^{[259] [260] [261]} in what many observers called a comeback and leftist surge in the region.^{[262] [263] [264]} This result was narrower than expected but in line with polls showing a slight advantage for Lula.^{[265] [266] [267]} Some observers described it as a contested and crucial election due to its close results and impact.^{[268] [269]} Incumbent presidents are allowed to run for re-election by a 1997 constitutional amendment, and Bolsonaro became the first incumbent president since then to not be re-elected.^{[270] [271]} Lula became the first person to be elected president for a third term in Brazil,^[272] and the oldest person to assume the post at age 77 on his inauguration scheduled for 1 January 2023.^{[273] [274]} Lula's 60 million votes surpassed his own 2006 record as the largest number of votes in a Brazilian election.^[275]

It was the closest presidential election in Brazil to date.^[276] In both rounds, Lula was the most voted candidate in the state of Amazonas and the country's bellwether, Minas Gerais, where Bolsonaro had been the most voted in 2018. A shift was also observed among urban voters in the Southeast Region. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, Bolsonaro had obtained 66.4% of the vote in 2018, but only 52.7% in 2022.^[277] In the city of São Paulo, he obtained 60.4% in 2018, but Lula flipped the city in 2022 and received 53.5% of the vote.^[278] Steven Levitsky, author of How Democracies Die, commented that Bolsonaro's allies acknowledging Lula's victory helped to avoid a 6 January scenario, referencing the 2021 United States Capitol attack, and that Brazil managed the election in a better way than the United States did in 2020.^[279] Some observers, such as Thomas Traumann, compared the results to Joe Biden's victory in 2020, and said that Lula was inheriting a nation that was much divided. Bolsonaro's better-than-expected performance reflected an election year with increased government spending. Political scientist Carlos Melo compared the election to the political climate experienced by the former president Dilma Rousseff's reelection bid in the 2014 Brazilian presidential election.^[280]

Both presidential candidates in the second round received a higher percentage of the votes than they did in the first round in every state, and Bolsonaro's increase was greater than Lula's also in every state. Amapá was the only state where the most voted candidate was different between the first round (Lula) and the second round (Bolsonaro). It was the first presidential election when more people voted in the second round than in the first round, and both rounds had the lowest percentage of invalid votes in a presidential election since the two-round system was introduced in 1989.^[281] The second round was the first time when votes from abroad exceeded those in a Brazilian state (Roraima).

Congressional election results

See main article: 57th Legislature of the National Congress. In the National Congress of Brazil, right-wing parties expanded their majority, while centrist and left-wing parties elected fewer members, despite the Workers' Party-led coalition gaining seats, continuing the trend from the 2018 Brazilian general election.^[282] Several small parties did not satisfy the minimum number of elected members to obtain access to public funds, broadcast time, and congressional leadership. To satisfy the requirement, these members could choose to individually join larger parties, or their parties could merge. The goal of this requirement, first established in 2018, was to reduce the large number of parties in Congress and facilitate political negotiations between them.^[283]

The growth of the right-wing parties in Congress was cited as a potential roadblock to Lula's policy goals upon taking office.^[280] Despite right-wing shifts in both chambers, a number of conservative incumbents were not elected for the same or other offices, including Douglas Garcia, Janaina Paschoal, and Fabricio Queiroz. A number of milestones took place in the election for Congress, including two transgender activists, Erika Hilton and Duda Salabert, who became the first transgender individuals elected to Congress, and five self-declared indigenous Brazilians were elected as deputies (including Sônia Guajajara and Célia Xakriabá) and two as senators (Wellington Dias and Hamilton Mourão), the largest number of self-declared indigenous candidates elected to Congress to date.^{[284] [285]}

Reactions

In Brazil

See also: 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests. After 90% of the votes were counted in the second round, the Superior Electoral Court declared Lula as mathematically elected.^[286] After this result, Lula stated: "Today the only winner is the Brazilian people. This isn't a victory of mine or the Workers' Party, nor the parties that supported me in campaign. It's the victory of a democratic movement that formed above political parties, personal interests and ideologies so that democracy came out victorious."^[280] In his victory speech, he also called for "peace and unity" and said: "It is in no one's interest to live in a divided nation in a permanent state of war."^[270] Former president Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who was elected against Lula in presidential elections in 1994 and 1998, congratulated Lula by stating that "democracy has won". Journalist Fernando Gabeira, an opponent of the military dictatorship in Brazil, called the election "a victory for Brazil, and a victory for humanity. We can now breathe again."^[287] Bolsonaro did not immediately publicly concede or comment on the election result,^{[260] [288] [289]} which raised the widely discussed concerns prior to the election that he might reject the result like Donald Trump did in the United States in 2020.^[191] Privately, Bolsonaro only acknowledged the result to the president of the Superior Electoral Court Alexandre de Moraes,^[290] and he remained silent as transition talks began.^[291] On 1 November, Minister of Communications, Fabio Faria, told Reuters that Bolsonaro would not contest the election result and would address the nation later in the day.^[292] Chief of Staff of the Presidency, Ciro Nogueira Lima Filho, also confirmed that the incumbent government had already begun to establish contact with the future government led by Lula to discuss a transition.^[293] Vice president-elect Geraldo Alckmin was named as the representative of the future government. Alckmin confirmed that he would coordinate the transition and aimed to start it on 3 November.^[294]

Protests broke out in many states of Brazil after the election, as supporters of Bolsonaro alleged fraud and blockaded key roads, while demanding military intervention.^{[295] [296] [297]} In some cases, police did not intervene. Late on 31 October, Moraes ordered the Federal Highway Police to clear all the federal highways. Protesters also blockaded roads to the São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport on 1 November but were cleared by the Federal Highway Police.^[298] The blockades disrupted fuel and grain distribution, as well as the meat industry and rail network. The road to the Port of Paranaguá, an important grain export port, was blocked by protestors. The Brazilian Petroleum and Gas Institute stated that the situation regarding fuel distribution had become critical, and called on the federal government to form a crisis committee regarding the protests.^[299]

In a press conference at the Palácio da Alvorada on 1 November, Bolsonaro did not acknowledge the result but stated that he would "comply with the Constitution". Regarding the protests by his supporters, he referred to them as "the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded", while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads. Shortly after his speech, the Supreme Federal Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results,^{[300] [301]} paving the way for the transition two days after Lula was declared elected.^{[302] [303]} Hours before the press conference, Bolsonaro met with the Brazilian Armed Forces to pitch the possibility of challenging Lula's election judicially, arguing that he would not be eligible due to his convictions in the Operation Car Wash, all of which had been annulled by the Supreme Federal Court in 2021.^[304] Bolsonaro could not find support for it, and members of the Army High Command reportedly accepted the results and were against any possibility of a military intervention or coup.^[305] The following day, Bolsonaro directly appealed to his protesting supporters to clear the roadblocks, while welcoming their decision to protest against the election results and asking them to do it through other means.^[274]

The Ministry of Defence released the report about the election audit done by the military on 10 November. While it cited some possible vulnerabilities in the electronic voting machines used for the election, it did not find any sign of voter fraud.^[306] On the following day, the Brazilian Armed Forces released a letter signed by leaders of all three branches, stating that all electoral disputes must be resolved through peaceful means, while adding that the Constitution permitted peaceful protests.^[307]

Bolsonaro meanwhile spent weeks after his defeat mostly alone in his presidential residence. On 22 November, he and his party formally contested the election result, after an audit revealed that electronic voting machines made before 2020, which comprised 59% of machines used in the 2022 election, lacked identification numbers in their internal logs. They requested that the Superior Electoral Court invalidate the votes recorded by the affected machines, which would result in Bolsonaro being elected with 51% of the remaining valid votes. However, experts claimed that the software error did not affect the election results and pointed out that the identification numbers did appear in the physical vote records printed by the machines.^[308] On the next day the court rejected the request and fined the party R$22.9 million (US$4.3 million) for what it considered bad faith litigation.^[309]

Lula's victory was officially certified on 12 December. On the same day, Bolsonaro supporters attacked the Federal Police headquarters in Brasilia, after the arrest of one of the protesters for inciting violence to prevent Lula from being sworn in.^[310] Benedito Gonçalves, general inspector of the Superior Electoral Court, opened an investigation against Bolsonaro, Walter Braga Netto and their allies for allegedly attempting to discredit the election result after a complaint by the coalition of parties supporting Lula.^[311] A Bolsonaro supporter was arrested for allegedly trying to bomb the Brasília International Airport on 24 December.^[312]

Bolsonaro left Brazil for the United States on 30 December in order to avoid taking part in the swearing-in ceremony of Lula, leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourão as the acting president.^[313] In his final speech before leaving, he complained that the election was not impartial, but condemned the violence over its results.^[314] His supporters stormed the buildings of the National Congress, Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal Court on 8 January, ransacking them and clashing with the police. All three buildings were later cleared.^{[315] [316] [317]} with more than 1,500 people arrested.^[318] 684 of them were later released. Bolsonaro on 10 January claimed in a video that Lula had lost the election, but deleted it soon afterwards.^[319] The Justice Ministry stated that the police had found a draft decree authorizing Bolsonaro to overturn the elections while searching the house of his Justice Minister Anderson Torres.^[320] On 13 January, Moraes authorized including Bolsonaro in the investigation into the riots in Brasília.^[321]

Abroad

After Lula was declared elected, U.S. president Joe Biden offered his congratulations, commenting that he "looks forward to working together to continue the cooperation between our two countries in the months and years ahead".^{[322] [323]} European Union High Representative Josep Borrell congratulated Lula, stating that "Brazilian citizens went to the polls on 30 October to elect their new president in a peaceful and well-organised election".^[324] Australian prime minister Anthony Albanese tweeted: "Huge congratulations to [Lula] on a tremendous victory in the Brazilian elections. Look forward to working with you on protecting our global environment."^[325] British prime minister Rishi Sunak and German chancellor Olaf Scholz also congratulated Lula for his victory.^{[326] [327]} Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau hailed Lula's victory and said he hopes "to strengthen the partnership between our countries and to advance shared prioritieslike protecting the environment". Chinese president Xi Jinping congratulated Lula, adding that he was "willing to work with president-elect Lula, from a strategic and long-term perspective, to jointly plan and promote to a new level the comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Brazil."^[328] Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador tweeted: "Lula won, blessed people of Brazil. There will be equality and humanism."^[329]

Lula was also congratulated by Argentine president Alberto Fernández and vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Bolivian president Luis Arce,^[330] Chilean president Gabriel Boric, Colombian president Gustavo Petro,^[331] Cuban president Miguel Díaz-Canel,^[332] Czech president Miloš Zeman,^[333] Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso,^[334] Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,^[335] French president Emmanuel Macron,^{[336] [337]} Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis,^[338] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, Irish president Michael D. Higgins,^[339] Israeli president Isaac Herzog,^[340] Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni,^[341] Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida,^[342] New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern,^[343] North Korean leader Kim Jong-un,^[344] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas,^[345] Paraguayan president Mario Abdo Benítez,^[346] Portuguese prime minister António Costa and president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,^[347] Russian president Vladimir Putin,^[348] South African president Cyril Ramaphosa,^[349] Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez,^[350] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,^[351] Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou,^[352] and Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro.^[353]

Some U.S. radical right personalities criticized the results and called them into question. Steve Bannon made unsubstantiated claims the election was "riddled with fraud" and called Bolsonaro the winner. Ali Alexander, who organized the Stop the Steal rally that directly preceded the January 6 United States Capitol attack, called on Bolsonaro supporters to protest and for the Brazilian military to implement a coup d'état.^{[354] [355] [356]} Fox News host Tucker Carlson questioned the election results and alleged that doing so was not allowed in Brazil or in the U.S.^[357]

On 23 November, American daily newspaper The Washington Post reported that some allies of Donald Trump, such as former Trump campaign strategist Steve Bannon and Gettr CEO Jason Miller, have been advising and encouraging Bolsonaro's inner circle, including his re-elected lawmaker son Eduardo Bolsonaro, to challenge and dispute the presidential election results. The main goal is reportedly to keep Bolsonaro agitators in the streets targeting the legitimacy of Brazilian courts. Also, according to the Post, one of the meetings in which the conversations followed took place in Mar-a-Lago, with Trump himself present.^{[358] [359]}

Transition of power

See main article: Second presidential transition of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Following the results of the presidential election on 30 October, president-elect Lula's campaign team expressed concern about Bolsonaro's 44-hour delay in recognizing the results of the polls and authorizing the start of the government transition. The authorization was given on 2 November by the Chief of Staff of the Presidency.^[360] The transition formally began on 3 November after Lula's transition team arrived in Brasília, meeting first with senator Marcelo Castro, who was overseeing the budget for 2023. Vice president-elect Geraldo Alckmin later personally met with Bolsonaro.^[361]

On 9 December, Lula named five of the members assuming major positions in his incoming cabinet.^[362] On 22 December, he named 16 more members of his cabinet. The transition team of Lula also presented a report stating that the health and education sectors had suffered a setback under the tenure of Bolsonaro. Lula stated that addressing these issues along with poverty will be among his top priorities.^[363] On 29 December, he named the remaining 16 ministers.^[364] Lula and his cabinet were sworn in at the National Congress on 1 January 2023.^[365]

See also

• 2022 Brazilian attempted coup plot
• Conservative wave
• Pink tide

External links

• Brazil Election Live Results at Bloomberg News

Notes and References

1. News: Boadle . Anthony . Former Sao Paulo governor Alckmin joins leftist party to be Lula's running mate . Reuters . 23 March 2022 . 2 November 2022 . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104015404/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/former-sao-paulo-governor-alckmin-joins-leftist-party-be-lulas-running-mate-2022-03-23/ . live .
2. Web site: Veja como ficam as bancadas na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado. See how the benches in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate look. Jovem Pan. 1 February 2023. 3 February 2023. pt-BR.
3. Nugent . Ciara . 2 November 2022 . How Lula Won the Most Crucial Election in Brazil for Decades . live . . New York City . . 0040-781X . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113081444/https://time.com/6226269/how-lula-won-brazil-election/ . 13 November 2022 . 14 November 2022.
4. Web site: Aarup. Sarah Anne. 27 October 2022. Bolsonaro vs. Lula? Brazil vote offers no easy answer for EU's LatAm-bitions. 30 October 2022. Politico.
5. News: Downie. Andrew. 30 October 2022. Brazilians go to polls with Lula slight favourite to oust far-right Bolsonaro. 30 October 2022. The Guardian.
6. News: Nicas. Jack. 29 October 2022. Bolsonaro vs. Lula: Brazil Faces a Stark Choice With Huge Stakes. The New York Times. 30 October 2022. 0362-4331.
7. News: As principais baixas do governo Bolsonaro. Deutsche Welle. 8 July 2020. pt. 9 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200709094432/https://www.dw.com/pt-br/as-principais-baixas-do-governo-bolsonaro/g-49368323. live.
8. News: 30 April 2022 . Idealizado por Bolsonaro, partido Aliança pelo Brasil acaba por falta de assinaturas . 24 May 2022 . CNN Brazil . pt.
9. Web site: 8 November 2021 . Bolsonaro to join right-wing Liberal Party for re-election campaign . 1 December 2021 . The Brazilian Report. Spigariol. Andre.
10. News: 8 March 2021 . Lula: Brazil's ex-president cleared by Supreme Court . Reuters . live . 16 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416043741/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-supreme-court-confirms-decision-annul-lula-convictions-2021-04-15/ . 16 April 2021.
11. News: Brazil's Supreme Court confirms decision to annul Lula convictions. 15 April 2021. 5 November 2022. Ricardo. Brito.
12. News: Boadle . Anthony . 23 March 2022 . Former Sao Paulo governor Alckmin joins leftist party to be Lula's running mate . Reuters . 30 October 2022.
13. News: Paraguassu . Lisandra . 14 December 2021 . Analysis: A possible alliance in the making between Lula, former rival in Brazil 2022 run . Reuters . 15 December 2021.
14. Web site: 26 July 2018. Após ameaças de divisão, Centrão fecha com Alckmin para tentar chegar ao segundo turno . 1 November 2018 . G1.globo.com.
15. Web site: TSE aprova registro do partido União Brasil . 9 February 2022 . Tribunal Superior Eleitoral . pt . 9 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220209144740/https://www.tse.jus.br/imprensa/noticias-tse/2022/Fevereiro/tse-aprova-registro-do-partido-uniao-brasil . dead .
16. Web site: Legal Research Guide: Brazil – The Executive Branch. Library of Congress. 2 July 2019. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626172227/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/brazil-executive-branch.php#elections.
17. Web site: Federal Senate electoral system. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2 July 2019. 25 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190825041012/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2044_B.htm.
18. Web site: Chamber of Deputies electoral system. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2 July 2019. 25 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190825061603/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2043_B.htm.
19. Web site: Como funciona o sistema proporcional? . How does the proportional system work? . https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112712/https://www.tse.jus.br/o-tse/escola-judiciaria-eleitoral/publicacoes/revistas-da-eje/artigos/revista-eletronica-eje-n.-5-ano-3/como-funciona-o-sistema-proporcional . 24 November 2021 . Superior Electoral Court . pt.
20. Web site: 4 September 2018. Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha terá eleição unificada pela 1ª vez. 4 June 2022. R7.com. pt. 22 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220122204931/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/arquipelago-fernando-de-noronha-tera-eleicao-unificada-pela-1-vez-04092018.
21. Web site: Direito/Obrigatoriedade do Voto . Right/obligation to vote . pt . Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro . 30 September 2022 . 16 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216034954/https://www.tre-rj.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-frequentes/direito-obrigatoriedade-do-voto . live.
22. Web site: Justificativa Eleitoral. Superior Electoral Court. pt. 2 July 2019. 14 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190714034052/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/servicos/justificativa-eleitoral.
23. Web site: Perguntas e respostas . Questions and answers . Regional Electoral Court of São Paulo . pt . 30 September 2022 . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005546/https://www.tre-sp.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-e-respostas . live.
24. Web site: Electoral fine . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216043449/https://www.tre-rj.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-frequentes/multa-eleitoral . 16 December 2021 . Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro . pt.
25. Web site: Resolution no. 23.659, of 26 October 2021, articles 127 and 133 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211214213911/https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-659-de-26-de-outubro-de-2021 . 14 December 2021 . Superior Electoral Court . pt.
26. Web site: Voter abroad . https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112715/https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/eleitor-no-exterior . 24 November 2021 . Superior Electoral Court . pt.
27. Web site: Com estatuto de igualdade de direitos políticos, há mais de 26 mil portugueses aptos a votar no Brasil. 4 June 2022. Ora Pois. pt. 24 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112713/https://orapois.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/05/05/com-estatuto-de-igualdade-politica-ha-mais-de-26-mil-portugueses-aptos-a-votar-no-brasil/.
28. Web site: Resolução nº 23.609, de 18 de dezembro de 2019 . Resolution no. 23609, of 18 October 2019 . Superior Electoral Court . pt . 30 September 2022 . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005545/https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2019/resolucao-no-23-609-de-18-de-dezembro-de-2019 . live.
29. Web site: Entenda as diferenças entre coligações e federações e veja como funcionarão – Notícias. 21 January 2022. Portal da Câmara dos Deputados. pt. 21 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121014656/https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/811671-entenda-as-diferencas-entre-coligacoes-e-federacoes-e-veja-como-funcionarao/.
30. Web site: Party federations registered in TSE . Superior Electoral Court . pt . 15 August 2022 . 17 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220817143230/https://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/federacoes-registradas-no-tse/federacoes-partidarias-registradas-no-tse . live.
31. News: Brazil fights racism with new campaign rules for Black politicians. Fabio. Teixeira. Reuters. 26 August 2020. 29 January 2021. 24 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210124180149/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-race-elections-idUSKBN25M2QN.
32. Web site: Resolution no. 23669, of 14 December 2021 . Superior Electoral Court . pt . 2 September 2022 . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005606/https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-669-de-14-de-dezembro-de-2021 . live.
33. Web site: Eleitorado da eleição . Electorate of the election . Superior Electoral Court . pt .
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96. Web site: 16 partidos apoiam Lula para o 2º turno; cinco aderem a Bolsonaro . 16 parties support Lula for the second round; five adhere to Bolsonaro . CNN Brasil . 11 October 2022 . pt.
97. Web site: Political parties registered in TSE. Superior Electoral Court of Brazil. 14 August 2022. pt. 17 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220817143239/https://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-registrados-no-tse/registrados-no-tse. live.
98. Web site: Incumbent senators. 2 October 2022. Senate of Brazil. pt. 21 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232627/https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/senadores/em-exercicio/-/e/por-partido/. live.
99. Web site: Bancada atual. Current seats. 2 October 2022. Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. pt. 2 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162910/https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/bancada-atual. live.
100. Web site: Lideranças parlamentares. Parliamentary leadership. 2 October 2022. Senate of Brazil. pt. 2 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221002145857/https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/senadores/liderancas-parlamentares. live.
101. Web site: Veículos jornalísticos farão pools para debates presidenciais. Meio & Mensagem. pt. 29 July 2022. 30 July 2022. 30 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220730115700/https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/home/midia/2022/07/29/veiculos-jornalisticos-farao-pools-para-debates-presidenciais.html. live.
102. Web site: Band fará debate do 2º turno entre Lula e Bolsonaro em 16 de outubro . Band will hold debate for second round between Lula and Bolsonaro on 16 October . Bandeirantes . 6 October 2022 . pt.
103. Web site: Debates do segundo turno já têm data marcada – saiba se Bolsonaro e Lula vão se enfrentar novamente . Debates for the second round already have schedule dates – know if Bolsonaro and Lula will face each other again . Seu Dinheiro . 6 October 2022 . pt.
104. Web site: First debate for president: time, how to watch, candidates and rules. UOL. pt. 28 August 2022. 28 August 2022. 28 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220828192653/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/08/28/debate-presidente-band-uol-eleicoes-2022-horas-regras-onde-assistir.htm. live.
105. Web site: Without Lula, Bolsonaro decides to go to debate on SBT and still evaluates Globo's. UOL. pt. 20 September 2022. 23 September 2022. 23 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220923201448/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/09/20/debate-presidencial-24-sbt-estadao-veja-cnn-terra.htm. live.
106. Web site: Quando vai ser o debate na Globo? Veja horário e candidatos à presidência que irão ao debate eleitoral. When will the debate be on Globo? See the time and the presidential candidates who will go to the election debate. Jornal do Commercio. pt. 26 September 2022. 28 September 2022. 27 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220927171108/https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/politica/2022/09/15087398-quando-vai-ser-o-debate-na-globo-veja-horario-e-candidatos-a-presidencia-que-irao-ao-debate-eleitoral.html. live.
107. Web site: Leia as regras do debate da Band deste domingo . Read the rules of this Sunday's debate on Band . Poder360 . 16 October 2022 . pt.
108. Web site: Bolsonaro confirma presença em debate organizado pelo SBT e grupo de veículos . Bolsonaro confirms presence in debate organized by SBT and media pool . Gazeta do Povo . 6 October 2022 . pt.
109. Web site: Record fará sabatina com Bolsonaro após Lula decidir não ir ao debate . Record will make question session with Bolsonaro after Lula decides not to go to debate . Correio Braziliense . 20 October 2022 . pt.
110. News: Globo muda horário de debate para presidente no segundo turno; veja novo horário e data . Globo changes time of debate for president in the second round; see new time and date . Jornal do Commercio . 6 October 2022 . pt.
111. Web site: Debate na Globo segundo turno: veja dia e horário do último encontro entre Lula e Bolsonaro antes da votação para presidente . Debate on Globo second round: see date and time of the last meeting between Lula and Bolsonaro before vote for president . Rádio Jornal . 20 October 2022 . pt.
112. News: 8 September 2022 . Win or lose, Jair Bolsonaro poses a threat to Brazilian democracy . . 11 September 2022 . 0013-0613 . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911152256/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/09/08/win-or-lose-jair-bolsonaro-poses-a-threat-to-brazilian-democracy . live.
113. Web site: Bolsonaro tem histórico de atitudes agressivas contra mulheres . 11 September 2022 . Poder360 . 29 August 2022 . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222459/https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-tem-historico-de-acoes-agressivas-contra-mulheres/ . live.
114. Web site: 9 September 2022 . Bolsonaro radicaliza discurso contra PT após novo caso de violência política . 11 September 2022 . Jornal de Brasília . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222455/https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/politica-e-poder/bolsonaro-radicaliza-discurso-contra-pt-apos-violencia/ . live.
115. Web site: Bolsonaro ataca Lula: 'Essa gente tem que ser extirpada da vida pública' . 11 September 2022 . noticias.uol.com.br . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222458/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/09/07/bolsonaro-7-de-setembro-discursa-copacabana-rio-de-janeiro.htm . live.
116. Web site: 2 September 2022 . Gabriela Prioli, da CNN, sofre ameaças após chacota de Bolsonaro . 11 September 2022 . Congresso em Foco . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222455/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/gabriela-prioli-da-cnn-sofre-ameacas-apos-chacota-de-bolsonaro/ . live.
117. Web site: Tainá Andrade . Ingrid Soares . 28 August 2022 . Bolsonaro ataca Vera Magalhães durante debate: 'Vergonha para o jornalismo' . 11 September 2022 . Política . pt . 29 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220829030048/http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/08/5032711-bolsonaro-ataca-vera-magalhaes-vergonha-para-o-jornalismo.html . live.
118. Web site: 6 September 2022 . Bolsonaro ataca Amanda Klein em entrevista à Jovem Pan: "Seu marido vota em mim" . 11 September 2022 . Congresso em Foco . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222500/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/bolsonaro-ataca-amanda-klein-em-entrevista-a-jovem-pan-seu-marido-vota-em-mim/ . live.
119. Web site: Andrade . Tainá . 18 August 2022 . Bolsonaro tenta tirar celular da mão de influenciador que o questionava . 11 September 2022 . Política . pt . 19 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074620/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/08/5030236-bolsonaro-tenta-tirar-celular-da-mao-de-influenciador-que-o-questionava.html . live.
120. Web site: Chamado de 'tchuchuca do Centrão', Bolsonaro tenta agredir youtuber . 11 September 2022 . br.noticias.yahoo.com . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222459/https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/chamado-de-tchuchuca-do-centrao-bolsonaro-tenta-agredir-youtuber-152500412.html . live.
121. Web site: 29 October 2022 . Violência política marca eleição de 2022 . 30 October 2022 . ISTOÉ Independente . pt-br.
122. Web site: Petista é assassinado por bolsonarista em Foz do Iguaçu . 30 October 2022 . Deutsche Welle . pt.
123. Web site: 10 July 2022. Guarda Municipal que era tesoureiro do PT é morto a tiros por apoiador de Bolsonaro na própria festa de aniversário, em Foz do Iguaçu . 1 November 2022 . G1. pt.
124. Tate. Amethyst. 12 July 2022. Brazilian Opposition Party Official Assassinated at His 50th Birthday Celebration . 1 November 2022 . People.
125. Web site: 10 July 2022 . Após dizer que atirador que matou petista morreu, polícia volta atrás e afirma que ainda está vivo . 1 November 2022 . GZH . pt.
126. Web site: 10 July 2022. 'Estou sem chão', diz viúva de guarda municipal e tesoureiro do PT assassinado por apoiador de Bolsonaro em Foz do Iguaçu . 1 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
127. Web site: 10 July 2022. Veja repercussão entre políticos e autoridades do assassinato de tesoureiro do PT em Foz do Iguaçu . 1 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
128. Web site: Brazil: Leaders Call for Calm After Party Official's Killing. Associated Press. US News. 11 July 2022. 31 October 2022.
129. Web site: Paro. Denise. 10 July 2022 . Polícia Civil investiga 'real motivação' de assassinato de petista em Foz do Iguaçu . H2FOZ. 1 November 2022 . pt.
130. News: Prates. Vinícius. 11 July 2022 . Crime em Foz do Iguaçu: delegada que fazia posts antiPT é afastada do caso . 30 July 2022 . Estado de Minas . pt . 30 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730200706/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/07/11/interna_politica,1379372/crime-em-foz-do-iguacu-delegada-que-fazia-posts-antipt-e-afastada-do-caso.shtml . live.
131. News: Junqueira. Caio. 11 July 2022. Governo do PR substitui delegada do caso sobre morte do militante do PT em Foz do Iguaçu . 1 November 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt.
132. Web site: Polícia descarta motivação política na morte de petista . 30 July 2022 . Poder360 . 15 July 2022 . pt . 30 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730200706/https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/policia-descarta-motivacao-politica-na-morte-de-petista/ . live.
133. Web site: Lessa . Henrique . 18 July 2022 . Ministério Público cobra laudos e vídeos sobre a morte de petista no PR . 30 July 2022 . Política . pt . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719183743/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023075-ministerio-publico-cobra-laudos-e-videos-sobre-a-morte-de-petista-no-pr.html . live.
134. News: Adjuto. Daniel. Maggioni. Iara. Filhos de Marcelo Arruda vão à Justiça contra conclusão da Polícia Civil . 30 July 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt . 30 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730200608/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/filhos-de-marcelo-arruda-vao-a-justica-contra-conclusao-da-policia-civil/ . live.
135. Web site: Germano . Camilla . 18 July 2022 . Vigilante de clube onde petista foi assassinado é encontrado morto . 30 July 2022 . Política . pt . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719184900/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023039-vigilante-de-clube-onde-petista-foi-assassinado-e-encontrado-morto.html . live.
136. Web site: Patriolino . Luana . 19 July 2022 . Justiça devolve à Polícia Civil inquérito sobre morte de petista no Paraná . 1 November 2022 . Política . pt.
137. Web site: 20 July 2022. MP denuncia policial penal que matou a tiros tesoureiro do PT no Paraná e fala em motivação fútil por preferência política . 30 July 2022 . G1 . pt . 30 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220730200608/https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/2022/07/20/mp-denuncia-policial-penal-que-matou-a-tiros-tesoureiro-do-pt-no-parana.ghtml . live.
138. Web site: Veleda. Raphael. 20 July 2022 . Justiça aceita denúncia, e policial que matou petista vira réu . 1 November 2022 . Metrópoles. pt.
139. Web site: Barreto Filho. Herculano. Vasconcelos. Caê. 10 August 2022. Justiça concede prisão domiciliar a bolsonarista que matou petista em Foz . 1 November 2022 . Universo Online. pt.
140. Web site: H2FOZ . Paro. Denise . 11 August 2022. Jorge Guaranho deixa hospital e está em prisão domiciliar . 15 August 2022 . pt . 15 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220815131735/https://www.h2foz.com.br/geral/jorge-guaranho-deixa-hospital-e-esta-em-prisao-domiciliar/ . live.
141. Web site: 12 August 2022. Justiça revoga prisão domiciliar e manda para presídio policial bolsonarista que matou tesoureiro do PT . 1 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
142. Web site: 13 August 2022. Justiça alega proximidade das eleições e nega pedido para revogar prisão preventiva de Guaranho . 1 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
143. Web site: 2022-09-09 . Briga entre apoiadores de Bolsonaro e Lula termina em morte em Mato Grosso . 2022-11-01 . R7.com . pt-br.
144. News: Rodrigo. Pablo. 27 September 2022 . Apoiador de Lula levou 70 facadas de bolsonarista no MT, conclui exame . 30 September 2022 . Estado de Minas . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005751/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/nacional/2022/09/27/interna_nacional,1398766/apoiador-de-lula-levou-70-facadas-de-bolsonarista-no-mt-conclui-exame.shtml . live.
145. Web site: Lalio. Ulisses Lalio. 8 September 2022. Juiz mantém preso bolsonarista que assassinou amigo apoiador de Lula com facadas . https://archive.today/20220909134313/https://www.olharjuridico.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?id=49714&edt=9&noticia=juiz-mantem-preso-bolsonarista-que-assassinou-amigo-apoiador-de-lula-com-facadas&edicao=1. dead. 2022-09-09. 8 September 2022 . Olhar Jurídico. pt.
146. News: 9 September 2022 . Brazil: man killed by co-worker after argument over election . 11 September 2022 . AP News . Carla . Bridi . Associated Press . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222458/https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-elections-caribbean-presidential-brazil-df7acb79ce49d5fc227efe818f35ee2e . live.
147. Web site: Garcia. Ianara. Mathias. Pedro. 9 September 2022. Apoiador de Bolsonaro deu ao menos 15 facadas e tentou decapitar defensor de Lula, diz delegado . 11 September 2022 . G1 . pt . 11 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222458/https://g1.globo.com/mt/mato-grosso/noticia/2022/09/09/apoiador-de-bolsonaro-nao-havia-bebido-antes-de-matar-apoiador-de-lula-em-discussao-diz-delegado.ghtml . live.
148. Web site: Agressor de vereadora do PT morre durante perseguição policial. Yahoo! Notícias. pt. Anita. Efraim. 14 September 2022. 27 September 2022. 16 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220916211621/https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/agressor-de-vereadora-do-pt-morre-durante-perseguicao-policial-150435064.html. live.
149. News: Fonseca. Caue. 14 September 2022 . Polícia investiga ataque a vereadora do PT seguido de morte de bolsonarista no RS . 1 November 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt.
150. News: 28 September 2022 . Deficiente visual é agredido em metrô por usar adesivo em apoio a Lula . 30 September 2022 . Meia Hora . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005549/https://www.meiahora.com.br/geral/2022/09/6495479-deficiente-visual-e-agredido-em-metro-por-usar-adesivo-em-apoio-a-lula.html . live.
151. News: 28 September 2022 . Deficiente visual apoiador de Lula denuncia agressão de bolsonaristas . 30 September 2022 . Estado de Minas . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005552/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/09/28/interna_politica,1399634/deficiente-visual-apoiador-de-lula-denuncia-agressao-de-bolsonaristas.shtml . live.
152. Web site: Homem cego diz que foi agredido por se recusar a retirar adesivo de Lula . 30 September 2022 . Brasil Online . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005554/https://www.bol.uol.com.br/noticias/2022/09/29/homem-cego-agredido-adesivo-lula-recife.htm . live.
153. News: Toledo. Marcelo. 21 September 2022 . Bolsonaristas batem com chutes e socos em pesquisador do Datafolha . 30 September 2022 . Estado de Minas . pt . 27 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200922/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/09/21/interna_politica,1396474/bolsonaristas-batem-com-chutes-e-socos-em-pesquisador-do-datafolha.shtml . live.
154. News: Assad. Paulo. 26 September 2022. Polícia prende suspeito de matar homem no Ceará por discussão política . 29 September 2022 . O Globo . pt . 26 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926223839/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/09/policia-prende-suspeito-de-matar-homem-no-ceara-por-discussao-politica.ghtml . live.
155. Brites. Ramiro. Petista mata bolsonarista durante discussão em SC . Veja . 26 September 2022 . pt. 1 November 2022.
156. Web site: Apoiador de Bolsonaro é morto por petista durante briga de bar em SC . Istoé Dinheiro . 27 September 2022 . pt. 1 November 2022.
157. Web site: Deputado Paulo Guedes (PT) e equipe são alvo de atirador em Montes Claros . 25 September 2022 . Rádio Itatiaia . pt . 30 September 2022 . 26 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926042409/https://www.itatiaia.com.br/editorias/eleicoes-2022/2022/09/26/deputado-paulo-guedes-pt-e-equipe-sao-alvo-de-atirador-em-montes-claros . live.
158. Web site: PF autua policial militar que atirou contra carro de deputado durante ato de campanha do PT em MG . 29 September 2022 . CBN Globo Radio . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005553/https://cbn.globoradio.globo.com/media/audio/387886/pf-autua-policial-militar-que-atirou-contra-carro-.htm . live.
159. Web site: 26 September 2022 . Bolsonarista é preso após atirar contra carro de deputado durante comício em Minas Gerais . 29 September 2022 . Hora do Povo . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005552/https://horadopovo.com.br/bolsonarista-e-preso-apos-atirar-contra-carro-de-deputado-durante-comicio-em-minas-gerais/ . live.
160. News: Petista mata amigo bolsonarista a facadas em discussão política; veja outros casos . BBC News Brasil . 5 October 2022 . pt. 1 November 2022.
161. Web site: Varella. Thiago. 12 October 2022. Imagens de bolsonaristas hostilizando imprensa em Aparecida viralizam . 30 October 2022 . Universo Online . pt.
162. News: 24 October 2022. A cronologia da prisão de Roberto Jefferson . pt . BBC News Brasil . 1 November 2022.
163. News: Albuquerque. Mariana. TSE manda apagar vídeo em que Roberto Jefferson xinga ministra Cármen Lúcia . Correio Braziliense . 24 October 2022 . pt. 1 November 2022.
164. News: Brito . Ricardo. Gaier . Rodrigo Viga . Paraguassu . Lisandra . 23 October 2022 . Brazilian politician surrenders after injuring policemen while resisting arrest . Reuters . 24 October 2022.
165. News: Prado . Bruna . Savarese . Mauricio . Brazil pol and Bolsonaro ally refuses arrest, injures police . The Washington Post . 24 October 2022 . 0190-8286.
166. Web site: 7 July 2022 . Missão brasileira discute estratégias de combate à desinformação com a União Europeia . 25 September 2022 . Tribunal Superior Eleitoral . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010055/https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Julho/missao-brasileira-discute-estrategias-de-combate-a-desinformacao-com-a-uniao-europeia . live.
167. Web site: TSE cassa por 6 votos a 1 deputado do PR acusado de divulgar 'fake news' sobre urnas eletrônicas . 25 September 2022 . G1 . 28 October 2021 . pt . 28 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211028152712/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/10/28/tse-tem-maioria-para-cassar-politico-que-divulgou-fake-news-contra-urnas-eletronicas.ghtml . live.
168. Web site: 8 June 2022 . STF mantém cassação do deputado estadual do PR Fernando Francischini . 25 September 2022 . Agência Brasil . pt . 30 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220830233712/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/justica/audio/2022-06/stf-mantem-cassacao-do-deputado-estadual-do-pr-fernando-francischini . live.
169. Web site: Rocha . Lucas . TSE recebeu 15,5 mil denúncias de fake news em quatro meses . 6 October 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt.
170. Web site: 24 September 2022 . Disparo em massa com ameaças a favor de Bolsonaro vira alvo de investigação no Paraná . 25 September 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt . 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925225106/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/09/disparo-em-massa-com-ameacas-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-vira-alvo-de-investigacao-no-parana.shtml . live.
171. Web site: TSE comunica Ministério Público sobre disparos com mensagem golpista pró-Bolsonaro no Paraná . 25 September 2022 . Folha PE . pt . 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925225107/https://www.folhape.com.br/politica/tse-comunica-ministerio-publico-sobre-disparos-com-mensagem-golpista/241326/ . live.
172. Web site: Raquel Dodge pede ao STF para derrubar exigência de impressão dos votos pelas urnas eletrônicas . 19 July 2022 . G1 . 5 February 2018 . pt . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719025730/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/raquel-dodge-pede-ao-stf-para-derrubar-obrigatoriedade-de-impressao-dos-votos-pelas-urnas-eletronicas.ghtml . live.
173. Web site: Alessi . Gil . 8 February 2018 . Voto impresso, o retorno ao passado que opõe Bolsonaro e a Procuradoria Geral . 19 July 2022 . El País Brasil . pt . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719025639/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/02/07/politica/1518009776_100288.html . live.
174. Web site: Brazil's Supreme Court Suspends Requirement of Paper Votes in This Year's Elections . 19 July 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719025640/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1971217-brazils-supreme-court-suspends-requirement-of-paper-votes-in-this-years-elections.shtml . live. Reynaldo. Turollo.
175. Web site: Por 8 a 2, STF derruba voto impresso nas eleições de 2018 . 19 July 2022 . G1 . 6 June 2018 . pt . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719025735/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/relator-no-stf-admite-impressao-de-votos-mas-diz-que-implantacao-pelo-tse-pode-ser-gradual.ghtml . live.
176. Web site: 'Fraude nas urnas' e 'kit gay' têm maior impacto que outras notícias falsas em Twitter, Facebook e Youtube. 19 July 2022 . Sala de Democracia Digital. 1 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211101204856/https://observa2018.dapp.fgv.br/posts/fraude-nas-urnas-e-kit-gay-tem-maior-impacto-que-outras-noticias-falsas-em-twitter-facebook-e-youtube/ . live.
177. Web site: Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG . 19 July 2022 . UOL Eleições 2018 . 7 October 2018 . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719025730/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/07/tse-esta-apurando-denuncia-de-filho-de-bolsonaro-sobre-fraude-em-urna.htm . live.
178. News: 14 November 2019 . Bolsonaro usa Bolívia para defender auditoria em eleições – Congresso em Foco . pt . Congresso em Foco . 19 July 2022 . 3 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221003000323/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/projeto-bula/reportagem/bolsonaro-usa-bolivia-para-defender-auditoria-em-eleicoes/ . live.
179. Web site: Sistema de voto eletrônico pode ser auditado, ao contrário do que afirma post . 19 July 2022 . Estadão Verifica . pt . 23 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220823094051/https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/estadao-verifica/sistema-de-voto-eletronico-pode-ser-auditado-ao-contrario-do-que-afirma-post/ . live.
180. Web site: TSE manda Facebook retirar vídeo com informações falsas sobre Manuela D'Ávila . 20 July 2022 . Poder360 . 16 October 2018 . pt . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720213906/https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/tse-manda-facebook-retirar-video-com-informacoes-falsas-sobre-manuela-davila/ . live.
181. Web site: Por decisão do STF, Twitter e Facebook apagam contas de aliados de Bolsonaro . 20 July 2022 . Consultor Jurídico . 24 July 2020 . pt . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720213907/https://www.conjur.com.br/2020-jul-24/decisao-alexandre-twitter-apaga-contas-aliados-bolsonaro . live.
182. News: 27 August 2021 . YouTube suspends payments to Brazilian accounts over election disinformation . Reuters . 2 November 2022.
183. News: Bertoni. Estevao . 19 July 2022. YouTube retira do ar vídeo de 2021 de Bolsonaro sobre urnas eletrônicas . 2 November 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt.
184. Web site: YouTube remove canal de Allan dos Santos, mas nova conta no serviço divulga vídeos do blogueiro . 20 July 2022 . G1 . 11 May 2022 . pt . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720213906/https://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2022/05/11/youtube-remove-canal-de-allan-dos-santos-mas-nova-conta-no-servico-divulga-videos-do-blogueiro.ghtml . live.
185. Web site: YouTube remove vídeo de Bolsonaro sobre eleição de 2018. Deutsche Welle. 15 April 2022. 2 November 2022. pt.
186. Web site: Social networks partner with Brazil's electoral justice to tackle fake news during elections . 20 July 2022 . ZDNet . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720213911/https://www.zdnet.com/article/social-networks-partner-with-brazils-electoral-justice-to-tackle-fake-news-during-elections/ . live.
187. Web site: Telegram and the Brazilian Electoral Court sign agreement to fight disinformation . 20 July 2022 . ZDNet . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720214107/https://www.zdnet.com/article/telegram-and-brazilian-electoral-court-sign-agreement-to-tackle-disinformation/ . live.
188. Web site: Redes sociais ignoraram 66% dos alertas do TSE . 20 July 2022 . Estadão . pt . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720214107/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,redes-sociais-ignoraram-66-dos-alertas-do-tse,70003563468 . live.
189. Web site: Bolsonaro meets diplomats to sow doubts on election. Portland Press Herald. 18 July 2022. Savarese. Mauricio. 19 July 2022. 19 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220719121820/https://www.pressherald.com/2022/07/18/bolsonaro-meets-diplomats-to-sow-doubts-on-election/. live.
190. Web site: Brazil could face attack like U.S. Capitol assault, top election official says . https://archive.today/20220725180208/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-could-face-attack-like-us-capitol-assault-top-election-official-says-2022-05-17/ . dead. 17 May 2022 . 25 July 2022 . Reuters.
191. News: Faiola . Anthony . Sá Pessoa . Gabriela . 1 November 2022. Bolsonaro hasn't conceded to Lula. Is he following the Trump playbook? . The Washington Post . 1 November 2022 . https://archive.today/20221101090400/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/31/bolsonaro-lula-brazil-election/ . 1 November 2022 . live.
192. News: Analysis: Brazil's Bolsonaro seeks police support before elections with reshuffle. https://archive.today/20220725180210/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-police-analysis-idUSKBN2BO529. dead. 1 April 2021. 25 July 2022 . Reuters. Stargardter. Gabriel.
193. News: Reuters. 7 September 2021. Bolsonaro supporters breach police cordon in protest against Brazil judiciary. https://archive.today/20220725180036/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/07/world/bolsonaro-protest-supporters-brasilia-intl/index.html. dead. CNN. 25 July 2022.
194. News: Bolsonaro's New Ally in Questioning Brazil's Elections: The Military. https://archive.today/20220614211417/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/world/americas/brazil-election-bolsonaro-military.html. dead. Jack. Nicas. 12 June 2022. 14 June 2022 . The New York Times.
195. News: Might Jair Bolsonaro try to steal Brazil's election?. https://archive.today/20220715114855/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/07/14/might-jair-bolsonaro-try-to-steal-brazils-election. dead. 15 July 2022 . The Economist. 14 July 2022.
196. Web site: Partido de Bolsonaro divulga parecer que questiona sem provas segurança das urnas; TSE diz que documento é 'falso' e 'mentiroso' . 29 September 2022 . O Globo . 28 September 2022 . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005556/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/09/pl-partido-de-bolsonaro-divulga-parecer-que-questiona-seguranca-de-urnas-a-quatro-dias-das-eleicoes.ghtml . live.
197. Web site: A 4 dias das eleições, partido de Bolsonaro diz que encontrou 'falhas no TSE' . 30 September 2022 . Yahoo! Noticias . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010054/https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/a-4-dias-das-eleicoes-partido-de-bolsonaro-diz-que-encontrou-falhas-no-tse-203041976.html . live.
198. News: Freire. Marcelo . 26 July 2022. Faculdade de Direito da USP organiza manifesto em defesa da democracia; leia íntegra . 2 November 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt.
199. News: 30 July 2022 . Pro-democracy petition garners 500,000 signatures in Brazil . 2 November 2022 . France 24 . Agence France-Presse.
200. 3 August 2022 . Carta pela democracia supera 700 mil adesões . 2 November 2022 . Exame . pt.
201. Web site: Amado. Guilherme. Ghirotto. Edoardo. Lima. Bruna. 17 August 2022 . Exclusivo. Empresários bolsonaristas defendem golpe de Estado caso Lula seja eleito; veja zaps . 24 August 2022 . Metrópoles . pt . 18 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220818231813/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/exclusivo-empresarios-bolsonaristas-defendem-golpe-de-estado-caso-lula-seja-eleito-veja-zaps . live.
202. Web site: Amaral . Jordi. Kohan. Arianna . 18 August 2022. Pro-Bolsonaro businessmen show support for coup . 19 August 2022 . Latin America Daily Briefing . 18 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220818151319/https://latinamericadailybriefing.substack.com/p/pro-bolsonaro-businessmen-show-support . live.
203. News: Brito . Ricardo . Gaier . Rodrigo Viga . Romani . Andre . 23 August 2022 . Brazilian police raid pro-Bolsonaro businessmen accused of coup talk, sources say . Reuters . 2 November 2022.
204. Web site: Bomfim. Camila. 23 August 2022. Moraes determina buscas em endereços de empresários por supostas mensagens golpistas . 23 August 2022 . G1 . pt . 23 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220823200304/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/08/23/moraes-determina-buscas-em-enderecos-de-empresarios-por-supostas-mensagens-golpistas.ghtml . live.
205. Web site: Brazil's Bolsonaro Asked Biden for Re-Election Help Against Lula. Bloomberg. Eric. Martin. 11 June 2022. 6 September 2022. 11 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220711230832/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-11/brazil-s-bolsonaro-asked-biden-for-re-election-help-against-lula. live.
206. Web site: Biden disse a Bolsonaro que confia no sistema eleitoral do Brasil, afirma porta-voz. Folha de S. Paulo. pt. Rafael. Balago. 10 June 2022. 6 September 2022. 29 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220729052512/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/06/biden-disse-a-bolsonaro-que-confia-no-sistema-eleitoral-do-brasil-afirma-porta-voz.shtml. live.
207. Web site: Oral Update on global human rights developments and the activities of the UN Human Rights Office. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 13 June 2022. 7 September 2022. 10 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220910150935/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/06/oral-update-global-human-rights-developments-and-activities-un-human-rights. live.
208. Web site: Mier . Brian . Exclusive: US Lawmakers Pressure Brazilian Military . Brasil Wire . 1 August 2022 . 7 July 2022 . 17 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212703/https://www.brasilwire.com/exclusive-us-lawmakers-pressure-brazilian-military/ . live.
209. Web site: Wilkins . Brett . House Dems Call for Suspension of Aid if Brazilian Military Attempts Election Coup . Common Dreams . 1 August 2022 . 7 July 2022 . 1 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220801041843/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/07/07/house-dems-call-suspension-aid-if-brazilian-military-attempts-election-coup . live.
210. Web site: Spigariol . André . 14 July 2022 . U.S. Democrats give up on pressuring Brazil's military . 5 August 2022 . The Brazilian Report . 18 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220718223011/https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/07/14/democrats-military-election/ . live.
211. Web site: Department Press Briefing – July 20, 2022. United States Department of State. 20 July 2022. 6 September 2022. 7 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220907001928/https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-july-20-2022/. live.
212. Web site: Porta-voz dos EUA reafirma confiança nas urnas do Brasil e fala em modelo mundial. Folha de S. Paulo. pt. Rafael. Balago. 21 July 2022. 6 September 2022. 29 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220729053212/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/07/porta-voz-dos-eua-reafirma-confianca-nas-urnas-do-brasil-e-fala-em-modelo-mundial.shtml. live.
213. Web site: Hungria ofereceu ajuda para reeleição de Bolsonaro, mostra relatório interno. Folha de S. Paulo. pt. Lucas. Marchesini. 27 July 2022. 6 September 2022. 28 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220728044233/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/07/hungria-ofereceu-ajuda-para-reeleicao-de-bolsonaro-mostra-relatorio-interno.shtml. live.
214. Web site: Egy brazil lap szerint a magyar kormány sgítséget ajánlott Bolsonaro újraválasztásához. Heti Világgazdaság. hu. 29 July 2022. 6 September 2022. 7 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220907000423/https://hvg.hu/itthon/20220729_jair_bolsonaro_ujravalasztas_magyar_kormany_brazil_elnok_szijjarto_peter. live.
215. Web site: Wilkins. Brett. 28 September 2022. Sanders, Kaine Hail US Senate's Passage of Brazil Election Resolution . 30 September 2022 . Common Dreams . 30 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220930175950/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/09/28/sanders-kaine-hail-us-senates-passage-brazil-election-resolution . live.
216. News: 29 September 2022 . US senator Sanders urges respect for Brazil presidential vote . 30 September 2022 . France 24. France Agence-Presse . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010614/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220929-us-senator-sanders-urges-respect-for-brazil-presidential-vote . live.
217. Web site: PT teme que donos de empresas de ônibus pró-Bolsonaro reduzam frotas para sabotar eleitor de baixa renda . 1 October 2022 . The Intercept Brasil . 27 September 2022 . pt . 27 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220927183419/https://theintercept.com/notas/pt-teme-que-empresas-de-onibus-pro-bolsonaro-reduzam-frotas/ . live.
218. Web site: 29 September 2022 . Painel S.A.: Prefeitos reforçam ação no STF por transporte de graça na eleição . 1 October 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt.
219. Web site: Chico Alves – Após suspensões, STF é acionado para manter passe livre no dia da eleição . 1 October 2022 . noticias.uol.com.br . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010056/https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/chico-alves/2022/09/28/randolfe-vai-ao-stf-para-garantir-passe-livre-em-todo-o-brasil-na-eleicao.htm . live.
220. Web site: 28 September 2022 . Porto Alegre terá primeira eleição sem passe livre nos ônibus em 27 anos . 1 October 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010614/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2022/09/porto-alegre-tera-primeira-eleicao-sem-passe-livre-nos-onibus-em-27-anos.shtml . live.
221. Web site: Audi . Amanda . 29 September 2022 . Brazilian state capitals announce free bus fares on Election Day . 1 October 2022 . The Brazilian Report . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010622/https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/09/29/election-day-bus-fares/ . live.
222. Web site: Ministro do STF determina transporte público em nível normal no dia 2 . 1 October 2022 . Yahoo Esportes . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010614/https://esportes.yahoo.com/ministro-stf-determina-transporte-p%C3%BAblico-134600021.html . live.
223. Web site: TSE rejeita pedido de Bolsonaro contra transporte em nível normal no domingo . 2 October 2022 . noticias.uol.com.br . pt . 1 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221001232257/https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2022/10/01/tse-rejeita-pedido-de-bolsonaro-contra-transporte-em-nivel-normal-no-domingo.htm . live.
224. Web site: Ministro do TSE chama de absurdo pedido da campanha de Bolsonaro de limitar transporte nas eleições . 2 October 2022 . G1 . October 2022 . pt . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005655/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/10/01/ministro-do-tse-chama-de-absurdo-pedido-da-campanha-de-bolsonaro-de-limitar-transporte-nas-eleicoes.ghtml . live.
225. Web site: Electoral Code of Brazil, article 301 . Presidency of Brazil . pt.
226. Web site: Assédio eleitoral: coagir funcionário por votos é crime e pode levar a indenização; saiba como denunciar . 10 October 2022 . G1 . pt.
227. Web site: Crescem denúncias de empresários chantageando empregados e fornecedores a votar em Bolsonaro . https://archive.today/20221004230658/https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/eleicoes-2022/crescem-denuncias-de-empresarios-chantageando-empregados-e-fornecedores-votar-em-bolsonaro . dead . 2022-10-04 . 4 October 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt.
228. Web site: Patriolino . Luana . 19 May 2022 . Hang é condenado a indenizar funcionária coagida a votar em Bolsonaro . Correio Braziliense . pt.
229. Web site: Havan é condenada em R$ 30 mil por coagir funcionária a votar em Bolsonaro . https://archive.today/20220525005928/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/havan-condenada-em-30-mil-por-coagir-funcionaria-votar-em-bolsonaro-1-25513977 . dead . 2022-05-25 . 19 May 2022 . O Globo . pt.
230. Web site: MPT-RS pede condenação de empresa por assédio pró-Bolsonaro . 11 October 2022 . O Globo . pt.
231. Web site: Empresas que ameaçam trabalhadores para votar em candidato cometem crime, alertam MPT e TRT . https://archive.today/20221011222636/https://valor.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/10/05/empresas-que-ameacam-trabalhadores-para-votar-em-candidato-cometem-crime-alertam-mpt-e-trt.ghtml . dead . 2022-10-11 . 5 October 2022 . Valor Econômico . pt.
232. Web site: 10 October 2022 . Marido da prefeita em GO ameaça fechar sua empresa caso Lula ganhe a eleição; ouça áudio . 12 October 2022 . Extra Online . pt.
233. Web site: MPT recebeu quase 200 denúncias de assédio eleitoral nas eleições de 2022 até agora . 11 October 2022 . CNN Brasil . pt.
234. Web site: 21 October 2022 . Denúncias de assédio eleitoral chegam a 1.112, diz MPT . 22 October 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt.
235. Web site: Funcionários de frigorífico de Betim denunciam assédio eleitoral em evento da empresa; VÍDEO . 22 October 2022 . G1 . 22 October 2022 . pt.
236. News: Brazil highway police blockades fan voter-suppression fears . Reuters . 30 October 2022 . Stargardter . Gabriel. 31 October 2022.
237. Web site: Audi. Amanda. More details on alleged voter suppression case emerge . The Brazilian Report. 30 October 2022 . 31 October 2022.
238. Web site: G1/TV Globo: quase metade das operações da PRF hoje são no Nordeste . 31 October 2022 . 31 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221031105820/https://twitter.com/aagencia_info/status/1586784093324328960 . live.
239. News: Downie. Andrew. Phillips. Tom. 30 October 2022. Brazil election: Lula's challenge hangs in balance amid voter suppression claims . 31 October 2022 . The Guardian.
240. News: 30 October 2022 . Brazil election hit by outcry over roadblocks . 31 October 2022 . France 24 . Agence France-Presse.
241. News: 30 October 2022. Abbud. Bruno. Rocha. Rayane. Diretor-geral da PRF posta pedido de voto em Bolsonaro, mas apaga publicação . O Globo. pt. 31 October 2022.
242. News: Jardim. Lauro. 30 October 2022. Operação de hoje da PRF foi traçada em reunião no Alvorada. O Globo. pt. 31 October 2022.
243. Web site: Winter. Brian. Brazil election chief says extraordinarily high number of police roadblocks today did not stop 'anyone' from voting, thus he declines to extend voting past scheduled 5 pm. Sounds confident. I guess time will tell . 30 October 2022. 31 October 2022 . 31 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221031105107/https://twitter.com/BrazilBrian/status/1586791475009961985 . live. Twitter.
244. Web site: 2023-08-10 . Former Federal Highway Police Chief in Brazil Arrested on Suspicion of Interfering in the Election . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813184245/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2023/08/former-federal-highway-police-chief-in-brazil-arrested-on-suspicion-of-interfering-in-the-election.shtml . 2023-08-13 . 2023-08-13 . Folha de S.Paulo . en.
245. Web site: 31 August 2022 . The future of Amazon rainforest is on the line in Brazil election . Krishnan . Guru-Murthy . 9 September 2022 . Channel 4 News . 9 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220909143225/https://www.channel4.com/news/the-future-of-amazon-rainforest-is-on-the-line-in-brazil-election . live.
246. News: 15 April 2022 . Brazil's climate politics are shifting. That matters for the whole planet. . The New York Times . Manuela . Andreoni . 9 September 2022 . 0362-4331 . 29 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201507/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/climate/brazil-elections-lula-climate.html . live.
247. Web site: Gabbatiss . Josh . 23 September 2022 . Analysis: Bolsonaro election loss could cut Brazilian Amazon deforestation by 89% . 24 October 2022 . Carbon Brief.
248. 3 September 2022 . New beginnings for Latin America? . The Lancet . 400 . 10354 . 707 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01662-2 . 0140-6736 . 36058210. The Lancet . 9448301.
249. 25 October 2022 . There's only one choice in Brazil's election — for the country and the world . Nature . 610 . 7933 . 606 . 10.1038/d41586-022-03388-y. 36284189 . 253111053. free .
250. News: Henley. Jon. 3 October 2022. Why did the Brazil election pollsters get Bolsonaro's vote so wrong?. The Guardian. 31 October 2022.
251. News: Meyerfeld. Bruno. Vigna. Anne. 3 October 2022. Lula disappoints, Bolsonaro persists in first round of Brazil's presidential election. Le Monde. 31 October 2022.
252. News: Bland. Archie. 3 October 2022. Brazil election: why was Sunday's result so disappointing for the left?. The Guardian. 31 October 2022.
253. Web site: Mitchell-Walthour. Gladys. 4 October 2022. Brazil's October 2 Election Results Evoke Disappointment and Hope. NACLA. 31 October 2022.
254. Osborn. Catherine. 7 October 2022. How Bolsonaro Changed the Brazilian Right. 30 October 2022. Foreign Policy.
255. News: Boadle . Anthony . Brito . Ricardo . 4 October 2022. Lula, Bolsonaro seek new allies for tight Brazil runoff . Reuters . 2 November 2022.
256. News: 5 October 2022 . Brazil third-place candidate backs Lula in runoff . 2 November 2022 . France 24 . Agence France-Presse.
257. News: Preissler Iglesias. Simone. Rosati. Andrew. 5 October 2022. Lula or Bolsonaro: Who's Backing Whom in Brazil's Election Runoff. Bloomberg News. 2 November 2022.
258. Web site: 6 October 2022 . Tebet will vote to Lula and together with Cardoso and Gomes hit Bolsonaro's calculations . 2 November 2022 . MercoPress.
259. News: Cursino. Malu. Ferreira Santos. Sofia. Murphy. Jessica. As it happened: Lula beats Bolsonaro to return as Brazil president . 30 October 2022 . BBC News . 30 October 2022.
260. News: Preissler Iglesias . Simone . 31 October 2022 . Lula Narrowly Wins Brazil's Presidency in Historic Comeback . Bloomberg News . 31 October 2022.
261. News: Sullivan. Helen. 31 October 2022 . Brazil election live: Lula triumphs over far-right incumbent Bolsonaro in stunning comeback. 31 October 2022 . The Guardian.
262. News: Philips. Tom. 30 October 2022. Lula stages astonishing comeback to beat far-right Bolsonaro in Brazil election. 31 October 2022. The Guardian.
263. News: Buschschlüter. Vanessa. 31 October 2022. Brazil election: Lula makes stunning comeback. BBC News. 31 October 2022.
264. News: 31 October 2022. Lula's leftist triumph: Is this Latin America's second 'pink tide'?. 31 October 2022. France 24. Agence France-Presse.
265. News: 30 October 2022. Lula defeats far-right Bolsonaro to win Brazil presidency again. 31 October 2022. Al Jazeera.
266. News: Ellsworth. Brian. Paraguassu. Lisandra. 30 October 2022. Lula narrowly defeats Bolsonaro to win Brazil presidency again. Reuters. 31 October 2022.
267. Lu. Christina. 31 October 2022. Lula Narrowly Defeats Bolsonaro. 31 October 2022. Foreign Policy.
268. News: Camilo Rocha. Vasco. Cotovio . Tara John . 30 October 2022 . Brazil's Lula da Silva wins fiercely contested presidential run-off vote . 20 October 2022 . CNN.
269. Nugent . Ciara . 30 October 2022 . Here's How Lula Won Brazil's Most Crucial Vote in Decades . 31 October 2022 . Time.
270. News: 30 October 2022. World leaders congratulate Lula on election victory. 31 October 2022. Deutsche Welle.
271. Lula Narrowly Wins Brazil's High-Stakes Election, Ending Bolsonaro's Far-Right Presidency. Time. Nugent. Clara. 31 October 2022. 31 October 2022.
272. News: Faiola. Anthony. Sá Pessoa. Gabriela. Villegas. Paulina . 30 October 2022 . Lula defeats Bolsonaro to win third term as Brazil's president . The Washington Post . 31 October 2022 . 0190-8286.
273. News: Middleton. Joe. 30 October 2022. Brazil election: Lula defeats Bolsonaro in presidential race. 31 October 2022. The Independent.
274. News: Davies. Alys. 2 November 2022. Bolsonaro tells protesting truckers to clear roads. BBC News. 3 November 2022.
275. Web site: Alencar. Caíque. Putin e Zelensky, adversários em guerra na Ucrânia, parabenizam Lula. Universo Online. pt. 31 October 2022. 31 October 2022.
276. News: Gielow. Igor. 30 October 2022 . Lula é eleito presidente pela 3ª vez . 7 November 2022 . Folha de S.Paulo . pt.
277. Web site: 30 October 2022 . Apuração da Eleição 2022 por estado para Presidente — Rio de Janeiro . 4 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
278. Web site: 30 October 2022 . Apuração da Eleição 2022 por estado para Presidente — São Paulo . 4 November 2022 . G1 . pt.
279. News: Sanches. Mariana. Reconhecimento da derrota de Bolsonaro por aliados foi grande diferença com eleição nos EUA, diz Levitsky. BBC News Brasil. pt. 31 October 2022. 31 October 2022.
280. News: Jeantet. Diane. Saverese. Mauricio. 30 October 2022. Lula defeats Bolsonaro to again become Brazil's president. 31 October 2022. AP News. Associated Press.
281. Web site: Bolsonaro ampliou votação em todos os estados; Lula perdeu em quatro . Bolsonaro increased votes in all states; Lula dropped in four . Política Livre . 31 October 2022 . pt.
282. Web site: 3 October 2022 . Direita mantém crescimento, esquerda oscila negativamente e centro afunda . Jota . pt. 4 November 2022.
283. Web site: 5 October 2022 . Só 13 partidos cumprem cláusula de desempenho em 2022 . Poder360 . pt. 4 November 2022.
284. News: Downie. Andrew. 3 October 2022 . Brazilian left celebrates election wins for trans and Indigenous candidates . 4 November 2022 . The Guardian .
285. Web site: Mendes. Carla. 25 October 2022 . Brazil's biggest elected Indigenous caucus to face tough 2023 Congress . 4 November 2022 . Mongabay Environmental News.
286. Web site: 30 October 2022 . Resultados – TSE . 30 October 2022 . Superior Electoral Court . pt . 2 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221102121453/https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados/cargo/1 . dead .
287. Passos de Souza. Olavo. 31 October 2022. Lula's Victory Over Bolsonaro Has Restored Hope for Brazilian Democracy. 31 October 2022. Jacobin.
288. News: 31 October 2022. Brazil's Bolsonaro yet to concede after Lula's election victory . Reuters . 31 October 2022.
289. News: Boadle . Anthony. Paraguassu . Lisandra . 31 October 2022 . Lula wins Brazil election in political resurrection for leftist . Reuters . 31 October 2022.
290. Web site: Bolsonaro admite derrota nas urnas a Moraes, mas não faz declaração pública. Metrópoles. pt. 31 October 2022. 31 October 2022.
291. News: Boadle. Anthony. Mano . Ana. 1 November 2022. Brazil's Bolsonaro silent on Lula victory, transition talks begin. Reuters . 1 November 2022.
292. News: Buschschlüter. Vanessa . Brazil's Bolsonaro to break silence after election defeat . BBC News. 1 November 2022. 1 November 2022.
293. News: Ellsworth. Brian. Brito. Ricardo. 1 November 2022. Brazil's Bolsonaro to accept election loss in speech to nation, says minister. Reuters. 1 November 2022.
294. News: 1 November 2022. Lula's running mate Alckmin to manage Brazil's government transition. Reuters. 1 November 2022.
295. News: Carvalho. Daniel . Rosati. Andrew . 1 November 2022 . Brazil Protesters Block Roads, Airport as Bolsonaro Stays Silent . 1 November 2022 . Bloomberg News.
296. News: 1 November 2022. Bolsonaro supporters block Brazil roads for a 2nd day as president refuses to accept election loss . 1 November 2022 . CBS News.
297. News: 1 November 2022 . Brazil election: Bolsonaro supporters block roads after poll defeat . BBC News . 1 November 2022.
298. News: Bolsonaro Supporters Try to 'Paralyze' Brazil as They Wait for Him to Speak. Martins. Laís. Nicas. Jack Nicas. Spigariol. André. The New York Times. 1 November 2022. 1 November 2022. subscription.
299. News: 1 November 2022. Brazil government seeks to clear truckers' pro-Bolsonaro blockades. Reuters. 2 November 2022. Mano. Ana.
300. Web site: Henrique Gomes. Pedro. Mazui. Guilherme. Bolsonaro diz que vai cumprir a Constituição; Ciro Nogueira inicia a transição. 1 November 2022. 1 November 2022. pt.
301. News: Buschschlüter. Vanessa. 1 November 2022. Bolsonaro breaks silence without publicly conceding. BBC News. 1 November 2022.
302. News: Nicas . Jack . Spigariol . André . 1 November 2022 . Bolsonaro Agrees to Transition, Two Days After Losing Brazil Election . The New York Times . 2 November 2022 . 0362-4331.
303. News: Brito . Ricardo . Ellsworth . Brian . Gaier . Rodrigo Viga . 2 November 2022 . Brazil's Bolsonaro does not concede to Lula, but authorizes transition . Reuters . 2 November 2022.
304. News: Who is Lula? Winner of Brazil's presidential election. 2 November 2022. 8 November 2022. ABC News. Michela. Moscufo.
305. News: Pouco antes de quebrar o silêncio, Bolsonaro consultou Exército sobre judicializar eleições e não teve apoio, segundo oficiais ouvidos pela CNN. 4 November 2022. 4 November 2022. pt. CNN Brasil. Kenzô. Machida.
306. News: Brazil military finds no evidence of election fraud, dashing hopes of Bolsonaro supporters. 10 November 2022. 12 November 2022. The Guardian. Andrew. Downie.
307. News: Brazil's armed forces say disputes must be resolved through democratic rule of law. 11 November 2022. 12 November 2022. Reuters.
308. Web site: Biller . David . Bridi . Carla . 2022-11-23 . Bolsonaro Contests Brazil Election, Demands Votes Be Anulled . 2022-11-23 . HuffPost . en . Bolsonaro has been almost completely secluded in the official residence since his Oct. 30 defeat, inviting widespread speculation as to whether he is dejected or plotting to cling to power..
309. Web site: Brazil judge fines Bolsonaro allies millions after 'bad faith' election challenge . The Guardian . 23 November 2022.
310. Web site: Bolsonaro supporters try to storm police HQ in 'January 6-style' rampage . The Guardian . 13 December 2022 . 14 December 2022.
311. Web site: Brazil Electoral Court Probes Bolsonaro, Police Seek Protesters . Simone Preissler Iglesias . Daniel Carvalho . Bloomsberg News . 15 December 2022 . 17 December 2022.
312. Web site: Romani . Andre . Stargardter . Gabriel . Brazil protests: Bolsonaro supporters attack police HQ . Reuters . 28 December 2022 . 26 December 2022.
313. News: Jair Bolsonaro leaves Brazil for Florida, avoiding Lula handover. Al Jazeera. 30 December 2022. 31 December 2022.
314. News: Teary Bolsonaro calls loss unfair, condemns violence, flies to Florida. Gabriel Sá Pessoa. The Washington Post. 30 December 2022. 4 January 2023.
315. News: Bolsonaro supporters storm into Brazil Congress, clash with authorities. Henrique Valdares. France 24. 8 January 2023. 8 January 2023.
316. News: Bolsonaro supporters invade Brazil's Congress, Supreme Court in Brasilia. Adriano Machado. Anthony Boadle. Lisandra Paraguassu. Ricardo Brito. Peter Frontini. Gabriel Araujo. Gabriel Stargardter. Reuters. 8 January 2023. 8 January 2023.
317. News: Bowman . Emma . 2023-01-08 . Security forces regain control after Bolsonaro supporters stormed Brazil's Congress, in protest of the outcome of, what they considered to be a rigged election.. en . NPR . 2023-01-09.
318. News: 2023-01-09 . Brazilian officials knew of protest, thought they could contain it . 2023-01-10 . The Washington Post . en.
319. Web site: 2023-01-11 . Lula government braces for new protests in Brazil . 2023-01-11 . Reuters . en.
320. Web site: 13 January 2023 . Brazil police find draft decree intended to overturn election result in former Bolsonaro minister's home . . 14 January 2023 . CNN . en.
321. Web site: 2023-01-14 . Brazil Supreme Court includes Jair Bolsonaro in riot probe . 2023-01-14 . BBC . en.
322. News: Waldron. Travis. 31 October 2022. Biden Quickly Congratulates Leftist Lula On Victory In Brazil Presidential Election . 31 October 2022 . Yahoo! News.
323. Web site: Wallbank. Derek. 31 October 2022 . Biden Congratulates Lula on Brazil Election Win . 31 October 2022 . Bloomberg News.
324. Web site: 31 October 2022 . Brazil: Statement by High Representative Josep Borrell on the presidential elections. 31 October 2022 . EEAS Europa.
325. News: 31 October 2022 . World reacts as Lula wins Brazil presidential election . Al Jazeera . 31 October 2022.
326. News: 31 October 2022 . UK PM Rishi Sunak congratulates Lula on Brazil election victory . . 1 November 2022.
327. News: 31 October 2022 . Germany's Scholz congratulates Lula on winning Brazil election . Reuters . subscription . 1 November 2022.
328. News: 31 October 2022 . China's Xi Jinping congratulates Lula on Brazil election win . Reuters . 31 October 2022.
329. Web site: 31 October 2022 . PM Modi congratulates Lula da Silva on winning Brazil poll . 31 October 2022 . ThePrint.
330. News: Grattan . Steven . 31 October 2022 . Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win . . 6 November 2022.
331. News: 30 October 2022 . Líderes mundiais celebram vitória de Lula nas eleições . 30 October 2022. Folha de S. Paulo . pt.
332. Web site: 31 October 2022 . Many leaders, including Emmanuel Macron, hail Lula's victory . 31 October 2022 . Time News.
333. Web site: 31 October 2022. Zeman zagratuloval da Silvovi a pozval ho na návštevu Česka . 6 November 2022 . Terax.sk . sk.
334. Web site: 31 October 2022. El presidente de Ecuador felicita a Lula da Silva por la victoria . 6 November 2022 . Swissinfo.ch . es.
335. News: 31 October 2022. Sisi congratulates Lula da Silva on his election as president of Brazil . 6 November 2022 . Al-Ahram.
336. News: 30 October 2022 . France's Macron congratulates Lula on election win . Reuters . 6 November 2022.
337. News: 31 October 2022 . Présidentielle au Brésil: une formidable nouvelle pour nous, Macron félicite de vive voix le président Lula . fr . 6 November 2022 . Sud Ouest. 1760-6454.
338. News: 31 October 2022. Greece's Mitsotakis congratulates Lula on winning Brazil election . 6 November 2022. Kathimerini.
339. News: 31 October 2022. President Higgins invites Brazil's Lula to visit Ireland . 6 November 2022. The Irish Times.
340. News: 31 October 2022 . Herzog congratulates Brazil's Lula on election victory . Times of Israel . 31 October 2022.
341. News: Meloni to Lula: 'Italy and Brazil will continue to work together'. Agenzia Nova. 31 October 2022. 2 November 2022.
342. News: 31 October 2022 . Japan's Prime Minister Kishida congratulates Brazilian President-elect Lula . NHK World . 31 October 2022.
343. Web site: 31 October 2022. Ardern destaca la 'clara posición' de Lula frente a la crisis climática . 6 November 2022 . Swissinfo.ch . es.
344. Web site: 2 November 2022. Kim Jong-un dá parabéns a Lula por vitória na eleição . 6 November 2022 . Poder360. pt.
345. Web site: Lirayiys eabaas yuhaniy 'Lula da Silfa' bifawzih bialaintikhabat alriyasiat fi Albarazil. ar:الرئيس عباس يهنئ 'لولا دا سيلفا' بفوزه بالانتخابات الرئاسية في البرازيل. 31 October 2022. Amad. ar. 31 October 2022.
346. Web site: 31 October 2022. Abdo Benítez espera trabajar con Lula por la prosperidad de sus pueblos. 6 November 2022. Swissinfo.ch. es.
347. News: 30 October 2022. De Marcelo a António Costa, Portugal felicita eleição de Lula da Silva no Brasil . 31 October 2022 . SAPO 24 . pt.
348. News: 31 October 2022 . Russia's Putin congratulates Brazil's Lula on election win . . 6 November 2022.
349. Web site: Felix. Jason. 31 October 2022. Ramaphosa congratulates Lula on Brazil election win . 6 November 2022 . News24.
350. News: 30 October 2022. 30 October 2022. es. Sánchez felicita a Lula da Silva por su victoria en las elecciones: 'Brasil ha decidido apostar por el progreso'. Europa Press.
351. News: President Erdoğan congratulates Brazil's Lula over election win . 31 October 2022 . Daily Sabah . 31 October 2022.
352. Web site: García. Noelia. 31 October 2022. Lacalle Pou saludó al presidente electo de Brasil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . 6 November 2022 . Radio Montecarlo CX20-930 AM . es.
353. News: Sullivan. Helen. 31 October 2022 . World leaders rush to congratulate Lula on Brazil election victory . 5 November 2022 . The Guardian.
354. Palmer . Ewan . 31 October 2022 . Steve Bannon says Bolsonaro can't concede as he rails against Biden and CIA . 1 November 2022 . Newsweek.
355. Friedman. Dan . 31 October 2022. Trump's Big Liars urge Brazil's Bolsonaro to refuse to concede. 1 November 2022. Mother Jones.
356. Web site: Loh . Matthew . 31 October 2022 . 'Stop the Steal' leader Ali Alexander calls for a military coup in Brazil to intervene in its presidential election after Jair Bolsonaro's defeat . 26 November 2022 . Business Insider.
357. News: Bump . Phillip . 2 November 2022 . The far right rails against another presidential election loss: Brazil's . 26 November 2022 . The Washington Post.
358. News: Trump aides Bannon, Miller advising the Bolsonaros on next steps . Elizabeth. Dwoskin . Gabriela Sá. Pessoa . 23 November 2022 . https://archive.today/20221123190229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/11/23/brazil-bolsonaro-bannon/ . 23 November 2022 . 24 November 2022 . The Washington Post.
359. Web site: Porter . Tim . 24 November 2022 . Trump aides are helping Brazil's president to dispute the results of the election he just lost. It's going terribly. . 26 November 2022 . Business Insider.
360. News: Após mais de 44 horas, Bolsonaro reconhece indiretamente vitória de Lula. Correio Braziliense. pt. Ingrid. Soares. 2 November 2022. 2 November 2022.
361. News: Lula's team meets Bolsonaro as Brazil's transition kicks off. Associated Press. Carla. Bridi. 4 November 2022. 4 November 2022.
362. News: Brazil: Lula names ministers, Bolsonaro breaks silence. Deutsche Welle. 10 December 2022. 24 December 2022.
363. News: Brazil's Lula taps 16 ministers ahead of inauguration. Diane Jeantet. Associated Press. 23 December 2022. 24 December 2022.
364. News: Lula announces final cabinet members, highest number of female ministers in Brazil's history. Tabata Viapiana. Brazil Reports. 29 December 2022. 29 December 2022.
365. News: Lula sworn in as Brazil president as predecessor Bolsonaro flies to US. Katy Watson. Alys Davies. BBC. 1 January 2023. 2 January 2023.