2020 Western United States wildfire season explained
| 2020 Western United States wildfire season |
| Location: | Western United States |
| Cost: | >$19.884 billion (2020 USD)[1] [2] |
| Date: | – |
| References: | [3] |
| Total Fires: | 100+ |
| Total Area: | 10200000acres |
| Buildings: | 13,887 |
| Fatalities: | 47 direct (32 in California, 11 in Oregon, 1 in Washington, 1 in Arizona, 2 in Colorado)[4] [5] 1,200 to 3,000 indirect (caused by the adverse effects of smoke inhalation)[6] |
| Injuries: | Unknown |
The Western United States experienced a series of major wildfires in 2020. Severe August thunderstorms ignited numerous wildfires across California, Oregon, and Washington, followed in early September by additional ignitions across the West Coast. Fanned by strong, gusty winds and fueled by hot, dry terrains, many of the fires exploded and coalesced into record-breaking megafires,[7] burning more than 10.2e6acre of land, mobilizing tens of thousands of firefighters, razing over ten thousand buildings, and killing at least 37 people.[8] [9] The fires caused over $19.884 billion (2020 USD) in damages, including $16.5 billion in property damage and $3.384 billion in fire suppression costs. Climate change and poor forest management practices contributed to the severity of the wildfires.[10]
Background
Fire, environment, and cultural shift
Save for areas along the Pacific coast and mountain ridgetops, North America tends to be wetter in the east and drier in the west. This creates ideal conditions in the West for lightning sparked and wind driven storms to spread large-scale, seasonal wildfires.[11] Human societies practicing cultural burns developed in these conditions. Various Indigenous controlled fire practices, as well as their adoption by settlers, were curtailed and outlawed during the European colonization of the Americas, culminating with the modern fire suppression era, signified by the Weeks Act of 1911, which formalized paradigmatic changes in ecosystem priorities and management.[12] [13] Land was protected from fire, and vegetation accumulated near settlements, increasing the risk of explosive, smoky conflagrations.
Many indigenous tribes, including the Karuk, have passed down cultural memories of adaptations to fire-prone ecosystems, including cultural burning. In the last few decades, these have been acknowledged by the United States Forest Service, NOAA,[14] and other agencies in American colonial nations.[13] [15]
While lightning sparked ignitions are typical of fire-prone ecosystems, higher human population and increased development in the wildland–urban interface has increased accidental and intentional sparking of destructive fires.[16]
Record hemispheric heat
Record dry weather struck the Western United States in late 2019, extending all the way through the winter of 2020. The lack of precipitation prompted concerns from state governments and the press.[17] On March 22, a state of emergency was declared by California Governor Gavin Newsom due to a mass die-off of trees throughout the state, potentially increasing the risk of wildfire. Oregon officially declared the start of their wildfire season that same month.[18] [19] Despite light rain in late March and April, severe drought conditions persisted, and were predicted to last late into the year, due to a delayed wet season.[20] After fires began in Washington in April, several more fires occurred throughout the West Coast, prompting burn ban restrictions in Washington and Oregon, come July.[21]
Year-to-date wildfire figures
United States agencies stationed at the National Interagency Fire Center in Idaho maintain a "National Large Incident Year-to-Date Report" on wildfires, delineating 10 sub-national areas, aggregating the regional and national totals of burn size, fire suppression cost, and razed structure count, among other data. As of October 21, "Coordination Centers" of each geography report the following:[2]
Note: Check primary sources for up-to-date statistics. This data is not final and may contain duplicate reports until the data is finalized around January 2021.
Timeline of events
Initial ignitions and weather conditions
See also: August 2020 California lightning wildfires, 2020 California wildfires, 2020 Oregon wildfires, 2020 Washington wildfires, 2020 Arizona wildfires, 2020 Utah wildfires, 2020 Nevada wildfires, 2020 New Mexico wildfires and 2020 Colorado wildfires.
April saw the beginning of wildfires in the west coast, as Washington experienced two fires: the Stanwood Bryant Fire in Snohomish County and the Porter Creek Fire in Whatcom County .[22] The Oregon Department of Forestry declared fire season beginning July 5, 2020, signaling the end of unregulated debris burning outdoors, a major cause of wildfires.[23]
Between July 16 and 30, the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and many county governments – including Mason, Thurston, King, Pierce and Whatcom Counties – issued fire safety burn bans due to elevated risk of uncontrolled fires.[24] In late July, a brush fire in Chelan County, the Colockum Fire, burned at least and caused homes to be evacuated.[25] A fire on the Colville Reservation near Nespelem called the Greenhouse Fire burned at least and caused the evacuation of the Colville Tribal Corrections Facility and other structures.[26] [27]
Between August 14 and 16, Northern California was subjected to record-breaking warm temperatures,[28] due to anomalously strong high pressure over the region. Early on August 15, the National Weather Service for San Francisco issued a Fire Weather Watch[29] highlighting the risk of wildfire starts due to the combination of lightning risk due to moist, unstable air aloft, dry fuels, and hot temperatures near the surface. Later that day, the Fire Weather Watch was upgraded to a Red Flag Warning,[30] noting the risk of abundant lightning already apparent as the storms moved toward the region from the south.
In mid-August, the remnants of Tropical Storm Fausto interacted with the jet stream, resulting in a large plume of moisture moving northward towards the West Coast of the U.S., triggering a massive siege of lightning storms in Northern California, and setting the conditions for wildfires elsewhere.[31] Due to abnormal wind patterns, this plume streamed from up to 1000miles off the coast of the Baja Peninsula into Northern California. This moisture then interacted with a high-pressure ridge situated over Nevada that was bringing a long-track heat wave to much of California and the West.[32] These colliding weather systems then created excessive atmospheric instability that generated massive thunderstorms throughout much of Northern and Central California. Multiple places also experienced Midwest-style convective "heat bursts"–in which rapid collapse of thunderstorm updrafts caused air parcels aloft to plunge to the surface and warm to extreme levels, with one location near Travis Air Force Base going from around in nearly 1–2 hours.[33] Additionally, much of these storms were only accompanied with dry lightning and produced little to no rain, making conditions very favorable for wildfires to spark and spread rapidly.[34]
As a result of the fires, on August 19, Governors Kate Brown and Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency for Oregon and Washington respectively.[35] [36]
Growth of fires
See also: 2020 Washington Labor Day fires.
By August 20, the Palmer Fire near Oroville, Washington – which started August 18 – had reached and forced evacuation of up to 85 homes.[37] [38] The largest of the fires in the Olympics reached by August 20.[39]
The Evans Canyon Fire, a few miles north of Naches, began around August 31 and expanded to tens of thousands of acres, shut down Washington State Route 821 in the Yakima River Canyon, burned several homes and caused hundreds of families to evacuate, and caused unhealthy air quality in Yakima County.[40] By September 6, it had burned almost .[41]
The August 2020 lightning fires include three of the largest wildfires in the recorded history of California: the SCU Lightning Complex, the August Complex, and the LNU Lightning Complex. On September 10, 2020, the August Complex became the single-largest wildfire in the recorded history of California, reaching a total area burned of 471185acres. Then, on September 11, it merged with the Elkhorn Fire, another massive wildfire of 255039acres, turning the August Complex into a monster wildfire of 746607acres.[42]
In early September 2020, a combination of a record-breaking heat wave, and Diablo and Santa Ana winds sparked more fires and explosively grew active fires, with the August Complex surpassing the 2018 Mendocino Complex to become California's largest recorded wildfire.[42] The North Complex increased in size as the winds fanned it westward, threatening the city of Oroville, and triggering mass evacuations.[43] During the first week in September, the 2020 fire season set a new California record for the most area burned in a year at .[44] As of September 13, had burned in the state.[45] On September 5, heat from the Creek Fire generated a large pyrocumulonimbus cloud, described as one of the largest seen in the United States.[46] On September 7, a "historic fire event" with high winds resulted in 80 fires and nearly burned in a day. Malden, in the Palouse Country of Eastern Washington, was mostly destroyed by one of the fires.[47] By the evening of September 8, the Cold Springs Canyon and adjacent Pearl Hill Fires had burned over and neither was more than 10% contained.[48] Smoke blanketed the Seattle area on September 8 and caused unhealthy air conditions throughout the Puget Sound region, and affected Southwest British Columbia.[49] [50]
On September 8, 2020, in Salem, Oregon, dark red skies as a result of smoke were visible beginning in the late morning. On September 9, 2020, San Francisco and Eureka, California were similarly affected, with dark orange skies reported.
The cities of Phoenix and Talent in Oregon were substantially destroyed by the Almeda Drive Fire. State-wide, at least 23 people have been killed.[51] [52] On September 11, authorities said they were preparing for a mass fatality incident.[53] As of September 11, 600 homes and 100 commercial buildings have been destroyed by the Almeda Drive Fire.[54] Officials stated that the Almeda Drive Fire was human-caused.[54] On September 11, a man was arrested for arson, for allegedly starting a fire that destroyed multiple homes in Phoenix and merged with the Almeda Drive Fire.[55] A separate criminal investigation into the origin point of the Almeda Drive Fire in Ashland is ongoing.[55]
Around September 11–12, wildfires were starting to encroach upon the Clackamas County suburbs of Portland, Oregon, especially the fast-moving Riverside Fire which had already jumped the nearby community of Estacada, but shifting wind directions kept the fire away from the main Portland area.[56]
Through much of September, at least 8 large wildfires, each of 100000acres or more, were burning in Washington and Oregon, with 3 in Washington and 5 in Oregon. This was unprecedented for those two states, which combined only saw a total of 26 large fires from 1997 to 2019.[57] On September 22, 10 large fires, each of at least 100,000 acres, were burning across California, including 5 of the 10 largest wildfires in the state's history.[58]
Evacuations
The first evacuations began on September 4, when almost 200 people were airlifted out of the Sierra National Forest due to the rapidly exploding Creek Fire. Then on September 9, most of the southern area of the city of Medford, Oregon was forced to evacuate and almost all of the 80,000 residents living in the city were told to be ready if necessary[59] because of the uncontained Almeda Drive Fire, which was fast encroaching on their city.[60] [61] As of September 11, about 40,000 people in Oregon had been instructed to evacuate, and 500,000, accounting for about 10% of the state's population, had received instructions to prepare for evacuation, being under a Level 1, 2, or 3 fire evacuation alert.[62] [63]
List of wildfires
The following is a list of fires that burned more than or produced significant structural damage or casualties.
Causes
Fire policy
Prior to development, California fires regularly burned significantly more acreage than in recent history. Wildfires have been aggressively suppressed in the last century, resulting in a buildup of fuel, increasing the risk of large uncontrollable fires. There is broad scientific consensus that there should be more controlled burning of forest in California in order to reduce fire risk.[221] [222] [223] Controlled burning is hampered by wildfire litigation models that present wildfires in court cases as the result of careless ignition events while discounting underlying forest conditions.[224] [225] A 2020 ProPublica investigation blamed the culture of Cal Fire, greed on the part of fire suppression contractors, and risk aversion on the part of the U.S. Forest Service from preventing appropriate controlled burns from taking place.[226]
Climate change
Climate change has led to increased heat waves and the risk of drought in California, creating the conditions for more frequent and severe wildfires.[227] [228] It has been observed that since the early 1970s, warm-season days in California warmed by ca. 1.4 °C. This significantly increases the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, the difference between the actual and a maximum moisture content for a certain temperature. Trends simulated by climate models are consistent with human-induced trends. Summer forest-fire area reacts to the vapor pressure deficit exponentially, i.e., warming has grown increasingly impactful.
David Romps, director of the Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center summarizes the situation as follows: "To cut to the chase: Were the heat wave and the lightning strikes and the dryness of the vegetation affected by global warming? Absolutely yes. Were they made significantly hotter, more numerous, and drier because of global warming? Yes, likely yes, and yes."[229] Similarly, Friederike Otto, acting director of the University of Oxford Environmental Change Institute states, "There is absolutely no doubt that the extremely high temperatures are higher than they would have been without human-induced climate change. A huge body of attribution literature demonstrates now that climate change is an absolute game-changer when it comes to heat waves, and California won't be the exception."[230] Susan Clark, director of the Sustainability Initiative at the University at Buffalo, states, "This is climate change. This increased intensity and frequency of temperatures and heat waves are part of the projections for the future. [...] There is going to be more morbidity and mortality [from heat.] There are going to be more extremes."
Arson
In August 2020, a suspect was charged by the Monterey County Sheriff with arson relating to the Dolan Fire; however, this has not been officially determined as the cause of the fire.[231] [232] In April 2021, another suspect, already arrested and charged for the murder of a woman, was charged with arson relating to the Markley Fire, one of the wildfires involving in the LNU Lightning Complex fires; according to authorities, the fire was set to cover up the aforementioned murder.[233] Arson has also been suspected as the cause of the Ranch 2 Fire in Los Angeles County.
Obstacles to fire control
Rumors about political extremist involvement
In Oregon, rumors spread that Antifa activists allegedly involved in arson and rioting accompanying the nearby George Floyd protests in Portland, Oregon, were deliberately setting fires and were preparing to loot property that was being evacuated. Some residents refused to evacuate based on the rumors. Authorities urged residents to ignore the rumors and follow evacuation orders, noting that firefighters' lives could be endangered rescuing those who remained.[234] QAnon followers participated in spreading the rumors, with one claim that six antifa activists had been arrested for setting fires specifically amplified by "Q", the anonymous person or people behind QAnon.[235] [236]
False rumors also circulated that members of far-right groups such as the Proud Boys had started some of the fires. However, authorities labelled the claims as false, saying that people needed to question claims they found on social media.[237]
There have been a number of arrests for arson surrounding the wildfires, but there is no indication that the incidents were connected to a mass arson campaign, according to multiple law enforcement officers.[238] [239] [240] For example, a man allegedly set fires in Glide, Oregon, after a Douglas Forest Protection Association member refused to give him a ride to town.
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic brought new challenges for firefighters fighting wildfires due to measures intended to reduce the transmission of the disease. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL Fire) implemented new protocols such as wearing face masks and maintaining social distancing while resting, and reducing the number of occupants in the pickup trucks used to transport firefighters.[241]
California relies heavily on inmate firefighters, with incarcerated people making up nearly a quarter of CAL FIRE's total workforce in 2018–2019.[242] Coronavirus measures within the prison system, such as early release and quarantine policies, have reduced the number of inmate firefighters available, necessitating the hiring of additional seasonal firefighters.[243]
Impacts
Fire
In Oregon, wildfires throughout the whole year, with most occurring in September, charred a record of 1000000acres, destroying a total of 4,800 structures, including 1,145 homes, and killing 9 people. The towns of Phoenix and Talent were mostly destroyed in the Almeda fire on September 8.[244] In Washington, 2020 wildfires burned 800000acres, with 418 structures, including 195 homes, burned. In California, about 3300000acres burned from wildfires in 2020, the highest burned acreage ever recorded in a fire season. About 2100000acres burned in the August lighting wildfires and 1000000acres more in September.[245] 4,200 structures were destroyed the whole year in California, and 25 people were killed.[246]
Smoke and air pollution
The fires resulted in worsened air pollution across much of the western U.S. and Canada, from Los Angeles to British Columbia. Alaska Airlines suspended its flights from Portland, Oregon, and Spokane, Washington, due to poor air quality.[247] Some cities in Oregon recorded air quality readings of over 500 on the AQI scale, while readings of over 200 were recorded in major cities.[248] Smoke from the fires were carried to the East Coast and Europe, causing yellowed skies but having little impact on air quality.[249]
The heavy smoke had resulted in several smoke-related incidents. In California, for example, a San Francisco resident was hiking through Yosemite National Park on September 5 when suddenly the sky turned a dark, ugly color and the temperature dropped greatly, reminiscent of a thunderstorm. Ash and smoke started falling, and this erratic weather was caused by the nearby Creek Fire.[250] In another incident, on September 14, an Oakland A's player was at a game at the Seattle Mariners' stadium, when suddenly in the middle of the game he started gasping for air.[251]
It is estimated that as many as 1,200 to 3,000 indirect deaths have been caused by the adverse effects of smoke inhalation.[252]
Red skies appeared over many cities over the West Coast, including on Orange Skies Day, due to smoke from the wildfires blocking lighter colors, created from light infraction.[253] Due to the complex oxidative chemistry occurring during the transport of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere,[254] the toxicity of emissions was suggested to increase over time.[255] [256]
Ecological effects
The unique sagebrush scrub habitat of the Columbia Basin in Washington was heavily affected by the fires, devastating populations of the endemic Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit and endangered, isolated populations of greater sage-grouse and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse. About half of the pygmy rabbit population and over 30-70% of the grouse population may have been lost to the fires, reversing decades of conservation work. Aside from climate change, the spread of the fires may have been assisted by the intrusion of invasive cheatgrass into the habitats. Fires in old-growth forests of Oregon may negatively affect the populations of the endangered northern spotted owl and pine marten, and the resulting ash from the fires may be washed into streams and threaten endangered salmon.[257] [258] Climate change also reduces the likelihood of forests re-establishing themselves after a fire.[259]
The Cassia Crossbill may lose half its population due to the pending consequences of the wildfires, one of which engulfed a large portion of the South Hills, one of the only two strongholds for the bird.[260]
See also
Other wildfires
General
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. December 2020. January 13, 2021. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events.
- 2020 National Large Incident Year-to-Date Report. Geographic Area Coordination Center. National Interagency Fire Center. December 21, 2020. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229021815/https://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/predictive/intelligence/NationalLargeIncidentYTDReport.pdf. December 29, 2020. dead.
- Web site: Fire Statistics . . September 3, 2020 . June 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200628081514/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/ . live .
- Web site: Officials identify pilot who died in helicopter crash while responding to Polles Fire . azcentral.com . Helena Wegner, Audrey Jensen, Perry Vandell . 5 May 2021.
- Web site: Reviewing the horrid global 2020 wildfire season . yaleclimateconnections.org . January 4, 2021 . Jeff Masters . 5 May 2021.
- Web site: 'Hidden cost' of wildfire smoke: Stanford researchers estimate up to 3,000 indirect deaths. September 25, 2020.
- News: Freedman . Andrew . Western wildfires: An 'unprecedented' climate change fueled event, experts say . September 11, 2020 . . September 11, 2020 . September 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200911225454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/09/11/western-wildfires-climate-change/ . live .
- News: Bacon . Duvernay . Bacon . John . 'I could never have envisioned this': At least 35 dead as nearly 100 wildfires continue to rage across 12 Western states . en-US . . . September 14, 2020 . September 14, 2020 . September 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114411/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/i-could-never-have-envisioned-this-at-least-35-dead-as-nearly-100-wildfires-continue-to-rage-across-12-western-states/ar-BB18ZJTe?ocid=msedgdhp . live .
- News: September 10, 2020. Historic Wildfires Rage in Western States. en-US. The New York Times. live. September 14, 2020. 0362-4331. September 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200912005412/https://www.nytimes.com/article/wildfires-photos-california-oregon-washington-state.html.
- https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/article/Are-climate-change-or-poor-forest-management-15564031.php Is climate change worsening California fires, or is it poor forest management? Both, experts say
- Encyclopedia: Indigenous Fire Stewardship. Climatically, there are fire-prone ecosystems on nearly every continent that evolved natural fire regimes regionally (Bond et al. 2005). Within many of the fire-prone ecosystems, Indigenous adaptations for burning and resultant cultural fire regimes, as coupled socio-ecological systems, reflected their need to "learn to live with fire" (Spies et al. 2014; McWethy et al 2013). Spatially, Indigenous fire stewardship practices had the highest influence around settlements, their wildland-urban interface (e.g., permanent villages, seasonal camps) and travel corridors (i.e., trails and roads) that linked with more intensively managed habitats containing food, material-fiber/basketry, wildlife/prey, and other desired resources (Turner et al. 2003). Frequent and diversified Indigenous burning coupled with natural ignitions reduced fuel loading, which often lowered the intensity and resultant severity of subsequent fires. As such, burning increased the proportion of fire-adapted vegetation (biodiversity) and heterogeneous habitats (mosaics) which greatly reduced the threat of and impacts of non-desired wildfires (Mistry et al. 2016). ... Indigenous knowledge is the broader aspects of individual, family, and community's cultural learning, understanding, and beliefs regarding metaphysical and biophysical relationships of people and their environment. Such knowledge encompasses a wide range of historical and contemporary relationships Indigenous peoples have with the world - including fire. / In Indigenous cultures, resilience is considered as a holistic concept - everything is related (Berkes and Ross 2003; Turner et al. 2003). Indigenous peoples believe they have a responsibility passed down from their Creator to be stewards of the land. In relation to wildland fire - physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health are tied to the health of the Earth. Many Indigenous cultures cannot be resilient without a healthy landscape to exercise cultural fire-related practices on.. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329202311/https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/58212. S. L.. Manzello. Christianson, A.C.. F.K.. Lake. Cham, Switzerland. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. 2019. 1–9. 10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_225-1. 978-3-319-51727-8. 199900451 . live.
- Web site: Tripp . Bill . Our land was taken. But we still hold the knowledge of how to stop mega-fires . The Guardian . September 16, 2020 . September 19, 2020 . September 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200918215436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/16/california-wildfires-cultural-burns-indigenous-people . live .
- Native Solutions to Big Fires: Cultural burning practices are working to reduce wildfires in northern Australia. Can they work in California, too? . Fuller . Thomas . January 24, 2020 . September 21, 2020 . live . California Today . The New York Times . Scholars have noted parallel experiences of Indigenous groups when they came into contact with European conquerors. Bans on burning came into force in both Australia and California after colonization, and natives were punished if they persisted in burning. This attitude toward fire was later manifested in public admonitions such as the Smokey Bear campaigns warning against setting wildfires. For more than a century, the policy of the United States has been to "eliminate every fire", said Leaf Hillman, a member of the Karuk tribe who is active in fire activities. "It's catching up with us now and we are paying the price for it." . March 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200312015019/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/us/native-american-controlled-burns-california-wildfires.html .
- Web site: The Karuk's Innate Relationship with Fire: Adapting to Climate Change on the Klamath U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit. 2020-09-26. toolkit.climate.gov. en.
- Web site: Cabrera . Yvette . With wildfires on the rise, indigenous fire management is poised to make a comeback . January 31, 2020 . September 21, 2020 . September 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919055029/https://grist.org/justice/with-wildfires-on-the-rise-indigenous-fire-management-is-poised-to-make-a-comeback/ . live .
- Web site: The Ecological Benefits of Fire . 2023-10-19 . education.nationalgeographic.org . en.
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- Web site: Daniels. Jeff. California Gov. Gavin Newsom declares state of emergency due to increased wildfire risk. CNBC. March 22, 2019. March 22, 2020. August 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231206/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/california-governor-to-declare-state-of-emergency-due-to-wildfire-risk.html. live.
- News: KCPQ. Tacoma. Washington, Oregon expected to have worst fire season in the country. May 19, 2020. September 13, 2020. May 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200529175843/https://q13fox.com/2020/05/19/washington-oregon-expected-to-have-worst-fire-season-in-the-country/. live.
- Web site: Roach. John. What's expected for the 2020 California wildfire season?. AccuWeather. May 26, 2020. July 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705122854/https://www.accuweather.com/en/severe-weather/whats-expected-for-the-2020-california-wildfire-season/745087. live.
- News: KING-TV. Seattle. Burn ban issued for all 12 million acres of Washington state's DNR land. July 28, 2020. September 13, 2020. August 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200816102132/https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/wildfire/burn-ban-washington-state-dnr-land/281-52c49835-34f1-4ab7-be37-3c7c5194d09d. live.
- Web site: Burn Restrictions Effective Thursday. Mason Web TV. Hood Canal Communications. August 21, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114415/http://masonwebtv.com/archives/40202. live.
- Web site: Fire Marshal issues burn ban for unincorporated areas in King County. King County, Washington. press release. August 21, 2020. August 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806210006/https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/local-services/news/2020/20200727-burn-ban.aspx. live.
- Web site: official website. Whatcom County, Washington Fire Marshal. Burn Ban Restrictions Effective 8:00am, Monday, July 27, 2020. September 13, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114415/https://www.whatcomcounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/49092/July-17-2020-Burn-Ban-Press-Release. live.
- News: The Olympian. Olympia, Washington. Thurston County burn ban in effect through September. July 18, 2020. Gentzler. Sara. September 14, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114423/https://www.theolympian.com/news/local/article244308602.html. live.
- Web site: Outdoor burning. Pierce County, WA - Fire Prevention Bureau. August 21, 2020. August 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807031230/https://www.co.pierce.wa.us/982/Outdoor-Burning. live.
- Web site: Oregon fire season opens statewide. August 3, 2020. Herald and News. en. July 5, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114416/https://www.heraldandnews.com/coronavirus/oregon-fire-season-opens-statewide/article_c38f1197-20e6-5a2f-afa4-74e2a05cf307.html. live.
- News: Looking ahead to Washington's summer: Hotter and drier than normal, with a wildfire threat. Dyer Oxley. KUOW-FM. Seattle. April 16, 2020. September 13, 2020. April 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200420113527/https://kuow.org/stories/looking-ahead-to-washington-s-summer-hotter-and-drier-than-normal. live.
- Web site: Oregon fire season opens statewide. August 3, 2020. Herald and News. en. July 5, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114416/https://www.heraldandnews.com/coronavirus/oregon-fire-season-opens-statewide/article_c38f1197-20e6-5a2f-afa4-74e2a05cf307.html. live.
- Web site: official website. Whatcom County, Washington Fire Marshal. Burn Ban Restrictions Effective 8:00am, Monday, July 27, 2020. September 13, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114415/https://www.whatcomcounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/49092/July-17-2020-Burn-Ban-Press-Release. live.
- News: KING-TV. Seattle. Colockum Fire in Chelan County 80% contained, level 3 evacuations have been lifted. September 13, 2020. August 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031527/https://www.king5.com/article/news/level-2-evacuations-brush-fire-chelan-county/293-fd02ba44-6356-40b2-b514-005159f68cb0. live.
- News: Team reports firefighters working on mop up, Greenhouse Fire 74 percent contained. Tribal Tribune. September 13, 2020. September 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200914114418/http://www.tribaltribune.com/news/article_9633d43e-d1ce-11ea-a2d9-235c4d79d1e0.html. live.
- News: KHQ-TV. Spokane. Greenhouse Fire near Nespelem now 74% contained. July 29, 2020. September 13, 2020. August 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193732/https://www.khq.com/news/greenhouse-fire-near-nespelem-now-74-contained/article_92244afc-cd43-11ea-9b34-d37dedfab38a.html. live.
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- Web site: Coronavirus Depletes CA Inmate Firefighter Workforce . September 16, 2020 . September 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200925184215/https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/weather/2020/08/21/inmate-firefighters-sidelined-in-california . live .
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- News: Oregon fires update: 9 killed, 4,800 structures lost; Camp Sherman evacuation levels lifted . September 21, 2020 . . September 19, 2020.
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- News: Fitzsimons . Tim . Man, woman who died in California fires were ready to flee but stayed because of 'erroneous information' . September 16, 2020 . . September 16, 2020 . September 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200916210249/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/man-woman-who-died-california-fires-were-ready-flee-stayed-n1240200 . live .
- News: Fedschun . Travis . Alaska Airlines suspends Portland, Spokane flights due to wildfire smoke . September 17, 2020 . . September 15, 2020 . September 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200916232847/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/alaska-airlines-portland-oregon-wildfire-smoke-spokane-flights-suspended . live .
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