2020 Yemen flood explained

2020 Yemen Flood
Duration:April - August 2020
Areas Affected:Yemen

The 2020 Yemen flood was a flash flood that killed at least 172 people in Yemen and damaged homes and UNESCO-listed world heritage sites across the country, officials said.[1]

Overview

In 2020, Yemen was hit by disastrous flash floods and torrential rains from April to August.[2] [3] In April 2020, an estimated 21,240 families (148,680 people) in 13 governorates were affected by rainstorms and flooding. [4] By August 2020, an estimated 300,000 people lost their homes, crops, livestock, and belongings, with many of the newly displaced already had to flee due to the War[5] As of September 2020, nearly 96,000 families were affected in 189 districts in 19 governorates.[6] The most affected areas includes Marib, Amran, Hajjah, Al Hudaydah, Taizz, Lahj, Aden and Abyan governorate where at least 148 people were killed. Flooding is a recurrent problem, showing the growing threat of natural disasters in an already vulnerable country context. [7] [8]

Timeline

April 2020

Yemen was first hit by devastating rains and flooding in April. More than 100,000 people were affected by heavy rain and floods in April. Aden, Abyan, Lahj, Marib and Sana’a governorates and Sana’a City were some of the most affected areas. The floods damaged roads, bridges, the electricity grid, and contaminated water supplies, which prevented thousands of people from being able to access basic services.

June 2020

In June, rains followed again and were concentrated in southern and eastern governorates.

July-August 2020

For the third time in 2020, torrential rains and flooding hit the country in July and August, causing more damage to infrastructure, destroying homes and shelters and causing deaths and injuries. Houses and historic buildings in the Old City of Sanaa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed due to heavy rains.[9]

Periodic flooding

Yemen has two rainy seasons: the first rains from March to May and the second from July to August. Because this kind of flood occurs with the arrival of the season every year, it has periodicity.

Causes and impacts

Direct causes

In 2020, heavy rains first hit the country in March and more rainfall followed in June – mainly in southern and eastern governorates and continued in July intensifying at the end of the month and into August.[10]

Indirect causes

Climate risks

Yemen fails to meet the growing demand of the population due to the arid climate, minimal seasonal rainfall and evapotranspiration.[11] The climate-induced scarcity of water has led to the over-exploitation of groundwater to alter the terrain, while the expansion of agricultural projects has led to a significant reduction in trees and shrubs, which has also deprived Yemen of a natural barrier against flooding.[12] Experts predict that flooding will become more frequent in the future.[13] [14] More floods have affected Yemen in 2022.[15]

Socio-Economic Situation

Overall, the lack of broader attention from Yemen itself and the international community and adverse humanitarian, institutional, social, and economic conditions make floods a great challenge to address.[16] [17] [18] Constant flooding makes the environment more vulnerable and puts a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, making it less resilient in the event of a flood.[19] Moreover, the volatile political situation and lack of governance capacity have left policymakers with little time to address issues such as infrastructure.[20] [21] [22]

Social and economic impact

Yemen‘s social and economic conditions have been severely impacted by torrential rains and the ensuing flooding, which have resulted in injuries and fatalities, extensive property damage, destroyed homes and shelters, destroyed already precarious infrastructure, accelerated the spread of diseases, destroyed agricultural yields, and killed livestock. Broken facilities (bridges, roads, etc.) and blocked access disrupted humanitarian activities.[23]

Environment impact

Flood waters carry refinery waste and by-products (salts, chemicals) into the ground, contaminating already scarce groundwater resources, destroying farmland and vegetation, and in turn weakening the natural resistance to flooding.[24]

Disaster response

Local and national response

Even though floods are a recurring challenge for Yemen, there is limited information about the country’s environmental policymaking and disaster management. The impact of the ongoing Yemeni Civil War has limited the country's ability to implement effective disaster management.

With the exception of the governorate of Marib, which was able to mobilize local authorities and create a special taskforce, most of the local authorities in other governorates were not able to take immediate action.

Given that local councils have limited ability to provide short-term services on the ground and carry out long-term strategies, local and international NGOs may “bypass the local councils as an implementation mechanism.” [25]

International response

Since most of the governorates requested external emergence, international donors, in collaboration with national NGOs, “remained the main or even only source of much needed disaster assistance, by delivering and distributing relief materials.”

Some responses from international organizations include:

Illness, morbidity and mortality

The floods caused damage to infrastructure and increased the spread of diseases including cholera, dengue, malaria and diphtheria.[29]

Cholera

Between 1 January and 30 October 2020, there were 205,662 cases of suspected cholera outbreaks in Yemen.[30]

COVID-19

As of 31 August 2020, according to UNICEF reports, Yemen has officially confirmed 1983 cases of COVID-19, of which 572 have died and 1197 have recovered.[31]

Food security

The floods caused damage to public property and food stocks, and coupled with the country's political instability, currency devaluation, COVID-19 and reduced humanitarian aid, food insecurity has increased dramatically. Widespread food insecurity has led to large numbers of Yemenis becoming malnourished and more susceptible to disease.[32]

Mortality

An estimated 300,000 were directly affected byheavy rainfall and flooding in 2020. The following are the regions that were severely affected.

Sana’a City and Governorate

Aden and Lahij Governorates

AI-Hudayada and Hajja Governorates（Hardest hit provinces）

Marib Governorate）

Hadhramawt Governorate

Notes and References

  1. Web site: At least 172 killed in Yemen flash floods this month. www.aljazeera.com.
  2. Web site: Yemen: Flash Floods Flash Update No. 4 (As of 11 August 2020) [EN/AR] ]. reliefweb.int . OCHA . en.
  3. al-Akwa . Khalid . Zumbrägel . Tobias . The Disaster of Yemen's Flash Floods. Impact of and Local Responses to the Torrential Rains and Flooding in 2020 . CARPO Sustainability Series . December 7, 2021 . 3 . CARPO . Bonn . English.
  4. Web site: Yemen: Flash Floods Flash Update No. 3 (As of 30 April 2020) [EN/AR] ]. reliefweb.int . OCHA . en.
  5. News: 300,000 people lose homes, incomes, food supplies and belongings due to catastrophic flooding in Yemen . UNHCR . UNHCR . August 21, 2020 . en.
  6. Web site: Yemen: Flood Snapshot (As of 28 September 2020) [EN/AR] ]. reliefweb.int . OCHA . en.
  7. Web site: From severe drought to intense flooding, Yemen teeters on the brink . OCHA . en.
  8. Web site: Yemen Country Overview . ICRC Climate Centre .
  9. News: At least 172 killed in Yemen flash floods this month . Al Jazeera News . August 12, 2020 . en.
  10. Web site: Yemen: Flood Snapshot (As of 28 September 2020) [EN/AR] - Yemen ReliefWeb ]. reliefweb.int . OCHA . en.
  11. Haidera . Mansour . Ali Alhakimi . Saif . Noaman . Abdulla . Al Kebsi . Alkhatib . Water scarcity and climate change adaptation for Yemen's vulnerable communities . Local Environment . 2011 . 16 . 5 . 473-488 . 10.1080/13549839.2011.565465 . 155015045 .
  12. Naser . Ramzy . Bakkali . Mohammed El . Darwesh . Nabil . Kharrim . Khadija El . Belghyti . Driss . Assessment of groundwater quality in the Al- Burayhi and Hedran sub-basin, Taiz, Yemen – A GIS approach . E3S Web of Conferences . 2018 . 37 . 01005 . 10.1051/e3sconf/20183701005 . 2018E3SWC..3701005N . free .
  13. Web site: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Yemen . climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org . World Bank Group . en.
  14. Web site: Making Yemen's urban centers climate resilient . World Bank Blogs . World Bank . en.
  15. Web site: Yemen: Situation Update - Humanitarian Impact of Flooding As of 24 August 2022 EN/AR . reliefweb.int . OCHA . en.
  16. Web site: Yemen Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption . The Heritage Foundation.
  17. Web site: The conflict in Yemen: Humanitarian support for people of Yemen . British Red Cross . en.
  18. Web site: Yemen's Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering . Council on Foreign Relations . en.
  19. Wiebelt . Manfred . Breisinger . Clemens . Ecker . Olivier . Al-Riffai . Perrihan . Robertson . Richard . Thiele . Rainer . Compounding food and income insecurity in Yemen: Challenges from climate change . Food Policy . December 2013 . 43 . 77–89 . 10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.08.009 .
  20. Web site: Yemen: Events of 2020 . Human Rights Watch . en . 13 January 2021.
  21. Web site: War in Yemen . Global Conflict Tracker . en.
  22. Web site: Supporting Good Governance in Yemen . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH .
  23. Web site: Yemen: Heavy rainfall and flash floods . ACAPS .
  24. Al-Aizari . Ali R. . Al-Masnay . Yousef A. . Aydda . Ali . Zhang . Jiquan . Ullah . Kashif . Islam . Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul . Habib . Tayyiba . Kaku . Dawuda Usman . Nizeyimana . Jean Claude . Al-Shaibah . Bazel . Khalil . Yasser M. . AL-Hameedi . Wafaa M. M. . Liu . Xingpeng . Assessment Analysis of Flood Susceptibility in Tropical Desert Area: A Case Study of Yemen . Remote Sensing . 19 August 2022 . 14 . 16 . 4050 . 10.3390/rs14164050 . 2022RemS...14.4050A . . free .
  25. Book: al-Awlaqi . Wadhah . al-Madhaji . Maged . Local Governance in Yemen Amid Conflict and Instability . July 2018 . Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies .
  26. Web site: IOM Supports over 34,000 who Lost Everything in Deadly Marib Floods and Storms . Yemen IOM . en.
  27. News: The World Health Organization steps up assistance to flood-ravaged Yemen . UN News . 17 August 2022 . en.
  28. Web site: Yemen: Floods Final Report, DREF operation n° MDRYE009 . reliefweb.int . IFRC . en.
  29. Pritchard . Jodie . Collier . Amanda . Mundenga . Müller . Bartels . Susan A. . COVID in crisis: The impact of COVID-19 in complex humanitarian emergencies . Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health . 1 November 2020 . 6 . S2 . 70–82 . 10.3138/jmvfh-CO19-0010.
  30. Alsabri . Mohammed . Alhadheri . Ayman . Alsakkaf . Luai M. . Cole . Jennifer . Conflict and COVID-19 in Yemen: beyond the humanitarian crisis . Globalization and Health . December 2021 . 17 . 1 . 83 . 10.1186/s12992-021-00732-1. 34294097 . 8295627 . free .
  31. Looi . Mun-Keat . Covid-19: Deaths in Yemen are five times global average as healthcare collapses . BMJ . 27 July 2020 . 370 . m2997 . 10.1136/bmj.m2997. 32719047 . 220795563 . free .
  32. Rahmat . Zainab Syyeda . Islam . Zarmina . Mohanan . Parvathy . Kokash . Diana Mutasem . Essar . Mohammad Yasir . Hasan . Mohammad Mehedi . Hashim . Hashim Talib . Basalilah . Ashraf Fhed Mohammed . Food Insecurity during COVID-19 in Yemen . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 15 June 2022 . 106 . 6 . 1589–1592 . 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0059. 35895432 . 9209931 .

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