2021 in paleoichthyology explained

This list of fossil fish research presented in 2021 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2021.

Jawless vertebrates

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityLocationNotesImages
Falxcornus[1] Gen. et sp. novIn pressMeng & GaiDevonian (Lochkovian)Xishancun FormationA member of Galeaspida belonging to the family Tridensaspidae. Genus includes new species F. liui.
Hongshanaspis[2] Gen. et sp. novValidLiu et al.Silurian (Telychian)Qingshui FormationA member of Galeaspida belonging to the family Hanyangaspidae. Genus includes new species H. inexpectatus.
Jiangxialepis[3] Gen. et sp. novValidLiu et al.Silurian (Telychian)Fentou FormationA member of Galeaspida belonging to the group Eugaleaspidiformes. The type species is J. retrospina.
Qushiaspis[4] Gen. et sp. novValidJiang et al.Early DevonianXujiachong FormationA member of Galeaspida. Genus includes new species Q. elaia.

Jawless fishes research

Placoderms

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Bianchengichthys[13] Gen. et sp. novValidLi, Zhu & Zhu in Li et al.Silurian (Ludfordian)Xiaoxi FormationA placoderm closely related to the last common ancestor of bony and cartilaginous fishes. The type species is B. micros.
Leptodontichthys[14] Gen. et sp. novJobbins et al.Devonian (Givetian)Taboumakhlouf FormationA member of Arthrodira belonging to the family Plourdosteidae. The type species is L. ziregensis.

Placoderm research

Acanthodians

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Dobunnacanthus[18] Gen. et comb. novValidDearden et al.DevonianA new genus for "Vernicomacanthus" waynensis Miles (1973)
Nostolepis digitus[19] Sp. novValidLi et al.Devonian (Lochkovian)Xitun Formation
Nostolepis qujingensisSp. novValidLi et al.Devonian (Lochkovian)Xitun Formation

Acanthodian research

Cartilaginous fishes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityLocationNotesImages
Aquilolamna[22] Gen. et sp. novVullo et al.Late Cretaceous (Turonian)Agua Nueva FormationA probable planktivorous shark placed in the new family Aquilolamnidae, of uncertain placement. Possibly a member of Lamniformes. The type species is A. milarcae.
Carcharhinus dudoni[23] Sp. novValidCanevet & LebrunMioceneA species of Carcharhinus.
Carcharhinus pedroniiSp. novValidCanevet & LebrunMioceneA species of Carcharhinus.
Carcharhinus tingae[24] Sp. novValidCicimurri & EbersoleEocene (Bartonian)
A species of Carcharhinus.
Cladodus gailensis[25] Sp. novValidFeichtinger et al.Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)
Dracopristis[26] Gen. et sp. novValidHodnett et al.Late Carboniferous (Kasimovian)Atrasado Formation
A medium-sized ctenacanthiform shark known from a complete skeleton with soft tissue. The type species is D. hoffmanorum.
Durnonovariaodus[27] Gen. et sp. novValidStumpf et al.Late Jurassic (Tithonian)Kimmeridge ClayA member of the family Hybodontidae. The type species is D. maiseyi.
Favusodus[28] Gen. et sp. novValidLi et al.Triassic (LadinianCarnian)A member of Euselachii. Genus includes new species F. orientalis.
Junggarensis[29] Gen. et sp. novValidRoelofs et al.Devonian (Famennian)Genus includes new species J. ambiguus.
KeichouodusGen. et sp. novValidLi et al.Triassic (Ladinian–Carnian)A member of Euselachii. Genus includes new species K. nimaiguensis.
Keuperodus[30] Gen. et comb. novValidIvanov, Duffin & RichterLate Triassic (Carnian)Arden Sandstone Formation
Grabfeld Formation

A member of the family Jalodontidae. Genus includes "Phoebodus" brodiei Woodward (1893) (interpreted by Ivanov, Duffin & Richter, 2021 as a senior synonym of "Phoebodus" keuperinus Seilacher, 1948).
Lilamna[31] Gen. et comb. novValidGreenfieldlate Eocene or Cretaceous (uncertain)A possible member of the family Pseudoscapanorhynchidae. The type species is "Archaeolamna" apophysata Li (1997).
Maiseyacanthus[32] Gen. et sp. novValidBronsonCarboniferous (Mississippian)Fayetteville Shale
A symmoriiform. The type species is M. ozarkanum.
Maiseyodus[33] Gen. et comb. novValidLong et al.Devonian (Emsian)Cravens Peak BedsA member of the family Mcmurdodontidae; a new genus for "Mcmurdodus" whitei Turner & Young (1987).
Moskovirhynchus[34] Gen. et sp. novValidPopov & ShapovalovLate JurassicA chimaera belonging to the family Callorhinchidae. Genus includes new species M. robustus.
Nebriimimus[35] Gen. et sp. novValidCollareta et al.Pliocene (Zanclean)A member of Rajiformes, possibly a skate. The type species is N. wardi.
Negaprion cossardiSp. novValidCanevet & LebrunMioceneA species of Negaprion.
Phoebodus curvatus[36] Sp. novValidIvanovDevonian (GivetianFrasnian)

Protochimaera[37] Gen. et sp. novValidLebedev & Popov in Lebedev et al.Carboniferous (ViséanSerpukhovian)Dashkovo Formation
A chimaera. Genus includes new species P. mirabilis.
Pseudocorax kindlimanni[38] Sp. novIn pressJambura, Stumpf & KriwetLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)Sannine Formation
Ptychodus maghrebianus[39] Sp. novIn pressAmadori et al.Late Cretaceous (Turonian)
Reifella[40] Gen. et sp. novValidIvanov in Ivanov et al.Permian (Roadian)Cutoff Formation
A member of the family Anachronistidae. Genus includes new species R. lata.
RosaodusGen. et sp. novValidLi et al.Triassic (Ladinian–Carnian)A member of Elasmobranchii of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species R. xingyiensis.
Strophodus indicus[41] Sp. novValidSharma & SinghMiddle Jurassic (Bathonian)Jaisalmer FormationMarine hybodont shark
Strophodus jaisalmerensis[42] Sp. novIn pressKumar et al.JurassicJaisalmer FormationA hybodont shark.
Taeniurops sergiomorai[43] Sp. novLaurito & ValerioMiocene–Pliocene (MessinianPiacenzian)Uscari FormationA stingray, a species of Taeniurops.
Triodus aeduorum[44] Sp. novValidLuccisano et al.Early PermianAutun Basin
Vallisodus[45] Nom. novValidDuffinLate TriassicPenarth GroupA member of Neoselachii; a replacement name for Vallisia Duffin (1982).

Cartilaginous fish research

Ray-finned fishes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Achirus australis[67] Sp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Achirus.
Achirus chungkuzSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Achirus.
Agonopsis cumeSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Agonopsis.
Agoultpycnodus[68] Gen. et comb. novValidTaverne & CapassoLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)Akrabou FormationA member of the family Pycnodontidae. The type species is A. aldrovandii.
Alilepis texasensisSp. novValidBakaev in Ivanov et al.Permian (Roadian)Cutoff Formation
A member of the family Elonichthyidae.
Anomoeodus aegypticus[69] Sp. novValidCapasso et al.Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Dakhla FormationA member of Pycnodontiformes.
Anomoeodus caddoi[70] Sp. novValidSuarez et al.Early Cretaceous (Albian)Holly Creek Formation
A member of Pycnodontiformes.
Aphanolebias bettinae[71] Sp. novIn pressBradić-Milinović, Rundić & SchwarzhansMioceneA member of the family Valenciidae.
Apuliadercetis gonzalezae[72] Sp. novIn pressDíaz-Cruz, Alvarado-Ortega & CantaliceLate Cretaceous (Campanian)Angostura FormationA member of Aulopiformes belonging to the family Dercetidae.
Archaemacruroides vanknippenbergi[73] Sp. novIn pressSchwarzhans & JagtLate Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Maastricht Formation
A member of Gadiformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Ariosoma mesohellenica[74] Sp. novValidAgiadi, Koskeridou & ThivaiouMiocene (Aquitanian)A species of Ariosoma.
Austelliscus[75] Gen. et sp. novFigueroa, Weinschütz & FriedmanMiddle Devonian or olderParaná BasinAn early ray-finned fish. Genus includes new species A. ferox.
Auxis koreanus[76] Sp. novValidNam, Nazarkin & BannikovMiddle MioceneDuho FormationA species of Auxis.
Bardackichthys[77] Gen. et sp. novIn pressHacker & ShimadaLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)Woodbine Formation
A member of Ichthyodectiformes. Genus includes new species B. carteri.
Bobbitichthys[78] Gen. et comb. novValidSchwarzhans, Milàn & CarnevalePaleocene (Selandian)Kerteminde MarlA member of the family Macrouridae. The type species is "Hymenocephalus" rosenkrantzi Schwarzhans (2003).
Brauccipycnodus[79] Gen. et comb. novValidTaverne & CapassoEarly Cretaceous (Albian)A member of the family Pycnodontidae. The type species is "Proscinetes" pillae Capasso (2007).
Briveichthys[80] Gen. et sp. novValidŠtamberg & SteyerPermianBrive BasinA pygopterid. Genus includes new species B. chantepieorum.
Capromimus undulatusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Capromimus.
Cheirolepis jonesi[81] Sp. novIn pressNewman et al.Devonian (Givetian)Tordalen Formation
Chiloconger chilensisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Chiloconger.
Choichix[82] Gen. et sp. novValidCantalice, Than-Marchese & Villalobos-SeguraLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)A member of Acanthopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species C. alvaradoi.
Citharichthys parvisulcusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneIpún beds
Lacui Formation
Navidad Formation
Ranquil Formation
A species of Citharichthys.
Citharichthys vergensSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Citharichthys.
Clarotes eocenicus[83] Sp. novValidMurray & HolmesLate EoceneJebel Qatrani FormationA species of Clarotes.
Coccolepis solnhofensis[84] Sp. novValidLópez-Arbarello & EbertLate Jurassic (Tithonian)Altmühltal FormationA member of Chondrostei belonging to the family Coccolepididae.
Coelorinchus fidelisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneIpún Beds
Lacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Coelorinchus.
Coelorinchus rapelanusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Coelorinchus.
Cottunculus primaevusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Cottunculus.
CretaserranusGen. et sp. novIn pressSchwarzhans & JagtLate Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Maastricht Formation
A member of Perciformes, possibly belonging to the family Serranidae. Genus includes new species C. maastrichtensis.
Ctenopharyngodon orientalis[85] Sp. novValidSu, Chang & ChenMioceneXiacaowan FormationA species of Ctenopharyngodon.
Ctenopharyngodon xiejiaensisSp. novValidSu, Chang & ChenMioceneXiejia FormationA species of Ctenopharyngodon.
DezaoiaGen. et sp. novValidSu, Chang & ChenOligoceneUlanbulage FormationA member of the family Cyprinidae belonging to the subfamily Squaliobarbinae. The type species is D. saintjaquensis.
Diastemapycnodus[86] Gen. et sp. novIn pressAbu El-Kheir et al.Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Dakhla FormationA member of Pycnodontiformes. Genus includes new species D. tavernensis.
Elongofuro augustilgi[87] Sp. novValidEbertLate Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)Nusplingen LimestoneA member of Ophiopsiformes.
EoctenopharyngodonGen. et sp. novValidSu, Chang & ChenOligoceneDongying FormationA member of the family Cyprinidae belonging to the subfamily Squaliobarbinae. The type species is E. liui.
Eotexachara[88] Gen. et sp. novIn pressWickLate Cretaceous (Campanian)Aguja Formation
A member of Characiformes. Genus includes new species E. malateres.
Feroxichthys panzhouensis[89] Sp. novValidMa, Xu & GengMiddle Triassic (Anisian)Guanling FormationA member of the family Colobodontidae.
Garganomyctophum[90] Gen. et sp. novValidTaverneLate Cretaceous (Santonian)A lanternfish. The type species is G. sorbinii.
Gnathophis elongatusSp. novValidAgiadi, Koskeridou & ThivaiouMiocene (Aquitanian)A species of Gnathophis.
Gnathophis quinzioiSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Gnathophis.
Gobiosoma? axsmithi[91] Sp. novValidEbersole, Cicimurri & StringerOligocene (Rupelian)Byram Formation
A member of the family Gobiidae.
Guiclupea[92] Gen. et sp. novValidChen et al.OligoceneA member of Clupeomorpha belonging to the group Ellimmichthyiformes. The type species is G. superstes.
Hellenigobius[93] Gen. et sp. et comb. novValidSchwarzhans, Agiadi & ThivaiouMiocene




?
A member of the subfamily Gobionellinae. The type species is H. praeschismatus; genus also includes "Pomatoschistus" bunyatovi Bratishko et al. (2015).
Katyagobius[94] Gen. et sp. novValidReichenbacher & BannikovMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae. The type species is K. prikryli.
Kelliaichthys[95] Nom. novValidSchultze in Schultze et al.A replacement name for Kellia Kazantseva-Selezneva (1980).
Klincigobus haraldahneltiSp. novIn pressBradić-Milinović, Rundić & SchwarzhansMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae.
Krumvirichthys[96] Gen. et sp. novValidPřikrylOligocene–early MioceneA deep-sea smelt. The type species is K. brzobohatyi.
Kuhlia orientalisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A flagtail.
Lampanyctus ipunensisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneIpún beds
A species of Lampanyctus.
Larimichthys koae[97] Sp. novIn pressLin & ChienLate MioceneTapu FormationA species of Larimichthys.
Lepophidium chonorumSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Lepophidium.
Lepophidium mapucheorumSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Lepophidium.
Maurolicus brevirostrisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Maurolicus.
NavidadichthysGen. et sp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationPossibly a member of the family Prototroctidae. The type species is N. mirus.
NeuburgichthysNom. novValidSchultze in Schultze et al.A replacement name for Neuburgia Kazantseva-Selezneva (1980).
Nezumia epugeSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui Formation
Navidad Formation
A species of Nezumia.
Nibea chaoiSp. novIn pressLin & ChienLate MioceneTapu FormationA species of Nibea.
OshiaichthysNom. novValidSchultze in Schultze et al.TriassicA replacement name for Oshia Sytchevskaya (1999).
Palaeopantodon[98] Gen. et sp. novValidTaverneLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)A member of the family Pantodontidae. The type species is P. vandersypeni.
Pankowskipiscis[99] Gen. et sp. novValidTaverneLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)A member of the family Pantodontidae. The type species is P. haqelensis.
ParacarapusGen. et sp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA pearlfish. The type species is P. chilensis.
Peltoperleidus asiaticus[100] Sp. novValidXuMiddle Triassic (Anisian)Guanling FormationA member of Neopterygii belonging to the group Louwoichthyiformes.
Petersichthys[101] Gen. et sp. novValidTaverneLate Cretaceous (Cenomanian)A member of the family Pantodontidae. The type species is P. libanicus.
Physiculus pichiSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Physiculus.
Pinichthys shirvanensis[102] Sp. novValidBannikovMiocene
A member of Perciformes belonging to the group Stromateoidei.
PlesiogobiusGen. et sp. et comb. novValidSchwarzhans, Agiadi & ThivaiouMiocene (Aquitanian)A member of the family Gobiidae belonging to the subfamily Gobiinae. The type species is P. felliensis.
Polyipnus bandeliSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Polyipnus.
Portentosoceros[103] Gen. et comb. novValidNazarkin & BannikovMiocene
A member of Percoidei of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Pentaceros" sakhaliniсus Gretchina (1975).
PrimulucharaGen. et sp. novIn pressWickLate Cretaceous (Campanian)Aguja Formation

Dinosaur Park Formation


A member of Characiformes. Genus includes new species P. laramidensis.
Pseudohilsa nikosi[104] Sp. novValidKevrekidis, Arratia & Reichenbacher in Kevrekidis et al.Late MioceneA member of the family Clupeidae.
PseudolesueurigobiusGen. et sp. novValidReichenbacher & BannikovMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae. The type species is P. manfredi.
Pseudonus humilisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneIpún beds
Navidad Formation
A species of Pseudonus.
Pteronisculus changae[105] Sp. novValidRen & XuMiddle Triassic (Anisian)Guanling Formation
Pterothrissus transpacificusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Pterothrissus.
Pythonichthys panulusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui FormationA species of Pythonichthys.
Raususetarches[106] Gen. et sp. novValidYabumoto & NazarkinLate MioceneKoshikawa FormationA member of the family Scorpaenidae. Genus includes new species R. sakurai.
Rhinocephalus cretaceusSp. novIn pressSchwarzhans & JagtLate Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Maastricht FormationA member of the family Merlucciidae.
Rhynchoconger chiloensisSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Rhynchoconger.
SarmatigobiusGen. et sp. et comb. novValidReichenbacher & BannikovMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae. The type species is S. compactus; genus also includes "Hesperichthys" iugosus Schwarzhans, Brzobohatý & Radwańska (2020).
Saurichthys sceltrichensis[107] Sp. novValidRenesto, Magnani & StockarMiddle Triassic (Ladinian)Meride Limestone
Severnichthus[108] [109] Gen. et sp. novIn pressStringer & SchwarzhansLate Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)Severn Formation
Possibly a member of Polymixiiformes. Genus includes new species S. bourdoni.
Sirembola supersaSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneLacui FormationA cusk-eel.
Spectrunculus sparsusSp. novSchwarzhans & NielsenEarly MioceneNavidad FormationA species of Spectrunculus.
TaosciaenaGen. et 2 sp. novIn pressLin & ChienLate MioceneTapu FormationA member of the family Sciaenidae. The type species is T. jiangi; genus also includes T. hui.
Toxopyge vracevicensisSp. novIn pressBradić-Milinović, Rundić & SchwarzhansMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae.
Wilsonium[110] Gen. et comb. novValidLiuEarly EoceneAllenby Formation
A Catostomidae sucker.
The type species is "Amyzon" brevipinne (1893).
YarigobiusGen. et 2 sp. novValidReichenbacher & BannikovMioceneA member of the family Gobiidae. The type species is Y. decoratus; genus also includes Y. naslavcensis.

Ray-finned fish research

Lobe-finned fishes

NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Ceratodus guanganensis[128] Sp. novValidWang et al.Late JurassicShaximiao FormationAnnounced in 2021; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2022.
Eusthenodon bourdoni[129] Sp. novValidDowns, Barbosa & DaeschlerDevonian (Famennian)Catskill Formation

Lobe-finned fish research

General research

Notes and References

  1. Meng . X. . Gai . Z. . 2021 . Falxcornus, a new genus of Tridensaspidae (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from the Lower Devonian in Qujing, Yunnan, China . Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology . 34 . 5 . 897–906 . 10.1080/08912963.2021.1952198 . 237702255 .
  2. Liu . Y. L. . Huang . L. B. . Zong . R. W. . Gong . Y. M. . 2021 . New Material of Galeaspids from the Silurian Llandovery in Wuhan of South China . Earth Science . 46 . 9 . 3307–3320 . 10.3799/dqkx.2020.343 . 245301687 . free .
  3. Liu . Y.-L. . Huang . L.-B. . Zong . R.-W. . Gong . Y.-M. . 2021 . The oldest eugaleaspiform (Galeaspida) from the Silurian Fentou Formation (Telychian, Llandovery) of Wuhan, South China . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 19 . 4 . 253–264 . 10.1080/14772019.2021.1883755 . 2021JSPal..19..253L . 233647126 .
  4. Jiang . W. . Zhu . M. . Shi . X. . Li . Q. . Gai . Z. . 2021 . Qushiaspis, a new genus of gantarostrataspid fish (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China . Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology . 33 . 12 . 3714–3722 . 10.1080/08912963.2021.1888086 . 2021HBio...33.3714J . 233887595 .
  5. Elliott . D. K. . Lassiter . L. S. . Blieck . A. . A phylogenetic analysis of the heterostracan jawless vertebrate family Cyathaspididae . 2021 . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 66 . 3 . 631–640 . 10.4202/app.00811.2020 . free .
  6. Miyashita . T. . Gess . R. W. . Tietjen . K. . Coates . M. I. . 2021 . Non-ammocoete larvae of Palaeozoic stem lampreys . Nature . 591 . 7850 . 408–412 . 10.1038/s41586-021-03305-9 . 0028-0836 . 33692547 . 2021Natur.591..408M . 232192889 .
  7. Wu . F. . Chang . M.-M. . Janvier . P. . A new look at the Cretaceous lamprey Mesomyzon Chang, Zhang & Miao, 2006 from the Jehol Biota . 2021 . Geodiversitas . 43 . 23 . 1293–1307 . 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a23 . 244732189 . free .
  8. Bremer . O. . Qu . Q. . Sanchez . S. . Märss . T. . Fernandez . V. . Blom . H. . 2021 . The emergence of a complex pore-canal system in the dermal skeleton of Tremataspis (Osteostraci) . Journal of Morphology . 282 . 8 . 1141–1157 . 10.1002/jmor.21359 . 33848014 . 233222297 . free .
  9. Rival . D. E. . Yang . W. . Caron . J.-B. . 2021 . Fish without Tail Fins—Exploring the Function of Tail Morphology of the First Vertebrates . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 61 . 1 . 37–49 . 10.1093/icb/icab004 . 33690846 . free .
  10. Ferrón . H. G. . Martínez-Pérez . C. . Rahman . I. A. . de Lucas . V. S. . Botella . H. . Donoghue . P. C. J. . 2021 . Functional assessment of morphological homoplasy in stem-gnathostomes . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 288 . 1943 . Article ID 20202719 . 10.1098/rspb.2020.2719 . 33467997 . 7893270 . free .
  11. Meng . X.-Y. . Zhu . M. . Gai . Z.-K. . 2021 . Redescription of Nochelaspis maeandrine, the largest eugaleaspiform from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan . Vertebrata PalAsiatica . 59 . 4 . 257–272 . 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.210727 .
  12. Tinn . O. . Lang . L. . Märss . T. . Vahur . S. . Kirsimäe . K. . 2021 . A demineralized osteostracan fossil from the Silurian Kalana Lagerstätte of Estonia: revealing its internal anatomy and uncovering a unique type of fossilization . Lethaia . 55 . 1–13 . 10.1111/let.12452 . 244629031 . free .
  13. Li . Q. . Zhu . Y. . Lu . J. . Chen . Y. . Wang . J. . Peng . L. . Wei . G. . Zhu . M. . 2021 . A new Silurian fish close to the common ancestor of modern gnathostomes . Current Biology . 31 . 16 . 3613–3620.e2 . 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.053. 0960-9822 . 34146483 . 235477130 . free . 2021CBio...31E3613L .
  14. Jobbins . M. . Rücklin . M. . Argyriou . T. . Klug . C. . 2021 . A large Middle Devonian eubrachythoracid 'placoderm' (Arthrodira) jaw from northern Gondwana . Swiss Journal of Palaeontology . 140 . 1 . Article 2 . 10.1186/s13358-020-00212-w . free . 33488510 . 7809001 . 2021SwJP..140....2J .
  15. Zhu . Y. . Giles . S. . Young . G. C. . Hu . Y. . Bazzi . M. . Ahlberg . P. E. . Zhu . M. . Lu . J. . Endocast and bony labyrinth of a Devonian "placoderm" challenges stem gnathostome phylogeny . Current Biology . 2021 . 31 . 5 . 1112–1118.e4 . 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.046 . 33508218 . 231723110 . free . 2021CBio...31E1112Z .
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