2019 Salvadoran presidential election explained

Country:El Salvador
Type:presidential
Previous Election:2014 Salvadoran presidential election
Previous Year:2014
Election Date:3 February 2019
Next Election:2024 Salvadoran general election
Next Year:2024
Opinion Polls:
  1. Opinion polls
Registered:5,268,411
Turnout:51.88% (3.44pp)
Image1:Nayib Bukele - 2019 (48342383356) (cropped).jpg
Colour1:13C3C6
Nominee1:Nayib Bukele
Party1:Grand Alliance for National Unity
Running Mate1:Félix Ulloa
Popular Vote1:1,434,856
Percentage1:53.10%
Nominee2:Carlos Calleja
Party2:Nationalist Republican Alliance
Running Mate2:Carmen Lazo
Popular Vote2:857,084
Percentage2:31.72%
Image3:Presentación de Cartas Credenciales de Embajadores Concurrentes (cropped).jpg
Nominee3:Hugo Martínez
Party3:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
Running Mate3:Karina Sosa
Popular Vote3:389,289
Percentage3:14.41%
President
Before Election:Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Before Party:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
After Election:Nayib Bukele
After Party:Grand Alliance for National Unity

Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 3 February 2019, with Salvadorans electing the president and vice president for a five-year term from 2019 to 2024.

The election resulted in victory for Nayib Bukele of the right-wing Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), who received 53%, defeating Carlos Calleja of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), Hugo Martínez of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and Josué Alvarado of the centrist Vamos party.[1] With his victory, Bukele became the first president since José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1989) to not be a member of either ARENA or the FMLN, which had controlled the presidency in a two-party system from 1989 to 2019.

Prior to the elections, Bukele held a lead against Calleja, Martínez and Alvarado in virtually every poll conducted between July 2018 and January 2019. A second round in March was rendered unnecessary as Bukele won an outright majority; Bukele won a plurality in all of the country's fourteen departments, winning an outright majority in eight of them.[2] [3] Bukele was inaugurated on 1 June 2019.[4]

Background

Presidency of Salvador Sánchez Cerén

See also: 2014 Salvadoran presidential election, 2015 Salvadoran legislative election and 2018 Salvadoran legislative election.

Salvador Sánchez Cerén, the then vice president of El Salvador, won the 2014 presidential election by a narrow margin. As a member of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), he defeated Norman Quijano, the then mayor of San Salvador of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance, in that election's second round, winning 50.11 percent of the vote by a margin of 6,364 votes.[5] Sánchez Cerén was inaugurated on 1 June 2014, succeeding fellow FMLN President Mauricio Funes. He was the first former guerrilla fighter from the Salvadoran Civil War to be elected president.[6]

Although in control of the presidency, the FMLN did not have a majority of the Legislative Assembly, with power being divided between it, ARENA, and various other political parties. In the 2015 legislative election, the FMLN won 31 seats and ARENA won 35 seats, with the remaining 18 seats being controlled by other parties.[7] In the succeeding 2018 legislative election, the FMLN fell to 23 seats while ARENA increased to 38 seats, with the remaining 23 seats being controlled by other parties.[8]

Electoral system

Electoral procedure

In October 2017, the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) scheduled El Salvador's upcoming 2019 presidential election to occur on 3 February 2019, with a possible second round being scheduled for 10 March 2019. In the election, Salvadorans would elect the country's president and vice president to serve a five-year term from 2019 to 2024.[9]

A presidential candidate needed to win an absolute absolute majority (50%+1) to be declared the winner of the election. If no candidate received an absolute majority, a second between the two candidates with the most valid votes would have occurred. All presidential and vice presidential candidates must have been at least 30 years old and be Salvadoran citizens by birth.[10] [11]

Electoral dates

The following tables lists dates which mark events which related to the election.

DateEvent
2 February 2018Deadline for voters to change address
4 April 2018Deadline for parties to convoke primary elections
2 October 2018Beginning of electoral campaigning
5 October 2018Deadline for the TSE to convoke the presidential election
3 February 2019Presidential election
10 March 2019Second round (if necessary)

Electoral campaigns

Nationalist Republican Alliance

On 27 October 2017,, the president of the Nationalist Republican Alliance, announced that the party would hold its primary election on 22 April 2018.[12] Six members of the party expressed interest in securing the party's presidential nomination:[13]

In October 2017, Parada withdrew his candidacy, believing that his campaign would be impossible.[14] In December 2017, Awad and Montalvo were eliminated from competition, while Calleja, Simán, and López advanced to the party's primary election where Calleja won 60.8 percent of the vote, officially becoming the party's presidential nominee.[15]

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front

On 28 February 2018, the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front announced that it would hold its primary election on 27 May 2018.[16] [17] Óscar Ortiz, the then vice president of El Salvador, was a potential candidate to secure the party's nomination, but he declined to run after Salvador Cerén appointed him as the technical secretary of the presidency. Two party members announced their intention to seek the party's presidential nomination:[18]

On 27 May 2018, Hugo Martínez was selected as the party's presidential nominee, winning 72.09 percent of the vote.[19] The party elected Karina Sosa, a former deputy of the Legislative Assembly, as the party's vice presidential nominee.[20]

Grand Alliance for National Unity

The Grand Alliance for National Unity held its primary election on 29 July 2018. Two candidates participated in the election, Nayib Bukele, the former mayor of San Salvador from 2015 to 2018, and, the former mayor of San Miguel, but the day before the election, Salgado announced that he withdrew from the primary. Although Salgado withdrew, his name was still on the ballot,[21] but regardless, Bukele won 93.71 percent of the vote and was selected as the party's presidential nominee.[22] Bukele's campaign slogan was "Let's Make History" ("Spanish; Castilian: Hagamos Historia").[23]

Presidential candidates

PartyCandidateRunning mate
data-sort-value="Grand Alliance for National Unity" Grand Alliance
for National Unity		data-sort-value="Bukele, Nayib" style="line-height:1.0" Nayib Bukele
data-sort-value="Ulloa, Felix" style="line-height:1.0" Félix Ulloa
data-sort-value="Nationalist Republican Alliance" Nationalist
Republican
Alliance		data-sort-value="Calleja, Carlos" style="line-height:1.0" Carlos Callejadata-sort-value="Lazo, Carmen" style="line-height:1.0" Carmen Lazo
data-sort-value="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front" Farabundo Martí
National Liberation
Front		data-sort-value="Martinez, Hugo" style="line-height:1.0" Hugo Martínez
data-sort-value="Sosa, Karina" style="line-height:1.0" Karina Sosa
data-sort-value="Vamos" Vamosdata-sort-value="Alvarado, Josue" style="line-height:1.0" Josué Alvaradodata-sort-value="Rivera, Roberto" style="line-height:1.0" Roberto Rivera

Debates

Two presidential debates were held; the first was hosted by the University of El Salvador (UES) on 16 December 2018 and the second was hosted by the (ASDER). Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado attended both debates, while Bukele was absent from both.[24] [25]

2019 Salvadoran presidential election debates
DateOrganizers
ARENAFMLNVAMOSGANA
UESP
Calleja		P
Martínez		P
Alvarado		A
Bukele
ASDERP
Calleja		P
Martínez		P
Alvarado		A
Bukele

Opinion polls

Opinion polling from July 2018 through January 2019 consistently gave Bukele a lead over Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado.

Presidential election polls
Polling firmFieldwork dateSample
size		Calleja
Martínez
Alvarado
Bukele
UndecidedNoneLead
CONARES17 Jan 20192,01219.013.01.061.03.03.042.0[26]
CDOP17 Jan 20191,30027.310.51.036.19.615.18.8[27]
CIOPS/UTEC 16 Jan 20192,11324.08.10.640.426.1–16.4[28]
UFG15 Jan 20191,53621.88.11.042.618.48.120.8[29]
CIG-Gallup11 Jan 20191,00023.08.01.042.026.0–19.0[30]
Mitofsky8 Jan 20191,00031.011.01.057.0 ––26.0[31]
IUDOP/UCA13 Dec 20181,80619.710.60.844.1 22.32.524.4[32]
TResearch11 Dec 20181,00031.010.31.357.4 ––26.4[33]
UES10 Dec 20181,55717.348.730.2648.43 25.24–31.09[34]
Fundaungo7 Dec 20181,98521.411.30.642.0 15.09.720.6[35]
TResearch5 Dec 20181,00031.310.41.357.0––25.7[36]
CIOPS/UTEC5 Dec 20182,13324.510.40.940.5 12.810.916.0[37]
La Prensa Gráfica29 Nov 20182,00016.86.90.528.9 5.741.212.1[38]
TResearch25 Nov 20181,00031.910.81.455.9 ––24.0[39]
Fundaungo20 Nov 20181,06814.210.21.935.110.028.620.9[40]
UFG19 Nov 20181,53821.46.41.540.721.28.719.3[41]
CID-Gallup1 Nov 20181,00028.016.01.044.0–1.016.0[42]
TResearch29 Oct 20181,00032.29.00.956.6–1.324.4[43]
TResearch24 Oct 20181,00032.19.31.156.5–1.024.4[44]
ICP23 Oct 20181,40031.713.60.633.3–20.8 1.6[45]
TResearch15 Oct 20181,00031.89.41.056.1–1.7 24.3[46]
CIOPS/UTEC9 Oct 20182,13321.010.51.048.019.5–27.0[47]
CONARES8 Oct 20181,40021.011.01.045.011.011.024.0[48]
TResearch1 Oct 20181,00032.410.91.154.6–1.022.2[49]
CID-Gallup26 Sept 20181,20520.07.01.045.027.0–25.0[50]
La Prensa Gráfica31 Aug 20181,52017.68.60.321.937.514.14.3[51]
UFG28 Aug 20181,29523.010.02.337.726.01.014.7[52]
TResearch19 Aug 20183,60030.29.71.155.9–3.1 25.7[53]
TResearch31 Jul 20183,60031.79.72.855.8 ––24.1[54]
CID-Gallup30 Jul 201880624.05.00.038.033.0–14.0[55]
2014 election9 Mar 2014N/A49.8950.11––––0.22

Results

By department

DepartmentARENAFMLNVamosGANA
data-sort-type="number"Votesdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Votesdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Votesdata-sort-type="number"%data-sort-type="number"Votesdata-sort-type="number"%
Ahuachapán50,05136.1028,25720.386600.4759,68943.05
Cabañas26,32539.618,58612.921990.3031,34647.17
Chalatenango30,36432.4020,93422.343160.3442,09244.92
Cuscatlán39,09833.8917,88215.506090.5257,79550.09
La Libertad117,09237.2533,8239.853,7561.10177,83251.80
La Paz40,76229.4117,35712.536560.4779,80357.59
La Unión29,13831.8212,25613.392950.3249,87154.47
Morazán26,00732.1323,10228.541930.2331,64939.10
San Miguel43,96024.3637,52920.809060.5098,06454.34
San Salvador246,79229.9986,65610.539,5821.16479,99158.32
Santa Ana77,55034.0924,69510.861,8210.80123,41354.25
San Vicente22,78631.3315,92121.892660.3633,76546.42
Sonsonate60,79631.6228,59914.871,0950.57101,79452.94
Usulután35,42226.4733,35024.934060.3064,61948.30
Total857,08431.72389,28914.4120,7630.771,434,85653.10
Source: TSE

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Emilie. Sweigart. El Salvador: Meet the Candidates in Latin America's First Election of 2019. Americas Quarterly. 30 January 2019. 3 February 2019. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20190203130045/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/el-salvador-meet-candidates-latin-americas-first-election-2019 . 3 February 2019. live.
  2. News: Así avanza el conteo de votos en las elecciones presidenciales de El Salvador . 4 February 2019 . elsalvador.com . 3 February 2019.
  3. News: El Salvador: anti-corruption candidate Nayib Bukele wins presidential election . 4 February 2019 . The Guardian . 4 February 2019.
  4. Web site: Nayib Bukele: El Salvador's Incoming Leader Promises 'New Era'. en. 1 June 2019. 2 April 2023. BBC. Blaire. Toedte.
  5. Web site: Supreme Electoral Court. Supreme Electoral Court (El Salvador). Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2014. 2014. 9 January 2023. Supreme Electoral Court. es. Special Memory – 2014 Elections. 144.
  6. Web site: Ex-rebel Sworn in as El Salvador President. en. Al Jazeera. 2 June 2014. 2 April 2023.
  7. Web site: Supreme Electoral Court. Supreme Electoral Court (El Salvador). Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2015. 2018. 2 April 2023. Supreme Electoral Court. es. Special Memory – 2015 Elections. 133.
  8. Web site: Supreme Electoral Court. Supreme Electoral Court (El Salvador). Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2018. 2018. 2 April 2023. Supreme Electoral Court. es. Special Memory – 2018 Elections. 104.
  9. Web site: TSE Define Fecha para Elección Presidencial 2019. TSE Defines Date for the 2019 Presidential Election. es. 16 October 2017. 9 January 2019. El Mundo. Edgardo. Rivera. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109012121/https://elmundo.sv/tse-define-fecha-para-eleccion-presidencial-2019/. 9 January 2019. dead.
  10. Web site: Constitution of El Salvador. https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200933/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/ElSalvador1983English.pdf. 15 December 1983. 3 January 2015. 12 November 2021. en. Richmond.edu. Articles 78–80.
  11. Book: Nohlen. Dieter. Dieter Nohlen. Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook Volume 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. en. 2005. 9 January 2023. Oxford University Press. Oxford, United Kingdom. 9780191557934. 58051010. 272–274.
  12. Web site: ARENA Elegirá Aspirante a Presidencia 22 Abril de 2018. ARENA Will Elect Those Who Aspire the Presidency on 22 April 2018. es. 28 October 2017. 2 April 2023. El Mundo. Edgardo. Rivera. https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120219/http://elmundo.sv/arena-elegira-aspirante-a-presidencia-22-abril-de-2018/. 7 April 2018. dead.
  13. Web site: Gerardo Awad y Rafael Montalvo Quedan Fuera de Competencia por Candidatura Presidencial en ARENA. Gerardo Awad and Rafael Montalvo Remain Outside of Competition for ARENA's Presidential Candidacy. es. La Prensa Gráfica. 19 December 2017. 2 April 2019.
  14. Web site: Abogado Luis Parada Deja Lucha por Candidatura Presidencial de ARENA. Lawyer Luis Parada Quits Fighting for ARENA's Presidential Candidacy. es. 2 October 2017. 30 July 2023. La Prensa Gráfica.
  15. Web site: Carlos Calleja, Candidato Presidencial de ARENA para Elecciones 2019. Carlos Calleja, Presidential Candidate of ARENA for the 2019 Elections. es. 22 April 2018. 2 April 2023. El Salvador.com.
  16. Web site: FMLN Convoca a Elección Interna para Candidato Presidencial; Cúpula ya Apoyó a Gerson Martínez. FMLN Calls for Internal Election for Presidential Candidate; Cúpula Already Supported Gerson Martínez. 28 February 2018. 2 April 2023. es. La Prensa Gráfica. Cristian. Meléndez.
  17. Web site: FMLN Convoca a Inscripción de Precandidatos a la Presidencia. FMLN Convokes the Inscription of Pre-Candidates to the Presidency. es. 11 April 2018. 2 April 2023. El Salvador.com.
  18. Web site: Hugo Martínez se Inscribe como Precandidato Presidencial para Internas del FMLN. Hugo Martínez Inscribes Himself as a Presidential Pre-Candidate for the FMLN's Internal Elections. es. 23 April 2018. 2 April 2023. El Mundo. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423212908/http://elmundo.sv/hugo-martinez-se-inscribe-como-precandidato-presidencial-para-internas-del-fmln/. bot: unknown.
  19. Web site: Hugo Martínez Gano con 20,259 Votos en el FMLN. Hugo Martínez Won with 20,559 Votes in the FMLN. es. 27 May 2018. El Mundo. 3 April 2023. 21 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190421021730/https://elmundo.sv/hugo-martinez-gano-con-20259-votos-en-el-fmln/. dead.
  20. Web site: FMLN y PCN Ratifican a Sus Candidatas a Vicepresidenta. FMLN and PCN Ratify Their Candidates for Vice President. es. 27 May 2018. 2 April 2023. El Mundo.
  21. Web site: GANA Inicia Sus Elecciones Internas. GANA Initiates Its Internal Elections. es. 29 July 2018. 2 April 2023. El Mundo. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729190250/http://elmundo.sv/gana-inicia-sus-elecciones-internas/. 29 July 2018. dead.
  22. Web site: Nayib Bukele se Convierte en Candidato Presidencial de GANA. Nayib Bukele Becomes the Presidential Candidate for GANA. es. 29 July 2018. El Mundo. 3 April 2023. 5 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190205044002/https://elmundo.sv/nayib-bukele-se-convierte-en-candidato-presidencial-de-gana/. dead.
  23. Web site: "Hagamos Historia". Nayib Bukele, Elegido Presidente de El Salvador. "Let's Make History". Nayib Bukele, Elected President of El Salvador. es. 4 February 2019. 24 May 2023. Panoramical.eu.
  24. Web site: Candidatos a la Presidencia Debatieron en la Universidad de El Salvador. Presidential Candidates Debated in the University of El Salvador. es. 16 December 2018. 2 April 2023. El Salvador.com. V.. Jurado. Ricardo. Avelar.
  25. Web site: Tres Candidatos Presidenciales Plantearon Sus Propuestas en el Debate de ASDER. Three Presidential Candidates Raised Their Proposals in the ASDER Debate. es. 13 January 2019. 2 April 2023. R.. Tejada. Ricardo. Avelar. El Salvador.com.
  26. Web site: Encuesta CONARES para las Presidenciales: GANA 61%, ARENA 19%, FMLN 13% y VAMOS 1%. CONARES Poll for the Presidential Election: GANA 61%, ARENA 19%, FMLN 13%, and VAMOS 1%. es. 18 January 2019. 2 April 2023. El Salvador Times.
  27. Web site: Centro de Opinión Pública – Calleja Crece en Preferencias y Asegura Pase a Segunda Vuelta Electoral. Center of Public Opinion – Calleja Grows in Preferences and Assures Pass to Second Electoral Round. es. 17 January 2019. 2 April 2023. Cronio.
  28. Web site: Encuesta UTEC para Elecciones Presidenciales: GANA 40.4%, ARENA 24%, FMLN 8.1% y VAMOS 0.6%. UTEC Poll for Presidential Elections: GANA 40.4%, ARENA 24%, FMLN 8.1%, and VAMOS 0.6%. es. El Salvador Times. 17 January 2019. 2 April 2023. Kory. Chicas.
  29. Web site: GANA y Bukele han Conquistado a los Votantes Entre 18 y 39 Años. GANA and Bukele have Conquered Voters Between 18 and 39 Years. es. Disruptiva. 15 January 2019. 2 April 2023.
  30. Web site: Los Partidos ARENA y FMLN Siguen a la Baja en las Encuestas. The ARENA and FMLN Parties Continue to Fall in the Polls. es. 11 January 2019. 2 April 2023. Ultima Hora.
  31. Web site: Encuesta: Elección Presidencial en El Salvador. Poll: Presidential Election in El Salvador. Mitofsky. 8 January 2019. es.
  32. Encuesta UCA para las presidenciales: GANA 44.1%, ARENA 19.7%, FMLN 10.6% y VAMOS 0.8%. 13 December 2018. El Salvador Times. 13 December 2018.
    1. ElSalvador #EncuestaDiaria #137 Act. 7:00Hrs 7-11/Dic/2018 @NayibBukele 57.4% @JCCalleja 31.0%
    . 10 December 2018. TResearchMx. 12 December 2018. 6 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235609/http://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/ElSalvador-Voto2019. dead.
  34. Encuesta UES: GANA/NI 61.68%, ARENA 25.65%, FMLN 11.94%. 10 December 2018. El Blog. 12 December 2018.
  35. Nueve de cada 10 salvadoreños opinan que vale la pena ir a votar . 7 December 2018. Fundaungo. 7 December 2018.
    1. ElSalvador #Voto2019 (03-07/Dic/18)
    . December 2018. TResearchMx. 7 December 2018. 6 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235609/http://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/ElSalvador-Voto2019. dead.
  37. UTEC: Nayib ganaría en primera vuelta con los votos válidos. December 2018. LPG. 5 December 2018.
  38. GANA sigue adelante en carrera presidencial. November 2018. LPG. 29 November 2018.
  39. TResearch: Nayib Bukele mantiene la intención de votos para las presidenciales. November 2018. TResearchMx. 25 November 2018.
  40. Encuesta completa FUNDAUNGO. November 2018. UFG. 20 November 2018.
  41. Bukele y las Personas Decididas a Ir a Votar Suben en la Nueva Encuesta Ufg. November 2018. UFG. 19 November 2018.
  42. November 2018. CID-Gallup. CID-Gallup. 1 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193503/https://www.cidgallup.com/es/virtual-library/download/571-. 18 December 2018. dead.
  43. Entrada individual | TResearch | Marketing | Encuesta | Investigación | México. October 2018. TResearchMx. 29 October 2018. 26 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181026200628/http://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/ElSalvador-Voto2019. dead.
    1. ElSalvador #Voto2019 (21/Oct/18) @nayibbukele 56.5% @jccalleja 32.1%
    . October 2018. TResearchMx .
  45. Nueva encuesta revela cercana lucha electoral entre Calleja y Bukele . 23 October 2018 . Diario el Mundo . 4 February 2019.
    1. ElSalvador #Voto2019 (15/Oct/18) @nayibbukele 56.1% @jccalleja 31.8%
    . October 2018. TResearchMx. 15 October 2018. 15 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181015232356/http://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/2018/10/15/ElSalvador-ENCUESTA-electoral-Voto2019-15Oct18. dead.
    1. EncuestaUTEC
    . October 2018. UTEC . 9 October 2018.
  48. Consejo de Rectores: Nayib ganaría en primera vuelta. October 2018. Conares . 8 October 2018.
    1. ElSalvador #ENCUESTA electoral #Voto2019 (Sep/19)
    . October 2018. TResearch. 1 October 2018. 2 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070052/http://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/2018/10/01/ElSalvador-ENCUESTA-electoral-Voto2019-Sep19. dead.
  50. Encuesta Cid Gallup: Nayib Bukele 45%, Carlos Calleja 20%, Hugo Martínez 7% y Josué Alvarado 1%. August 2018. La Huella. 26 September 2018. 27 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005656/http://www.diariolahuella.com/articulo/politica/encuesta-cid-gallup-nayib-bukele-45-carlos-calleja-20-hugo-martinez-7-josue-alvarado-1/20180926110011005666.html. dead.
  51. Electorado se inclina a favor de GANA. August 2018. La Prensa Gráfica . 31 August 2018.
  52. Encuesta UFG: Bukele 37.6 %; Calleja 22.9% y Hugo Martínez 9.9%. August 2018. El Blog. 28 August 2018.
  53. TResearch: #ElSalvador #ENCUESTA electoral #Voto2019 (Ago/19). July 2018. TResearchMx. 30 July 2018. 20 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203517/https://www.tresearch.mx/single-post/2018/08/20/ElSalvador-ENCUESTA-electoral-Voto2019-Ago19. dead.
  54. TResearch: Nayib Bukele mantiene la intención de votos para las presidenciales. July 2018. TResearchMx. 30 July 2018.
  55. NAYIB BUKELE INCIA EN PRIMER LUGAR EN LA CARRERA POR LA PRESIDENCIA. July 2018. CID Gallup. 30 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180731063646/https://www.cidgallup.com/es/virtual-library/download/551-. 31 July 2018. dead.

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