2022 Bolivian Primera División season explained
The 2022 Bolivian Primera División season, known as the 2022 Copa Tigo season for sponsorship reasons, was the 45th season of the División Profesional del Fútbol Boliviano, Bolivia's top-flight football league and the fifth season under División de Fútbol Profesional management. The season began on 4 February and was scheduled to end on 13 November 2022.[1] [2]
In the Torneo Apertura, Bolívar won their thirtieth league title and twenty-fourth in the professional era, by defeating crosstown rivals The Strongest in the final match played on 12 June by a 3–0 score.[3] On the other hand, the Torneo Clausura was abandoned on 10 November 2022 with 24 out of 30 rounds played and no champion was declared due to civil unrest in the Santa Cruz Department.[4] Independiente Petrolero were the defending champions, having won the 2021 tournament.
Format
The format for the 2022 season was approved by the 16 División Profesional clubs on 21 December 2021.[1] The league returned to the Apertura and Clausura format after the year-long tournament held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Torneo Apertura, which was played from 6 February to 12 June, had a first stage with the 16 participating clubs divided into two groups of eight, from which the top four clubs of each group advanced to a knockout stage in which the champions were decided. Meanwhile, the Torneo Clausura, played from 1 July to 10 November, was played under a double round-robin format.[5] [6]
The distribution of international berths was confirmed on 11 January 2022. The champions of both tournaments, as well as the Torneo Clausura runners-up and the best placed team in the aggregate table would qualify for the 2023 Copa Libertadores, while the Torneo Apertura runners-up, the Copa Bolivia champions, and the next two best placed teams in the aggregate table would qualify for the 2023 Copa Sudamericana.[7]
Teams
16 teams competed in the league for the 2022 season, 14 of which took part in 2021. The 2021 Copa Simón Bolívar champions Universitario de Vinto and the winners of the promotion/relegation play-off Universitario de Sucre, were both promoted for this season. The former competed in the top tier for the first time ever, while the latter returned after a 3-year absence.[8] [9] The promoted teams replaced Real Potosí and San José, who were relegated at the end of the previous season.
Stadia and locations
Team | Manager | City | Stadium | Capacity |
---|
Always Ready | Óscar Villegas (caretaker) | El Alto | Municipal de Villa Ingenio | 25,000 |
Atlético Palmaflor | Denys Heredia (caretaker) | Quillacollo | Municipal de Quillacollo | 6,000 |
Aurora | Roberto Pérez | Cochabamba | Félix Capriles | 32,000 |
Blooming | Víctor Hugo Antelo | Santa Cruz | Ramón Tahuichi Aguilera | 38,000 |
Bolívar | Antônio Carlos Zago | La Paz | Hernando Siles | 42,000 |
Guabirá | Mauricio Soria | Montero | Gilberto Parada | 13,000 |
Independiente Petrolero | Rodrigo Venegas | Sucre | Olímpico Patria | 30,700 |
Jorge Wilstermann | Alberto Illanes | Cochabamba | Félix Capriles | 32,000 |
Nacional Potosí | Flavio Robatto | Potosí | Víctor Agustín Ugarte | 32,105 |
Oriente Petrolero | Erwin Sánchez | Santa Cruz | Ramón Tahuichi Aguilera | 38,000 |
Real Santa Cruz | Andrés Marinangeli | Santa Cruz | Real Santa Cruz | 14,000 |
Real Tomayapo | Richard Rojas | Tarija | IV Centenario | 15,000 |
Royal Pari | Luis Marín Camacho (caretaker) | Santa Cruz | Ramón Tahuichi Aguilera | 38,000 |
The Strongest | Claudio Biaggio | La Paz | Hernando Siles | 42,000 |
Universitario de Sucre | Francisco Argüello | Sucre | Olímpico Patria | 30,700 |
Universitario de Vinto | Pablo Godoy | Vinto | Municipal de Quillacollo | 6,000 | |
Managerial changes
Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
---|
Torneo Apertura |
---|
Nacional Potosí | Roberto Mancilla | End of caretaker spell | 10 December 2021 | Pre-season | Flavio Robatto | 14 December 2021[10] |
Real Tomayapo | Álvaro Peña | End of contract | 11 December 2021[11] | Víctor Hugo Andrada | 21 December 2021[12] |
Jorge Wilstermann | Sergio Migliaccio | Return to goalkeeping coach post | 11 December 2021[13] | Miguel Ponce | 13 December 2021[14] |
Real Santa Cruz | David Perdiguero | End of contract | 31 December 2021[15] | Daniel Farrar | 11 January 2022[16] |
Always Ready | Pablo Godoy | Demoted to reserve squad | 29 January 2022[17] | Sebastián Abreu | 29 January 2022[18] |
Aurora | Sergio Zeballos | Resigned | 19 February 2022[19] | 8th, Serie A | Francisco Argüello | 21 February 2022[20] |
Royal Pari | Miguel Ángel Portugal | Sacked | 27 February 2022[21] | 8th, Serie B | Julio César Baldivieso | 28 February 2022[22] |
Always Ready | Sebastián Abreu | Mutual agreement | 1 March 2022[23] | 6th, Serie B | Eduardo Villegas | 2 March 2022[24] |
Guabirá | Víctor Hugo Antelo | 11 March 2022[25] | 8th, Serie A | Mauricio Soria | 12 March 2022[26] |
Real Santa Cruz | Daniel Farrar | Sacked | 12 March 2022[27] | 7th, Serie A | Andrés Marinangeli | 16 March 2022[28] |
Jorge Wilstermann | Miguel Ponce | 14 April 2022[29] | 6th, Serie B | Sergio Migliaccio | 15 April 2022[30] |
Universitario de Sucre | Jhonny Serrudo | 1 May 2022[31] | 6th, Serie A | Adrián Romero | 2 May 2022[32] |
Universitario de Vinto | Marcelo Claros | End of contract | 25 May 2022[33] | 5th, Serie B | David Perdiguero | 28 May 2022[34] |
Real Tomayapo | Víctor Hugo Andrada | Resigned | 30 May 2022[35] | 8th, Serie B | Richard Rojas | 2 June 2022[36] |
Always Ready | Eduardo Villegas | Sacked | 2 June 2022[37] | Quarter-finals | Julio César Baldivieso | 7 June 2022[38] |
Royal Pari | Julio César Baldivieso | 2 June 2022[39] | Quarter-finals | Luis García | 6 June 2022[40] |
Jorge Wilstermann | Sergio Migliaccio | End of caretaker spell | 7 June 2022 | 6th, Serie B | Álvaro Peña | 7 June 2022[41] |
Torneo Clausura |
---|
The Strongest | Christian Díaz | Sacked | 12 July 2022[42] | 11th | Claudio Biaggio | 15 July 2022[43] |
Universitario de Sucre | Adrián Romero | Mutual agreement | 25 July 2022[44] | 15th | Álvaro Villarroel | 25 July 2022 |
Royal Pari | Luis García | Sacked | 28 July 2022[45] | 6th | Víctor Hugo Andrada | 29 July 2022[46] |
Universitario de Sucre | Álvaro Villarroel | End of caretaker spell | 1 August 2022 | 15th | Sebastián Núñez | 1 August 2022[47] |
Jorge Wilstermann | Álvaro Peña | Sacked | 4 August 2022[48] | 10th | Sergio Migliaccio | 4 August 2022 |
Sergio Migliaccio | End of caretaker spell | 8 August 2022 | 12th | Alberto Illanes | 8 August 2022[49] |
Blooming | Rodrigo Venegas | Resigned | 10 August 2022[50] | 10th | Néstor Clausen | 12 August 2022[51] |
Universitario de Vinto | David Perdiguero | Sacked | 15 August 2022[52] | 16th | Pablo Godoy | 15 August 2022[53] |
Blooming | Néstor Clausen | Resigned | 22 August 2022[54] | 13th | Víctor Hugo Antelo | 22 August 2022[55] |
Independiente Petrolero | Marcelo Robledo | 6 September 2022[56] | 10th | Rodrigo Venegas | 9 September 2022[57] |
Royal Pari | Víctor Hugo Andrada | 12 September 2022[58] | 15th | Luis Marín Camacho | 12 September 2022 |
Aurora | Francisco Argüello | 13 September 2022[59] | 7th | Christian Vargas | 13 September 2022[60] |
Always Ready | Julio César Baldivieso | Sacked | 17 September 2022[61] | 3rd | Óscar Villegas | 21 September 2022[62] |
Aurora | Christian Vargas | End of caretaker spell | 15 October 2022 | 7th | Roberto Pérez | 15 October 2022[63] |
Atlético Palmaflor | Humberto Viviani | Sacked | 22 October 2022[64] | 9th | Denys Heredia | 27 October 2022[65] |
Universitario de Sucre | Sebastián Núñez | Mutual agreement | 3 November 2022[66] | 15th | Francisco Argüello | 3 November 2022[67] | |
- Notes
Torneo Apertura
First stage
Standings
Serie B
Results
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
|}
Second leg
Semi-finals
|}
Second leg
Final
Top scorers
Source: Soccerway
Torneo Clausura
The Torneo Clausura, which was originally scheduled to begin on 24 June, had its start date pushed back to 1 July due to technical issues for the implementation of VAR.[68] The tournament was scheduled to end on 13 November 2022, but it was suspended on 21 October with six rounds to go due to civil unrest in the Santa Cruz Department[69] and officially abandoned on 10 November 2022 in a meeting of the División Profesional's Higher Council. As a result, no champion nor runner-up were declared.[4]
Top scorers
Source: Soccerway
Aggregate table
Due to the abandonment of the Torneo Clausura, the berths for international tournaments for the following season were awarded through aggregate table placement. In addition to this, the División Profesional's Higher Council decided that the bottom-placed team in this table at the moment the Clausura tournament was abandoned would play the relegation play-off and no teams would be directly relegated to the Bolivian Football Regional Leagues.[4]
Promotion/relegation play-off
The relegation play-off was played by:
The winners will play in the top flight for the 2023 season.
----Libertad Gran Mamoré won 6–0 on aggregate and were promoted to the Bolivian Primera División. Universitario de Sucre were relegated to the Chuquisaca Football Association Championship.
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Confirmado: tres torneos para el 2022. Confirmed: three tournaments for 2022. es. La Razón. 21 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Los goles tendrán su valor en los cuartos y semifinales. Goals will have their value in the quarter-finals and semi-finals. es. Página Siete. 18 May 2022. 2 June 2022.
- Web site: Bolívar 'madruga' al Tigre y es monarca indiscutible. Bolívar hits the Tiger early and is undisputed monarch. es. Premium. 12 June 2022. 12 June 2022.
- Web site: Consejo Superior decide dar por finalizado el Torneo Clausura 2022. Higher Council decides to end the 2022 Torneo Clausura. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 10 November 2022. 10 November 2022.
- Web site: Tres torneos en 2022: el Apertura por series empezará el 6 de febrero. Three tournaments in 2022: the Apertura by series will start on 6 February. es. Premium. 22 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Oriente visitará al Tigre y Blooming será local ante Bolívar en la primera fecha del torneo Apertura. Oriente will visit the Tigre and Blooming will host Bolívar on the first matchday of the Apertura tournament. es. El Deber. 11 January 2022. 12 January 2022.
- Web site: Conozca los premios que se distribuirán en los torneos Apertura, Clausura y Copa Bolivia. Get to know the prizes that will be distributed in the Apertura, Clausura, and Copa Bolivia tournaments. es. El Deber. 11 January 2022. 11 January 2022.
- Web site: Universitario de Vinto ascendió a la Primera División de Bolivia. Universitario de Vinto were promoted to the Bolivian Primera División. es. América TV. 13 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: La "U" desata la locura en Sucre; Real regresa a la AFP. The "U" triggers madness in Sucre; Real returns to the AFP. es. Los Tiempos. 20 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Flavio Robatto vuelve a la dirección técnica de Nacional Potosí. Flavio Robatto is back at Nacional Potosí's managerial direction. Spanish. El Deber. 14 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Se da por concluido el ciclo de Álvaro Peña como DT de Real Tomayapo. Álvaro Peña's cycle as manager of Real Tomayapo is concluded. es. El Deber. 21 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Copito Andrada toma el timón de Real Tomayapo. Copito Andrada takes the helm of Real Tomayapo. Spanish. Página Siete. 22 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Wilstermann apuesta por Miguel Ponce para pelear por el título . Wilstermann bet on Miguel Ponce to fight for the title. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 4 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: Wilstermann hizo oficial la contratación del director técnico Miguel Ponce. Wilstermann made official the hiring of manager Miguel Ponce. Spanish. El Deber. 14 December 2021. 25 December 2021.
- Web site: David Perdiguero se despidió de Real Santa Cruz, pero deja la puerta abierta . David Perdiguero said goodbye to Real Santa Cruz, but leaves the door open . Spanish. El Deber. 28 December 2021. 28 December 2021.
- Web site: Real Santa Cruz contrató a un DT estadounidense . Real Santa Cruz hired an American manager . Spanish. El Deber. 11 January 2022. 12 January 2022.
- Web site: La ‘silla eléctrica’ de Always ‘quema’ otro técnico. Always's 'electric chair' 'burns' another manager . Spanish. Premium. 27 January 2022. 29 January 2022.
- Web site: Always trae un afamado exjugador, pero un novel DT . Always bring a famed former player, but a novice manager. Spanish. Premium. 29 January 2022. 29 January 2022.
- Web site: Sobre llovido mojado: Zeballos se despide de Aurora, pero jugadores piden más tiempo. When it rains, it pours: Zeballos bids farewell to Aurora, but players ask for more time. Spanish. Opinión. 19 February 2022. 21 February 2022.
- Web site: Argüello regresa a la dirección técnica de Aurora luego de tres años. Argüello returns to Aurora's managerial direction after three years. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 21 February 2022. 21 February 2022.
- Web site: Miguel Portugal ya no es más entrenador de Royal Pari. Miguel Portugal is no longer the manager of Royal Pari. Spanish. El Deber. 27 February 2022. 28 February 2022.
- Web site: Royal Pari presenta a Julio César Baldivieso como nuevo director técnico del club. Royal Pari present Julio César Baldivieso as the club's new manager. Spanish. Opinión. 28 February 2022. 28 February 2022.
- Web site: Always Ready confirma la rescisión del contrato del "Loco" Abreu. Always Ready confirm the termination of Madman Abreu's contract. Spanish. Página Siete. 1 March 2022. 1 March 2022.
- Web site: Villegas por Abreu, Always vuelve a cambiar DT. Villegas for Abreu, Always change manager again. Página Siete. es. 2 March 2022. 2 March 2022.
- Web site: Tucho Antelo se va de Guabirá y se acerca el argentino Vigevani. Tucho Antelo leaves Guabirá and the Argentine Vigevani gets closer. Spanish. Premium. 11 March 2022. 12 March 2022.
- Web site: Mauricio Soria asume el mando técnico de Guabirá. Mauricio Soria takes over Guabirá's technical command. Spanish. El Deber. 12 March 2022. 12 March 2022.
- Web site: La derrota en casa ante Always Ready le costó el cargo a Daniel Farrar en Real Santa Cruz. The home loss to Always Ready cost Daniel Farrar his post at Real Santa Cruz. Spanish. El Deber. 12 March 2022. 17 March 2022.
- Web site: Andrés Marinangeli asume el sábado como nuevo DT de Real Santa Cruz. Andrés Marinangeli takes over as new manager of Real Santa Cruz on Saturday. Spanish. El Deber. 16 March 2022. 17 March 2022.
- Web site: Oficial: Miguel Ponce no va más como entrenador de Wilstermann. Official: Miguel Ponce is no longer manager of Wilstermann. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 14 April 2022. 19 April 2022.
- Web site: Migliaccio asume un Wilstermann en crisis y debuta ante Royal. Migliaccio takes over a Wilstermann in crisis and debuts against Royal. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 16 April 2022. 19 April 2022.
- Web site: Jhonny Serrudo ya no es más DT de Universitario. Jhonny Serrudo is no longer manager of Universitario. Spanish. Correo del Sur. 1 May 2022. 2 May 2022.
- Web site: El argentino Adrián Romero reemplaza como DT al chuquisaqueño Jhonny Serrudo. Argentine Adrián Romero replaces the chuquisaqueño Jhonny Serrudo as manager. Spanish. Correo del Sur. 3 May 2022. 3 May 2022.
- Web site: La "U" de Vinto saca al DT Marcelo Claros. U de Vinto kick manager Marcelo Claros out. Spanish. Página Siete. 26 May 2022. 26 May 2022.
- Web site: Perdiguero sustituye a Claros en la dirección técnica de Universitario de Vinto. Perdiguero replaces Claros in the managerial direction of Universitario de Vinto. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 28 May 2022. 29 May 2022.
- Web site: Dirigencia confirma renuncia de Víctor Andrada en Tomayapo. Board confirms resignation of Víctor Andrada in Tomayapo. Spanish. El País. 30 May 2022. 1 June 2022.
- Web site: Richard Rojas es el nuevo entrenador de Real Tomayapo. Richard Rojas is the new manager of Real Tomayapo. Spanish. El País. 2 June 2022. 3 June 2022.
- Web site: Costa 'revienta' y Always Ready echa de la dirección técnica a Villegas. Costa 'bursts' and Always Ready kick Villegas out of the managerial direction. Spanish. Premium. 2 June 2022. 2 June 2022.
- Web site: Baldivieso: "Always Ready tiene que recuperar su ADN". Baldivieso: "Always Ready has to recover its DNA". Spanish. Premium. 7 June 2022. 7 June 2022.
- Web site: Julio Baldivieso dejó de ser el entrenador de Royal Pari. Julio Baldivieso ceased to be the manager of Royal Pari. Spanish. El Deber. 2 June 2022. 2 June 2022.
- Web site: El argentino Luis García asume como DT de Royal Pari. The Argentine Luis García takes over as manager of Royal Pari. Premium. es. 6 June 2022. 6 June 2022.
- Web site: Álvaro Peña empieza segundo ciclo como entrenador de Wilstermann. Álvaro Peña begins second spell as manager of Wilstermann. Spanish. El Deber. 7 June 2022. 7 June 2022.
- Web site: Cristian Díaz dejó de ser técnico de The Strongest. Cristian Díaz ceased to be manager of The Strongest. Spanish. El Deber. 12 July 2022. 14 July 2022.
- Web site: Claudio 'el Pampa' Biaggio, el nuevo entrenador de The Strongest. Claudio el Pampa Biaggio, the new manager of The Strongest. Spanish. El Deber. 14 July 2022. 15 July 2022.
- Web site: Universitario de Sucre busca nuevo entrenador; Adrián Romero consiguió una sola victoria en nueve partidos. Universitario de Sucre seek a new manager; Adrián Romero got just one win in nine matches. Spanish. El Deber. 25 July 2022. 27 July 2022.
- Web site: Luis García no va más en Royal Pari; el cuadro inmobiliario se quedó sin entrenador en apenas seis fechas. Luis García is no more at Royal Pari; the inmobiliario team ended up without a manager in just six rounds. Spanish. El Deber. 28 July 2022. 29 July 2022.
- Web site: Víctor Hugo 'Copito' Andrada es el nuevo director técnico de Royal Pari. Víctor Hugo Copito Andrada is the new manager of Royal Pari. Spanish. El Deber. 29 July 2022. 29 July 2022.
- Web site: Sebastián Núñez asume como DT de la "U" de Sucre. Sebastián Núñez takes over as manager of the U from Sucre. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 2 August 2022. 4 August 2022.
- Web site: Wilstermann anuncia la salida de Álvaro Peña. Wilstermann announce the departure of Álvaro Peña. Spanish. Besoccer. 4 August 2022. 6 August 2022.
- Web site: Alberto Illanes, elegido como nuevo DT de Wilstermann. Alberto Illanes, chosen as new manager of Wilstermann. Spanish. El Deber. 8 August 2022. 9 August 2022.
- Web site: Esta vez es definitivo: Rodrigo Venegas se va de Blooming. This time it is final: Rodrigo Venegas leaves Blooming. Spanish. El Deber. 10 August 2022. 15 August 2022.
- Web site: Néstor Clausen es el nuevo entrenador de Blooming. Néstor Clausen is the new manager of Blooming. Spanish. El Deber. 10 August 2022. 15 August 2022.
- Web site: El Manzanero le pone fin al ciclo de Perdiguero, que se va sin victorias. The Manzanero puts an end to Perdiguero's spell, who leaves winless. Spanish. Diario Opinión. 15 August 2022. 17 August 2022.
- Web site: Universitario de Vinto ya tiene DT: elige al paraguayo Pablo Godoy en lugar de David Perdiguero. Universitario de Vinto already have a manager: they choose the Paraguayan Pablo Godoy to replace David Perdiguero. Spanish. Los Tiempos. 15 August 2022. 17 August 2022.
- Web site: Néstor Clausen: "Es la mejor decisión para Bloooming, ahora hay que apoyar a Tucho". Néstor Clausen: "It's the best decision for Blooming, now we've got to support Tucho". Spanish. El Deber. 22 August 2022. 24 August 2022.
- Web site: Néstor Clausen no es más entrenador de Blooming; 'Tucho' Antelo será su reemplazante. Néstor Clausen is no longer manager of Blooming; Tucho Antelo will be his replacement. Spanish. El Deber. 22 August 2022. 24 August 2022.
- Web site: Robledo decide apartarse de la dirección técnica de Independiente. Robledo decides to step aside from the technical direction of Independiente. Spanish. Correo del Sur. 6 September 2022. 13 September 2022.
- Web site: Rodrigo Venegas es nuevo entrenador de Independiente. Rodrigo Venegas is the new manager of Independiente. Spanish. El Deber. 9 September 2022. 9 September 2022.
- Web site: 'Copito' Andrada renunció en Royal Pari. Copito Andrada resigned at Royal Pari. Spanish. El Deber. 12 September 2022. 13 September 2022.
- Web site: Francisco Argüello deja de ser entrenador de Aurora: "No me están botando, me estoy yendo por la puerta grande". Francisco Argüello quits being manager of Aurora: "They're not throwing me out, I'm leaving through the front door". Spanish. El Deber. 13 September 2022. 13 September 2022.
- Web site: Aurora frena a Always Ready en El Alto. Aurora stop Always Ready in El Alto. Spanish. La Razón. 17 September 2022. 10 October 2022.
- Web site: Julio César Baldivieso no va más como DT de Always Ready. Julio César Baldivieso is no more as manager of Always Ready. Spanish. El Deber. 17 September 2022. 17 September 2022.
- Web site: Pablo Godoy se queda en Vinto; Always Ready busca el plan 'B'. Pablo Godoy stays at Vinto; Always Ready look for the plan 'B'. El Deber. es. 21 September 2022. 22 September 2022.
- Web site: Roberto Pérez asume reto en Aurora y dirige hoy (19:30) en Sucre. Roberto Pérez takes on challenge at Aurora and manages today (19:30) in Sucre. Spanish. Diario Opinión. 16 October 2022. 20 October 2022.
- Web site: Viviani se va de Palmaflor: cae otro DT en el Clausura. Viviani leaves Palmaflor: another manager is down in the Clausura. Spanish. Premium. 22 October 2022. 22 October 2022.
- Web site: Palmaflor tiene un plan B antes de elegir al nuevo entrenador. Palmaflor have a plan B before choosing the new manager. Los Tiempos. es. 27 October 2022. 31 October 2022.
- Web site: Núñez se va de la ‘U’ de Sucre y se suma a los más de 20 que dejaron sus cargos. Núñez leaves 'U' de Sucre and joins the more than 20 who left their posts. La Razón. es. 3 November 2022. 4 November 2022.
- Web site: Francisco Argüello es el nuevo entrenador de Universitario de Sucre. Francisco Argüello is the new manager of Universitario de Sucre. Opinión. es. 3 November 2022. 4 November 2022.
- Web site: El torneo Clausura se retrasa una semana por inconvenientes con el VAR. The Clausura tournament is delayed for a week due to drawbacks with VAR. Spanish. El Deber. 23 June 2022. 24 June 2022.
- Web site: ¡No se juega! Suspendida la fecha 25 del Torneo Clausura. It's not played! The Torneo Clausura's 25th round was suspended. Spanish. El Deber. 21 October 2022. 10 November 2022.