2021 United States inauguration week protests explained

2021 United States inauguration week protests
Partof:the 2020–21 United States election protests and attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
Date:January 16–20, 2021
Methods:Armed protests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, police impersonation,[1] threats of violence, bomb threats
Goals:Interfere with the transition of the presidency to Joe Biden

Supporters of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, held small-scale armed protests and demonstrations at U.S. state capitols in the five days leading up to the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021, in opposition to the results of the 2020 United States presidential election, which continued after the failure of the violent January 6 attempt to overturn the election in Trump's favor. Pro-Trump groups failed to stage organized dissent or affect the transition of power in an environment of deterrence and heightened security.

Fears of violent protests after a January 11 FBI warning led to a drastic increase in security at state capitols and the United States Capitol, which served as the site of the presidential swearing-in ceremony. Increased monitoring and police presence, closures of public buildings, curfews, temporary fencing, and other security measures were employed in response to the security threat. The United States Capitol was put under the protection of members of the National Guard,[2] [3] which was additionally activated in at least 19 states, to protect state capitols.

The protests featured the participation of far-right militia groups that follow right-libertarianism, neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacism, and other ultranationalist or right-wing ideologies, as well as members of the New Black Panther Party, and the QAnon and boogaloo movements.[4] On January 31, 2021, detailed overviews of attempts to subvert the 2020 U.S. presidential election and Biden's inauguration were published by The New York Times.[5] [6]

Background

See main article: 2020–21 United States election protests and January 6 United States Capitol attack. Following the 2020 United States presidential election between incumbent President Donald Trump and Democratic challenger Joe Biden, Biden's victory became clear, and on December 14 the electoral college voted formalizing Biden's victory.[7] Before and after the election, Trump, his presidential campaign, and his allies challenged the legitimacy of the election and baselessly claimed widespread electoral fraud.[8] Trump and his allies filed dozens of legal challenges to the results, but the courts found that his claims had no factual or legal basis.[9] [10] His unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.[11]

Pro-Trump protesters engaged in multiple demonstrations in Washington, D.C., state capitals, and other locations nationwide decrying the election results and echoing Trump's claims of election fraud.[12] In November and December 2020, there were nighttime clashes and street scuffles in Washington, D.C., between Trump supporters who refused to accept the president's defeat, including the Proud Boys, and counterprotesters.[13] [14]

On January6, 2021, when the United States Congress convened to certify the electoral votes of the presidential election, supporters of Trump stormed the United States Capitol in an attempt to prevent the tabulation of votes and protest Biden's win, which was preceded by an earlier speech from Trump that called on them to protest the results and support those opposing Biden's win. Demonstrators unlawfully entered the U.S. Capitol Building and gathered on both its eastern and western fronts, including on the inaugural platform constructed for the upcoming January 20 inauguration of Joe Biden.[15]

A rioter was shot and killed.[16] A Capitol police officer and three rioters died of non-violent causes. Two pipe bombs were found at nearby buildings.[17] [18] Another Capitol police officer who was on duty during the riots died by suicide days later.[19] In the early morning hours of January7, the electoral votes were certified, and Trump released a statement stating that there will be an "orderly transition" of power on Inauguration Day. Trump was impeached for "incitement of insurrection".

Word of a "Million Militia March" and "Million Martyr March" in honor of Ashli Babbitt, a Trump supporter who was fatally shot during the storming of the Capitol, spread in online chats between people associated with the protests.[20]

Kentucky State Capitol armed protest

One of the most militant demonstrations of Trump supporters that would take place in the subsequent weeks, and leading up to Biden's inauguration, had already occurred – prior to the January 11 FBI warning. In Frankfort, on January 9, approximately 100 heavily armed protesters assembled for a "patriot rally" outside the Kentucky State Capitol while both chambers of the General Assembly were in session. One of the armed protesters was wearing camouflage from head to toe and carrying several zip ties, explaining that he brought them "just in case." Some of the protesters carried militia flags, pro-Trump insignia, and Three Percenters symbols. "Three days after domestic terrorists attacked our U.S. Capitol, there was a militia rally in Frankfort. They brought zip ties. We will not be intimidated", Governor Andy Beshear tweeted in response.[21]

FBI warning

In response to calls for further protests and violence in Washington, D.C., and states across the U.S., the FBI, Secret Service, and state law enforcement agencies began conducting threat assessments and tracking extremist rhetoric online.[22] CNN reported on January 11 that an internal FBI bulletin warned that "Armed protests are being planned at all 50 state capitols from 16 January through at least 20 January, and at the US Capitol from 17 January through 20 January," continuing, "an identified group calling for others to join them in 'storming' state, local and federal government courthouses and administrative buildings in the event POTUS is removed as President prior to Inauguration Day. This identified group is also planning to 'storm' government offices including in the District of Columbia and in every state, regardless of whether the states certified electoral votes for Biden or Trump, on 20 January."[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] It was reported that members of far-right online forums planned to attend. Some groups also organized on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and on alt-tech communication apps like Telegram, Gab, and Parler.[29] Chatter obtained by law enforcement agencies found that participants planned to "storm" government offices, such as state and federal administrative buildings, in response to the 117th United States Congress' certification of presidential electoral votes on January 6, 2021.[30] Protests were set for the days leading up to Biden's inauguration, with a "Million Militia March" planned for January 20.[31] The FBI reported that protests were likely to take place at the national capitol from January 17 to 20, and at state capitols from January 16 to 20.[32] The 20th was the day of the inauguration, while the 17th was a symbolic date for followers of the conspiracy QAnon, as "Q" is the seventeenth letter of the alphabet.[33]

In a January11 briefing, Capitol Police informed House Democrats they were prepared for "tens of thousands of armed protesters" in the coming days, and that they were aware of and monitoring three separate plots: one in honor of killed rioter Ashli Babbitt, another promoted as the United States' "largest armed protest ever", and a third "would involve insurrectionists forming a perimeter around the Capitol, the White House[,] and the Supreme Court" before "blocking Democrats from entering the Capitol — perhaps even killing them ― so that Republicans could take control of the government". On January 11, a House lawmaker told HuffPost that insurrectionist groups, now left without sites like Parler to use as recruitment platforms, sought media attention for their planned demonstrations or attacks "as a way to further disseminate information and to attract additional support for their attacks."[34]

Washington, D.C.

See main article: Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden.

Significant efforts were made to deter people from visiting Washington, D.C., during the week of the inauguration out of the concern that assemblies may become violent. This prompted a strengthening of security in the city, and an introduction of many restrictions on travel, both by state and private entities.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] The Biden Inaugural Committee and Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies urged people not to gather in the city for the ceremony.[41] City Mayor Muriel Bowser urged tourists not to visit the city during the week of the event and requested all demonstration permits processed by the Department of the Interior be rejected.[42] Initially planning for 10,000 National Guard troops in D.C. for the protests,[43] the Pentagon upped the number to over 20,000, and authorized the use of lethal force, around January 14.[44] Troops came from 46 U.S. states and three territories.[45] The incidents that occurred in Washington, D.C., in this period included an instance of police impersonation and a bomb threat.[46] The inauguration itself proceeded without incident.[47]

U.S. state capitols

California officials increased security in Sacramento ahead of planned protests. The California State Capitol had additional security, including dozens of California Highway Patrol officers, mounted police, and uniformed and plainclothes officers. The California Assembly and State Senate monitored potential threats and put in place additional security. The California National Guard did not expect large crowds in the city, though troops were ready for deployment in case it becomes necessary.[48] About 1,000 members of the California National Guard were activated on January 14 and deployed throughout downtown Sacramento on January 16, concentrated around state and federal buildings.[49] In Los Angeles, Trump supporters protested outside of City Hall, and fought with counter-protesters, leading to several arrests. The city planned for further protests, and regional lawmakers called on the state to establish units specific to domestic terrorism.[48]

The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta had a heavy law enforcement presence, including military vehicles and barriers. Two armed protesters confronted Georgia State troopers and Georgia National Guard members on the steps of the Capitol, but remained peaceful.[50]

About 270 Kentucky National Guard members were sent to the Washington, D.C., in the week, to assist security operations. Dozens of state police and National Guard members were stationed in Frankfort on January 17, when only 2 armed members of the boogaloo movement and 15 armed pro-BLM counter-protesters appeared in the proximity of the state capitol building. Police vehicles surrounded the building, limiting access to it.[51]

In Maine, a "handful" of Trump supporters gathered at the state house.[46]

Michigan State Capitol was an indicated site of an armed protest of the Southeast Michigan Militia, planned for January 17, 2021. The group's coordinator stated that the militia has "no plans of storming the [state's] Capitol" nor causing unrest unless provoked.[52] The protest drew about 75 protesters, some of whom were armed, and about 40 counter-protesters,[53] and a heavy Michigan National Guard presence. In addition, military vehicles were present near the Capitol building and a helicopter flew above the location for most of the day.[54] There were no arrests or incidents of violence.

Governor of Minnesota Tim Walz activated the Minnesota National Guard on January 13 to assist state and local law enforcement in St. Paul. A fence had been in place around the Minnesota State Capitol since the previous summer, and state patrol had increased its presence.[55] On January 17, about a dozen people, including counter-protesters, demonstrated outside the state capitol building.Governor of Ohio Mike DeWine expected a planned "armed march" to take place at the state capitol, the Ohio Statehouse. In response, he announced a closure of the building, as well as all other state facilities in the city's downtown, to last from January 17 to 20. Columbus City Hall and three other municipal buildings were closed on January 19–20, and some Franklin County offices were closed on January 20. City, county, and community leaders urged residents to avoid Downtown Columbus from January 17 to 20.[56] The Statehouse's ground floor windows were boarded up, and mobile lights were installed in advance of the protests. The metropolitan area bus service announced it would reroute buses around the Capitol Square area downtown.[57] Businesses downtown were preparing for violent protests, especially around Capitol Square. About 115 were damaged while unprepared during George Floyd protests in May; some were boarding up while others were removing plywood boards installed that May.[58] Ohio spokespeople promised a "significant presence" of security to stop any violence. Up to 580 Ohio National Guardsmen supported large numbers of Ohio State Highway Patrol troopers and Columbus police.[59] While some state capitols banned guns within their grounds during the anticipated protests, Ohio's Republican-led Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board did not issue a temporary gun ban for the Statehouse grounds. Hidden and open-carry weapons were banned from the grounds until April 2019, in a rarely-enforced law; guns remained banned from being carried within the building.[60] Authorities in Cleveland announced that the city would close all nonemergency municipal buildings downtown, including its city hall, ahead of the protests.[61] On January 17, members of the Boogaloo movement turned out at the Ohio Statehouse with firearms and flags, including one that said "Liberty or Death." Two protesters with bullhorns dominated the event, one of whom ranted about vaccines, voting machines, fluoride in drinking water, and LGBTQ rights. Military personnel far outnumbered armed protesters and counter protesters.[62]

In South Carolina, about 40 protesters gathered in front of the State House, for a rally of free speech in response to the social media companies banning of Trump.

In South Dakota, prayer groups affiliated to the Jericho March held marches in and around the South Dakota State Capitol since the start of December 2020 and in the weeks leading up to Biden's inauguration.[63]

In Texas, the state department of public safety increased patrols of the Texas State Capitol, and continuously monitored protest events. The Austin Police Department worked with the state department to ensure protests remain peaceful.[64] Armed protesters showed up on January 12, prompting the Texas Department of Public Safety to close the Capitol to the public from January 15 to 20, after obtaining information that "violent extremists" might seek to exploit the armed protests during the weekend.[65] On January 16, a small group of protesters demonstrated at the capitol building without incident.[66] On January 17, a crowd of about 100 protesters, many armed and focused on gun rights, gathered outside the Texas State Capitol and peacefully demonstrated.

Governor of Utah Spencer Cox declared a state of emergency and asked the Utah National Guard, highway patrol, and local police departments to "stand ready to ensure the safety of lives and property at Utah's Capitol".[67] A demonstration was planned for January 17 by the boogaloo bois, with only about 15 protesters seen at the Utah State Capitol for the event.[68]

In Virginia, on January 15, 2021, a bomb threat was received at the Virginia Supreme Court building.[69] Dozens of armed demonstrators were seen in Richmond on January 18, and identified themselves as members of the Proud Boys, boogaloo groups, and Black Panthers taking part in the state's annual event to support Second Amendment rights. A car caravan, a part of the Citizens Defense League also gathered in the area.

Additional security preparations

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Meckler. Laura. January 17, 2021. Avowed Trump supporter arrested near Capitol for carrying gun; women charged with impersonating police. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20210118000557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/capitol-security-zone-arrests/2021/01/17/41c60318-58e2-11eb-a976-bad6431e03e2_story.html. January 18, 2021. January 18, 2021. The Washington Post.
  2. News: Levenson . Eric . January 13, 2021 . How key states plan to secure their capitol buildings ahead of possible armed pro-Trump protests . . live . January 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210113061619/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/us/trump-protests-states/index.html . January 13, 2021.
  3. News: Grisales . Claudia . January 13, 2021 . Ahead Of Impeachment, Security Is Tight At The Capitol . . live . January 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193508/https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/13/956382916/ahead-of-impeachment-security-is-tight-at-the-capitol . January 13, 2021.
  4. News: Long. Colleen. Balsamo. Michael. Kunzelman. Michael. January 11, 2021. FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week. Associated Press. live. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114200318/https://apnews.com/article/fbi-warns-armed-protests-next-week-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5. January 14, 2021.
  5. News: Rutenberg . Jim . Jim Rutenberg . Becker . Jo . Jo Becker . Lipton . Eric . Eric Lipton . Haberman . Maggie . Maggie Haberman . Martin . Jonathan . Jonathan Martin (journalist) . Rosenberg . Matthew . Matthew Rosenberg . Schmidt . Michael S. . Michael S. Schmidt . January 31, 2021 . 77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election . . live . limited . February 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210201000107/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html . February 1, 2021.
  6. News: Rosenberg . Matthew . Matthew Rosenberg . Rutenberg . Jim . Jim Rutenberg . February 1, 2021 . Key Takeaways From Trump's Effort to Overturn the Election . . live . limited . February 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210201142038/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/us/politics/trump-election-results.html . February 1, 2021.
  7. News: . December 14, 2020 . Josh . Holder . Trip . Gabriel . Trip Gabriel . Isabella Grullón . Paz . Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official . February 1, 2021 . January 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210107151640/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html . live .
  8. Multiple sources:
  9. News: 'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election . December 12, 2020 . Rosalind S. . Helderman . Rosalind S. Helderman . Elise . Viebeck . . January 31, 2021 . January 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109025328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html . live .
  10. News: Aaron . Blake . The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked . December 12, 2020 . . January 31, 2021 . January 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109025328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html . live .
  11. News: Woodward . Calvin . AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence . November 17, 2020 . . November 17, 2020 . November 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000041/https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64 . live .
  12. Jonathan Landay & Timothy Gardner, Pro-Trump protests decry president's election loss, opposing groups clash in Washington (December 12, 2020).
  13. https://apnews.com/article/nearly-2-dozen-arrested-trump-protests-2f5cfab681cf0bbee785fcc1a4209701 Nearly 2 dozen arrested in Trump protests in Washington
  14. Antifa Snow, David Goldman & Lisa Marie Pane, 'This isn't over!' Trump supporters refuse to accept defeat, Associated Press (November 7, 2020).
  15. News: Peñaloza. Marisa. January 6, 2021. Trump Supporters Clash With Capitol Police At Protest. NPR. live. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115023123/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul. January 15, 2021.
  16. News: Mahbubani. Rhea. January 6, 2021. Woman shot dead after armed Trump supporters stormed the Capitol as lawmakers gathered to certify Biden's win. Business Insider. live. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193950/https://www.businessinsider.com/woman-shot-in-capitol-amid-pro-trump-protest-2021-1. January 13, 2021.
  17. Web site: FBI: Pipe bombs at RNC, DNC were planted night before riot. 2021-02-02. ABC News. en. 2021-01-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131054746/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/fbi-pipe-bombs-rnc-dnc-planted-night-riot-75566629. live.
  18. Web site: Johnson. Kevin. Pipe bombs placed at RNC, DNC night before Capitol riot; feds up reward to $100,000. 2021-02-02. USA TODAY. en-US. 2021-02-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20210202003300/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/29/fbi-increases-reward-info-capitol-pipe-bombs-100-000/4309766001/. live.
  19. Web site: Diamond. Jeremy. LeBlanc. Paul. January 7, 2021. White House orders flags lowered to honor late police officers who responded to US Capitol breach. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210112024113/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/brian-sicknick-howard-liebengood-white-house-flag/index.html.. January 12, 2021. January 15, 2021. The Hill.
  20. Web site: Schecter. Anna. January 12, 2021. Right-wing extremists move to encrypted channels to plan for Inauguration Day violence. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113060500/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/extremists-move-secret-line-channels-plan-inauguration-day-d-c-n1253876. January 13, 2021. January 15, 2021. NBC News. en.
  21. Web site: Beer. Tommy. Heavily Armed Protesters Gather Outside Kentucky Capitol For Militia Rally. 2021-01-10. Forbes. en. 2021-01-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109233459/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2021/01/09/heavily-armed-protesters-gather-outside-kentucky-capitol-for-militia-rally/. live.
  22. News: Sands . Geneva . January 11, 2021 . Law enforcement braces for more extremist violence in DC and around the US ahead of Inauguration Day . CNN . January 11, 2021.
  23. News: Long . Colleen . Balsamo . Michael . Kunzelman . Michael . January 11, 2021 . FBI warns of plans for nationwide armed protests next week . Associated Press . January 11, 2021 . January 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210111195351/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-inaugurations-capitol-siege-ec75b26289166b4afd30c15b0dd2ded5 . live.
  24. Web site: Cohen . Zachary . Wild . Whitney . FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC . CNN . January 11, 2021 . January 13, 2021 . January 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211419/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html . live.
  25. News: Cohen . Zachary . Wild . Whitney . FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC . January 14, 2021 . . January 12, 2021 . January 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211419/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html . live .
  26. News: Katersky. Aaron. Darrough. Celia. January 11, 2021. Armed protests being planned at all 50 state capitols, FBI bulletin says. ABC News. live. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115095229/https://abcnews.go.com/US/armed-protests-planned-50-state-capitols-fbi-bulletin/story?id=75179771. January 15, 2021.
  27. News: Ryan. Missy. Lamothe. Dan. Sonne. Paul. January 12, 2021. Threats of 'armed protests' in multiple cities challenge National Guard support for inauguration. The Washington Post. live. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113215037/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/military-biden-inauguration-violence-threats/2021/01/12/0a45cac8-5503-11eb-89bc-7f51ceb6bd57_story.html. January 13, 2021.
  28. News: MacFarquhar. Neil. Baker. Mike. 2021-01-12. State Capitols 'on High Alert,' Fearing More Violence. en-US. The New York Times. live. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210112195259/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/politics/state-capitols-protests-trump.html. January 12, 2021. 0362-4331.
  29. News: Frenkel. Sheera. January 12, 2021. Fringe Groups Splinter Online After Facebook and Twitter Bans. en-US. The New York Times. live. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114022520/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/technology/fringe-groups-splinter-online-after-facebook-and-twitter-bans.html. January 14, 2021. 0362-4331.
  30. News: Cohen. Zachary. Wild. Whitney. January 12, 2021. FBI warns 'armed protests' being planned at all 50 state capitols and in Washington DC. CNN. live. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210112211419/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/11/politics/fbi-bulletin-armed-protests-state-us-capitol/index.html. January 12, 2021.
  31. Web site: Capitol siege was planned online. Trump supporters now planning the next one.. Craig. Timberg. Drew. Harwell. Marissa J.. Lang. www.washingtonpost.com. 2021-01-17. 2021-01-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20210119154645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/09/trump-twitter-protests/. live.
  32. Web site: No public access to US Capitol on Inauguration day, as FBI warns of armed protests in all 50 states. January 12, 2021. ABC7 Los Angeles. January 17, 2021. January 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210112210948/https://abc7.com/9591258/. live.
  33. News: State prepares for protests in Montpelier over weekend and for Inauguration Day. January 14, 2021. The Burlington Free Press. April. Barton. January 17, 2021.
  34. Web site: Fuller . Matt . January 11, 2021 . House Democrats Briefed On 3 Terrifying Plots To Overthrow Government . January 12, 2021 . HuffPost . January 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112060140/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/democrats-briefed-plot-overthrow-government_n_5ffd29a4c5b691806c4bf199 . live.
  35. News: Davies. Emily. Brice-Saddler. Michael. Lang. Marissa. Jouvenal. Justin. January 13, 2021. Airbnb to cancel all D.C. reservations during inauguration week as security in the city is tightened. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114192245/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/airbnb-reservations-cancelled-inaugruation/2021/01/13/2205e42a-55b9-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html. January 14, 2021. January 13, 2021. The Washington Post.
  36. Web site: Josephs. Leslie. January 14, 2021. Airlines ban DC-bound travelers from checking firearms ahead of inauguration. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115013829/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/14/biden-inauguration-delta-ceo-says-travelers-wont-be-allowed-to-check-firearms-into-dc.html. January 15, 2021. January 15, 2021. CNBC. en.
  37. Web site: Moses. Lauren. January 15, 2021. MARC Train suspends all services leading up to Inauguration, beginning Sunday. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116200419/https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/marc-train-suspends-all-services-leading-up-to-inauguration-beginning-sunday. January 16, 2021. January 16, 2021. WBFF.
  38. News: Myers. Leah. Amtrak issuing travel advisory in D.C. area for Biden's inauguration. WTNH. New Haven, CT. January 16, 2021. January 16, 2021. January 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116205247/https://www.wtnh.com/news/washington/washington-dc/amtrak-issuing-travel-advisory-in-d-c-area-for-bidens-inauguration/. live.
  39. News: Blitz. Matt. January 15, 2021. Four Bridges Connecting Va. to D.C. Will Be Closed Starting Tuesday. ARLnow. live. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116200436/https://www.arlnow.com/2021/01/15/four-bridges-connecting-va-to-d-c-will-be-closed-starting-tuesday/. January 16, 2021.
  40. Web site: Washington Monument closing due to threats to disrupt Biden inauguration. Mencia, Alexa. January 11, 2021. January 17, 2021. KFOR-TV. January 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132906/https://kfor.com/news/washington-monument-closing-due-to-threats-to-disrupt-biden-inauguration/. live.
  41. Web site: December 16, 2020. JCCIC Announces Attendance Guidelines for 59th Inaugural Ceremonies. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194206/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/press_release/jccic-announces-attendance-guidelines-for-59th-inaugural-ceremonies/. January 14, 2021. January 13, 2021. U.S. Senate. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies.
  42. News: Biden plans 'America United' inauguration theme. Edelman. Adam. NBC News. January 11, 2021. January 11, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194313/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-plans-america-united-inauguration-theme-n1253715. live.
  43. Web site: Pentagon expects to have 10,000 National Guard troops in DC by Saturday. Meg Wagner, Melissa Macaya, Mike Hayes and Veronica Rocha. January 11, 2021. CNN. January 15, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114073253/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-impeachment-news-01-11-21/h_2e4334268de855c0fabc012427ccff56. live.
  44. News: National Guard at Capitol Authorized to Use Lethal Force in Aftermath of Mob. January 14, 2021. US News. Paul D.. Shinkman. 2021-01-15. 2021-01-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132920/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-01-14/national-guard-at-capitol-authorized-to-use-lethal-force-in-aftermath-of-mob. live.
  45. News: McDonnell Nieto del Rio. Giulia. Schmitt. Eric. Eric P. Schmitt. 2021-01-17. State capitals are on edge and heavily patrolled after warnings of possible violence.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-01-17. 0362-4331. 2021-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117150825/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/01/17/us/protests-live. live.
  46. Web site: WGME. 2021-01-20. Handful of Trump supporters protest Biden's inauguration outside Maine State House. 2021-02-02. WGME. 2021-02-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20210206233936/https://wgme.com/news/local/handful-of-trump-supporters-protest-bidens-inauguration-outside-maine-state-house. live.
  47. Web site: Athey. Philip. January 20, 2021. The National Guard had a quiet day in DC standing post against threats they helped prevent. January 21, 2021. Army Times. en-US.
  48. News: Stuart. Gwynedd. 2021-01-12. California Prepares for Potential Pro-Trump Violence in the Lead-Up to the Inauguration. 2021-01-17. Los Angeles Magazine. en-US. 2021-01-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115091854/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/california-prepares-for-potential-pro-trump-violence-in-the-lead-up-to-the-inauguration/. live.
  49. Web site: 2021-01-16. National Guard deployed around Sacramento in preparation for potential unrest. 2021-01-17. Los Angeles Times. en-US. 2021-01-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116215148/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-16/national-guard-california-capitol-sacramento-potential-unrest. live.
  50. Web site: Capitol protest tracker: Here's a live look at capitols across the US. Cannon, Jay and Laskey, Chastity. January 17, 2021. January 17, 2021. USA Today. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117155747/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2021/01/17/us-state-capitol-protests-washington-dc-live-updates/6654912002/#chapter36. live.
  51. Web site: 2021-01-17. Kentucky Capitol protest: Mostly quiet in Frankfort amid warnings of armed protests. 2021-02-03. Louisville Courier Journal. en-US.
  52. Web site: Asher. Taryn. January 13, 2021. Southeast Michigan Militia plans protest at Lansing Capitol for Sunday. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114032926/https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/southeast-michigan-militia-plans-protest-at-lansing-capitol-for-sunday. January 14, 2021. January 14, 2021. FOX 2 Detroit. en-US.
  53. Web site: Vera . Amir . Andone . Dakin . January 18, 2021 . Armed demonstrators gather at Virginia state Capitol as states stay tight on security ahead of inauguration . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235148/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/18/us/inauguration-protests-vigilant/index.html . 2021-01-18 . 2021-01-19 . CNN.
  54. Web site: Hunter. Craig Mauger and George. Michigan Capitol protest remains 'calm' on Sunday. 2021-01-18. The Detroit News. en-US. 2021-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192103/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/17/michigan-troopers-lansing-potential-protest/4177781001/. live.
  55. Web site: January 17, 2021. Capitol protest tracker: What happened at capitols across the US on Sunday. live. 2021-02-02. USA TODAY. 2021-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117155747/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2021/01/17/us-state-capitol-protests-washington-dc-live-updates/6654912002/#chapter24.
  56. Web site: Message for Sunday: Stay away from Downtown Columbus as city prepares for armed demonstrators. Mark. Ferenchik. The Columbus Dispatch. 2021-01-15. 2021-01-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125154625/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2021/01/15/local-leaders-urge-people-stay-away-downtown-sunday/4172345001/. live.
  57. Web site: COTA rerouting several bus lines Sunday due to planned protests in downtown Columbus. 10tv.com. January 15, 2021. 2021-01-15. 2021-01-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115161201/https://www.10tv.com/article/news/local/cota-routes-sunday-protests/530-82a90712-f55d-4470-aae6-b1d455cf54bf. live.
  58. News: Downtown Columbus businesses, residents prepare for Sunday Statehouse protest. January 14, 2021. The Columbus Dispatch. Mark. Ferenchik. January 15, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114161911/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/2021/01/14/downtown-businesses-and-residents-steel-themselves-sunday-protest/6636874002/. live.
  59. News: 'Violence will not be tolerated': Ohio Statehouse to close, National Guard will be stationed Downtown for protests. The Columbus Dispatch. January 14, 2021. January 14, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114204124/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2021/01/14/dewine-mayor-discuss-election-protest-statehouse-pro-trump-forces/4156008001/. live.
  60. News: State won't ban guns from Ohio Statehouse grounds ahead of 'armed march' by Trump supporters. January 13, 2021. The Columbus Dispatch. Randy. Ludlow. January 15, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221810/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2021/01/13/no-gun-ban-ohio-statehouse-grounds-ahead-pro-trump-armed-march/6645949002/. live.
  61. Web site: Cleveland closing city hall, other downtown city buildings Friday through Wednesday. January 14, 2021. January 15, 2021. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183455/https://fox8.com/news/cleveland-closing-city-hall-other-downtown-city-buildings-friday-through-wednesday/. live.
  62. Web site: Bischoff. Laura A.. Bureau. Columbus. Protests at Ohio Statehouse today as State Patrol, National Guard stage. 2021-01-18. dayton-daily-news. English. 2021-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117163540/https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/state-patrol-and-national-guard-staged-today-at-the-ohio-statehouse/MHTMYYFMKRAYFCW4QBQVRMIX5E/. live.
  63. Multiple sources:
  64. Web site: 2021-01-11. Texas DPS sends more resources to State Capitol as FBI warns of potential armed protests. 2021-01-17. KXAN Austin. en-US. 2021-01-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116030724/https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/texas-dps-sends-more-resources-to-state-capitol-as-fbi-warns-of-potential-armed-protests/. live.
  65. Web site: Hall. Katie. Armed gun rights activists gather at Texas Capitol, say protest is 'not about the election'. 2021-01-18. Austin American-Statesman. en-US. 2021-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117221041/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/01/17/protests-austin-capitol-texas-live-updates-election-2020/4182139001/. live.
  66. Web site: 2021-01-16. Small group of protesters gather outside of closed, guarded Texas Capitol on Saturday. 2021-01-17. KXAN Austin. en-US. 2021-01-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220126/https://www.kxan.com/news/small-group-of-protesters-gather-outside-of-closed-guarded-texas-capitol-on-saturday/. live.
  67. News: State of emergency declared ahead of protest at Utah Capitol. Jim. Spiewak. Alyssa. Roberts. January 14, 2021. KUTV. January 15, 2021. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115005855/https://kutv.com/news/local/state-of-emergency-declared-in-utah-in-anticipation-of-inauguration-protests. live.
  68. Web site: Harkins. Paighten. Miller. Jessica. Newman. Josh. January 17, 2021. Law enforcement, spectators far outnumbered armed protesters at Utah Capitol. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210118171942/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/17/live-law-enforcement/. 2021-01-18. 2021-01-19. The Salt Lake Tribune. en-US.
  69. Web site: Police allow people to re-enter Virginia Supreme Court building after bomb threat. January 15, 2021. January 17, 2021. WSLS. Williamson, Jeff. January 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116005118/https://www.wsls.com/news/2021/01/15/bomb-threat-prompts-evacuation-of-virginia-supreme-court-building/. live.
  70. Web site: Florida tightens security at state capitol ahead of potential inauguration protests. January 12, 2021. January 12, 2021. WFLA. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114162619/https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/florida-tightens-security-at-state-capitol-ahead-of-potential-inauguration-protests/. live.
  71. Web site: Leon County, state of Florida prepares for potential protests ahead of Inauguration Day. January 12, 2021. January 17, 2021. WTXL. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193857/https://www.wtxl.com/news/local-news/leon-county-state-of-florida-prepares-for-potential-protests-ahead-of-inauguration-day. live.
  72. Web site: DeSantis calls up National Guard in advance of possible protests at Florida Capitol. January 15, 2021. January 17, 2021. Sun Sentinel. January 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116045440/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/florida/os-ne-tallahassee-rally-sunday-20210115-uq4mdgcuovbqdj5vlpih4sahua-story.html. live.
  73. Web site: Florida Capitol locks down ahead of possible unrest related to presidential transfer of power. January 17, 2021. January 17, 2021. Sun Sentinel. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117162257/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/fl-ne-florida-capitol-prepares-possible-violence-20210117-ol56hv7nzrexxmiagms6tqlsxy-story.html. live.
  74. Web site: Nevada law enforcement working to ensure security at state Capitol ahead of inauguration. Reno Gazette Journal. Wilkins, Terell. January 14, 2021. January 17, 2021.
  75. Web site: Officials step up security at Oklahoma State Capitol. January 12, 2021. January 17, 2021. KFOR-TV. Skarky, Brent. January 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210119003104/https://kfor.com/news/local/officials-step-up-security-at-oklahoma-state-capitol/. live.
  76. Web site: Gov. Stitt activates Oklahoma National Guard at state Capitol due to potential protests. KOCO-5. Staff, KOCO. January 15, 2021. January 17, 2021. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117082826/https://www.koco.com/article/gov-stitt-activates-oklahoma-national-guard-at-state-capitol-due-to-potential-protests/35227707. live.
  77. News: Oregon National Guard prepares to respond to civil unrest ahead of Biden inauguration. OregonLive. January 14, 2021. Hillary. Borrud. January 15, 2021. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114235817/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2021/01/oregon-national-guard-prepares-to-respond-to-civil-unrest-ahead-of-biden-inauguration.html. live.
  78. Web site: Pa. law enforcement explains preparations for potential weekend riots at state Capitol. Brandt, Hannah. January 14, 2021. January 17, 2021. ABC 27. January 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115113839/https://www.abc27.com/news/local/harrisburg/pa-law-enforcement-explains-preparations-for-potential-weekend-riots-at-state-capitol/. live.
  79. Web site: Pro-Trump protesters expected to gather in Harrisburg. Here's what we know. January 17, 2021. January 17, 2021. York Daily Record. Siano, Nick. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117111735/https://www.ydr.com/story/news/2021/01/17/pennsylvania-protests-harrisburg-trump-rally-biden-inauguration/4164912001/. live.

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