2020 in France explained

Events in the year 2020 in France.

Incumbents

• President – Emmanuel Macron (REM)
• Prime Minister – Édouard Philippe (LR) (before 3 July), Jean Castex (REM)

Events

Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in France

January

• 3 January – Villejuif stabbing where a man kills one person and wounds two others with a knife before the perpetrator is shot dead by police.^[1]
• 18 January – French police call for backup as protesters try to storm a theater where President Emmanuel Macron and his wife are watching The Fly.^[2]
• 20 January – Annie Chapelier, member of the National Assembly for Gard's 4th constituency, leaves LREM. She denounces "an above-ground movement, indifferent to the territories" where "little more or less self-proclaimed chiefs" want to be superior to "a mass, insignificant in their eyes, who is asked for blind allegiance and obedience", as well as inaction in the face of the "climate emergency".
• 24 January – The first cases of COVID-19 are confirmed in France: one in Bordeaux, a Chinese native of Wuhan who lives and works in the Bordeaux region, and two in Paris, a couple of Chinese tourists.^[3]

February

• 7 February – Five new cases of COVID-19, four adults and one child, are announced by the Minister of Health Agnès Buzyn. The initial case is a British national returning from Singapore where he stayed from 20 to 23 January. He has arrived in France on 24 January for a four-day stay in the town of Les Contamines-Montjoie before returning to United Kingdom.
• 8 February – Triggering of the Alerte-Enlèvement Device (Alert-Removal Device): the plan is launched after the kidnapping of Vanille, a 1-year-old girl by her mother Nathalie, 40, in Angers, on 7 February around 5:30 pm. Nathalie is found in Nantes on 9 February. A few hours later, the public prosecutor of Angers announces that Vanille has been found dead, in a clothing dumpster, and that her mother has admitted to having killed her. It is the first time since the launch of the Alert-Removal Device in France that the abducted child has been found dead.
• 11 February – Death of François André, member of the French National Assembly for Ille-et-Vilaine's 3rd constituency. He is replaced by his substitute.
• 16 February – Resignation of Agnès Buzyn, Minister of Solidarity and Health, following her candidacy for mayor of Paris.
• 21 February – Shutdown of reactor 1 at the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant.
• 28 February – 45th César Awards.
• 29 February – All indoor gatherings of more than 5,000 people are banned, over fears of the coronavirus.

March

• 15 and 22 March – Scheduled dates for the 2020 French municipal elections.
• 21 March – Independence of the XIVth district's Eco-Socialist Republic.

April

• 4 April – A terrorist knife attack in Romans-sur-Isère resulted in the death of two civilians and the wounding of five others. The perpetrator was arrested and charged with terrorist crimes.^[4]
• 13 April – President Emmanuel Macron makes a television address on coronavirus to the nation viewed by 36.7 million people.^[5]

June

• 11–17 June – 2020 Dijon riots: A 16-year-old Chechen in assaulted in Dijon, leading to several violent clashes, including in the Grésilles district.^[6]
• June – Louis Aliot became the first National Rally Mayor in Perpignan with a city of more than 100,000 people.^[7]

July

• 3 July – Prime Minister Édouard Philippe resigns, and is replaced by Jean Castex.

August

• 26 to 30 August – Scheduled date for the 2020 European Athletics Championships to be held in Paris.^[8]

September

• 25 September – 2020 Paris stabbing attack.^[9]

October

• 16 October – Murder of Samuel Paty.
• 29 October – 2020 Nice stabbing

November

• 29 November - Valentina wins the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with the song "J'imagine".

December

• 8 December – 8 December 2020 incident: the arrests of nine French citizens who joined the People's Defense Units by French authorities

Deaths

January

• 1 January
  • Marius Bruat, football player (b. 1930)
  • Michel Celaya, rugby union player (b. 1930)
• 2 January – Élisabeth Rappeneau, film director and screenwriter (b. 1940)
• 3 January – Nathaël Julan, football player (b. 1996)^[10]
• 4 January
  • Marie-Thérèse Cheroutre, historian and professor of philosophy (b. 1924)
  • Georges Duboeuf, wine merchant (b. 1933)
• 7 January
  • André Abadie, rugby union player (b. 1934)
  • Jacques Dessange, hairdresser (b. 1925)
  • Alexandre Matheron, philosopher (b. 1926)
• 9 January
  • Jacques de Bauffremont, 8th Duke of Bauffremont and 10th Prince of Marnay (b. 1922)
  • Robert Molimard, doctor and professor (b. 1927)
• 10 January
  • André Capron, immunologist and parasitologist (b. 1930)
  • Bernard Joly, politician (b. 1934)
• 11 January
  • Jean-René Farthouat, lawyer (b. 1934)
  • Alana Filippi, singer and songwriter (b. 1960)
  • Hilarion Vendégou, politician (b. 1941)
• 12 January – Marc Riolacci, football administrator (b. 1945)
• 13 January
  • Jean Delumeau, historian (b. 1923)
  • Pierre Lacoste, marine officer and government official (b. 1924)
  • Maurice Moucheraud, road racing cyclist (b. 1933)
• 14 January – Guy Deplus, clarinetist (b. 1924)^[11]
• 19 January – Guy Thomas, Belgian-born French songwriter (b. 1934)^[12]
• 20 January – Gilles Delouche, scholar of classical literature of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (b. 1948)
• 21 January – Sébastien Demorand, journalist and food critic (b. 1969)
• 25 January – Denis Rivière, painter (b. 1945)
• 26 January
  • Hubert Mingarelli, writer (b. 1956)
  • Michou, cabaret artist (b. 1931)
• 26 January
  • Émile Jung, chef (b. 1941)
  • Norbert Moutier, publisher and writer (b. 1941)
• 28 January – Théo Klein, lawyer (b. 1920)
• 29 January
  • Georges-Hilaire Dupont, prelate of the Roman Catholic Church (b. 1919)
  • Félix Marcilhac, art historian (b. 1941)
• 30 January – Roger Holeindre, politician (b. 1929)
• 31 January
  • Michel Billière, rugby union player (b. 1943)
  • Guy Delcourt, politician (b. 1947)
  • Delphine Forest, actress (b. 1966)

February

• 2 February – Claire Clouzot, journalist (b. 1933)
• 3 February
  • Philippe Adamov, cartoonist (b. 1956)
  • David Kessler, senior official (b. 1959)
  • George Steiner, author (b. 1929)^[13]
• 4 February
  • Marie-Fanny Gournay, politician (b. 1926)
  • Zwy Milshtein, painter (b. 1934)
• 5 February – Yves Pouliquen, ophthalmologist (b. 1931)
• 6 February – Bruno Léchevin, trade unionist (b. 1952)
• 7 February – Pierre Guyotat, writer (b. 1940)
• 8 February
  • Maurice Girardot, basketball player (b. 1921)
  • Robert Massin, graphic designer (b. 1925)
• 10 February – Claire Bretécher, cartoonist (b. 1940)
• 11 February
  • François André, politician (b. 1967)
  • Jacques Mehler, cognitive psychologist (b. 1936)
• 12 February – Simone Créantor, athlete (b. 1948)
• 13 February
  • Christophe Desjardins, violist (b. 1962)
  • Hubert Boulard, comics writer and colorist (b. 1971)
• 14 February – Gilbert Belin, politician and sculptor (b. 1927)
• 16 February – Graeme Allwright, singer and songwriter (b. 1926)

March

• 21 March – Marguerite Aucouturier, Czech-born psychoanalyst (b. 1932)
• 26 March – Princess María Teresa of Bourbon-Parma, French-Spanish political activist and academic (b. 1933)
• 27 March – Jacques F. Acar, Senegal-born doctor (b. 1931)

April

• 1 April – Philippe Malaurie, lawyer (b. 1925)^[14]
• 2 April – Arnold Sowinski, football player (b. 1931)^[15]
• 19 April
  • Edmond Baraffe, football player and manager (b. 1942)^[16]
  • Philippe Nahon, actor (b. 1938)^[17]

May

• 13 May – Patrick Simon, politician (b. circa 1956)^[18]

June

• 1 June – Jean-Michel Cadiot, writer and journalist^[19]
• 2 June
  • Jean-Claude Hamel, football executive (b. 1939)^[20]
  • Jacques Noyer, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1927)^[21]
  • Jean Pineau, politician (b. 1922)^[22]
  • Janine Reiss, vocal coach and harpsichordist. (b. 1921)^[23]
• 6 June
  • Jean-Marie Bourgeois, Olympic skier (b. 1939)^[24]
  • Alain Erlande-Brandenburg, art historian (b. 1937)^[25]
• 7 June – Paul Lombard, politician (b. 1937)^[26]
• 9 June – Jean-Philippe Reverdot, photographer (b. 1952)^[27]
• 11 June
  • Mahjoub Ben Bella, Algerian-born French painter (b. 1946)^[28]
  • Marcel Maréchal, actor and film director (b. 1937)^[29]
• 13 June
  • Maurice Rajsfus, writer and historian (b. 1928)^[30]
  • Jean Raspail, author (b. 1925)^[31]
  • Colo Tavernier O'Hagan, British-French screenwriter (b. 1942)^[32]
  • Marc Zermati, record producer and promoter (b. 1945)^[33]
• 14 June
  • Luce Douady, climber (b. 2003)^[34]
  • Claude Samuel, music critic and radio executive (b. 1931)^[35]
• 15 June – Michel Roquebert, historian and writer (b. 1928)^[36]
• 16 June
  • Roger Borniche, author and police detective (b. 1919)^[37]
  • Patrick Poivey, actor and voiceover artist (b. 1948)^[38]
• 17 June – Fabrice Philipot, racing cyclist (b. 1965)^[39]
• 18 June – Nicolas Joel, opera director (b. 1953)^[40]
• 19 June – Noël Vandernotte, Olympic rowing coxswain (b. 1923)^[41]
• 21 June
  • Pascal Clément, politician (b. 1945)^[42]
  • Joan Pau Verdier, singer (b. 1947)^[43]
• 24 June
  • Jacques Demêtre, blues historian (b. 1924)^[44]
  • Marc Fumaroli, historian and essayist (b. 1932)^[45]
  • Claude Le Péron, bass guitarist (b. 1948)^[46]
• 25 June
  • Patrice Gélard, politician, Senator (b. 1938)^[47]
  • Olivier Le Fèvre, astrophysicist (b. 1960)^[48]
• 26 June – Abdoulatifou Aly, Malagasy-born Mahoran politician (b. 1960)^[49]

July

• 25 July – Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (b. 1916)
• 28 July – Gisèle Halimi, Tunisian and French lawyer, feminist, and essayist (b. 1927)
• 30 July - French-Algerian actor (b.1963)

August

• 1 August – Alex Dupont, footballer (b. 1954)^[50]
• 5 August
  • Claudine Cassereau, model and pageant winner, (b. 1953)^[51]
  • Philippe Mongin, economist (b. 1950)^[52]
  • Pierre Robin, aeroplane designer (b. 1927)^[53]
  • Frédéric Jacques Temple, poet and writer (b. 1921)^[54]
• 6 August
  • Boris Bobrinskoy, Eastern Orthodox theologian (b. 1925)^[55]
  • Louis Meznarie, automotive engineer (b. 1930)^[56]
  • Paul Schaffer, Holocaust survivor (b. 1924)^[57]
  • Bernard Stiegler, philosopher (b. 1952)^[58]
  • Pierre Viot, executive (b. 1925)^[59]

December

• 2 December – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (b. 1926 in Germany)^[60]

See also

Country overviews

• France
• History of France
• History of modern France
• Outline of France
• Government of France
• Politics of France
• Years in France
• Timeline of France history
• List of French films of 2020

Related timelines for current period

• 2020
• 2020 in politics and government
• 2020s

Notes and References

1. Web site: Paris Villejuif stabbings: Attacker 'had psychiatric condition' . BBC News . 6 January 2021 . 3 January 2020.
2. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/18/europe/france-macron-protests-intl/index.html Police backup called to guard President Macron as protesters try to storm theater
3. Web site: 24 January 2020. France confirms three cases of deadly coronavirus. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124200816/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html . 2020-01-24 . limited . live. 3 October 2020. The Independent. en.
4. Web site: Attaque au couteau de Romans-sur-Isère. La thèse terroriste ne fait pas de doute. actu.fr. fr-FR. 12 April 2020.
5. Web site: French President Emmanuel Macron's Coronavirus TV Address Draws Record-Shattering 35M+ Viewers. Denise. Petski. 14 April 2020. 20 April 2020. Deadline.
6. News: French City Rocked by Unrest Blamed on Score-Settling Chechens . . . 15 June 2020.
7. News: Far-right to win southern French town of Perpignan: exit poll. June 29, 2020. January 9, 2022.
8. Web site: Paris will host the European Athletics Championships 2020 . european-athletics.org . 3 January 2020.
9. Web site: Two injured in knife attack outside Charlie Hebdo's former offices in Paris . the Guardian . 26 June 2022 . en . 25 September 2020.
10. Web site: Nathaël Julan (Guingamp) mort dans un accident de la route . lequipe.fr . fr . 3 January 2020.
11. Web site: Décès du clarinettiste Guy Deplus. fr. Res Musica. 15 January 2020. 30 January 2020.
12. Book: Thomas, Guy (1934–....). Catalogue général. fr.
13. Web site: George Steiner obituary . the Guardian . 26 June 2022 . en . 5 February 2020.
14. News: Hommage à Philippe Malaurie (1925–2020). fr. Homage to Philippe Malaurie (1925–2020). University of Poitiers. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200403213810/https://droit.univ-poitiers.fr/hommage-a-philippe-malaurie-1925-2020/. 3 April 2020.
15. News: Disparition : Arnold Sowinski, ancien entraîneur du RC Lens, est mort. fr. Disappearance: Arnold Sowinski, former coach of RC Lens, is dead. 2 April 2020. 3 April 2020. L'Équipe.
16. Web site: Edmond Baraffe, ancien entraîneur du Touquet, est décédé. 19 April 2020. Les Echos du Touquet. 19 July 2020. 20 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200420113602/https://www.lesechosdutouquet.fr/40688/article/2020-04-19/edmond-baraffe-ancien-entraineur-du-touquet-est-decede. dead.
17. Web site: Philippe Nahon est mort : l'acteur victime du coronavirus. purepeople.com.
18. News: Bevan . Shields . Australia's best friend in France dies from coronavirus . . 14 May 2020 . 27 July 2020 .
19. Web site: Décès. Jean-Michel Cadiot, un journaliste de passion. 3 June 2020. L'Humanité.
20. Web site: Disparition - Jean-Claude Hamel, une vie de passion. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202845/https://www.lyonne.fr/auxerre-89000/sports/jean-claude-hamel-une-vie-de-passion_13795386/. dead. Centre. France. 2 June 2020. 3 June 2020. www.lyonne.fr.
21. Web site: Monseigneur Jacques Noyer, ancien évêque d'Amiens, est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204257/https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/monseigneur-jacques-noyer-ancien-eveque-amiens-est-mort-1836658.html. dead. 8 January 2022. France 3 Hauts-de-France.
22. Web site: Deux-Sèvres : ancien député et maire de Châtillon-sur-Thouet, Jean Pineau n'est plus. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308114216/https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/deux-sevres/deux-sevres-ancien-depute-et-maire-de-chatillon-sur-thouet-jean-pineau-n-est-plus. dead. 8 March 2021.
23. Web site: Décès de Janine Reiss. La. Rédaction. 2 June 2020.
24. Web site: Morbier. Jean Marie Bourgeois a donné une belle image du nordique. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204248/https://www.leprogres.fr/edition-jura-sud/2020/06/09/jean-marie-bourgeois-a-donne-une-belle-image-du-nordique. dead. 8 January 2022. www.leprogres.fr.
25. Web site: Disparition d'Alain Erlande-Brandenburg. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204250/https://www.latribunedelart.com/disparition-d-alain-erlande-brandenburg. dead. Didier. Rykner. 14 November 2022. 8 January 2022. La Tribune de l'Art.
26. Web site: Martigues : l'ancien maire Paul Lombard est décédé à l'âge de 92 ans. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225209/https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6010152/martigues-lancien-maire-paul-lombard-est-decede-a-lage-de-92-ans.html. dead. 7 June 2020. 8 January 2022. LaProvence.com.
27. Web site: In Memoriam : Jean Philippe Reverdot by Bernard Plossu . 9 June 2020 . 8 January 2022 . 8 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204248/https://loeildelaphotographie.com/en/reverdot160080913-2-pp/ . live .
28. Web site: Tourcoing : le peintre Mahjoub Ben Bella est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204248/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/culture-loisirs/tourcoing-le-peintre-mahjoub-ben-bella-est-mort-1591899567. dead. 11 June 2020. 8 January 2022. ici, par France Bleu et France 3.
29. Web site: Marcel Maréchal, l'homme qui a révolutionné le théâtre à Marseille, est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20211122101438/https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6015316/marechal-good.html. dead. 12 June 2020. 22 November 2021. LaProvence.com.
30. Web site: Disparition de l'écrivain et historien Maurice Rajsfus. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204247/https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/disparition-de-l-ecrivain-et-historien-maurice-rajsfus-13-06-2020-8335050.php. dead. Par Ph L. avec AFP Le 13 juin 2020. à 21h46. 13 June 2020. 8 January 2022. leparisien.fr.
31. Web site: Mort de Jean Raspail, écrivain et explorateur, auteur du «Camp des Saints». https://web.archive.org/web/20200613124937/https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/mort-de-jean-raspail-ecrivain-et-explorateur-auteur-du-controverse-camp-des-saints-20200613. dead. 13 June 2020. 13 June 2020. LEFIGARO.
32. Web site: Colo Tavernier O'Hagan, Screenwriter of 'Fresh Bait,' 'Round Midnight,' Dies . 14 June 2020 . 8 January 2022 . 8 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204247/https://variety.com/2020/film/global/colo-tavernier-ohagan-cannes-screenwriter-of-fresh-bait-round-midnight-dies-1234634320/ . live .
33. Web site: Celui qui a fait de Mont-de-Marsan le berceau du punk en France est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204250/https://rue89bordeaux.com/2020/06/celui-qui-a-importe-le-punk-en-france-via-mont-de-marsan-est-mort/. dead. Walid. Salem. 14 June 2020. 8 January 2022.
34. Web site: French Rising Star Luce Douady dies aged 16 . 8 January 2022 . 15 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615160525/https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2020/06/french_rising_star_luce_douady_dies_aged_16-72348 . live .
35. Web site: Mort de Claude Samuel, inlassable défenseur de la musique contemporaine. https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230856/https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2020/06/14/mort-de-claude-samuel-inlassable-defenseur-de-la-musique-contemporaine_6042826_3246.html. dead. 14 June 2020. 14 June 2020. Le Monde.
36. Web site: Toulouse. Disparition de Michel Roquebert, le grand spécialiste des cathares. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204247/https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/06/16/disparition-de-michel-roquebert-le-grand-specialiste-des-cathares,8933793.php. dead. 8 January 2022. ladepeche.fr.
37. Web site: Décès de Roger Borniche, flic et romancier à succès. https://web.archive.org/web/20200617010402/https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/police/deces-de-roger-borniche-flic-et-romancier-succes-6871346. dead. 17 June 2020.
38. Web site: Disparition. Patrick Poivey, voix française de Bruce Willis, est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204250/https://www.lejsl.com/societe/2020/06/16/patrick-poivey-voix-de-francaise-de-bruce-willis-est-mort. dead. 8 January 2022. www.lejsl.com.
39. https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/82295/fabrice-philipot-est-mort Fabrice Philipot est mort
40. Web site: Disparition de Nicolas Joel | Forum Opéra. https://web.archive.org/web/20200619203714/https://www.forumopera.com/breve/disparition-de-nicolas-joel. dead. 19 June 2020. www.forumopera.com.
41. Web site: JO – Noël Vandernotte, plus jeune médaillé olympique français, est décédé - Sport Business Mag. https://archive.today/20200620104118/https://www.sportbusinessmag.com/autres-sports/divers-autres-sports/jo-noel-vandernotte-plus-jeune-medaille-olympique-francais-est-decede/. dead. S. B. M.. Actu. 20 June 2020. 20 June 2020.
42. Web site: L'ancien ministre de la Justice Pascal Clément est mort. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621132133/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/L-ancien-ministre-de-la-Justice-Pascal-Clement-est-mort-1690508. dead. 21 June 2020. parismatch.com.
43. Web site: Dordogne : le chanteur occitan Joan-Pau Verdier est mort à l'âge de 73 ans. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621213456/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/culture-loisirs/dordogne-le-chanteur-joan-pau-verdier-est-mort-a-l-age-de-73-ans-1592726055. dead. 21 June 2020. 21 June 2020. ici, par France Bleu et France 3.
44. Web site: Décès de Jacques Demêtre. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204249/https://www.soulbag.fr/deces-de-jacques-demetre/. dead. Nicolas. Teurnier. 25 June 2020. 8 January 2022.
45. Web site: È morto Marc Fumaroli, maestro di retorica. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224005319/https://www.repubblica.it/robinson/2020/06/24/news/addio_a_marc_fumaroli_grande_artefice_della_rinascita_della_retorica-260067058/. dead. 24 June 2020. 24 December 2021. la Repubblica.
46. Web site: Claude Le Péron, bassiste de Jean-Jacques Goldman, est décédé. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625110811/https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/nantes-44000/nantes-claude-le-peron-bassiste-de-jean-jacques-goldman-est-decede-6881206. dead. 25 June 2020.
47. Web site: Paris-Normandie. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930212310/https://www.paris-normandie.fr/actualites/politique/l-ancien-senateur-de-la-seine-maritime-patrice-gelard-est-decede-a-l-age-de-81-ans-JL16954386. dead. 30 September 2020. Paris-Normandie.
48. Web site: Olivier Le Fèvre . 8 January 2022 . 8 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204249/https://www.lam.fr/les-actualites/article/olivier-le-fevre?lang=en . live .
49. Web site: L'ancien député de Mayotte Abdoulatifou Aly est décédé. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108204257/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/mayotte/pamandzi/ancien-depute-mayotte-abdoulatifou-aly-est-decede-847276.html. dead. 8 January 2022. Mayotte la 1ère.
50. Web site: Ancien entraîneur emblématique de Dunkerque, Alex Dupont est décédé . lavoixdunord.fr . August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
51. Web site: Claudine Cassereau, Miss France 72 et originaire de Loudun, est décédée . lanouvellerepublique.fr . fr . 8 September 2020 .
52. Web site: Disparition : Philippe Mongin, un passionné d'économie et de philosophie . lesechos.fr . 9 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
53. Web site: Décès de Pierre Robin . aerobuzz.fr . 6 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
54. Web site: Le poète Frédéric Jacques Temple est mort à 98 ans . francetvinfo.fr . 5 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
55. News: Le théologien orthodoxe Boris Bobrinskoy est mort . La Croix . 7 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
56. Web site: Louis Meznarie nous a quitté à 90 ans . autonewsinfo.com . fr . 8 September 2020 .
57. Web site: Paul Schaffer, rescapé de la Shoah, est mort . liberation.fr . fr . 8 September 2020 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808234136/https://www.liberation.fr/direct/element/paul-schaffer-rescape-de-la-shoah-est-mort_117309/ . dead .
58. Web site: Le philosophe Bernard Stiegler est mort . lefigaro.fr . 7 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
59. Web site: Décès de Pierre Viot, ancien président du Festival de Cannes . lefigaro.fr . 6 August 2020 . fr . 8 September 2020 .
60. Web site: Valery Giscard d'Estaing Biography & Facts Britannica . www.britannica.com . 7 June 2022 . en.