January–February 2019 North American cold wave explained

Early 2019 North American cold wave
Type:Cold wave
Dissipated:Early March 2019
Lowest Temperature:-56F in Cotton, Minnesota, on January 27 and 31[1]
Fatalities:22[2] [3]
Damages:$950 million[4]
Areas Affected:Eastern Canada
Central United States
Eastern United States
Pacific Northwest
Western Canada
Partof:the 2018–19 North American winter

In late January 2019, a severe cold wave caused by a weakened jet stream around the Arctic polar vortex[5] hit the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada, killing at least 22 people.[2] [3] It came after a winter storm brought up to 13inches of snow in some regions from January 27–29, and brought the coldest temperatures in over 20 years to most locations in the affected region, including some all-time record lows.[2] [6] In early February, a concentration of Arctic air colloquially referred to as the "polar vortex" moved west,[7] and became locked over Western Canada and the Western United States.[8] As a result, February 2019 was among the coldest and snowiest on record in these regions. In early March, the cold once again shifted east, breaking records in many areas.[9] In mid-March, the cold wave finally retreated, but combined with above-average temperatures, precipitation, and a deep snowpack, widespread flooding ensued in the Central US.

Meteorology

Normally, the Northern Hemisphere jet stream travels fast enough to keep the concentration of Arctic air known as the "polar vortex" stationary in the stratosphere over the North Pole. From late December to early January, a sudden stratospheric warming event was observed over the Arctic, which caused the "polar vortex" to weaken and split into three lobes. In late January 2019, one of these lobes traveled southward and stalled over central Canada and north-central United States for about a week before the upper-level flow of the atmosphere directed it over to Western Canada.[8] The influx of frigid air from the North Pole created high winds, and brought extreme sub-zero temperatures, further exacerbated by severe wind chill. Large amounts of snow fell in the affected area. Some have attributed the unusual weather pattern to climate change.[10]

Impact

At least 22 deaths in North America have been directly attributed to the cold wave, with several of these people frozen to death (hypothermia).[2]

Around 2,700 flights were canceled on January 30, with 2,000 canceled the next day. Amtrak also canceled several trains.[11]

Canada

The "polar vortex" split into three parts, with the dominant part setting up over the Great Lakes and Nunavut. This gave prairie Canada and northern Ontario a persistent northern flow, leading to record cold temperatures.[12]

Alberta

On February 3, Calgary recorded a temperature of -27.7C and a wind chill of -39C.[13] On February 5, the city dropped to -28.9C and a wind chill of -36C.[14] The coldest was actually -41C that was located in Red Deer.

On February 5, Edmonton recorded a temperature of -32.3C and a wind chill of -37C,[15] as a result of the "polar vortex" making its way west.[16] [17]

Extreme cold carried into March, with temperatures hitting -31.2C in Calgary on the second,[18] and -38.6C in Lethbridge, the coldest March temperature ever recorded in the city.[19] Temperatures dropped to -38C in Medicine Hat, only 0.9 away from the March record low.[20]

British Columbia

On February 4, the temperature in Richmond dropped to -5.6C with a wind chill of -11C.[21]

On the same day, the temperature in Abbotsford dropped to -9C with a wind chill of -20C.[22]

Again on the same day, the daily high in downtown Victoria was at -0.9C,[23] the first time the daily high was below freezing since January 2017.[24] The next day, on February 5, the city's temperature dropped to -7C with a wind chill of -9C.[25]

Prince George dropped to as low as -36.2C with a wind chill of -43C on February 4.[26] On February 11 the city recorded a temperature of -32.7C with a wind chill of -39C.[27]

Vancouver recorded a temperature of -4.3C on February 5.[28] On February 11 the city surpassed this, dropping to -4.4C.[29] Vancouver had its coldest February on record.[30] One benefit from the cold, however, was that it killed many Japanese beetles, an invasive species to the area.[31]

On February 5, Kelowna dropped to -20.3C with a wind chill of -24C.[32] The next day, on February 6, the wind chill dropped to as low as -26C.[32] On February 10 the temperature in the city dropped to -20.8C with a wind chill of -27C.[33]

Temperatures reached -20.7C in Ashcroft on February 5, the coldest temperature recorded in February since record keeping began in 2010. This record was broken again on the 10th when it reached -21.7C.[34]

On February 6, the temperature in Nanaimo dropped to -6.7C and a wind chill of -9C.[35]

Manitoba

In Winnipeg, Manitoba, temperatures reached as low as -40C,[36] the coldest temperature recorded in the city since February 2007, when it reached -42C.[37]

Northwest Territories

On February 2, the temperature in Yellowknife dropped to -42.9C[38] and a wind chill of -53C.[39]

Nunavut

Environment Canada issued extreme cold warnings for most of Nunavut.[40] The temperature in Baker Lake dropped to a frigid -41C with a wind chill of -59C, its lowest recorded wind chill on record.[41] On January 25, Shepherd Bay recorded -48.8C.[42]

Ontario

Ottawa experienced its snowiest January on record with temperatures as low as -25C.[43] Toronto experienced the largest snowstorm in six years with 33cm (13inches) of snow accumulating at Toronto Pearson International Airport, before dropping to a low of -22.8C, with a wind chill of -38C.[44] Many local schools and universities cancelled classes due to the weather. At Niagara Falls, the falls were left partially frozen by the extreme temperatures.[45] [46]

On January 31, Windsor reached -24.8C with a wind chill of -40C. Warming centres were set up in Windsor and Chatham-Kent libraries for homeless people and anyone else affected by the cold.[47] On the same day, London dropped to -26C with a wind chill of -39C. Temperatures in St. Catharines dropped to -20C.[48] with a wind chill of -35C,[49] while Port Colborne fell to -18C[50] with a wind chill of -31C.[51]

Quebec

The cold snap in Montreal began with a blizzard where base temperatures reached -15C. The combination with a single-day 25cm (10inches) snowfall was the coldest snowiest day in nearly a century.[52] The Fête des neiges winter festival was cancelled due to the extreme cold for the first time in a decade.[53]

Among those killed by the cold was Hélène Rowley Hotte, the 93-year-old mother of Gilles Duceppe, a former federal opposition leader. She was found outside her seniors' residence after being accidentally locked out following a fire alarm.[54]

Saskatchewan

In Saskatoon temperatures plummeted to as low as -42.6C with a frigid wind chill of -52C on February 6.[55]

On February 8, temperatures dropped to -42C and a wind chill of -47C in Regina.[56]

The cold continued throughout the rest of February, resulting in one of the coldest Februaries on record there.[57] [58]

United States

California

On February 4, the temperature in Eureka dropped to 34F, and the city experienced the coldest February 4 in 30 years. On February 5, the temperature dropped to 29F, also the coldest recorded for that date for 30 years. On February 6, the minimum was 36F, the coldest temperature recorded for that date since 2005.[59] In Humboldt County, snow fell on the beaches for the first time in 16 years.[60]

On February 4, 2019, in the Bay Area there was 0.1inches of snow, with a temperature of 31.5F. Around the Sierra Nevada Mountain range the temperature there was 12F and 26inches of snow fell between February 4 and February 16. This year had the most significant snowfall in California since 2011.[61]

In Downtown Los Angeles, the temperature never reached 70F the entire month of February, the first ever occurrence in 142 years of record-keeping.[62] On February 22, snow was reported in the lower elevations West Hollywood, Eagle Rock and Pasadena within the urban areas of Los Angeles.[63]

Across the state, the persistent cold and heavy rains were beneficial in eliminating drought conditions in California for the first time since 2011.[64]

District of Columbia

In the early morning of January 31, 2019, Washington, D.C., as measured at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, reached 10F.[65] The wind chill reached NaNF.[65] Nearby Washington Dulles International Airport reached an air temperature of NaNF,[65] the coldest reading since another cold spell in February 2015.[66]

Illinois

In the Chicago area, temperatures plummeted as low as NaNF at O'Hare International Airport on January 30, with a windchill of -52F. Chicago's Northerly Island recorded temperatures as low as NaNF and Chicago's Midway International Airport recorded a temperature of NaNF; O'Hare's maximum of NaNF that day was a daily record and also only higher than Chicago's official record cold maximum set on January 18, 1994, and December 24, 1983.[67] Chicago also reached record lows on January 31, with a temperature of NaNF and a windchill of -41F.

Rockford reached an all-time record low of -31F, shattering the old record of -27F from 1982. Moline in the Quad Cities reached an all-time record low of -33F. In Mount Carroll, a temperature of -38F was recorded on January 30. Now verified, this is the all-time lowest temperature in the state of Illinois.[68] [69]

Several people died in Chicago due to the cold.[70] The cold wave resulted in 1,444 flights being cancelled at O'Hare, and 254 flights being cancelled at Midway.[71]

Indiana

Temperatures in Indianapolis plummeted as low as -11F on January 30, tying the record low, with a wind chill of -41F.[72] Kokomo recorded a wind chill of -49F[72] while Evansville recorded wind chills as low as -19F.[73]

Hundreds of schools and businesses closed and the United States Postal Service suspended delivery service on Wednesday, January 30 and Thursday, January 31.[74]

Temperatures in South Bend plummeted as low as -20F,[75] and all classes at the University of Notre Dame were cancelled. Other major universities in the state, such as Indiana University, Purdue University and Ball State University, also cancelled all classes.[76]

Iowa

Temperatures broke records, with the coldest temperature ever recorded at -30F on January 31, 2019. Wind chills got dangerously low as -58F on January 30, 2019. Most universities closed, including Iowa State University, University of Northern Iowa, and the University of Iowa.University of Iowa student Gerald Belz died after being found unresponsive near Halsey Hall.[77]

Kentucky

After windchill temperatures were predicted to plunge to between 10F to 20F, many Kentucky schools closed.[78] [79]

Two brothers in Boone County, Obie (72) and Roy Fugate (67), died in their driveway outside of their home due to the cold after their truck was stuck in the mud.[80]

Michigan

On January 28, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer declared a state of emergency due to the record low windchill temperatures.[81] Three people died due to the extremely low temperatures in Michigan: one in Detroit, another in Ecorse, and a third in East Lansing.[82] [83]

On January 31, the city of Flint recorded a low temperature of NaNF, breaking the record for that date of -8F, set in 1963. The previous day's maximum temperature of 2F broke the record cold maximum of 8F set in 1951.[84] In Metro Detroit on January 31, temperatures were between NaNF to NaNF with windchill values between NaNF and NaNF.[85] The community named Hell in Livingston County was declared to be frozen over on January 31.[86]

Whitmer and Consumers Energy asked residents to turn down their thermostats to 65F until midnight ET on February 1, after a fire at the compressor station in Macomb County on January 30 due to extra gas usage during the cold wave, to avoid "heat interruptions".[87] [88]

The United States Postal Service suspended mail delivery on January 30 and 31 for most of Michigan.[89]

Hundreds of Michigan schools and businesses were closed for the entire week.[90]

Minnesota

The town of Cotton (near Duluth) was the coldest location in the country with a low of NaNF on January 30, shy of the all-time state record low in Minnesota.[91] The coldest wind chill was NaNF recorded at Ponsford.[92]

On January 30, Minneapolis recorded a minimum temperature of NaNF[93] with a windchill of NaNF, the coldest since 1996.[94]

On January 29, at 10:30 p.m., about 150 homes in the Princeton area, about an hour north of Minneapolis, lost natural gas service. As a result, Xcel Energy resorted to asking over 400,000 customers to turn their thermostats down to 63F to conserve natural gas through Thursday.[95]

Montana

Montana saw some of the worst effects from the cold wave, which lingered into early March.[96] The cold front in Montana didn’t hit until February 2, with highs of 55F in Great Falls. That would be the last high above freezing for Great Falls for 32 days. The average temperature in Great Falls was -0.2F, the second coldest February on record.[97] The state ultimately saw their second coldest February on record.

On March 3, Elk Park Pass hit -46F, setting a statewide low temperature record for March.[98] On March 3, Great Falls tied a monthly record low of -32F.[99]

New York

In New York City, the temperature on January 31 reached 2F with a windchill of -17F. The temperature at noon was still only 10F.[94] The high was only 16F.[100] This tied a record cold high for the day.[101] Islip, New York set a record low on the morning of January 31 at -3F.[102]

In Williamsville (near Buffalo), a locally well-known homeless man, Lawrence "Larry" Bierl, was found frozen to death in a bus shelter on the morning of January 31.[103] The wind chill that previous night was -25F.[104]

Following a January 27 electrical fire at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn, over 1,600 inmates were held with little or no heat or electricity until power was restored on February 3.[105] Numerous inmates reported ill health and were seen banging on windows for help. Activists and some New York officials became involved in seeking to improve conditions.[106] [107] Governor Andrew Cuomo announced on February 4 that the United States Department of Justice would be investigating the outage.[108]

North Dakota

Grand Forks experienced a windchill value of -65F.[67] The cold wave made February 2019 the second coldest February in North Dakota.[109]

Washington

A snowstorm on February 3–4 brought NaNinches of snow to parts of Western Washington, including the Puget Sound region, after a winter without measurable snowfall. It was caused by cold air arriving from the north alongside a low-pressure system, dropping temperatures to the 30s and 40s. The snowstorm caused minor disruptions, including school releases and flight cancellations at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.[110] Daytime temperatures continued to drop throughout the week, reaching as low as 19F and causing black ice to form on roads.[111]

A second snowstorm struck the Seattle area and Western Washington on February 8, bringing NaNinches of snow that triggered a state of emergency from Governor Jay Inslee. The storm disrupted numerous services and caused shortages of supplies at grocery stores. At least one person died as a result of exposure.[112] The rare intensity of the snowstorm has been described as the strongest that Seattle had seen in over a decade and crippled the city.[113] [114] The snowstorm continued for the next 3 days, with 1.5inches falling on the 9th, 3.5inches on the 10th, and 6.1inches on the 11th, before the snow turned to rain after that, for a total of 17.5inches of snow over a 4-day period. This was the most snow that the Seattle area had seen over a 4-day period since 1969.[115]

Wisconsin

On January 28, Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers declared a state of emergency due to the record low windchill temperatures.[116]

A 55-year-old man froze to death in Milwaukee.[82]

Milwaukee reached record lows on January 31, with a temperature of -21F and a windchill of -40F, with some suburbs reaching as low as -30F and a windchill of -50F.[94]

See also

Notes and References

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  4. Web site: Global Catastrophe Recap December 2019 . Aon Benfield . November 1, 2022.
  5. Web site: The Science behind the Polar Vortex. Jan 29, 2019. National Weather Service. February 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190203214731/https://www.noaa.gov/multimedia/infographic/science-behind-polar-vortex. February 3, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  6. Web site: Winter Storm Jayden: More Than 1,300 Flights Canceled, State Offices and Schools Closed in Midwest, South; 3 Dead. Brackett. Ron. Wright. Pam. Weather.com. The Weather Channel. January 29, 2019. February 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202032957/https://weather.com/news/news/2019-01-28-winter-storm-jayden-impacts-preps . February 2, 2019 . live. mdy-all.
  7. https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-feels-the-cold-as-polar-vortex-makes-its-way-west Edmonton feels the cold as polar vortex makes its way west
  8. Web site: Sorry, B.C. — Polar vortex moves west as central, eastern Canada get a hint of spring . MSN . en-CA.
  9. Web site: The Coldest March Outbreak in Years Breaks Records in Rockies, Plains and Midwest . Brackett. Ron. Wright. Pam. Weather.com. The Weather Channel. March 5, 2019. March 24, 2019 . mdy-all.
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  11. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/relief-coming-blast-chilled-midwest-not-until-after-another-record-n965136 Polar vortex 2019: Relief coming for the Midwest that is suffering another record-low day
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  57. Web site: Temperature - Annual data for Saskatoon. Amateur Weather Statistics for Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. en. 2020-02-12.
  58. Web site: By the numbers: Farewell February, milder March expected in Saskatoon . Saskatoon StarPhoenix. 2019-03-04. en. 2020-02-12.
  59. Web site: National Weather Service - NWS Eureka. w2.weather.gov. February 11, 2019.
  60. https://www.sfgate.com/weather/article/snow-beach-California-sea-level-Eureka-Arcata-13605020.php#photo-16906738 Snow falls at sea level in Northern California, beaches in Humboldt Co. dusted in powder
  61. Web site: Snowfall around the Bay Area - Snow February 5, 2019.
  62. Web site: A February to remembrrr in L.A.: It never even reached 70 degrees. . March 24, 2019.
  63. Web site: A bit of snow in Los Angeles, and suddenly it's #snowmaggedon. . March 24, 2019.
  64. Web site: California drought officially over after more than seven years. . March 24, 2019.
  65. Streit, David (January 31, 2019). "D.C.-area forecast: Bitter arctic air today with snow showers possible tomorrow". The Washington Post.
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  68. Web site: Jan. 31, 2019 officially beats Illinois 20-year-old state low . 2019-03-07. WQAD.com. en. 2019-07-16.
  69. Web site: Malagon. Elvia. Did the polar vortex help set new record low temperature for Illinois?. Chicago Tribune. January 31, 2019. February 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190201212257/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/weather/ct-met-polar-vortex-illinois-record-low-20190131-story.html . February 1, 2019 . live. mdy-all.
  70. News: Czaja . Thomas . 4th Chicago death attributed to bitter cold snap . 8 February 2019 . Chicago Sun-Times . 2 February 2019.
  71. https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/flight-cancellations-ohare-midway-chicago-cold/6553/ More Than 1,600 Flights Canceled at Chicago Airports As Dangerous Cold Continues
  72. Web site: Cold Temperatures of January 30–31, 2019. National Weather Service. 4 February 2019.
  73. Web site: Public Information Statement. National Weather Service. 4 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20160122064332/http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=PAH&issuedby=PAH&product=PNS&format=CI&version=2&glossary=0. January 22, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  74. News: The impact of the frigid cold, snowstorm, by the numbers. 4 February 2019. The Oakland Press.
  75. News: Fosmoe. Margaret. South Bend sets record for Jan. 30 but doesn't break all-time record...yet. 4 February 2019. South Bend Tribune. 31 January 2019.
  76. News: IPS and universities close for Wednesday due to dangerous cold. 7 February 2019. WTHR. 30 January 2019.
  77. Web site: University of Iowa student dies after being found unresponsive during polar vortex. Iowa City Press-Citizen.
  78. Web site: Will the polar vortex affect Louisville? Here's what to know. Novelly. Thomas. 28 January 2019. The Courier-Journal. en. 2019-02-08.
  79. Web site: The Kentucky governor criticized schools for closing down during the polar vortex: 'We're getting soft'. Heller. Susanna. Insider. 2019-02-08.
  80. Web site: Two Brothers Found Dead of Hypothermia Outside Kentucky Home: They 'Froze to Death'. Adams. Char. 5 February 2019. people.com. en. 2019-02-08.
  81. https://www.wilx.com/content/news/Gov-Whitmer-declares-state-of-emergency-in-Michigan--505006832.html Gov. Whitmer declares state of emergency in Michigan
  82. Web site: Extreme Cold From Polar Vortex Kills 3 in Wisconsin, Michigan. U.S. News & World Report. January 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190131205304/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-01-30/extreme-cold-from-polar-vortex-kills-3-in-wisconsin-michigan. January 31, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  83. https://www.wnem.com/news/east-lansing-man-found-dead-outdoors-in-extreme-cold/article_7a76c844-2574-11e9-9ae1-d75c3578041b.html East Lansing man found dead outdoors in extreme cold
  84. https://www.mlive.com/news/flint/2019/01/flint-breaks-cold-weather-record-set-in-1963.html Flint breaks cold weather record set in 1963
  85. https://www.clickondetroit.com/weather/dangerous-cold-continues-in-metro-detroit-wind-chills-at-30-degrees-and-below Dangerous cold continues in Metro Detroit: Wind chills at −30 degrees and below
  86. https://www.wnem.com/news/hell-mi-has-frozen-over/article_423f1d98-255e-11e9-8d28-4b89b94f0f70.html Hell (MI) has frozen over
  87. https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/01/you-can-turn-your-heat-back-up-after-midnight-consumers-energy-says.html You can turn your heat back up after midnight, Consumers Energy says
  88. https://nbc25news.com/news/local/consumers-energy-apologizes-for-equipment-failure-thanks-residents-for-turning-down-heat Consumers Energy apologizes for equipment failure, thanks residents for turning down heat
  89. https://www.abc12.com/content/news/Mail-delivery-resumes-after-weather-related-State-of-Emergency--505192471.html Mail delivery resumes after weather-related State of Emergency
  90. https://www.abc12.com/content/news/Some-Mid-Michigan-students-getting-full-week-off-as-schools-close-for-Friday-505146161.html Some Mid-Michigan students get fifth day off amid record cold temperatures
  91. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/01/30/chicago-faces-its-coldest-day-record-midwest-plunges-into-deep-freeze/?noredirect=on Midwest temperatures ‘could approach all-time record values’ Wednesday night
  92. Web site: Here's a list of the coldest wind chills in Minnesota so far. Joe. Nelson. Bring Me The News. January 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190130212721/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-weather/heres-a-list-of-the-coldest-wind-chills-in-minnesota-so-far. January 30, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  93. Web site: NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data . . 2019-02-08.
  94. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/us/weather-polar-vortex.html Polar Vortex Live Updates: Bitter Cold Weather Spreads East
  95. Web site: With deep freeze still on, Minnesota utility asks customers to turn down thermostats. Mary Lynn. Smith. Mike. Hughlett. John. Reinan. January 31, 2019. Star Tribune.
  96. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2019-03-12/montana-makes-national-records-with-dangerously-cold-winter Montana’s Dangerously Cold Winter Sets Records
  97. https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2019/03/05/31-days-freezing-and-counting-cold-spell-ages/3066544002/ Great Falls breaks record for consecutive freezing days
  98. https://www.kulr8.com/news/montana/national-weather-experts-say-montana-just-endured-life-threatening-historic/article_786091e7-2e9b-5715-8466-b285febe0078.html National weather experts say Montana just endured "life-threatening" historic cold snap
  99. https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2019/03/03/good-morning-great-falls-its-32-below/3049540002/ 32 below in Great Falls shatters cold record
  100. News: N.Y. Today: Brutally Cold Weather . The New York Times . 31 January 2019 . Paybarah . Azi . Newman . Andy .
  101. https://www.weathergamut.com/2019/01/31/arctic-blast-brings-record-cold-to-nyc/record-cold-day-in-nyc-jan-31-2019/ Arctic Blast Brings Record Cold To NYC
  102. https://www.france24.com/en/20190201-polar-vortex-hits-usa-northeast-more-deaths-blamed-extreme-cold Polar vortex hits US northeast as more deaths blamed on extreme cold
  103. https://buffalonews.com/2019/01/31/man-found-dead-in-amherst-bus-shelter/ Death of well-known homeless man appears weather related
  104. https://buffalonews.com/2019/01/31/windchill-warning-in-effect-as-bitter-dangerous-cold-persists/ Wind chill warning in effect as bitter, dangerous cold persists
  105. Web site: Nessen. Stephen. Power Restored To Brooklyn Jail Where Inmates Went A Week Without Heat. NPR. February 4, 2019. February 4, 2019.
  106. News: Rosenblatt. Kalhan. Outrage grows over reports of Brooklyn prison with little heat, electricity during frigid week. February 3, 2019. NBC News. February 2, 2019.
  107. Web site: Correal. Annie. No Heat for Days at a Jail in Brooklyn Where Hundreds of Inmates Are Sick and 'Frantic'. The New York Times. February 4, 2019. February 1, 2019.
  108. News: Arnold. Chad. Justice Department to investigate federal prison in NY after weeklong power outage. 6 February 2019. USA Today. February 5, 2019.
  109. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/201902 February 2019 National Climate Report
  110. News: Clarridge . Christine . Groover . Heidi . February 3, 2019 . Seattle's first snow of the year wreaks havoc on traffic, cancels schools and flights . The Seattle Times . February 8, 2019.
  111. News: Fields . Asia . February 5, 2019 . Seattle-area schools delay classes as ice lingers; officials warn 'this is just round one' . The Seattle Times . February 8, 2019.
  112. News: Fields . Asia . February 8, 2019 . Snowstorm hits Seattle region as governor declares state of emergency . The Seattle Times . February 8, 2019.
  113. News: Rice . Doyle . February 8, 2019 . 'Brutal winter weather': Snowstorm to paste Seattle for second time this week . USA Today . February 8, 2019.
  114. News: February 8, 2019 . Washington governor declares state of emergency as state braces for its 2nd snowstorm this week . CNN . February 8, 2019.
  115. NWSSeattle . 1623319067032707072 . The 17.5" between the 8th & 11th was the highest 4 day snow total since 1969..
  116. https://www.jsonline.com/story/weather/2019/01/28/wisconsin-snowstorm-milwaukee-wakes-up-blizzard-like-conditions/2698625002/ Road conditions deteriorating rapidly as Evers declares a state of emergency and frigid temperatures move in

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