2020–21 United States election protests explained

2020–21 United States election protests
Image Upright:1.35
Date:November 4, 2020 – April 11, 2021
Causes:False claims of electoral fraud made by Donald Trump[1] [2] [3] [4]
Goals:Overturn 2020 presidential election results[5]
Methods:
Result:
Arrests:1,000+[12] [13] [14]

Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic Party challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on November 3, 2020. Biden won the election, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3%) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.9%)[15] [16] and winning the Electoral College by 306 to 232.[17] Biden's victory became clear on November 7, after the ballots (including mail-in ballots) had been tabulated.[18] The Electoral College voted on December 14, in accordance with law, formalizing Biden's victory.[17]

Before and after the election, Trump, his presidential campaign, and his allies challenged the legitimacy of the election and falsely claimed widespread electoral fraud.[19] Trump and his allies filed dozens of legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges from across the political spectrum, in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself. The courts found that his claims had no factual or legal basis.[20] [21] His unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.[22]

Pro-Trump protesters, including groups such as the Proud Boys, engaged in multiple demonstrations in Washington, D.C., state capitols, and other locations nationwide protesting the election results and echoing Trump's claims of election fraud.[5] In November and December 2020, there were nighttime clashes and street scuffles in Washington, D.C. between Trump supporters who refused to accept the president's defeat, including the Proud Boys, and counterprotesters.[5] [23] [24]

On January 6—the day when Congress formally counts the electoral votes—Trump supporters gathered for the "Save America" rally where attendees heard speeches from President Trump and his personal lawyer, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani. Before the speeches were over, a mob of protesters marched on Congress and stormed the Capitol building.[25] Congress was in session at the time, certifying the Electoral College vote count. Several buildings in the U.S. Capitol complex were evacuated, and protesters broke past security to enter the U.S. Capitol building, including National Statuary Hall.[26] [27] All buildings in the Capitol complex were subsequently locked down.[28] There was reportedly an armed standoff at the doors to the House chambers,[29] [30] one person was shot within the Capitol building, and one Capitol Police officer died after having a stroke the next day.[31] [32] At least two improvised explosive devices were found.[33] [34]

In the aftermath of the storming of the U.S. Capitol, at least 36 House Democrats called for Trump's immediate impeachment and removal by Congress.[35] [36] State-level officials including Maryland Lieutenant Governor Boyd Rutherford supported impeachment,[37] and representatives called on Vice President Mike Pence to remove Trump via the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[38] [39] Trump continued to face backlash in the days following and, due to his use of social media to encourage his supporters' protests and violence, was eventually restricted or banned from most online platforms including YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and his preferred Twitter.[40] [41]

Armed supporters of Trump have continued protesting in the aftermath of the storming of the US Capitol.[42] In the lead-up to the inauguration ceremony for President Biden, thousands of National Guard troops were dispatched to the capital, with up to 25,000 present on inauguration day.[43]

Causes

In remarks from the White House in the early hours of November 4, President Donald Trump alleged, without presenting evidence, that "fraud" was being committed during vote counting efforts[44] and remarked, "We will win this. As far as I'm concerned, we already have won."[45] Some major networks conducted live fact-checking and interrupted the president's speech while others offered uninterrupted coverage.[46] Former White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon suggested that Trump begin his second term of office by ordering the executions of Dr. Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher A. Wray as "a warning to federal bureaucrats".[47] [48]

Political observers had suggested the possibility of a contested election and premature claim of victory by Trump in the months before of the election. This expectation was based on the likelihood that initial votes counted on election night would skew heavily Republican while mail-in ballots would skew heavily Democratic, a blue shift that became more favorable to Biden as more votes were counted and could be misrepresented as fraudulent.[49]

Pro-Trump protests

See also: Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump. Pro-Trump events related to the election outcome have taken place around the country beginning on November 4.

November 2020

November 4

November 5

November 6

November 7

November 8

November 14

November 15

November 18

November 21

November 22

November 26

December 2020

December 5

December 12

December 19

January 2021

January 4

January 5

January 6 – Washington D.C.

See main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack and Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. On January 6, the protesters planned to march to the United States Capitol.[95] President Donald Trump supported the planned protest via tweets.[96] [97] Mayor Bowser asked residents not participating in the protests to "avoid confrontations with anybody who's looking for a fight".[98] [99]

A crowd of several thousand first listened to a speech by Trump, in which he repeated his claims that the election had been stolen and said, "We will never give up. We will never concede.... Our country has had enough. We're not going to take it anymore." He urged them to march on the Capitol to "peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard" but also to "show strength".[100]

Many listeners then marched on the Capitol, where they breached the barricades, broke windows, and stormed inside the Capitol building. They marched through Statuary Hall.[101] Rioters invaded the offices of Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls; there was looting in the Capitol.[102] [103]

The Capitol was locked down, the Senate and House recessed from their discussions about the electoral count, and Vice President Pence was "whisked away" from the chamber.[104] [105] Members of Congress were told to put on gas masks after law enforcement began using tear gas within the building. ABC News reported shooting in the Capitol building and an armed standoff at the front door of the House chambers.[106] [107] The New York Times also said police drew their guns inside the House of Representatives chamber.[108]

Multiple officers were injured in the mob violence at the Capitol.[109] [110] One died the following day, and another committed suicide over the following weekend. A woman was shot inside the Capitol by a Capitol Police officer while climbing through a broken window into the Speaker's Lobby - she later died.[111] At least one improvised explosive device was found on Capitol grounds, and another just blocks away at the headquarters of the Republican Party.

In the aftermath of the storming of the US Capitol, more than 250[112] members of Congress called for Trump's immediate impeachment and removal by Congress, or by invoking the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[113] [114] State-level officials who have described Trump's conduct as impeachable include Maryland Lieutenant Governor Boyd Rutherford.

Congresswoman Cori Bush introduced a resolution to investigate and expel Republican House members who had supported challenging election results, asserting they had broken their oath of office.[115], the resolution was still waiting to be voted on.[116]

January 6 – state capitols and cities

A number of states experienced demonstrations and armed protests at state capitols or in the streets on January 6, numbering in dozens to hundreds of participants. Precautionary measures, such as closures of state capitols and evacuation of members and staff, were taken in several of the states in response to the events in Washington D.C.[117] [118] In some states the events were marked by incidents or particular security concerns.

Pro-Trump events were held without incident in Indiana,[132] Minnesota,[133] Nevada,[134] Nebraska,[135] Ohio,[136] Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[137]

January 9

January 17

See main article: 2021 United States inauguration week protests. The FBI reported that protests were being planned for all U.S. state capitols (and Washington) likely January 16–20, the 17th being symbolic to QAnon and the 20th Inauguration Day.[139] [140] Substantial security preparations were undertaken to protect the United States Capitol, state capitols, and other locations from potential threats, and the protests occurred only in about a dozen states, featuring a small number of participants.

February 2021

March 2021

April 2021

Anti-Trump protests

See also: Protests against Donald Trump.

November 2020

November 4

November 5

November 8

Anti-Trump and anti-Biden

November 2020

January 2021

January 20

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. News: Vote counts push Biden closer to victory as Trump alleges election being 'stolen' . 6 November 2020 . Reuters . November 5, 2020.
  2. News: Facebook group pushing false claim of stolen U.S. election rapidly gains 325,000 members . Reuters . Reuters . November 5, 2020.
  3. News: Facebook Imposes Limits on Election Content, Bans 'Stop the Steal' Group . Wall Street Journal . November 5, 2020.
  4. News: McCluskey . Megan. Facebook Shuts Down Large Pro-Trump 'Stop the Steal' Group for Spreading Election Misinformation and Calling for Violence . TIME . November 5, 2020.
  5. Jonathan Landay & Timothy Gardner, Pro-Trump protests decry president's election loss, opposing groups clash in Washington (December 12, 2020).
  6. Web site: Pipe bombs defused at party headquarters. WCVB. January 7, 2021. January 7, 2021.
  7. Web site: Ilhan Omar drawing up impeachment articles as seven Dems call for Trump's removal . The Independent . 7 January 2021 . en . 6 January 2021.
  8. Web site: Trump finally acknowledges his electoral defeat – amid growing talk of ouster from office. Chicago Tribune. Jonathan. Lemire. Zeke. Miller. January 7, 2020. January 8, 2020.
  9. News: Twitter permanently suspends Trump from its platform, citing 'risk of further incitement of violence' . January 8, 2021 . KWWL . January 8, 2021 . . January 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193800/https://kwwl.com/2021/01/08/twitter-permanently-suspends-trump-from-its-platform-citing-risk-of-further-incitement-of-violence/ . dead.
  10. News: WSJ News Exclusive | Stripe Stops Processing Payments for Trump Campaign Website. AnnaMaria. Andriotis. Peter. Rudegeair. Emily. Glazer. Wall Street Journal. January 10, 2021. January 11, 2021. www.wsj.com.
  11. News: U.S. House Democrats to introduce Trump impeachment article on Monday. Reuters. January 9, 2021. January 11, 2021. www.reuters.com.
  12. News: Chappell . Bill . 'Count Every Vote!' Large Postelection Protests Seen In Several U.S. Cities . NPR . November 5, 2020 . 25 January 2021 . en.
  13. Web site: Police arrest 11 in Portland, 50 in New York over U.S. election protests. Global News. November 6, 2020. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105115410/https://globalnews.ca/news/7443873/us-election-portland-new-york-arrest/. live.
  14. Web site: Farivar . Masood . Arrests Mount in US Capitol Riot With Nearly 300 Suspects Identified Voice of America – English . VOA News . January 15, 2021 . 25 January 2021 . en.
  15. News: Presidential Election Results . . December 11, 2020 . December 11, 2020.
  16. News: 2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map . . December 10, 2020 . December 11, 2020.
  17. News: . December 14, 2020 . Josh . Holder . Trip . Gabriel . Trip Gabriel . Isabella Grullón . Paz . Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official .
  18. (1) DecisionDeskHQ. 1324710866516905984. November 6, 2020. Decision Desk HQ projects that @JoeBiden has won Pennsylvania and its 20 electoral college votes for a total of 273. Joe Biden has been elected the 46th President of the United States of America. Race called at 11–06 08:50 AM EST All Results: https://results.decisiondeskhq.com/2020/general/pennsylvania.
    (2) News: Matthews. Dylan. November 6, 2020. Joe Biden has won. Here's what comes next.. Vox. November 7, 2020. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107004243/https://www.vox.com/2020/11/6/21534594/joe-biden-wins-2020-presidential-election. live.
    (3) News: Sheth. Sonam. Relman. Eliza. Walt. November 6, 2020. IT'S OVER: Biden defeats Trump as US voters take the rare step to remove an incumbent president. Business Insider. November 7, 2020. November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106231637/https://www.businessinsider.com/joe-biden-wins-general-election-against-donald-trump-2020-11. live.
    (4) Web site: Presidential election results: Live map of 2020 electoral votes. November 7, 2020. NBC News. November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106235022/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-elections/president-results. live.
    (5) Web site: Stephen. Collinson. Maeve. Reston. Joe Biden to become the 46th president of the United States, CNN projects. November 7, 2020. CNN. November 7, 2020 . November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107163113/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/joe-biden-wins-us-presidential-election/index.html. live.
    (6) Web site: Biden apparent winner of presidency: Election 2020 live updates. November 7, 2020. ABC News. en. November 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201103235357/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/2020-election-campaign-vote/?id=73960714. live.
    (7) News: Martin. Jonathan. Burns. Alexander. November 7, 2020. Biden Wins Presidency, Ending Four Tumultuous Years Under Trump. en-US. The New York Times. November 7, 2020. 0362-4331. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107163215/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/us/politics/biden-election.html. live.
    (8) Web site: Steinhauser. Paul. November 7, 2020. Biden wins presidency, Trump denied second term in White House, Fox News projects. November 7, 2020. Fox News. en-US. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164300/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-wins-presidency-trump-fox-news-projects. live.
    (9) News: Election 2020 . November 7, 2020. Reuters. en. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107020631/https://www.reuters.com/live-events/election-2020-15-id2942501. live.
  19. Multiple sources:
  20. News: 'The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election . December 12, 2020 . Rosalind S. . Helderman . Rosalind S. Helderman . Elise . Viebeck . The Washington Post.
  21. News: Aaron . Blake . The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked . December 12, 2020 . The Washington Post.
  22. News: Woodward . Calvin . AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence . November 17, 2020 . . November 17, 2020.
  23. https://apnews.com/article/nearly-2-dozen-arrested-trump-protests-2f5cfab681cf0bbee785fcc1a4209701 Nearly 2 dozen arrested in Trump protests in Washington
  24. Antifa Snow, David Goldman & Lisa Marie Pane, 'This isn't over!' Trump supporters refuse to accept defeat, Associated Press (November 7, 2020).
  25. Web site: Ted Barrett, Manu Raju and Peter Nickeas. Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber. 2021-01-06. CNN. January 6, 2021 .
  26. Web site: McEvoy. Jemima. January 6, 2021. DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building. January 6, 2021. Forbes. en.
  27. Web site: Lang. Brent. Littleton. Cynthia. January 6, 2021. U.S. Capitol on Lockdown, Pro-Trump Protesters Breach Police Lines. January 6, 2021. Variety. en-US.
  28. Web site: January 6, 2021. Watch Live: Protesters Swarm US Capitol Steps as Congress Counts Electoral Votes. January 6, 2021. NBC4 Washington. en-US.
  29. Web site: Berge. Clint. 2021-01-06. HAPPENING NOW: Armed standoff inside US Capitol, shots fired. January 6, 2021. WQOW. en-US.
  30. Web site: Updates: Capitol breached by protesters, shots reported fired inside. January 6, 2021. ABC News. en.
  31. News: Hermann. Peter. Leonnig. Carol D.. January 6, 2021. Person shot inside U.S. Capitol as chaos unfolds. The Washington Post. January 6, 2021.
  32. News: Moneymaker. Anna. January 6, 2021. In Photos: Angry protesters and broken windows inside Statuary Hall.. The New York Times. 6 January 2021.
  33. Web site: 2021-01-06. US Capitol: 'Explosive device found' and one person shot as Donald Trump supporters clash with police. Sky News.
  34. News: Buncombe. Andrew. 2021-01-06. Explosive device 'discovered and destroyed' at Republican Party headquarters'. en-UK. Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211851/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/explosive-device-pipe-bomb-washington-dc-rnc-trump-b1783509.html . 2021-01-06 . limited . live. January 6, 2021.
  35. Web site: January 6, 2021. Ilhan Omar drawing up impeachment articles as seven Dems call for Trump's removal. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106225134/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-impeachment-ilhan-omar-us-capitol-b1783535.html. January 6, 2021. January 6, 2021. The Independent. en.
  36. kenklippenstein. 1347002974506262529. 6 January 2021. There are now 36 House members who have called for Trump's impeachment by my count.
  37. Web site: Byrne. Deirdre. January 6, 2021. Lt. Gov. Boyd Rutherford: 'Impeachable Offense to Incite Violence'. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230033/https://www.mymcmedia.org/lt-gov-boyd-rutherford-impeachable-offense-to-incite-violence/. January 6, 2021. January 6, 2021. Montgomery Community Media. en-US.
  38. News: Ting. Eric. January 6, 2021. After Trump supporters storm Capitol, Rep. Ted Lieu calls for Trump's immediate removal from office. SFGATE. live. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230033/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Capitol-Trump-supporters-Ted-Lieu-Congress-impeach-15850750.php. January 6, 2021.
  39. News: Contorno. Steve. January 6, 2021. Charlie Crist: Remove Donald Trump from office by invoking 25th Amendment. Tampa Bay Times. live. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106232350/https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2021/01/06/charlie-crist-remove-donald-trump-from-office-by-invoking-25th-amendment/. January 6, 2021.
  40. Web site: Gold. Sara Fischer, Ashley. All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far. 2021-01-10. Axios. en.
  41. Web site: Brian Fung. Twitter bans President Trump permanently. 2021-01-10. CNN. January 8, 2021 .
  42. Web site: Andrea. Lawrence. Rally against election results draws protesters and Proud Boys to the Statehouse. 2021-01-10. The Indianapolis Star. en-US.
  43. News: Up To 25,000 Troops Descend On Washington For Biden's Inauguration. 2021-01-22. NPR. January 16, 2021. en. Schwartz. Matthew S..
  44. Web site: In White House speech, Trump repeats unproven voter fraud claims. November 6, 2020. www.aljazeera.com. en.
  45. Web site: Videos. Ian Schwartz, RCP. Trump: "We Did Win This Election," "This Is A Major Fraud On Our Nation". Real Clear Politics.
  46. Web site: Keveney. Bill. MSNBC, major networks interrupt Trump's falsehood-laden speech to fact-check; Fox, CNN carry in full. November 6, 2020. USA TODAY.
  47. News: Peiser. Jaclyn. November 6, 2020. Twitter bans Steve Bannon for video suggesting violence against Fauci, FBI Director Wray. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-12-17. 0190-8286.
  48. Web site: Reimann. Nicholas. Steve Bannon Condemned, Banned From Twitter After Suggesting Violence As 'A Warning To Federal Bureaucrats'. November 6, 2020. Forbes. en.
  49. News: Chang. Alvin. November 1, 2020. 'Blue shift': why votes counted after election day skew to the Democrats. en-GB. The Guardian. November 5, 2020. 0261-3077.
  50. News: Beaumont. Peter. November 5, 2020. Trump supporters descend on Arizona voting centre. en-GB. The Guardian. November 5, 2020. 0261-3077. November 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201105111132/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/05/arizona-trump-supporters-protest-at-voting-centre-over-early-election-call. live.
  51. Web site: Kelly. Makena. November 5, 2020. Facebook shuts down huge "Stop the Steal" group. November 7, 2020. The Verge. en. November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106194720/https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/5/21551551/facebook-stop-the-steal-group-misinformation-election-2020. live.
  52. Web site: Satter. Elizabeth Culliford and Raphael. November 5, 2020. Pro-Trump Facebook group protesting vote count adding 1000 members every 10 seconds. November 8, 2020. The Sydney Morning Herald. en. November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106223819/https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/pro-trump-facebook-group-protesting-vote-count-adding-1000-members-every-10-seconds-20201106-p56c0d.html. live.
  53. News: Boone. Christian. Journal-Constitution. The Atlanta. Pro-Trump protesters convinced the fix is in. November 9, 2020. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. en. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183901/https://www.ajc.com/politics/election/pro-trump-protesters-convinced-the-fix-is-in/FL44ZCNCCFGIPEL5UEEWSLO6DI/. live.
  54. Web site: Omar. Abdel-Baqui. Slone. Terranella. Frank (Detroit Free Press). Witsil. Protesters rally at TCF Center as Biden's lead overtakes Trump in key states. November 7, 2020. USA TODAY. en-US. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107074519/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/11/06/protesters-rally-tcf-center-detroit-biden-ballots/6186881002/. live.
  55. Web site: Protesters supporting Trump gather outside WKBN. November 7, 2020. WKBN. November 6, 2020. en-US. November 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201106161321/https://www.wkbn.com/news/elections/protesters-supporting-trump-gather-outside-wkbn/. live.
  56. Web site: McEvoy. Jemima. Alex Jones Calls On Pro-Trump Protesters To 'Surround The White House And Support The President'. November 8, 2020. Forbes. en. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107051348/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/06/alex-jones-calls-on-pro-trump-protesters-to-surround-the-white-house-and-support-the-president/. live.
  57. News: Demonstrators gather at Arkansas State Capitol following election announcement . November 7, 2020 . KATV . November 7, 2020 . November 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107213131/https://katv.com/news/local/demonstrators-gather-at-arkansas-state-capitol-following-election-announcement . live.
  58. Web site: November 8, 2020. Pro-Trump demonstrators protest outside Clark County election office. November 8, 2020. Las Vegas Review-Journal. en-US. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108020026/https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/clark-county/pro-trump-demonstrators-protest-outside-clark-county-election-office-2179091/. live.
  59. Web site: Martinez. Mark. Johnson. Christian. Michigan protest: Trump supporters in Lansing rally against election results as race is called for Joe Biden. November 8, 2020. Lansing State Journal. en-US. November 9, 2020. https://archive.today/20201109151811/https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/2020/11/07/lansing-michigan-protestors-rally-against-election-results-joe-biden-appears-win/6202486002/. live.
  60. News: Jackson. Drew. November 7, 2020. In Raleigh, one protest turns into a party while a second echoes claims of fraud. The News & Observer. live. November 8, 2020. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108023830/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article247011802.html.
  61. Web site: Culver. Susan. Miller. Jordan. 'It's not over': Trump supporters flock to state capitols after Biden victory is announced. November 15, 2020. USA TODAY. en-US. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183850/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/11/07/election-protests-updates-trump-supporters-state-capitols-biden-win/6203271002/. live.
  62. Web site: Strickland. Patrick. Trump supporters continue protesting vote count in Arizona. November 8, 2020. www.aljazeera.com. en. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141953/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/8/pro-trump-supporters-continue-protesting-vote-count-in-arizona. live.
  63. Web site: Hundreds of Trump supporters rally on Mahoning Avenue in Austintown. November 9, 2020. WFMJ. en-US. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108191023/https://www.wfmj.com/story/42880397/hundreds-of-trump-supporters-rally-on-mahoning-avenue-in-austintown. live.
  64. News: Lang. Marissa J.. Miller. Michael E.. Jamison. Peter. Moyer. Justin Wm. Williams. Clarence. Hermann. Peter. Kunkle. Fredrick. Cox. John Woodrow. After thousands of Trump supporters rally in D.C., violence erupts when night falls. en-US. The Washington Post. November 15, 2020. 0190-8286. November 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201114223041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/11/14/million-maga-march-dc-protests/. dead. .
  65. Web site: Trump's motorcade passes supporters gathered for "Million MAGA March". November 15, 2020. www.cbsnews.com. November 14, 2020 . en-US. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/million-maga-march-washington-dc-trumps-motorcade-passes-supporters/. live.
  66. News: November 14, 2020. Thousands of mask-less Trump supporters rally in D.C., falsely claiming president won election. The Washington Post. live. November 14, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183914/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/11/14/million-maga-march-dc-protests/.
  67. News: Washington, DC, rally brings together Trump voters and far-right leaders. Jones. Julia. Sidner. Sara. November 14, 2020. CNN. November 14, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183833/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/14/us/trump-washington-voters-rally-far-right/index.html. live.
  68. News: November 14, 2020. Million MAGA March: Thousands of pro-Trump protesters rally in Washington DC. en-GB. BBC News. November 14, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183837/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54945154. live.
  69. Web site: Matt. Pusatory. November 14, 2020. President Trump visits supporters at Freedom Plaza ahead of Million MAGA March. WUSA9. November 16, 2020. November 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201115024233/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/protests/maga-march-president-trump-visits-freedom-plaza/65-b59bdd2f-69d9-42de-bd6b-41baf3ac0f7c. dead. .
  70. News: November 14, 2020. Trump's motorcade passes supporters gathered for "Million MAGA March". en-GB. CBS News. November 14, 2020. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183835/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/million-maga-march-washington-dc-trumps-motorcade-passes-supporters/. live.
  71. (1) Web site: Multiple people arrested at pro-Trump protests, Million MAGA March in DC. November 15, 2020. wusa9.com. November 14, 2020. en-US. November 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116183912/https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/million-maga-march-pro-trump-protests-arrests-made-by-police/65-a274f97f-b445-4042-a517-4e2df90eac61. live.
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