2022 Bihar caste-based survey explained

Bihar caste-based Survey, 2022
Region:Bihar
Date:January 2023 - August 2023
Population:130,725,310[1]
Region Type:District
Additional Label1:Religion
Additional Label2:General Communities
Additional Data2:20,291,679 (15.52%)
Additional Label3:Other Backward Classes
Additional Data3:82,544,450 (63.14%)
Additional Label4:Scheduled Castes
Additional Data4:25,689,820 (19.65%)
Additional Label5:Scheduled Tribes
Additional Data5:2,199,361 (1.68%)[2]
Authority:Government of Bihar

The 2022 Bihar Caste Based Survey was notified by the Government of Bihar on 6 June 2022 by gazette notification after a Supreme Court ruling.[3] [4] The survey was conducted in two phases, house listing and caste and economic enumeration. The data collection for the survey began on 7 January 2023 and the data was released on 2 October 2023.[5] [1] The responsibility to conduct the survey was given to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Government of Bihar.[6] The government planned to collect the data digitally by mobile application named Bijaga- Bihar Jaati Adharit Ganana.[7] BELTRON (Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd.), a Government of Bihar agency provided IT support,[8] hired the services of a Maharashtra-based private firm Trigyn Technologies to develop the mobile app.[9]

The Bihar government spent nearly ₹5 billion rupees in this work from its contingency fund (Bihar Aakasmikta Nidhi),[10] Apart from government employees, Anganwadi workers and Jeevika Didi also worked to complete the survey till given target of May 2023.[11] A portal was prepared for caste-based enumeration in Bihar. The digital work for caste-based enumeration in Bihar was entrusted to a Delhi-based company Trigyn Technologies.[12] The survey counted the 214 castes on Bihar government list.[13] According to the list, 22 were counted in Scheduled Castes, 32 in Scheduled Tribes, 30 in Backward Classes, 113 in Extremely Backward Classes and 7 in Upper Castes.[14] [15] [16]

First phase

The first phase of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023, which ended on January 21.[17] The number of all households in the State were counted and recorded in the first phase.[18] The second phase will be calculated on the basis of the data of the first phase. All the data collected in the first phase is uploaded on this portal and these data will be available to the enumerators and supervisors at the time of second enumeration on the mobile app. In the first phase of caste census, census workers reached about 25,890,497 families across Bihar in 38 districts, which have 534 blocks and 261 urban local bodies and numbered the houses.[19] In the first phase, the name of the head of the family and the number of members living there were recorded.[20] More than 518,000 personnel were engaged in the caste census of the first phase which began on January 7. A survey of 14.35 lakh families was done in the district of Patna, left out families can give information to District Caste Enumeration Cell.[21]

Second phase

In second phase of the survey, which started on April 15, 2023 and end on May 15, 2023, people living in the households, their castes, sub-castes, and socio-economic conditions etc, were collected. The survey ended on May 31, 2023. In this phase, over 304,000 enumerators asked respondents 17 questions, including caste.[22] Every enumerator has been given a target to reach out to 150 households. While all 17 questions are mandatory, filling Aadhaar number, caste certificate number and ration card number of the head of the family, are optional.[23] Bihar government has set different codes for 215 different castes of the state.[24] [25] The sub-categories of a particular caste concerned have been merged into one single social entity,[26] and they have one numerical caste code for use during the month-long second phase of caste-based headcount.[27] At the same time, there will be special strictness regarding the registration of names in this phase. If someone tries to write the name twice, now the app will mark such people. The names of people living outside the state will also be registered.

On 15 April 2023, Nitish Kumar launched 2nd phase of caste-based survey from his ancestral home at Bakhtiyarpur.[28] [29] Newborns born from January 22, 2023, till the end of the second phase are not counted.[30] Nitish Kumar informed that once the data work is completed, the report of the caste-based survey would be tabled in the Bihar Vidhan Sabha and the Bihar Vidhan Parishad. After that the report would be made public. The work of the second phase of counting will be done from April 15 to May 15, 2023, in all 261 urban local bodies and 534 blocks.[31] On August 16, 2023, the data entry work of caste-based census was completed.

List of 17 questions in second phase! S.No !! Question
1 full name of family member
2 Father's / Husband's name
3 relation to the head of the family
4 age (in years)
5 gender
6 marital status
7 Religion
8 caste
9 temporary migration status (place of work or study, whether within or outside state, country or abroad)
10 educational qualifications (pre-primary to post master's degree)
11 profession [ranges from government to private job in organised or unorganised sector, self-employed, farmer (owner of farm land), agricultural labourer, construction labourer, other labourer, skilled labourer, beggar, rag-picker, student, housewife to those having no work]
12 ownership of computer/laptop (with or without internet connectivity)
13 motor vehicle (two-wheeler, three-wheeler, four-wheeler, six-wheeler or more, tractor)
14 agricultural land (area from 0-50 decimals to 5 acres and above)
15 residential land (area from 5 decimals land to 20 decimals and above; flat owner in a multi-storied apartment)
16 monthly income from all sources(ranging from a minimum 0- 6,000 to a maximum 50,000 and above)
17 residential condition (pucca/thatched house, hutment or homeless)

Anecdote and protests

In April 2023, there was an incident during the caste census that around 40 women in a red-light area of Ward No. 7 in Bihar's Arwal district declared a man named Roopchand as their husband. Some of them even mentioned name Roopchand as their father's name and children's name.[32] When questioned, it was found that Roopchand is not a man. The people of this area call money Roopchand.

In some places such as Masaurhi and Dhanarua in Patna district, members of Lohar (blacksmith) community boycotted the caste survey saying that Bihar Government wants to categorise it under either Lohra/Lohara or Kamar (carpenter) caste.[33]

Legal battle

On 20 January 2023, Supreme Court of India refused to entertain various pleas challenging Bihar Government's notification to conduct caste-based census in Bihar.[34] [35] [36] The pleas against caste-based survey were filed by many petitioners, including Youth For Equality group.[37] Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar said that the exercise is not caste census, instead its a caste survey.[38] [39] [40] On 4 May 2023, Patna High Court stayed the caste-based survey in its interim order, and directed the state government to keep the survey data, collected so far preserved till the next date of hearing (July 3, 2023).[41] [42] Government of Bihar informed Patna High Court that 80% of the "survey" was completed.[43] Patna High court asked questions on 11 points from Bihar government in its interim order. Government of Bihar countered that a central law, Collection of Statistics Act, 2008 empowers state government to carry out all kinds of censuses and surveys, including for caste.[44] On 7 July 2023, Patna High court reserved its verdict after hearing a total of 8 PIL pleas challenging various aspects of the survey.[45] On 1 August 2023, Patna High Court gave judgement that holding caste survey in Bihar is valid and legal.[46] A division bench comprising Chief Justice K. Vinod Chandran and Justice Partha Sarathy passed the order in its 101-page verdict,[47] [48] [49] [50] while dismissing all petitions challenging survey.[51] [52] The second phase of Bihar's caste-based survey resumed on 2 August 2023.[53] On 21 August 2023, Patna High Court disposed of a writ petition seeking deletion of transgenders from caste list, and stated that transgender individuals can make representations to Government of Bihar to not be considered as a caste.[54] [55] Government of Bihar had filed a counter affidavit to this plea, informing the court that this anomaly was rectified on 25 April 2023 by instructing the enumerators to have three options for gender.

On 21 August 2023, Supreme Court of India bench comprising Justices Sanjiv Khanna and SVN Bhatti asked Central Government to provide a response within seven days regarding the survey's potential consequences[56] [57] and subsequently scheduled the matter for resumed hearing on 28 August 2023.[58] [59] Union Home Ministry filed affidavit in Supreme Court that Census Act allows only Central government to conduct census and actions like a census.[60] [61] Later in evening, it backtracked from its previous affidavit and filed a fresh affidavit claiming that the paragraph "inadverdently crept in".[62] [63] [64] Government of Bihar reiterated its previously stated position that the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008, empowers it to conduct such an enumeration exercise in the interest of social justice.[65] On 6 September 2023, Supreme Court of India bench of justices Sanjiv Khanna and SVN Bhatti posted the matter to October 3 and clarified that it had not granted any stay on the publication of the survey.[66] On 6 October 2023, Supreme Court of India refused to issue any interim directive to restrain Government of Bihar from releasing more caste-census data, and listed the next hearing in the matter in January 2024.[67] [68] [69] [70] On 2 January 2024, Supreme Court of India asked Bihar government to release the break-up of the caste survey data in the public domain, and listed the next hearing in the matter on 5 February 2024.[71]

The finidings of the survey increased the overall reservation to 65% which was struck down by the Patna high court on 20th june 2024[72]

Survey report

Caste group wise population

The 2022 Bihar caste-based survey report, released on October 2, 2023, reveals a total population of 130,725,310. Among them, 35,463,936 (27.12%) belong to Backward Classes (BCs), 47,080,514 (36.01%) belong to Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs), collectively constituting 82,544,450 (63.14%) of Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Additionally, 25,689,820 (19.65%) belong to Scheduled Castes (SCs), 2,199,361 (1.68%) belong to Scheduled Tribes (STs), and 20,291,679 (15.52%) belong to the Unreserved (General) communities.[73] [74] [75] [76] Among the 214 surveyed communities, around 190 castes have a population of less than one percent.[77] The survey also indicates that Hindus make up 81.99%, Islam 17.70%, Buddhism 0.08%, Christianity 0.06%, Jainism 0.01%, Sikhism 0.01%, and 0.13% adhere to other unclassified religious beliefs.[78]

On 7 November 2023, Bihar Government released the final set of caste survey data including wealth and education data, which revealed that 34.13 percent of all families in Bihar survive on less than 6,000 per month.[79] [80] [81] The report also revealed that only 1.5% (or 2,049,000) of the state's population is employed in government jobs, while 95.49% of state's population do not possess any vehicles.[82] [83] The report revealed that the most well-off Hindu upper caste were the numerically minuscule Kayasthas.[84] [85]

Statistical data for the major social groups[86]
Caste Population Percentage
Yadav (Ahir, Gowala, Gora, Ghasi, Mehar and Sadgop)
Dushadh (Dhari, Dharahi)
Ravidas (Mochi, Ravidas, Rohidas, Charmkar)
Kushwaha (Koeri)
Shaikh (caste) (Muslim)
Momin (Muslim)/Julaha/Ansari (Muslim)
Rajput
Mallah (Nishad)
Bania(Sudhi, Modak/Mamas, Roniyar, Pansari, Modi, Karora, Kesharvani, Thathera, Kalwar (Kalal/Iraqi), (Vigahut Kalwar), Kamlapuri Vaishya, Mahuri Vaishya, Bangi Vaishya (Bangali Baniya), Baranwal Vaishya, Agrahari Vaishya, Vaishya Poddar, Kasaudhan, Gandhbanik, Batham Vaishya, Goldar (East/Wesh Champaran)
Dhanuk (Mandal, Rawat)
Nonia (Chauhan, Prasad, Mehta, Mahto, Jamedar, Beldar)
Surjapuri Muslim (except Sheikh, Syed, Mullick, Mughal, Pathan) (Muslim)
Pan, Sawasi, Panar
Chandravanshi (Kahar, Kamkar)
Barhai (carpenter)
Dhuniya (Muslim)
Kumhar (Prajapati)
Rayeen or Kunjra (Muslim)
Shershahbadi (Muslim)
Pasi
Bind (Bind, Kumar)
Kulhaiya (Muslim)
Bhuiya
Dhobi (Rajak)
Pathan (Khan) (Muslim)
Sai/Faqeer/Diwan/Madar (Muslim)
Gangota (Gangaputra)
Barai, Tamoli, Chaurasiya
Dhobi (Muslim)
Pal (Bhedihar,gaderi, gaderiya)
Mali
Dangi
Idrisi or Darzi (Muslim)
Syed (Muslim)
Dom, Dhangadh, Bansfor, Dharikar, Dharkar, Domra
Hari Mehtar, Bhangi
Rajbhar
Chudihar (Muslim)
Thakurai (Muslim)
Qasab (Qasai) (Muslim)
Mullick (Muslim)
Nat
Bhat (Muslim)
Madariya (Only for Sanhaul block of Bhagalpur and Dhoriya block of Banka) (Muslim)
Daphali (Muslim)
Mehtar, Lalbegi, Halalkhor, Bhangi (Muslim)
Morshikar(Muslim)
Pamaria (Muslim)
Nat (Muslim)
Gaddi (Muslim)
Mukairi (Muslim)
Cheeq (Muslim)
Jat (Muslim (Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamadhi, Khagaria & Araria) (Muslim)
Rangrez (Muslim)
Bakho (Muslim)
Bhathiyara (Muslim)
Saikalgarg (Muslim)
Qadar (Muslim)
Miriyasin (Muslim)
Nalband (Muslim)
Christian Convert (EBC)
Madari (Muslim)
Abdal (Muslim)
Christian Convert (Harijan)
Itfarosh/Itafarosh/Gadheri/Itpaz Ibrahimi (Muslim)
Qalandar (Muslim)
Qaghzi(Muslim)

Key findings

CategoryCommunityTotal PopulationTotal householdHousehold monthly incomeEducationEmployment
colspan="2"
General 4 310%23.98% 19.27%16.95%9.86% 3.49%
BC 30 412%29.35% 18.42% 10.67%4.22%1.13%
EBC 82 3118%32.56%18.82% 8.32% 2.28% 0.98%0.73%
SC 22 16% 29.44%15.32% 5.9% 1.72% 1.13%0.51%
ST 32 1% 25.8%16.97% 8%2.53% 0.68%
Unspecified 22.9%18.7% 17.0% 12.5%
State 214 50% 130,725,310 27,668,93029.61%18.06%9.83%3.9% 1.22%

Socio-economic status of castes

The Other Backward Class category has played pivotal role in politics of Bihar and their socio-economic status changed remarkably after the Mandal Politics of 1990s. This category also holds significant position in social and economic life of state. Analysis of the survey report by some news reports showed that the prominent OBC castes, Yadav, Koeri, Kurmi and Bania were the biggest beneficiary in the post mandal politics of Backward Castes. They also improved their socio-economic status and remained significant holders of government jobs. It was also found that Yadavs with biggest share in population of state at 14.26%, were less represented in government jobs in proportion of their population. In their comparison, two other prominent castes Koeri and Kurmi were better represented. The Koeri and Kurmis with much smaller population size were also found to be in better socio-economic condition. It was opined that this was a consequence of better position of Koeri and Kurmis in land ownership and educational progress.[91]

Caste Category Number of people in government jobs[92] Percentage of population in government jobs
Other Backward Caste289,538 1.55%
Kushwaha (Koeri) 112,106 2.04%
117,171 3.11%
Forward Caste187,256 4.9%
Forward Caste171,933 3.81%
Forward Caste172,259 3.60%
Forward Caste52,490 6.68%
Paswan (Dusadh) Schedule Caste99,230 1.44%
Ravidas (Chamar) Schedule Caste82,290 1.20%
Schedule Caste34,372 3.14%
Schedule Caste25,7542%
Schedule Caste10,615 0.26%
Bania (Sudhi, Modak/Mayra, Rauniyar, Pansari, Modi, Kasera, Thathera, Kalwar/Kalal/Eki, Kamalapuri Vaishya, Mahuri Vaishya, Bangi Vaishya, Baranwal Vaishya, Kesharvani, Agrahari Vaishya, Vaishya Poddar, Kasaudhan, Gandhvanik, Batham Vaishya, Goldar)Other Backward Caste59,286 1.96%
TeliExtremely Backward Caste53,056 1.44%
KanuExtremely Backward Caste34,4041.19%
DhanukExtremely Backward Caste33,3371.19%
Kahar (Chandravanshi)Extremely Backward Caste31,2001.45%
NaiExtremely Backward Caste28,7561.38%
BarhaiExtremely Backward Caste20,2791.07%
MallaahExtremely Backward Caste14,100 0.41%
NoniaExtremely Backward Caste14,226 0.57%
SheikhForward Caste 39,5950.7%

As per survey, 95.49% people in Bihar do not own any vehicle. This means out of total population of state 12,48,00,000 people don't own any vehicle.[93]

Communities having significant ownership of two-wheeler vehicles in Bihar[94] Number of two-wheelers owned
761,014
Kushwaha (Koeri)300,686
191,224
Brahmin321,335
Bhumihar278,716
Rajput312,395
Bania203,411
Kayastha84,515
Communities having significant ownership of tractors in BiharNumber of tractors owned
51,975
Kushwaha (Koeri)12,428
7,170
Brahmin7,315
Bhumihar12,014
Rajput12,031
Bania3,558
Kayastha642
Communities having significant ownership of three-wheeler vehicles in BiharNumber of three-wheelers owned
24,765
Kushwaha (Koeri)6,571
4,552
Brahmin6,704
Bhumihar5,109
Rajput6,149
Bania5,376
Kayastha1,340

Reactions to Caste Survey Report

The caste survey figure, however, were challenged by many politicians of the state. It was alleged that the population of certain castes were inflated while the population of others were underrepresented in the survey. Prominent Schedule Caste leader of state, Chirag Paswan accused that it was done in order to reap political gains. It was widely believed that population of Kushwaha caste was underrepresented in the survey.[95] The president of Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal, Upendra Kushwaha also claimed that the figures are unreliable as the sub-caste of Kushwaha community like Dangis were counted as a separate entity.[96]

During the process of caste data collection itself, officials of General Administration department (GAD) informed that some people can be left out of survey, as survey is a sub-set of census and cannot be expected to have 100% coverage.[12] On 5 October 2023, BJP MP from Patna Sahib Ravi Shankar Prasad said that no one met him or his family to collect their caste information and implied that the survey data was manipulated to suit RJD.[97] [98] [99] Information and Public Relations Department, Bihar countered this allegation saying his and his family's data was collected as per norm. Tejashwi Yadav remarked that if caste data was to be altered, Nitish Kumar would have exaggerated the numbers of his own Kurmi caste.[100]

The revealing of numbers of various caste groups also brought the discussion about political representation of various castes on fore. The discussion about castes of Members of Bihar Legislative Assembly and the Members of Parliament from Bihar were done for the sake of finding out representation of largest social group of Bihar called Extremely Backward Castes, whose numbers turned out to be approximately 36% in the caste survey. Several reports revealed that forward castes were overrepresented in the number of legislators from Bihar contrary to their minute share in population. The Hindu Forward Castes, who made up nearly 10% percent of the population of the state had 64 Member of Legislative Assembly in 243 membered house in the 2020 to 2025 Assembly period. It was found that among the Forward Castes, Rajputs had seven Member of Parliament out of 40 Lok Sabha members from Bihar, making them grossly overrepresented. Yadav caste also had large share in number of legislators in State Assembly and they made up 52 out of 243 MLAs.[101] In the state legislative assembly, among the Forward Castes, Rajputs had 28 legislators, which was grossly disproportionate to their population, which was pegged at approximately 3.4 percent.[102] A study after 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections found that most of the Forward Caste legislators were elected on the symbol of Bharatiya Janata Party, which distributed 52 out of 110 seats it contested to Forward Castes.[103]

Follow-up on the report

See main article: Reservation policy in Bihar. On 9 November 2023, Bihar Assembly Passed Bill For 65% Caste Quota excluding 10% EWS Quota,[104] in government jobs and educational institutions.[105] [106] [107] The new reservation quota percentages include 20% for Scheduled Castes, 2% for Scheduled Tribes, 18% for Backward Classes, 25% for Extremely Backward Classes, and 10% for the economically weaker section among the Upper Castes.[108] The existing 3% reservation for BC women was scrapped.[109] Bihar Government issued gazette notifications for raising the quota to 75% after Governor Rajendra Arlekar gave his assent to two bills.[107] The two bills were notified as - The Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (For Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes) (Amendment) Act 2023, and The Bihar (In Admission in Educational Institutions) Reservation (Amendment) Act 2023.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Bihar caste survey data out: What it says. The Indian Express. en. 2 October 2023.
  2. News: Bihar government releases caste survey data; OBCs, EBCs account for 63 pc of population . ANI News . October 2, 2023 . November 11, 2023.
  3. News: Tewary. Amarnath. 2023-01-20. Bihar caste survey : Nitish Kumar welcomes Supreme Court decision. en-IN. The Hindu. 2023-02-14. 0971-751X. 2023-02-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160633/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece. live.
  4. News: Let the caste count begin. The Times of India. 20 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 20 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230320103836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/t10-january-21-2023/6-let-the-caste-count-begin/articleshow/97181146.cms. live.
  5. News: 2023-01-06. Bihar caste census to begin from January 7. en-IN. The Hindu. 2023-02-14. 0971-751X. 2023-02-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160627/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-census-survey-to-begin-from-january-7/article66346339.ece. live.
  6. Web site: Second phase of caste census starts in Bihar. 16 April 2023. 13 August 2023. 14 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230614203118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/second-phase-of-caste-census-starts-in-bihar-101681601188589.html. live.
  7. Web site: Bihar caste survey: Officials directed to complete data entry by today evening, says Patna DM. 13 August 2023 .
  8. Web site: Pending in SC: Questions on if it is survey or census, privacy issues. 2 October 2023 .
  9. Web site: No caste without code—Bihar is counting and writing a new identity politics. 21 April 2023. 13 August 2023. 2 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230502073621/https://theprint.in/ground-reports/no-caste-without-code-bihar-census-is-counting-writing-new-identity-politics/1530962/. live.
  10. Web site: Bihar caste-based census gets cabinet nod, to be completed by February 2023. 2 June 2022. 15 February 2023. 15 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230215061136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-based-census-to-be-finished-by-february-2023-cabinet-101654177609459.html. live.
  11. Web site: Caste-based survey to begin in Bihar from Jan 7 . 2023-02-14. India Today. en. 2023-02-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162250/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caste-based-survey-to-begin-in-bihar-from-jan-seven-2317937-2023-01-05. live.
  12. Web site: Bihar caste survey: Govt mulls mop-up round for those left out. 12 August 2023 .
  13. Web site: Expectations high among villagers, tepid response among urbanites to Bihar's caste-based survey. 15 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214173740/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/expectations-high-among-villagers-tepid-response-among-urbanites-to-bihar-s-caste-based-survey-101673803008840.html. live.
  14. Web site: पटना में 100 साल पहले सबसे अधिक अहीर, कुर्मी और बाभन की थी आबादी; इस बार होगी इन 204 जातियों की गणना. 2023-02-14. 2023-02-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214174332/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-caste-suvey-in-bihar-patna-had-the-highest-population-of-ahirs-kurmis-and-babhans-100-years-ago-23026260.html. live.
  15. Web site: Bihar caste census survey: 112 EBC castes under reserved category. See full list.
  16. Web site: Bihar caste survey: The importance of being EBC in state.
  17. News: Caste survey: 2.60 crore families identified in Bihar till January 20. The Times of India. 22 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/caste-survey-2-60-crore-families-identified-in-bihar-till-january-20/articleshow/97216990.cms. live.
  18. News: Phase 1 completed, form for next stage still being finalised . The Hindu . 26 January 2023 . Lakshman . Abhinay . 14 February 2023 . 14 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-survey-phase-1-done-form-for-next-phase-still-being-finalised/article66435951.ece . live .
  19. Web site: Caste-based Census: First phase begins in Bihar; over 2.58 cr families across 38 districts to be counted. 7 January 2023. 15 February 2023. 15 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230215080950/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/caste-based-census-first-phase-begins-in-bihar-over-2-58-cr-families-across-38-districts-to-be-counted/videoshow/96816215.cms. live.
  20. News: Nitish Kumar launches caste-based survey, says people will be hugely benefitted after recognition of their economic status. The Times of India. 7 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-caste-based-survey-says-people-will-be-hugely-benefitted-after-recognition-of-their-economic-status/articleshow/96820227.cms. live.
  21. Web site: Bihar caste survey: People staying in joint families want them listed as separate family units for govt doles. 25 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-survey-people-staying-in-joint-families-want-them-listed-as-separate-family-units-for-govt-doles-101674666757116.html. live.
  22. Web site: 203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15. 23 March 2023. 25 March 2023. 25 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325143629/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html. live.
  23. News: As Bihar readies for caste survey, statisticians worry about data. The Hindu. 27 March 2023. 30 March 2023. 30 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011603/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-based-survey-2nd-phase-form-ready-enumerators-being-trained-statisticians-worry-about-data-integrity/article66668067.ece. live.
  24. Web site: बिहार में 215 जातियों का कोड जारी, जातीय जनगणना के लिए अपनी जाति का कोड जानिए. 5 April 2023. 5 April 2023. 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405170838/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/caste-code-in-bihar-jatigat-janganana-know-about-jati-code-list-of-bihar-caste-census-second-phase-skt. live.
  25. Web site: Bihar Caste Census : जातिगत गणना में 'अ'धर्म का भी कोड, 214 जातियां हैं...कोड-1 की जाति का नाम जानते हैं?. 2023-04-05. 2023-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405170837/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-caste-census-starting-counting-people-with-cast-census-or-jati-janganna-with-caste-religion-code-coding-2023-04-05. live.
  26. Web site: Bihar Caste Census 11 : इस श्रेणी के ब्राह्मण कह रहे भूमिहार कोई जाति नहीं, आज से हो रही जातीय जन-गणना. 2023-08-13. 2023-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20230516113138/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bhumihar-or-bhumihar-brahmin-in-bihar-caste-census-from-today-caste-code-in-caste-census-of-bihar-for-bhumihar-2023-04-15. live.
  27. News: Bihar: Sub-categories of castes merged, given code for caste-based survey. The Times of India. 6 April 2023. 13 August 2023. 13 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230713043046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sub-categories-of-castes-merged-given-code-for-caste-based-survey/articleshow/99281038.cms. live.
  28. News: Nitish Kumar launches 2nd phase of caste-based survey from his ancestral home at Bakhtiyarpur. The Times of India. 15 April 2023. 16 April 2023. 16 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230416071711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-ancestral-home-at-bakhtiyarpur/articleshow/99522418.cms. live.
  29. Web site: Nitish Kumar Launches 2nd Phase Of Caste-Based Survey From His Hometown. 2023-04-16. 2023-04-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20230416054621/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-hometown-bakhtiyarpur-3951233. live.
  30. Web site: Caste Census In Bihar: जाति आधारित गणना में इस उम्र के बच्चों को नहीं किया जा रहा शामिल, जानिए वजह. 21 April 2023. 13 August 2023. 28 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230428100428/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/begusarai-caste-census-in-bihar-children-of-this-age-are-not-being-included-caste-based-census-5946917.html. live.
  31. News: In Bihar census, caste code for 'third gender' community triggers row. The Hindu. 7 April 2023. 13 August 2023. 3 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-bihar-census-caste-code-for-third-gender-community-triggers-row/article66710725.ece. live.
  32. Web site: 40 women, one husband: Bihar caste census stumbles upon Roopchand. 2023-08-13. 2023-05-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20230503062205/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/40-women-one-husband-bihar-caste-census-rupchand-2364873-2023-04-26. live.
  33. Web site: Caught between Loharas & Kamars, Bihar's Lohars shun caste survey. Indian express. 3 May 2023 . 17 July 2023. 19 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230719122856/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/caught-between-loharas-kamars-bihars-lohars-shun-caste-survey-8588309/. live.
  34. News: Tewary . Amarnath . 2023-01-20 . Bihar caste survey Nitish Kumar welcomes Supreme Court decision . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-02-14 . 0971-751X . 2023-02-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160633/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece . live .
  35. Web site: SC allows caste census, says how else will Bihar fix quota. 20 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162802/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/sc-pleas-bihar-governments-caste-survey-8393622/. live.
  36. Web site: Pleas against caste census in Bihar merely for publicity: Supreme Court. 20 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164343/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-rejects-pleas-against-bihar-caste-census-calls-them-publicity-litigation-101674213641883.html. live.
  37. Web site: Why we need the Bihar caste census. 4 July 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20230802202526/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-we-need-the-bihar-caste-census-8699418/. live.
  38. News: It's caste survey, not census: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar on plea in top court. The Times of India. 12 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/its-caste-survey-not-census-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-on-plea-in-top-court/articleshow/96925356.cms. live.
  39. News: SC plea has no meaning, ours is caste survey not census: Nitish. The Times of India. 12 January 2023. 14 February 2023. 14 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sc-plea-has-no-meaning-ours-is-caste-survey-not-census-nitish/articleshow/96926795.cms. live.
  40. Web site: Caste 'Count', Not 'Census', in Bihar to Avoid Legal Complications: Nitish Kumar. 2023-02-14. 2023-02-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172237/https://thewire.in/government/caste-count-not-census-in-bihar-to-avoid-legal-complications-nitish-kumar. live.
  41. News: Setback for Nitish Kumar-led Mahagathbandhan govt, Patna HC stays caste-based survey in Bihar. The Times of India. 4 May 2023. 13 August 2023. 6 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/setback-for-nitish-kumar-patna-hc-stays-caste-based-survey-in-bihar/articleshow/99984926.cms. live.
  42. News: Patna High Court stays Bihar's caste-based census. The Hindu. 4 May 2023. 13 August 2023. 4 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230504103534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patna-high-court-puts-a-stay-on-bihar-caste-based-census/article66811531.ece. live.
  43. News: HC puts interim stay on Bihar caste survey, dubs it illegal census. The Times of India. 5 May 2023. 13 August 2023. 25 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230525223925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hc-puts-interim-stay-on-bihar-caste-survey-dubs-it-illegal-census/articleshow/99996915.cms. live.
  44. Web site: To back caste survey, Bihar govt cited Collection of Statistics Act. What it says & why HC agreed. 31 August 2023 .
  45. Web site: Patna High Court Reserves Verdict In Pleas Challenging Bihar Govt's Decision To Conduct Caste-Based Survey In State. 7 July 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102207/https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/patna-high-court/patna-high-court-reserves-verdict-pleas-challenging-bihar-government-decision-conduct-caste-based-survey-232205. live.
  46. News: Patna high court holds caste survey in Bihar as valid and legal, dismisses all petitions challenging survey. . August 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20230810153007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-high-court-holds-caste-survey-in-bihar-as-valid-and-legal-dismisses-all-petitions-challenging-survey/articleshow/102305338.cms. live.
  47. Web site: Why the Patna High Court upheld Bihar's caste survey. 10 August 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20230811031443/https://scroll.in/article/1053861/why-the-patna-high-court-upheld-bihars-caste-survey. live.
  48. Web site: Ek Soch Ek Prayas vs Union Of India on 1 August, 2023.
  49. Web site: IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA. 2023-08-13. 2023-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231806/https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2023-08/15ace660-13fc-46e6-b819-4b5cb2e085c2/Youth_for_Equality___Ors_v_State_of_Bihar___Ors.pdf. live.
  50. Web site: High Court's Green Signal To Bihar Caste Survey Challenged In Supreme Court. 2023-08-13. 2023-08-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20230805085129/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/high-courts-green-signal-to-bihar-caste-survey-challenged-in-supreme-court-4265860. live.
  51. Web site: HC upholds Bihar caste survey. August 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20230812031128/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/hc-upholds-bihar-caste-survey-101690904344728.html. live.
  52. Web site: Patna HC upholds Bihar caste-based survey: Why it was challenged, what the court said. 2 August 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20230807123729/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/patna-hc-upholds-bihar-caste-based-survey-8873561/. live.
  53. News: Second phase of caste-based survey resumes in Bihar. . 2 August 2023 . 2023-08-13. 2023-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803140702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/second-phase-of-caste-based-survey-resumes-in-bihar/article67150230.ece. live . Bhelari . Amit .
  54. Web site: Transgenders can ask govt not to reckon them as a caste: HC. 21 August 2023 .
  55. News: Transgenders not a caste, but a separate group: Patna HC. . 22 August 2023 .
  56. News: Centre seeks to intervene in SC case on Bihar caste survey. . 22 August 2023 .
  57. Web site: India needs caste census more than Chandrayaan-3. SC verdict on Bihar caste survey shows why. 21 August 2023 .
  58. Web site: Supreme Court Rejects Stay On Bihar Caste Survey Without Prima Facie Case.
  59. News: Will not stay Bihar caste survey unless prima facie case made out by those opposing it: SC. . 21 August 2023 .
  60. News: Only Centre can conduct census, Union tells SC in Bihar caste survey case. . 28 August 2023 . Rajagopal . Krishnadas .
  61. Web site: Bihar Caste Survey: Centre's "Inadvertent Error" Draws A "Volcano" Warning.
  62. Web site: Court nod for Bihar caste survey a shot in the arm for regional parties. 7 September 2023 .
  63. Web site: 'Inadvertent Error': Centre Withdraws Affidavit In Supreme Court Opposing Bihar Caste Census.
  64. Web site: Modi Govt Defensive Over Bihar Caste Survey, Changes Affidavit in Supreme Court.
  65. Web site: Only Centre can carry out census: Govt to Supreme Court. 29 August 2023 .
  66. Web site: Supreme Court adjourns pleas opposing Bihar caste survey, next hearing on Oct 3. 6 September 2023 .
  67. Web site: Can't stop Bihar from releasing more caste-census data: Supreme Court. 6 October 2023 .
  68. Web site: Why did you publish caste survey data, SC asks Bihar govt, refuses to interfere with exercise for now. 6 October 2023 .
  69. News: SC refuses to order status quo on publication of Bihar caste survey data. . 6 October 2023 . Rajagopal . Krishnadas .
  70. Web site: Supreme Court won't stop Bihar from publishing caste survey data, issues notice.
  71. Web site: SC asks govt to file report on Bihar caste survey: 'Break-up of data should be in public domain'.
  72. News: 2024-06-21 . HC strikes down hike in quota by state govt . 2024-06-25 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  73. Web site: Bihar caste survey released: EBCs form 36% of population, OBCs at 27.13%. 2 October 2023 .
  74. Web site: With Bihar caste survey, how Nitish Kumar hit two targets in one fell swoop. 2 October 2023 .
  75. News: Bihar caste survey released: OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of total population. . 3 October 2023 .
  76. Web site: Bihar publishes caste survey report, OBCs, EBCs constitute 63% of population. 2 October 2023 .
  77. News: Caste survey: Population of many castes in Bihar not even 500. . 3 October 2023 .
  78. Web site: जाति के आधार पर बिहार में कौन 'बाहुबली', कुल 215 जातियां-6 धर्म; 2000 से ज्‍यादा लोग किसी मजहब को नहीं मानते.
  79. Web site: "34% Earn ₹ 6,000 Or Less": Bihar Survey Reveals Wealth, Education Data.
  80. Web site: Bihar Caste Survey: Analysing the Larger Patterns in the Released Data. 17 November 2023 .
  81. Web site: Bihar releases fresh caste survey data, says 33% OBCs, 42% SCs are poor. 7 November 2023 .
  82. Web site: Nitish Kumar govt rides caste survey to hike quota, but numbers show flip side: only 1.5% in govt jobs. 15 November 2023 .
  83. News: Bihar: 95.49 pc people don't own any vehicle, says caste survey report. The Times of India . 8 November 2023 .
  84. Web site: Bihar Caste Survey reveals over one-third household earns less than ₹6,000 a month.
  85. Web site: Bihar Caste Census 4 : श्रीवास्तव, लाला और लाल रह गए कायस्थ...वरना दर्जी के रूप में दर्ज हो जाते.
  86. Web site: Full list of caste and their population. Livehindustan. 7 October 2023.
  87. News: Bhelari . Amit . 2023-11-07 . Bihar caste-based survey report Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-11-11 . 0971-751X.
  88. News: Roy . Anirban Guha . Pathak . Subhash . Decoding findings of Bihar's caste survey report . Hindustan Times . November 8, 2023 . November 11, 2023.
  89. Web site: Nitish Kumar govt rides caste survey to hike quota, but numbers show flip side: only 1.5% in govt jobs. Indian express. 15 November 2023 . 17 November 2023.
  90. Web site: Decoding findings of Bihar's caste survey report. Hindustan Times. 8 November 2023 . 17 November 2023.
  91. Web site: बिहार की सबसे 'दबंग' जाति, मगर सरकारी नौकरी में फिसड्डी, आखिर क्यों पिछड़ गए इस समाज के लोग!. News18. 7 November 2023 . 16 November 2023.
  92. Web site: बिहार में सिर्फ 7% ग्रेजुएट, सवर्ण जातियों के 25 प्रतिशत परिवार गरीब... बिहार में जातिगत जनजणना के आर्थिक आंकड़े आए सामने. AajTak. 7 November 2023 . 15 November 2023.
  93. Web site: बिहार में 4.5% लोगों के पास अपनी गाड़ी, जानें कार से लेकर बाइक तक का क्या है स्टेटस. News18. 7 November 2023 . 16 November 2023.
  94. Web site: India has gone into discomfort explains the silence on Bihars caste inequality. The Print. 10 November 2023 . 16 November 2023.
  95. News: Chirag Paswan questions Bihar caste census. The Hindu. 3 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . Nair . Sobhana K. .
  96. Web site: Bihar caste survey stirs hornets' nest as leaders question numbers. 'Will do own survey,' says JD(U) MP. The Print. 8 October 2023.
  97. Web site: BJP Leader's Big Charge On Bihar Caste Survey. Tejashwi Yadav Reacts.
  98. News: Ravi Shankar Prasad slams Nitish government over caste survey, says it has 'fake data'. The Hindu . 4 October 2023 . Bhelari . Amit .
  99. Web site: Bihar caste survey not done properly, says ex-minister. 5 October 2023 .
  100. Web site: "Had Bihar Caste Survey Data Been Altered...": Tejashwi Yadav Hits Back At BJP.
  101. News: Bihars political arithmetic in the aftermath of caste based survey. The Hindu. 3 October 2023 . 9 October 2023 . Bhelari . Amit .
  102. News: One in every four members in new Bihar Assembly will be from upper caste. Times of India. 17 November 2020 . 9 October 2023.
  103. Web site: Bihar polls: 32 charts reveal caste, gender, religious and criminal composition of the new assembly. Scroll.in. 18 November 2020 . 9 October 2023.
  104. News: Bihar Assembly passes Bills to increase quota from 50% to 65%. The Hindu . 9 November 2023 . Tewary . Amarnath .
  105. News: Chirag slams CM for seeking spl category status. The Times of India . 18 November 2023 .
  106. Web site: Bihar Assembly Passes Bill For 65% Caste Quota, Past Supreme Court Cap.
  107. News: Bihar Governor approves Bill raising reservation from 50% to 65%. The Hindu . 17 November 2023 . Tewary . Amarnath .
  108. Web site: Bihar issues official notifications for raising caste-based quota from 50% to 65%.
  109. Web site: PIL plea filed in Patna High Court challenging quota hike.

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