LeBarón and Langford families massacre explained

Langford, Miller-LeBarón, & Johnson families massacre
Partof:Mexican Drug War
Location:La Mora, Bavispe Municipality, Sonora, Mexico
Date:November 4, 2019
Type:Mass shooting, arson
Weapons:Firearms
Fatalities:9
Injuries:6
Perpetrators:La Línea (suspected)

On November 4, 2019, about 70miles south of the Mexico–United States border, gunmen opened fire on a three-car convoy en route to a wedding carrying residents of the isolated La Mora community, which is predominantly composed of American Mexican "independent Mormons."[1] [2] Nine people were killed with some burned alive in a car (three women and six children, all of whom held dual US–Mexican citizenship).[3] [4] A drug cartel is believed to be behind the attack.[5] [6]

Background

Rancho La Mora

See also: Church of the Firstborn (LeBaron family). Some of Rancho La Mora families' ancestors include forebears surnamed Johnson who helped to settle Colonia Oaxaca (now "Rancho Oaxaca"), in the Bavispe Municipality, Sonora, Mexico), part of the historical Mormon colonies, in 1892.[7] Rancho La Mora (also in the Bavispe Municipality) was founded by Langford family members immigrating there from other Sonoran Latter-day Saint colonias in the 1930s.[8] Its proportion of fundamentalist Latter Day Saints swelled when some new residents left previous homes in Arizona after the 1953 "Short Creek raid."[9], rancho La Mora, Sonora, contained 30 to 40 homes on about a thousand acres, and with a full-time population of about 150 people.[10] The victims were all from this rancho, also having intermarriage ties with the factions of the Church of the Firstborn (headquartered in Colonia Le Barón, Chihuahua), despite the fact that the Mormon beliefs of the dominant religion in the LeBarón community differs, especially with regard to its professed chain of ecclesiastical authority, with those of the independent Mormons dominant in the La Mora community. The LeBarón family's enclave in state of Chihuahua was founded by Alma LeBaron, who moved there in the 1920s.[11] Among the hundreds of dual-national and bilingual residents within the pair of sibling communities are independent fundamentalist Mormons, members of the Church of the Firstborn, and members of the mainstream Latter-day Saints.[12] [13] In addition, perhaps a few thousand individuals remain aligned with these religious communities who reside in various places within the United States.[14] [15]

Narco smuggling routes

Reportedly the La Mora community had achieved a type of understanding with the area's currently dominant outlaw band, Los Salazar, (Sinaloa Cartel), who have enjoyed some history of influence with Mexico's federal government. [16] [17] In months leading up to the attack, Sinaloa instructed residents to refrain from buying fuel across state lines in Chihuahua. Newly arrived enforcers who were unfamiliar to area residents and now manned the smuggling route's usual checkpoints occasionally pointed weapons at residents using the road.[18] Transpiring immediately preceding the massacre was a shootout between Los Salazar and rival drug-route enforcers La Línea, said to have been formed originally by municipal peace officers from Ciudad Juárez, who are dominant in Chihuahua and were an outgrowth of the Juárez Cartel, and which has been warring with Sinaloa over control of the smuggling routes toward San Diego. (According to the BBC's Will Grant, one possible explanation for the atrocity is that "La Línea were targeting the Mormons...for having a relationship with their rivals, Los Salazar..." A senior Mexican general told the Wall Street Journal he believed La Linea sent gunmen to curtail Los Salazar infiltration into Chihuahua and not with the intent to victimize the settlement's members.[19])

Incident

In a pair of attacks, gunmen opened fire on three SUVs, first upon a Chevrolet Tahoe and subsequently two Chevy Suburbans, that were carrying American Mexican independent fundamentalist Mormons[20] of the extended LeBarón family,[21] en route the paved highway near Galeana, Chihuahua (after which Christina Langford planned to drive her vehicle northward into the U.S. and Rhonita Miller-LeBarón and Dawna Langford planned to continue southward to the community of Le Barón for rendezvous with family and a wedding[22]), from their hometown of La Mora, Bavispe, Sonora, about 70miles south of the Mexico–United States border. According to Alfonso Durazo, the federal secretary for security, the location of the attack was in the municipality of Bavispe.[23] The first vehicle reportedly left carrying Rhonita Miller-LeBarón and her four children close to 10 AM. The other two vehicles left around 11 AM, with one being driven by Dawna Ray Langford with nine children as passengers and the other driven by Christina Marie Langford with her 7-month-old daughter as a passenger.[24]

The gunman reportedly killed Christina Langford after she jumped out of her vehicle and waved her hands to display she wasn't a threat. She was discovered 15 yards from her vehicle with her 7-month-old baby uninjured in the vehicle.[25] Phone messages between family members showed the progression of discovering the incident. One message stated one of the cars was on fire with bullets all throughout it, and that there were people hiding in the bushes.[26] The burned out vehicle was discovered to hold the bodies of Miller-LeBarón, her 10-year-old daughter, 12-year-old son and infant twins, eleven miles from where the other two women were killed. The vehicle reportedly had broken down due to a flat tire, and was caused to explode by the amount of bullets fired into the vehicle.

Two children, a 13-year-old boy and a 9-year-old girl, walked away from the scene to get help from relatives, the boy walking fourteen miles over six hours before arriving at the family compound.[27] [28] [29] [30] Prior to leaving, he covered his six surviving siblings in branches after hiding them in bushes. After becoming concerned that the boy had not returned close to nightfall, the girl began to walk herself in an effort find help, walking for six hours.[31]

Search efforts for the survivors began between 6 and 7 PM, with the surviving children being discovered at 8:30 PM, except for the children who walked for help. The last surviving child; the girl who went for help, was discovered at 9:45 PM. Relatives stated that the girl had taken the wrong road and was tracked by her footprints, when she was found she told them, "We have to go back. We have to go back. My siblings, my brothers and sisters are dying. They're bleeding, they're shot. We have to go rescue them."

Victims and survivors

Nine people were killed; three women and six children, all of whom held dual US–Mexican citizenship. The victims of the attack were:[32]

Of the eight vehicle passengers, six were children. Five children who were wounded were flown to an Arizona hospital. Three others were uninjured and returned to family members.[33] All survivors' injuries were caused by gunfire, not from fire or escaping the vehicles.[34]

Aftermath

Family members visited the scene of the massacre, escorted by members of the Mexican Army. The deceased were buried in La Mora and Colonia LeBarón with funerals beginning on November 7.[35] The funerals were attended by hundreds of individuals, with some reportedly traveling from as far as North Dakota to attend.[36]

Investigation

Mexican officials announced at a news conference that the believed reason for the attack was that the family was believed to be a cartel convoy of vehicles. Prior in the day the area of the massacre had also been the scene of a shootout between rival cartel gangs. According to the Dallas Morning Newss Alfredo Corchado, targeting of the victims may have been due to activism by certain extended LeBarón family members having "over the years been outspoken in their condemnation of criminal groups that hold sway over a wide swath of northern Mexico".[37]

On 5 November, Mexican authorities announced the arrest of a suspect in relation to the massacre, but reported the next day that the suspect was not involved. However, some authorities in Mexico have claimed that the massacre was perpetrated by the newly formed Los Jaguares cartels, an offshoot of the Sinaloa drug cartel. Following the murders, Mexican Foreign Affairs Secretary Marcelo Ebrard said Mexico invited participation by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, his saying, "Why did we take that initiative? Because it involves U.S. citizens, and there was no reason not to allow the FBI to have access to the investigations, which we have requested in other cases," his referencing the 2019 El Paso shooting. About two dozen FBI agents arrived in La Mora; an FBI statement described the agency's aim as working "alongside our international partners to help bring justice to the perpetrators of this heinous act of violence."[38]

On 19 November, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said, referencing Mexico's history of systemic corruption, "We're not protecting anyone. Mexico isn't the principal human rights violator now, like it was before. There's no impunity anymore." Addressing the investigation, López Obrador said, "There is information already, but I can't provide that," although offering to meet with the victims' families to provide them additional information. "What I can say to them, and to all Mexicans, is that we're working on the investigation. And they should have confidence."[39]

Video footage less than a minute in length and perhaps taken by a cell phone perhaps belonging to one of the detained suspects was obtained by Mexican national police. Shown to two relatives of the victims, one of them, Adam Langford, said it showed a dozen or so men presumed as members of the Chihuahua cartel "all in black[...]with assault rifles going toward the vehicles, toward their prey[...]. At the end, [...]the jefe guy says, 'Burn it! Burn it! Burn it! Quémalo in Spanish."[40]

In December 2019, the Mexican federal government consolidated what had been Sonoran and federal cases into exclusively federal prosecutions,[41] with several suspects being arrested on 1 December 2019 with regard to the crimes[42] and director of public safety in Janos, Chihuahua Fidel Alejandro Villegas Villegas's arrest by the Mexican Attorney General’s Office on 24 December for Villegas's allegedly providing protection for criminal activities by such as La Linea as for colluding in the massacre. A cousin of the victims, Julian LeBarón, told the New York Times, "It's common knowledge down here that the police work with the criminals. They have a monopoly on security, and they get paid a wage for protection, and later we find out that they participate in the murder of women and children."[43]

A man identified as "Alfredo 'L'" and a "likely participant in the events that occurred on November 4, 2019," was detained in Ciudad Juárez on 4 November, 2020 and subsequently arrested on homicide charges by Mexican authorities.[44]

Three suspects, including the supposed mastermind Roberto N (alias "The Mute" and "The 32"), believed to be members of La Línea drug cartel, were arrested on November 25, 2020.[45]

Reactions and subsequent memorials

U.S. President Donald Trump offered Mexico military support to assist with defeating the drug cartels.[46] The offer was declined by Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, but said that he would speak with Trump over security cooperation between the two nations.[46]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued a statement expressing its "love, prayers, and sympathies" but also noting its understanding that the victims were not members of the church.[47]

A member of the extended family, Julian LeBarón, whose brother Benjamin was killed by cartel gunmen in 2009, claims that the attack was targeted. He states that there can be no mistaken identity as the surviving children claimed that one of the female victims had attempted to identify herself to stop the attack. A family member has claimed that the cartels in Mexico have increased their levels of barbarity, and are on the same level if not worse than ISIL as ISIL has an ideology and the cartels are driven by greed and "pure evil". She continued to claim that Mexico "refused to overcome their pride" and accept help from a neighboring country or international coalition.[48]

On January 12, 2020, Mexico's president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, and Sonora Governor, Claudia Pavlovich Arellano, visited LaMora.[49] [50] Julián LeBarón said LaMora community members would be among those participating in a march sponsored by the advocacy group Defensa por la Vida y la Paz or Defense for Life & Peace slated for January 23 - 25 from Cuernavaca, Morelos, to Mexico's National Palace in Mexico City, with the intention, according to one of its organizers, the poet Javier Sicilia, of their reception by President López Obrador.[51] [52]

Selected media

See also

References

Anti-Americanism

Notes and References

  1. News: US victims in Mexico attack from Mormon offshoot community web. https://web.archive.org/web/20191108161017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-victims-in-mexico-attack-from-mormon-offshoot-community/2019/11/05/61364cb8-0004-11ea-8341-cc3dce52e7de_story.html. November 8, 2019. Sherman. Christopher. 5 November 2019. dead. The Washington Post.
  2. Web site: 9 members of American family, including babies, killed in Mexico. 5 November 2019. ABC7 Chicago. 6 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106043136/https://abc7chicago.com/5672936/. 6 November 2019. live.
  3. Web site: Mormons were attacked near the US-Mexico border. A family member says 9 US-Mexican citizens were killed. Holcombe. Madeline. Mezzofiore. Gianluca. CNN. 5 November 2019. 5 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105130230/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/05/americas/mormons-attacked-us-mexico-border/index.html. 5 November 2019. live.
  4. News: Nine U.S. Citizens Killed in Highway Attack in Northern Mexico. Córdoba. Anthony Harrup and José de. Wall Street Journal. 5 November 2019 . en-US. 5 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105132031/https://www.wsj.com/articles/relatives-say-at-least-5-u-s-citizens-were-killed-in-north-mexico-shooting-11572949398. 5 November 2019. live.
  5. Web site: At least nine Americans killed in Mexican highway ambush. NBC News. 5 November 2019 . en. 5 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105123743/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/mexico-deploys-forces-reports-deadly-ambush-americans-n1076361. 5 November 2019. live.
  6. Web site: Mexico Mormons: Nine US citizens, including children, killed in ambush. 5 November 2019. BBC News. en-GB. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105174420/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50299562. 5 November 2019. 5 November 2019.
  7. Book: 115. The Mormon Colonies in Mexico. Thomas Cottam Romney. University of Utah Press. 2005. 9780874808384.
  8. Web site: El color de las amapas: Los Mormones en Sonora . 5 June 2017 .
  9. Book: 27|isbn = 9781631498084|year = 2022|publisher = Liveright Publishing]|author = Sally Denton|title = The Colony: Faith and Blood in a Promised Land.
  10. Web site: Commentary: A Tribune reporter's account of covering the killings of U.S. citizens in Mexico. The Salt Lake Tribune. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191118133932/https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2019/11/17/commentary-how-tribune/. 18 November 2019. 18 November 2019.
  11. Web site: ¿Quiénes son la familia LeBarón?. Chihuahua. Ricardo Holguin | El Heraldo de. El Sol de México. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191105210211/https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/republica/sociedad/quienes-son-la-familia-lebaron-ataque-armado-chihuahua-sonora-julian-asesinatos-4411419.html. 5 November 2019. 5 November 2019.
  12. Web site: Janos, Chihuahua: Municipal Police Chief Arrested in Mormon Family Murders. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229141137/http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2019/12/janos-chihuahua-muni-police-chief.html. 29 December 2019. 29 December 2019.
  13. Web site: Murders In Mexico: How A Diverse Religious Community With Utah Ties Ended Up In La Mora. Ballard. Caroline. 5 November 2019. KUER-FM. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191107160045/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/11/06/family-ambushed-way-wedding-mexico-these-survivors/4175532002/. 7 November 2019. 8 November 2019.
  14. Web site: La Mora, the Mormon offshoot community caught up in Mexico's brutal drug cartel war. Parke. Caleb. 5 November 2019. Fox News. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191108162941/https://www.foxnews.com/world/la-mora-mormon-offshoot-mexico-drug-cartel-war. 8 November 2019. 8 November 2019.
  15. "Many of the citizens of the Mormon Colonies are members of a variety of different Mormon churches, ranging from members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to independently practicing Mormon polygamists. Some practice plural marriage and others believe in the principle but don’t currently practice it, though they all trace their history to it."
  16. Web site: How a US Mormon family ended up dead in Mexico. Grant. Will. 8 November 2019. BBC News. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109182039/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50339377. 9 November 2019. 9 November 2019.
  17. Web site: Mexico's Drug War: A Rigged Fight?. Espino. Manuel. Juarez. former congressman from. NPR.org. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130557/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126890838. 22 July 2012. 11 November 2019.
  18. Web site: How Mexico's cartel wars shattered American Mormons' wary peace. 7 November 2019. The Seattle Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191108040542/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/mormon-village-shattered-by-cartel-wars/. 8 November 2019. 20 November 2019.
  19. Web site: 'I'll Never Come Back': Massacre Shatters U.S. Community in Mexico. José de Córdoba. 12 November 2019. The Wall Street Journal. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191112210219/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ill-never-come-back-massacre-shatters-u-s-community-in-mexico-11573554604. 12 November 2019. 12 November 2019.
  20. Web site: Mormon Family Mourns Their Dead In Mexico, Calls For U.S. To Rein In Its Guns. NPR.org. 20 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191121204533/https://www.npr.org/2019/11/06/776859069/as-mormon-family-mourns-their-dead-in-mexico-calls-for-u-s-to-rein-in-its-guns. 21 November 2019. live.
  21. Web site: One arrest, many questions after family is massacred in Mexico. Rodriguez. Adrianna. Bacon. John. USA TODAY. 6 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106172445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/11/06/family-ambushed-way-wedding-mexico-these-survivors/4175532002/. 6 November 2019. live.
  22. News: Mormon Family Sues Mexican Cartel for 'Coordinated' Ambush That Killed 9 . The Daily Beast . 29 July 2020 . Melendez . Pilar .
  23. Web site: Mormon family ambushed and massacred in Mexico. 5 November 2019. El Universal. 5 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191204122940/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/mormon-family-ambushed-and-massacred-mexico. 4 December 2019. live.
  24. Web site: Family and authorities piece together from ash what happened to mothers and children massacred in Mexico. Holcombe. Madeline. 7 November 2019. CNN. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109012311/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/07/americas/mormons-attacked-us-mexico-border-thursday/index.html. 9 November 2019. 2019-11-09.
  25. Web site: At least 9 members of Mormon family with US citizenship brutally killed in northern Mexico. Sheridan. Mary Beth. 5 November 2019. Anchorage Daily News. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109003132/https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/11/05/9-members-of-mormon-family-with-us-citizenship-brutally-killed-in-northern-mexico/. 9 November 2019. 9 November 2019.
  26. Web site: 'They're gone and dead': WhatsApp messages give harrowing account of Mexico ambush. Agren. David. 7 November 2019. www.azcentral.com. en. 8 November 2019.
  27. Web site: A 13-year-old boy walked for 6 hours to get help after the Mormon families attack. Nicole. Chavez. Samantha. Beech. Ana Melgar. Zuniga. Gianluca. Mezzofiore. CNN. 5 November 2019. 19 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109131559/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/05/americas/mormons-attack-boy-seeking-help/index.html. 9 November 2019. live.
  28. Web site: Boy Walked for 6 Hours to Get Help After Seeing Mom & Siblings Slaughtered During Ambush in Mexico. PEOPLE.com. 19 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106121609/https://people.com/crime/boy-walked-hours-for-help-watching-mother-and-siblings-slaughtered-mexico/. 6 November 2019. live.
  29. Web site: 100 Members of Offshoot Mormon Community Leaving Mexico After Violent Attack That Killed 9. 10 November 2019. 19 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115012517/https://ktla.com/2019/11/10/100-members-of-offshoot-mormon-community-leaving-mexico-after-violent-attack-that-killed-9/. 15 November 2019. live.
  30. Web site: LeBaron family, with nine members killed in Mexico massacre, has Anchorage ties. Theriault Boots. Michelle. 7 November 2019. Anchorage Daily News. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109001805/https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/anchorage/2019/11/07/lebaron-family-with-nine-members-killed-in-mexico-massacre-has-anchorage-ties/. 9 November 2019. 9 November 2019.
  31. Web site: Mexico Ambush: How 7 Child Survivors Helped Save Each Other After 'Bullets Rained From Above'. 2019-11-06. KTLA. en. 2019-11-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109161711/https://ktla.com/2019/11/06/mexico-ambush-how-7-child-survivors-helped-save-each-other-after-bullets-rained-from-above/. 9 November 2019. live.
  32. News: 5 November 2019 . At least 9 US citizens killed in attack in north Mexico . KFYR-TV . https://web.archive.org/web/20191108051855/https://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/At-least-9-US-citizens-killed-in-attack-in-north-Mexico-564505021.html . 8 November 2019 . live .
  33. Web site: Video shows moment 7-month-old baby was found alive after deadly attack in Mexico. Bojorquez. Manuel. 6 November 2019. CBS NEWS. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110023434/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mexico-family-killed-video-shows-moment-7-month-old-baby-was-found-alive-after-deadly-attack-2019-11-06/. 10 November 2019. 2019-11-09.
  34. Web site: 13-year-old survivor in Mexico attack hid siblings in bushes and walked 14 miles for help. Shamlian. Janet. 5 November 2019. CBS NEWS. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109203805/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/attack-in-mexico-survivor-hid-siblings-in-bushes-walked-miles-for-help-2019-11-05/. 9 November 2019. 2019-11-09.
  35. Web site: Mormon family slaying: First funerals held for 9 relatives killed in n. 7 November 2019. www.whio.com. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109161704/https://www.whio.com/news/national/lebaron-slayings-several-family-members-including-children-killed-mexico-relatives-say/YtdOpC8iiXuPSMIYU6SQkO/. 9 November 2019. 2019-11-09.
  36. Web site: Hundreds Converge for Funerals Following Massacre of 9 Members of Extended Mormon Family. 2019-11-07. KTLA. en. 2019-11-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109161704/https://ktla.com/2019/11/07/mexico-farm-town-prepares-funerals-following-massacre-of-9-american-women-and-children/. 9 November 2019. live.
  37. Web site: A massacre in Mexico requires an American response. Here is what it should be. 7 November 2019. Dallas News. 8 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191108183914/https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2019/11/07/a-massacre-in-mexico-requires-an-american-response-here-is-what-it-should-be/. 8 November 2019. live.
  38. Web site: FBI Arrives In Sonora To Assist In La Mora Murder Investigation. 12 November 2019. Fronteras. 13 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191217192055/https://fronterasdesk.org/content/1300871/fbi-arrives-sonora-assist-la-mora-murder-investigation. 17 December 2019. live.
  39. Web site: Mexican President: La Mora Massacre Investigation Receiving 'Special Attention'. 19 November 2019. Fronteras.
  40. Web site: Video of killings of U.S. citizens in Mexico shows gunmen poised to torch SUV, says relative. The Salt Lake Tribune. 22 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191122225804/https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2019/11/22/burn-it-burn-it-video/. 22 November 2019. live.
  41. Web site: Mexican Federal Government Takes over la Mora Massacre Investigation . 4 December 2019 . 27 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191227200012/https://fronterasdesk.org/content/1340666/mexican-federal-government-takes-over-la-mora-massacre-investigation . 27 December 2019 . live .
  42. https://thehill.com/policy/international/472551-mexican-officials-detain-suspects-in-massacre-of-members-of-mormon-sect Mexican officials detain suspects in massacre of members of Mormon sect
  43. Web site: Mexican police chief arrested in attack that killed Mormons . 28 December 2019 . 29 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191229193857/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/dec/28/mexican-police-chief-arrested-in-attack/ . 29 December 2019 . live .
  44. News: Suspect Arrested in Deadly Ambush of Mormon Family . The New York Times . Kirk . Semple . 5 November 2020 . 14 April 2021.
  45. News: Mexico ambush: Arrest over Mormon massacre . 26 November 2020 . yahoo.com . BBV News . 25 November 2020 . 26 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126185708/https://www.yahoo.com/news/mexico-ambush-arrest-over-mormon-051735718.html . dead .
  46. News: Trump suggests sending US army into Mexico to 'wage war' on cartels . The Independent . 5 November 2019 . en . 6 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106000253/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-mexico-war-us-army-troops-drug-cartels-twitter-a9185881.html . 6 November 2019 . live .
  47. Web site: Church Statement on Tragedy in Mexico. 5 November 2019. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. 6 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106173821/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-statement-mexico-tragedy-2019. 6 November 2019. live.
  48. News: 'Worse than ISIS': Families of Mormon massacre victims call on U.S., Canada to intervene against Mexican cartels. National Post. 2019-11-08. en-CA. 2019-11-09.
  49. Web site: Monument to Honor US-Mexican Dual Citizens Slain in Mexico | Voice of America - English. 13 January 2020 .
  50. Web site: Mexico's President Visits Family of Massacre Victims, Promises Justice. January 13, 2020.
  51. Web site: No estamos contra el presidente ni contra la 4T: Sicilia. 14 January 2020. 14 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200114193634/https://elheraldodemexico.com/pais/no-estamos-contra-presidente-ni-contra-4t-sicilia-javier-poeta-cuarta-transformacion-paz-vida-seguridad-caravana-marcha-lebaron/. dead.
  52. https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115942/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/family-2-suspects-in-mexico-border-killings-arrested-in-us/2020/01/09/4ef89438-335e-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html The Washington Post

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