2020 Petrinja earthquake explained

2020 Petrinja earthquake
Native Name:Potres u Petrinji 2020.
Native Name Lang:hr
Casualties:7 dead, 26 injured
Aftershocks:Numerous
Largest: at 17:01 UTC, 6 January 2021
Foreshocks:3 with a or greater
Largest: at 05:28 UTC, 28 December 2020
Pga:0.4 g
Damages:5–5.5 billion euros
Affected:Croatia (Sisak-Moslavina County, Karlovac County, Zagreb County, City of Zagreb)
Northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina
Slovenia
Southern Hungary
Type:Strike-slip
Magnitude:6.4
6.2
Duration:26 seconds
Local-Time:12:19 p.m. CET (UTC+1)
Local-Date:29 December 2020
Anss-Url:us6000d3zh
Isc-Event:621237334
Timestamp:2020-12-29 11:19:54
Location:45.4002°N 16.2187°W
Engvar:en-UK
Citations:[1] [2] [3] [4]

At 12:19 PM CET (11:19 UTC) on 29 December 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 (6.2) hit central Croatia, with an epicenter located roughly west-southwest of Petrinja.[1] The maximum felt intensity was estimated at VIII (Heavily damaging) to IX (Destructive) on the European macroseismic scale.[2] Before this event there were three foreshocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 on the day before. The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 4.9 .

The adversely affected areas were mostly in the Sisak-Moslavina County and other nearby Croatian counties, as well as some of the nearby areas of Bosnia and Slovenia. There were seven confirmed deaths, and 26 people were injured.

Tectonic setting

The epicenter is located in a hilly area just south of the Kupa-Sava alluvial plain, with the Zrinska gora mountain and the rest of the Dinaric Alps to the south.

The Pokuplje seismic area follows the Kupa river valley from Karlovac to Sisak. This area has been affected by several historical earthquakes, the best known being the major event in 1909 with the epicenter near Pokupsko, with aftershocks that continued into 1910. It had a maximum felt intensity of VIII on the MCS scale. This seismicity has been associated with reactivation of northwest–southeast trending normal faults that form the southwestern boundary of the Pannonian Basin.[5] [6]

The last earthquake on the territory of Croatia that had a magnitude of 6.0 was in Ston in 1996. In 1969, the fault system which extends from Jastrebarsko over this area towards Banja Luka had a 6.6 earthquake which hit the latter city, and that one was also preceded by significant foreshocks one day earlier. In 1880, a 6.3 struck north-east of Zagreb. In March 2020, a 5.5 earthquake struck the city of Zagreb.[7]

Earthquake

The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.4  and a depth of 10km (10miles) according to Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS)[1] and European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC),[8] while the Seismological Survey of Croatia recorded 6.2 . The maximum felt intensity was VIII (heavily damaging) to IX (destructive) on the European macroseismic scale (EMS)[2] and IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MMI).

The location and depth of this event show that it was an intraplate earthquake that occurred as a result of shallow strike-slip faulting within the Eurasian Plate. The calculated focal mechanism for the event indicates that rupture occurred on a nearly vertical fault striking either to the southeast or southwest.

The Croatian Seismological Survey estimated the earthquake's epicentre at 45.4002°N 16.2187°W (45.4002, 16.2187),[3] [4] located near the village of Strašnik, within the town of Petrinja.[9]

The earthquake was felt throughout northern Croatia, as well as in large parts of Slovenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Italy, as well as in some parts of Montenegro, Germany, and the Czech Republic.[8]

Modified Mercalli intensities in selected locations[10]
Locations
Cepeliš
Petrinja, Sisak, Budaševo
Orešje, Pokupsko, Zaprešić
Zagreb
Varaždin, Banja Luka
Munich
Rome, Belgrade, Budapest, Vienna

Foreshocks

Three foreshocks had hit the same area the day before, estimated by the CSS at magnitudes 5.0, 4.7 and 4.1 respectively.[11]

Foreshocks of 4.0 or greater
DateTime (UTC)MMMIDepth
05:28 5.2 VI 10km (10miles) [12]
06:49 4.7 VI 10km (10miles) [13]

Aftershocks

There were 16 aftershocks 3.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor according to CSS.[3]

Aftershocks of 3.0 or greater (those registered by the USGS)
DateTime (UTC)MMMIDepth
12:34 4.4 VI 10km (10miles) [14]
05:15 4.8 V 10km (10miles) [15]
05:26 4.7 IV 10km (10miles) [16]
31 December08:153.7 V10km (10miles)[17]
2 January18:003.4 III9.3km (05.8miles)[18]
4 January06:494.4 III10km (10miles)[19]
5 January06:113.3 II10km (10miles)[20]
6 January17:014.9 V10km (10miles)[21]
7 January11:064.0 III9.9km (06.2miles)[22]
9 January21:294.8 VI8.7km (05.4miles)[23]
10 January23:283.8 IV9.6km (06miles)[24]
15 January12:014.4 II10km (10miles)[25]
24 February09:583.9 IV10km (10miles)[26]
3 March04:374.2 III10.9km (06.8miles)[27]
6 April08:544.6 III10km (10miles)[28]
1 August23:274.1 IV10km (10miles)[29]
16 August23:584.6 V10km (10miles)[30]

Damage

The town of Petrinja was the worst affected, with many buildings collapsed and a major power outage. Damage and power outages were also reported in Dvor, Glina, Gvozd, Hrvatska Kostajnica, Kutina, Sisak, Sunja, Topusko, Velika Gorica, and Zagreb, as well as the neighbouring countries Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia.

The total damage was estimated by World Bank consultants in cooperation with the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Regional Development and EU Funds. The total damage is estimated at 5 billion euros and may eventually increase to 5.5 billion euros.[31]

Sisak-Moslavina County

In Petrinja, the town closest to the epicenter, almost all houses were damaged.[32] The whole town centre was heavily damaged.[33] One elementary school was damaged.[34] Roofs of the town hall and the Church of Saint Lawrence were destroyed.[35] The entire village of Brest Pokupski near Petrinja was heavily damaged.

The city of Sisak, located roughly 20km (10miles) northeast of the epicenter, suffered major damage to its hospital, as well as its city hall. Despite the damage, the hospital was not shut down.[36] [37] Most damage was inflicted on old buildings in the center of the town. It is estimated that between 700 and 1,000 houses were damaged in Sisak and nearby villages.

In the village of Strašnik where the epicenter was located, as well as in the nearby village of Sibić, almost all houses were damaged. Part of the villages' populations were evacuated and tents with food and water were set up.

Majske Poljane is the village that suffered the most damage from the earthquake; all buildings were damaged and many collapsed. It is also the place with the largest number of deaths, out of seven total fatalities five were in Majske Poljane.[38]

In Žažina, one church collapsed, injuring three and killing one other person.[39]

Cover collapse sinkholes have started appearing since the earthquake near the villages of Mečenčani and Borojevići. As of March 2021, there were over 90 of them, some endangering homes. The largest hole was deep and in diameter. While this area lies on karstic bedrock covered by a layer of proluvial soil and is ordinarily prone to occasional sinkholes, the quantity, size and location of the sinkholes has prompted the authorities to consider evacuating the villages. According to the geophysicists, the earthquake likely disrupted the underground water currents, accelerating the natural karstification.[40] [41] State company Hrvatske vode began remedying the sinkholes, but as of December 2021, new sinkholes were still appearing.[42] [43]

Zagreb County and City of Zagreb

In Pokupsko, which is roughly 20km (10miles) northwest of the epicenter, many buildings were damaged including a school, a kindergarten and an 18th-century church.[44]

In the town of Zaprešić, which is roughly 60km (40miles) north-northwest of the epicenter, four residential buildings sustained damage, forcing more than 80 families to leave the town.[45]

The city of Zagreb, which is roughly 50km (30miles) to the north of the epicenter, was affected with some building damage, power outages, and many residents taking to the streets in distress.[46]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Buildings were damaged in multiple towns across northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Una-Sana Canton and northern Republika Srpska, which are roughly between 30km (20miles) and 90km (60miles) southwest, south, and southeast of the epicenter. Towns which were damaged include Velika Kladuša, Bihać, Cazin, Kozarska Dubica, and Kostajnica, which suffered the most damage from the earthquake. In Kostajnica, a state of emergency was declared, the earthquake caused six conflagrations, and many buildings were damaged, including the town hall, which was declared out of function.[47]

Slovenia

Buildings were damaged in several areas and towns, mostly near the Slovenia–Croatia border. People reported damage to facades, roofs, and chimneys from the southeastern towns of Krško and Brežice and the old town of Kostanjevica na Krki, which lie roughly 70km (40miles) northwest of the epicenter. The Krško Nuclear Plant automatically shut down and was later systematically reviewed, with no damage reported. In northeastern Slovenia, roughly 125km (78miles) north-northwest of the epicenter, there were power and telecommunication outages in the area of its central town of Maribor, the municipal building in nearby Ptuj was damaged, and there was damage to the church in Sveta Trojica. In Ljubljana, the capital, a session of Parliament had to be stopped, and the interior of the Parliament building incurred minor damage. No injuries were recorded in the country.[48]

Hungary

The quake was also felt strongly in many parts of Hungary.[49] However, there was only limited damage recorded. In an old house in Egervár, small cracks appeared and plaster fell.[49] In counties such as Baranya, Zala, Somogy and Tolna, damage consisted of fallen plaster, cracked walls and ceilings, broken windows and, toppled chimneys.[50] Damage in the country is said to have exceeded 100 million forints.[50]

Austria

The quake was felt throughout Austria.[51] Like in Hungary, limited damage was also observed, mostly in the form of cracks on walls and plaster.[51] In Austria, the quake was felt with a maximum intensity of IV (Largely observed) to V (Strong) on the European macroseismic scale.[51]

Italy

Like with other countries, damage in Italy was limited, but in Trieste, near the border with Slovenia and Croatia, some buildings cracked.[52]

Casualties

A total of 26 people were injured, with six having serious injuries. Initial reports showed many buildings destroyed in Petrinja.[53]

A 13-year-old girl died and at least 20 others were injured in Petrinja. The town's mayor, Darinko Dumbović, was quoted stating that half of the town was destroyed.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] A 20-year-old man and his father were killed when their house collapsed in Majske Poljane near Glina. Three other people were later found dead in the same village.[61] [62] Majske Poljane was the hardest hit of all the settlements affected by the earthquake. One person was later found dead in Žažina after the local church collapsed.[63]

On 3 January 2021, a volunteer rescue worker fell to his death from a building while he was repairing damage from the earthquake.[64] Another worker died on 20 January, after a wall collapsed onto him while he was repairing a house in Sisak.[65]

International reactions

Countries

International organizations

Aftermath

The earthquake prompted a preventive shutdown of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant in Slovenia, roughly 100km (100miles) away.[86] [87] The Paks Nuclear Power Plant in Hungary, roughly 300km (200miles) away, also felt the earthquake, but did not cease electricity production.[88]

On 30 December, restrictions on entering and leaving the country were lifted for humanitarian purposes and for earthquake victims.[89] The e-pass system due to COVID-19 which was in place since late December was also cancelled for the same reasons.[90] The tolls on the A11 motorway connecting the region to Zagreb were temporarily lifted. Travel on the motorway remained free as of April 2021.[91]

Croatia declared 2 January 2021 a national day of mourning in honor of the victims of this earthquake.[92]

The first multidisciplinary scientific paper on Petrinja 2020 earthquake was published in Remote Sensing journal in March 2021.[93]

By the end of 2021, the state authorities in Croatia were still failing to significantly advance reconstruction of numerous towns and villages. Humanitarians like Branka Bakšić Mitić, who is also vice-mayor of Glina, kept informing media of terrible living conditions and despair of people of living in the area.[94]

On 11 January 2023, Prime Minister of Croatia Andrej Plenković announced that he will dismiss Ivan Paladina, Minister of Construction, Spatial Planning and State Property and Gordan Hanžek, Director of the Central State Office for Reconstruction and Housing, citing the need to greatly accelerate the reconstruction process.[95]

See also

Notes and References

  1. 29 December 2020 . cs1 .
  2. Web site: . 29 December 2020 . Razoran potres kod Petrinje . Destructive earthquake near Petrinja . 29 December 2020 . hr.
  3. Web site: Obavijesti o potresima kod Petrinje . 29 December 2020 . hr . Information on earthquakes near Petrinja . . 30 December 2020.
  4. Web site: . 31 December 2020 . 3 January 2021 . hr . Potresi kod Petrinje u razdoblju od 28.12.2020. u 06:28 do 31.12.2020. u 17:00 . Earthquakes near Petrinja in the period between 2020-12-28 06:28 and 2020-12-31 17:00 .
  5. Book: Markušić, Snježana . Earthquake Monitoring and Seismic Hazard Mitigation in Balkan Countries . Seismicity of Croatia . 87 . NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences . Eystein S. . Husebye . January 2008 . 81 . 10.1007/978-1-4020-6815-7_5. 978-1-4020-6813-3 .
  6. Herak . Davorka . Herak . Marijan . Tomljenović . Bruno . 2009 . Seismicity and earthquake focal mechanisms in North-Western Croatia . Tectonophysics . 465 . 1–4 . 215 . 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.12.005. 2009Tectp.465..212H .
  7. Web site: 'Danas se treslo 60 puta jače od jučer: Ovo nije isto kao ZG potres, u Petrinji se ponovila Banja Luka' . hr. ‘Today it shook 60 times stronger than yesterday: This is not the same as the Zagreb earthquake, the Banja Luka earthquake happened in Petrinja’ . Jutarnji List . Tanja . Rudež . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
  8. News: Earthquake, Magnitude 6.4 - CROATIA - 2020 December 29, 11:19:54 UTC. en. EMSC-CSEM. 29 December 2020.
  9. Web site: Prerad . Danijel . Naš reporter uživo se javio iz okolice Petrinje: Srušene kuće, ljudi uplašeni, stalno trese . . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
  10. Web site: 2022-02-16. PAGER. en. USGS. 2022-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20220218051051/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/product/losspager/us6000d3zh/us/1615011185662/onepager.pdf. 18 February 2022. live.
  11. Web site: Rogulj . Danijel . 5.2 Magnitude Earthquake Rocks Central Croatia (& Update on Aftershocks) . Total-croatia-news.com . 29 December 2020 . 28 December 2020 . 28 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201228081704/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/news/49158-earthquake-rocks-zagreb . dead .
  12. Web site: M 5.2 - 8 km W of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 30 December 2020.
  13. Web site: M 4.7 - 4 km SSE of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 30 December 2020.
  14. Web site: M 4.4 - 9 km WNW of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 30 December 2020.
  15. Web site: M 4.8 - 9 km WNW of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 30 December 2020.
  16. Web site: M 4.7 - 6 km SSW of Lekenik, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 30 December 2020.
  17. Web site: M 3.7 - 7 km SSW of Lekenik, Croatia. 31 December 2020. USGS-ANSS.
  18. Web site: M 3.4 - 3 km W of Petrinja, Croatia. 3 January 2021. USGS-ANSS.
  19. Web site: M 4.4 - 5 km W of Petrinja, Croatia. 4 January 2021. USGS-ANSS.
  20. Web site: M 3.3 - 1 km WNW of Petrinja, Croatia. 5 January 2021. USGS-ANSS.
  21. Web site: M 4.9 - 6 km WSW of Petrinja, Croatia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106173822/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d66s/executive . 6 January 2021 . 2021-01-06. earthquake.usgs.gov.
  22. Web site: M 4.0 - 5 km NW of Petrinja, Croatia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108132434/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d6ff/executive . 8 January 2021 . 2021-01-07. earthquake.usgs.gov.
  23. Web site: M 4.8 - 2 km SSE of Petrinja, Croatia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210111225620/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d73g/executive . 11 January 2021 . 2021-01-10. earthquake.usgs.gov.
  24. Web site: M 3.8 - 7 km WNW of Petrinja, Croatia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210331071057/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000d7bt/executive . 31 March 2021 . 2021-01-11. earthquake.usgs.gov.
  25. Web site: M 4.4 - 8 km ESE of Lasinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 19 January 2021.
  26. Web site: M 3.9 - 3 km W of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 3 March 2021.
  27. Web site: M 4.2 - 12 km NNW of Glina, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 3 March 2021.
  28. Web site: M 4.6 - 15 km NW of Dobrljin, Bosnia and Herzegovina . earthquake.usgs.gov . 6 April 2021.
  29. Web site: M 4.1 - 7 km N of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 2 August 2021.
  30. Web site: M 4.6 - 1 km W of Petrinja, Croatia . earthquake.usgs.gov . 17 August 2021.
  31. Web site: Jutarnji list - Procijenjena je šteta nastala u potresu na Baniji, upola je manja od one u Zagrebu. www.jutarnji.hr . 13 March 2021. Croatian. 13 March 2021.
  32. Web site: U ponedjeljak navečer slabiji potres kod Velike Gorice, u Sisku i okolici oštećeno između 700 i 1000 kuća . 29 December 2020 . www.vecernji.hr . hr.
  33. Web site: 28 December 2020. Jutarnji list - Jutarnji u mjestu kod samog epicentra potresa: 'Gotovo da nema kuće koja nije stradala...'. 29 December 2020. www.jutarnji.hr. hr.
  34. News: Oštećena je osnovna škola u Petrinji, ravnatelj: Samo sam ja u školi. Sad čekamo procjenu. 29 December 2020. 24sata. hr.
  35. News: 'Nije dobro. Okolica Petrinje teško je stradala, tamo je loše'. 29 December 2020. 24sata. hr.
  36. News: Velike štete i u Sisku, bolnica je teško stradala, gradonačelnica se slomila: 'Potreseni smo' . hr. . Great damage also in Sisak, hospital badly damaged, mayor breaks down: 'We are shaken' . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020 .
  37. Web site: M6.4 Earthquake Hits Croatia - Dec. 29, 2020 potres u Petrinji - YouTube. www.youtube.com.
  38. Web site: 29 December 2020 . Dogradonačelnica Gline: Majske Poljane najteže stradale; još vade ljude iz ruševina, gotovo sve kuće su pogođene . 29 December 2020 . direktno.hr . hr . 30 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201230173618/https://direktno.hr/domovina/dogradonacelnica-gline-majske-poljane-najteze-stradale-jos-vade-ljude-iz-rusevina-gotovo-sve-kuce-su-218865/ . dead .
  39. Web site: VIDEO Tijelo muškarca pronađeno usred javljanja uživo, tragičan kraj potrage u ruševinama crkve . 29 December 2020 . Dnevnik.hr . hr.
  40. Web site: Simičević . Vedrana . The Croatian village where the land became 'Swiss cheese' . . 14 April 2022 . en . 5 July 2021.
  41. Bačić . Mario . Kovačević . Meho Saša . Librić . Lovorka . Žužul . Petra . Sinkholes induced by the Petrinja M6.2 earthquake and guidelines for their remediation . 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering 1CroCEE 2021 . 22-24 March 2021 . 341–351 . 10.5592/CO/1CroCEE.2021.237 . 9789538168475 . 236758582 . 14 April 2022 . en.
  42. Web site: Sanacija vrtača na Banovini bliži se kraju . Sinkhole remediation in Banovina is close to completion . N1 . 14 April 2022 . hr . 6 November 2021.
  43. Web site: Godinu dana nakon potresa i dalje se otvaraju ogromne vrtače na Baniji . A year after the earthquake, new sinkholes are still opening up in Banija . N1 . 14 April 2022 . hr . 29 December 2021.
  44. Web site: Epicentar potresa u Pokupskom. Načelnik: Ljudi su istrčali van, u strahu su. Bio je jači nego onaj zagrebački. 29 December 2020 . www.vecernji.hr . hr.
  45. Web site: Potres je oštetio i Zaprešić; Turk: 81 obitelj je iseljena, a šteta se mjeri u stotinama milijuna kuna. 3 January 2021.
  46. News: . . Oštećenja diljem Zagreba, potpuni kaos na cestama, nema dojava o stradalim ljudima . hr . Damage throughout Zagreb, total chaos on the streets, no reports of casualties . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
  47. Web site: Teške posledice zemljotresa u Bosni i Hercegovini . 29 December 2020 . N1 Srbija . sr-latn . 29 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201229170722/http://rs.n1info.com/Region/a688885/Teske-posledice-zemljotresa-u-Bosni-i-Hercegovini.html . dead .
  48. News: Poškodbe na fasadah, strehah in dimnikih, kosi ometa padali tudi v predsedniški palači . sl . Damage to Facades, Roofs, and Chimneys, Plaster Parts Also Fell Off the Presidential Palace . MMC RTV Slovenija . 29 December 2020.
  49. News: 6,4-es erősségű földrengés volt Zágrábtól délre, Magyarországon is érezni lehetett . hu . There was a magnitude 6.4 earthquake south of Zagreb, and it was also felt in Hungary . . 29 December 2020.
  50. News: A horvát földrengés Magyarországon is százmilliós kárt okozott . hu . The Croatian earthquake also caused damage of hundreds of millions in Hungary . . 31 December 2020.
  51. News: Erdbeben im Dezember 2020 . de . December 2020 earthquake . . 4 January 2021.
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  53. Web site: Snažan potres magnitude 6,2 pogodio Petrinju, prizori su dramatični, jako se tresao i Zagreb . . 29 December 2020 . hr . 29 December 2020.
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  58. News: Hrvaško zjutraj streslo več novih potresov, manj silovitih kot v torek. sl.
  59. News: "Many injured" as strong earthquake strikes Croatia, Slovenia shuts power nuclear plant as precaution. en. Reuters. 29 December 2020.
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  61. News: Pet žrtava potresa: Preminulo je još četvero ljudi kraj Gline! . hr. . Five victims during earthquake: four dead in Glina. 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
  62. News: Deseci ozlijeđenih, druga žrtva potresa je mladić kod Gline. Na više lokacija tragaju za ljudima . . 29 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
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  67. Edi Rama . ediramaal . 1344240322629558275 . Just signed the Government of Albania decree to donate 250k EURO to brotherly Croatia to help the rebirth of Petrinja after the devastating #earthquake! #Croatia is an example of resilience and a role model for us in its amazing transformation in a proud EU country .
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