2019 Indonesian general election explained

Country:Indonesia
Election Date:17 April 2019
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:Presidential election
Type:Presidential
Previous Election:2014 Indonesian presidential election
Previous Year:2014
Next Election:2024 Indonesian general election
Next Year:2024
Registered:192,770,611 (0.61%)
Turnout:81.97% (12.39pp)
Image1:Joko Widodo presidential portrait (2016).jpg
Candidate1:Joko Widodo
Party1:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Alliance1 Name:no
Alliance1:Onward Indonesia
Running Mate1:Ma'ruf Amin
Popular Vote1:85,607,362
Percentage1:55.50%
Candidate2:Prabowo Subianto
Party2:Gerindra Party
Alliance2 Name:no
Alliance2:Just and Prosperous Indonesia
Running Mate2:Sandiaga Uno
Popular Vote2:68,650,239
Percentage2:44.50%
President
Before Election:Joko Widodo
Before Party:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
After Election:Joko Widodo
After Party:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:Legislative election
Previous Election:2014
Next Election:2024
Seats For Election:All 575 seats in the House of Representatives
Majority Seats:288
Party1:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Leader1:Megawati Sukarnoputri
Percentage1:19.33
Seats1:128
Last Election1:109
Party2:Gerindra Party
Leader2:Prabowo Subianto
Percentage2:12.57
Seats2:78
Last Election2:73
Color2:
  1. 8B0000
Party3:Golkar
Leader3:Airlangga Hartarto
Percentage3:12.31
Seats3:85
Last Election3:91
Party4:National Awakening Party
Leader4:Muhaimin Iskandar
Percentage4:9.69
Seats4:58
Last Election4:47
Party5:NasDem Party
Leader5:Surya Paloh
Percentage5:9.05
Seats5:59
Last Election5:35
Party6:Prosperous Justice Party
Leader6:Sohibul Iman
Percentage6:8.21
Seats6:50
Last Election6:40
Party7:Democratic Party (Indonesia)
Leader7:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Percentage7:7.77
Seats7:54
Last Election7:61
Party8:National Mandate Party
Leader8:Zulkifli Hasan
Percentage8:6.84
Seats8:44
Last Election8:49
Party9:United Development Party
Leader9:Suharso Monoarfa
Percentage9:4.52
Seats9:19
Last Election9:39
Speaker
Before Election:Bambang Soesatyo
Before Party:Golkar
After Election:Puan Maharani
After Party:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle

General elections were held in Indonesia on 17 April 2019.[1] [2] For the first time in the country's history, the president, the vice president, members of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and members of local legislative bodies were elected on the same day with over 190 million eligible voters. Sixteen parties participated in the elections nationally, including four new parties.

The presidential election, the fourth in the country's history, used a direct, simple majority system, with incumbent president Joko Widodo, known as Jokowi, running for re-election with senior Muslim cleric Ma'ruf Amin as his running mate against former general Prabowo Subianto and former Jakarta vice governor Sandiaga Uno for a five-year term between 2019 and 2024. The election was a rematch of the 2014 presidential election, in which Jokowi defeated Prabowo. The legislative election, which was the 12th such election for Indonesia, saw over 240,000 candidates competing for over 20,000 seats in the MPR and local councils for provinces and cities/regencies, with over 8,000 competing for the People's Representative Council (DPR) seats alone. The election was described as "one of the most complicated single-day ballots in global history".[3] Jokowi's 85.6 million votes were the most votes cast for a single candidate in any democratic election in Indonesia's history, exceeding the record of his predecessor Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who won 73.8 million votes in 2009.[4] His successor Prabowo Subianto surpassed his record in the 2024 election winning with more than 96 million votes.

On 21 May 2019, the General Elections Commission (KPU) declared Jokowi victorious in the presidential election, with over 55% of the vote. Widodo's PDI-P finished first in the DPR election with 19.33%, followed by Prabowo's Gerindra with 12.57%, then Golkar with 12.31%, the National Awakening Party (PKB) with 9.69%, the NasDem Party with 9.05%, and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) with 8.21%.

Following the election, reports of the more than 7 million election workers, among which 569 had died during the lengthy voting and counting process, surfaced. Prabowo's campaign team claimed that the deaths were linked to fraud that disadvantaged him.[5] As of 9 May 2019, the election commission (KPU) said the dead included 456 election officers, 91 supervisory agents and 22 police officers.[6]

In the early morning of 22 May 2019, supporters of Prabowo protested in Jakarta against Jokowi's victory. The protest turned into a riot, which left eight people killed by security officers and over 600 injured.[7]

Background

See main article: Elections in Indonesia. Elections in Indonesia were previously held separately, with a 2008 elections law regulating that presidential and legislative elections be held at least three months apart from one another. Following a 2013 Constitutional Court lawsuit, however, it was decided that the 2019 elections – which would have been the 12th legislative election and the 4th presidential election – would be held simultaneously. The stated intent of the simultaneous election was to reduce associated costs and minimize transactional politics, in addition to increasing voter turnout.[8] [9]

In the 2014 presidential election, Jakarta governor Joko Widodo defeated former general Prabowo Subianto to become the seventh President of Indonesia. Despite initially having a minority government, Jokowi later managed to secure the support of Golkar and the United Development Party, giving him control of the legislature.[10] [11] In the legislative elections of the same year, former opposition party PDI-P managed to secure the largest share in the DPR, ahead of Golkar and Gerindra.[12]

Despite plans to introduce electronic voting, the DPR in March 2017 announced it would not mandate e-voting in the 2019 elections because of hacking fears and because of the lack of nationwide internet coverage.[13] On 7 April 2017, the KPU, the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) and the Ministry of Home Affairs held a meeting with the People's Representative Council's special committee to deliberate a draft law concerning the 2019 elections.[14] The Chairman of the House special committee deliberating the bill, Lukman Edy, announced on 25 April 2017 that Wednesday, 17 April 2019, had been agreed upon as the date for the elections.[15]

Nominations of candidates for the national and regional legislatures as well as candidates for president and vice president were completed in September 2018. The campaign period was from 13 October 2018 to 13 April 2019 followed by a three-day election silence before the voting day on 17 April. The final results were planned to be announced on 22 May, while the inauguration of the president and vice president was scheduled for 20 October 2019.[16]

Electoral system

The election was regulated by Law No. 7 of 2017.[17] [18] The KPU, a legally independent government body was responsible for organizing the election.[19] In addition, the vote was monitored by the Bawaslu, which also had the authority to rule on violations of election rules (e.g. administrative errors, vote-buying, etc.).[20] Any ethical violations committed by either Bawaslu or the KPU were to be handled by the Elections Organizer Honor Council (Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu DKPP), which consists of one member from each body and five others recommended by the government.[21]

Voters were given five ballot papers: for the president and vice president, Regional Representative Council (DPD), People's Representative Council (DPR), provincial council, and regency/municipal council (DPRD Provinsi and DPRD Kabupaten/Kota) members.[22] Voters used a nail to poke a hole in the ballot paper indicating which party or candidate they wish to vote for,[23] and then dip their fingers in ink as a precaution against voter fraud. Tabulation of the votes was done manually on paper.[24] The KPU is legally required to announce the results of the election within 35 days of the vote, i.e., before 22 May 2019.[25]

Presidential vote

To run for the presidency, a candidate had to be supported by political parties totalling 20% of the seats in the DPR or 25% of the popular vote in the previous legislative election.[17] [18] :Art. 222 Political parties were allowed to remain neutral if they were unable to propose their own candidate. However, if a neutral party(s) was able to endorse their own candidate, they were required to do so, or face being barred from participating in the next election.[18] :Art. 235[26]

The voting procedure followed a two-round system, with voters simply choosing one of the candidate pairs. A winning candidate was required to win a majority and at least 20% of the votes in over half of Indonesia's provinces. If no candidate pairs had fulfilled the criterion, the election would have to be repeated with a maximum of two participants.[18] :Art. 416

Legislative vote

Members of both the DPR and the Regional People's Representative Councils (DPRD) were elected from multi-member electoral districts through voting with an open list system,[18] and seat distribution is done with the Sainte-Laguë method in contrast to previous elections which utilised the Hare quota.[27] There was a gender quota requiring at least 30% of registered candidates to be female.[28]

A 4% parliamentary threshold was set for parties to be represented in the DPR, though candidates could still win seats in the regional councils provided they won sufficient votes.[29] There were 575 DPR seats contested – up from 560 in 2014.[30] Nationally, there were 80 DPR electoral districts, with 272 provincial and 2,206 municipal electoral districts.[31] Candidates for the DPD were not allowed to be members of a political party. Four members were elected for each province – a total of 136.

Voters

The voting age for the election is 17, or less if already married.[32] In practice, the Marriage Law 16 of 2019 raised the minimum age of marriage for women from 16 to 19 (in line with men), unless given a dispensation by the Indonesian Supreme Court.[33] This means there will be, by 2024, practically no-one under the age of 17 qualified to vote, despite this being allowed for under election Law. Indonesians living overseas could vote in either the embassies and consulates, mobile polling stations, or by post, with the voting taking place on 8–14 April.[34]

On 5 September 2018, the KPU announced there were 187 million registered voters – 185,732,093 in Indonesia and 2,049,791 voting abroad. They were to vote at 805,075 polling stations in Indonesia, with mail-in votes and 620 polling stations outside the country.[35] A large number of polling stations (which was updated in April 2019 to 810,329)[36] meant that there was an average of 200 voters per station, compared to 600 in the 2014 election.[37] Around 17 million people are involved in some way in running the election, including the election officers, polling station guards, and registered witnesses from the candidates and parties.[38]

Later on, 670,000 names were removed following complaints of duplicates in the voter registry, lowering the total voter count to around 187.1 million.[39] Further investigations resulted in over 1 million duplicate voters discovered in Papua alone in October, out of the initial voter registry of 3 million.[40] Bawaslu commissioners in early September estimated that there would be around 2 million duplicate voters,[41] while opposition party Gerindra stated that they only had 137 million voters in their internal registry, and claimed that they found 25 million duplicate names in the registry.[42] The figure was later updated to 192.8 million voters, including 2 million overseas.[43]

Due to various logistical issues, namely with the distribution of ballot papers, 2,249 polling stations had to conduct follow-up voting.[44] A repeat vote was also recommended in the Kuala Lumpur embassy due to suspected voter fraud and a follow-up election in Sydney due to the voting station there closing early.[45]

Contesting parties

A total of 27 political parties registered with the KPU to run in the election.[46] On 17 February 2018, the KPU announced that 14 parties had passed the verification precedes and would be eligible to contest the legislative election. The PBB subsequently appealed to the Bawaslu, which ruled it could participate, making a total of 15 parties.[47] [48] The PKPI's appeal to Bawaslu was rejected, but an 11 April ruling by the National Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara) decreed that the party was eligible to contest in the election.[49] A further four parties contested in Aceh only.[50]

Ballot
number		English name Indonesian name Leader Ideology
1 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) Pluralism
2 Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya (Gerindra) Right-wing populism
3 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P) Marhaenism
4 Partai Golongan Karya Developmentalism
5 Partai NasDem Liberalism
6 Partai Gerakan Perubahan Indonesia (Partai Garuda) Centrism
7 Partai Berkarya New order revivalism
8 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) Post-Islamism
9 Partai Persatuan Indonesia (Perindo) Populism
10 Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) Religious pluralism
11 Partai Solidaritas Indonesia (PSI) Progressivism
12 Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) Religious nationalism
13 Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat (Hanura) Centrism
14 Indonesian: Partai Demokrat|italic=no Centrism
19 Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB) Islamism
20 Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia (PKPI) Centrism

The four Aceh local parties were:[51]

Ballot
number		English name Indonesian name Leader
15 Partai Aceh Muzakir Manaf
16 Partai Suara Independen Rakyat Aceh Muhammad Nazar
17 Partai Daerah Aceh Jamaluddin Thaib
18 Partai Nanggroe Aceh Irwandi Yusuf

Presidential election

Candidates

In July 2017, the People's Representative Council (DPR) confirmed that only parties or coalitions with at least 20% of seats in the legislature, or 25% of votes in the previous election, would be eligible to submit a presidential candidate.[52] Requirements for presidential/vice-presidential candidates were similar, with only either Indonesia-born lifelong Indonesian citizens or naturalised citizens who were born abroad and obtained foreign citizenship outside their own will being eligible to run with a minimum age of 40 and a requirement to "have a belief in the One and Only God". If the candidates had spouses, they also had to be Indonesian citizens. A criminal record resulting in over five years of incarceration or an active bankruptcy bar a candidate from running. A term limit of two terms prevented incumbent Vice President Jusuf Kalla from running as a vice-presidential candidate.[53] [18] :Art. 169

Except for the PAN, all parties in the government coalition supported a second term for Jokowi. In total, nine parties running in the legislative election supported Jokowi, with the coalition having met formally by May 2018. Of those nine parties, Perindo and PSI were participating for the first time.[54] Shortly after Ma'ruf was declared as Jokowi's VP candidate, Jokowi's coalition member party PPP leader Muhammad Romahurmuziy stated that the coalition, dubbed Koalisi Indonesia Kerja (lit. "Working Indonesia Coalition"),[55] was final, and would not accept any more parties.[56] In total, the coalition gained over 62% of the votes during the 2014 legislative election and controlled 337 of 560 DPR seats.

Aside from Gerindra, parties backing Prabowo did not confirm their support until late: PAN and PKS on 9 August 2018,[57] [58] Demokrat and Berkarya on 10 August,[59] [60] the registration day, though the coalition had existed prior.[61] PAN withdrew from the government coalition, resulting in the resignation of bureaucratic reform minister and PAN member Asman Abnur.[62] The pro-Prabowo coalition was named Indonesian: Koalisi Indonesia Adil Makmur (lit. "Just and Prosperous Indonesia Coalition").[63] There are five parties in the coalition – including Berkarya, a new party[64] – which won 36% of the 2014 legislative vote and holds 223 of 560 DPR seats.

Two parties – PBB (participated in the 2014 election, but did not gain a national legislature seat) and the Garuda Party (a new party) – initially did not endorse either candidate. The latter's secretary Abdullah Mansyuri stated the party was focusing on the legislative elections, while PBB chairman Yusril Ihza Mahendra said neither Jokowi nor Prabowo's camp invited PBB.[65] [66] Later on, however, he would join Jokowi's campaign team as its lawyer.[67] On 27 January 2019, PBB officially endorsed Jokowi.[68] The Aceh Nanggroe Party – which held 3 of the 81 seats in Aceh's provincial council – also endorsed Jokowi in January 2019.[69]

Registration for presidential candidates was opened between 4 and 10 August 2018 at the KPU head office in Jakarta.[70] Neither candidate declared their vice presidential pick until 9 August 2018. Both picks were considered "surprising", with Jokowi selecting senior cleric and politician Ma'ruf Amin despite early reports that former Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court Mahfud MD would be selected. Prabowo's last-minute selection of businessman and Jakarta vice-governor Sandiaga Uno – close to midnight on that day – was also unexpected. Sandiaga was not mentioned in the early phases of the selection.[71] [72]

Known asParty English name Supporting DPR seats (2014)DPR seats % (2014) Legislative votes % (2014)
PDI-PPartai Demokrasi Indonesia PerjuanganNominee

Joko Widodo (PDI-P)
Running mate: Ma'ruf Amin (Independent)

Majority coalition:
PDI-P/Golkar/PPP/
Hanura/NasDem/PKB
60.36% 63.62%
GolkarPartai Golongan KaryaGolkar
PPPPartai Persatuan PembangunanUnited Development Party
HanuraPartai Hati Nurani RakyatPeople's Conscience Party
NasDemPartai NasDemNasDem Party
PKBPartai Kebangkitan BangsaNational Awakening Party
PBBPartai Bulan BintangCrescent Star Party
PKPIPartai Keadilan dan Persatuan IndonesiaIndonesian Justice and Unity Party
PerindoPartai Persatuan IndonesiaPerindo Party
PSIPartai Solidaritas IndonesiaIndonesian Solidarity Party
GerindraPartai Gerakan Indonesia RayaNominee

Prabowo Subianto (Gerindra)
Running mate: Sandiaga Uno (Gerindra, later Independent)[73]

bgcolor=8B0000 rowspan="5" Minority coalition:
Gerindra/PKS/PAN/Demokrat
39.64% 36.38%
PKSPartai Keadilan SejahteraProsperous Justice Party
PANPartai Amanat NasionalNational Mandate Party
DemokratIndonesian: Partai Demokrat|italic=noDemocratic Party
BerkaryaPartai BerkaryaBerkarya Party

Nominees

01
2019 Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle ticket
for Presidentfor Vice President
7th President of Indonesia (2014–present)
Governor of Jakarta (2012–2014)		Chairman of the Indonesian Ulema Council (2015–2020)
General Leader of Nahdlatul Ulama (2015–2018)
Campaign
02
2019 Gerindra Party ticket
for Presidentfor Vice President
Commander of Army Strategic Reserve Command (1998)
2014 presidential nominee 		Vice Governor of Jakarta (2017–2018)
Campaign

Potential candidates

Other individuals who expressed an intent, received political support, or were touted as prospective presidential candidates included son of former president Yudhoyono and 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial candidate Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono,[74] [75] former MPR Speaker Amien Rais,[76] [77] Governor of Jakarta and former minister of education and culture Anies Baswedan,[78] [79] all of whom subsequently endorsed Prabowo, and incumbent Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla, who later expressed support for Jokowi.[80] [81]

Campaigns

See main article: Joko Widodo 2019 presidential campaign and Prabowo Subianto 2019 presidential campaign. The official campaigning period lasted around six months, starting with a "peaceful campaign" declaration on 23 September 2018, and the final day on 13 April 2019.[82] Before the start of the campaign, both parties submitted their campaign teams to the KPU; Jokowi's being led by businessman Erick Thohir while Prabowo's was led by former Indonesian National Armed Forces commander Djoko Santoso.[83]

Debates

The KPU scheduled five debates to be held in 2019, the same number as in 2014. DPR member and PAN Central Committee chairman Yandri Susanto proposed that the debates be held in English, but the KPU decided that the debates would be held in Indonesian.[84] [85] The debate questions from the KPU were provided in advance to the candidates. The Prabowo campaign team criticised it as belittling the candidates.[86]

The first debate held on 17 January 2019, focused on legal, human rights, terrorism and corruption issues, and was moderated by Ira Koesno and Imam Priyono.[87] Both candidates described their visions during the early stages. Jokowi admitted the difficulty of solving old human rights cases and promising to strengthen law enforcement institutions. Prabowo shared this sentiment and called for an increase in the salaries of civil servants to reduce corruption.[88]

The second debate was held on 17 February 2019, with topics covering energy, food, infrastructure, natural resources and the environment, and was moderated by news presenters Anisha Dasuki and Tommy Tjokro.[89] This time, both candidates utilised more numbers and statistics. In one segment, Jokowi questioned Prabowo on his stance about unicorn companies, briefly confusing Prabowo and led to internet memes related to the animal unicorn.[90] On the topic of agrarian land reform, Jokowi pointed out Prabowo's ownership of 340000ha of land.[91] Prabowo stated that he held the land under cultivation rights instead of full ownership and was willing to return it to the state.[92] [93]

The third debate, involving the vice-presidential candidates, covered education, health, labour, social affairs and culture, and was held on 17 March 2019.[94] On 30 March 2019, the fourth debate was held, which was centred around defence and foreign policy.[95] The fifth and final debate was held on 13 April 2019 and focused on economics, public welfare, industry, trade and investment.[96]

Social media

With millennials making up around two-fifths of Indonesia's population, there were significant efforts by both sides to appeal to the age group.[97] One example of a major social media-centred campaign, dubbed

  1. 2019GantiPresiden
emerged, initiated by PKS politician Mardani Ali Sera. It included holding rallies in multiple cities until they were disallowed following clashes with Jokowi supporters.[98]

Before the campaign period began, observers had expected rampant hoaxes and fake news coming through social media and WhatsApp. One observer noted that the government was limited in its impact in handling the issue, as it may be framed as favouring the incumbent.[99] [100] One particular case involved activist and Prabowo campaigner Ratna Sarumpaet. She falsely claimed to have been assaulted, initially causing many prominent opposition politicians to voice support. However, she admitted that she had lied following a police investigation. She was prosecuted as a result and forced to resign from the campaign team, and Prabowo personally apologised for spreading the hoax.[101] Both sides formed dedicated anti-hoax groups to counterattacks on social media,[82] [102] with the Indonesian government holding weekly fake news briefings.[103]

Amid public apathy toward mainstream parties and candidates, a pairing of spoof candidates, "Nurhadi-Aldo" (abbreviated as dildo), gained popularity on social media, with 400,000 Instagram followers within the first month of its creation. The account parodied typical political aesthetics and utilised vulgar acronyms.[104]

Finances

On 23 September, both campaign teams submitted an initial budget. Jokowi's campaign team reported an initial balance of Rp 11.9 billion and Prabowo's team Rp 2 billion. Indonesia Corruption Watch observers deemed the initial numbers "unrealistic" (Jokowi's team spent Rp 293 billion in 2014, while Prabowo's spent Rp 166 billion). Representatives from both teams responded that the balance was just an initial balance, and would increase throughout the campaigning period.[105]

For the Prabowo Subianto campaign, in particular, Uno paid for the majority of campaign fees, with his contribution comprising 70% of the reported campaign funds (Rp 95.4 billion out of Rp 135 billion). Uno stated in an interview with Bloomberg that he spent around US$100 million on the election.[106]

Endorsements

See main article: Endorsements in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election.

Polls

By late 2018, Jokowi was ahead of Prabowo in most surveys.[107] [108] The table below gives detailed survey results from a variety of organizations.

Polling organizationDateSample sizeJokowiPrabowo
Charta Politika5–10 April 20192,00055.738.8
SMRC5–8 April 20192,28556.837.0
LSI18–26 March 20191,2006040
SMRC24 February-5 March 20192,47957.631.8
Kompas22 February-5 March 20192,00049.237.4
LSI18–25 January 20191,20054.831.0
Median6–15 January 20191,50047.938.7
Charta Politika22 December 2018 – 2 January 20192,00053.234.1
LSI10–19 November 20181,20053.231.2
Median4–16 November 20181,20047.735.5
Kompas24 September-5 October 20181,20052.632.7
SMRC7–24 September 20181,07460.429.8
Indikator1–6 September 20181,22057.732.3
Y-Publica13–23 August 20181,20052.728.6
LSI12–19 August 20181,20052.229.5
Alvara12–18 August 20181,50053.535.2
NOTE: See warning above
Polling organizationDateSample sizeJokowiPrabowoJKNurmantyoAHYAniesAhokTanoesoedibjoHasanMuhaimin
RTK23 July-1 Aug 20181,61042.521.30.41.63.10.8–0.40.21.8
Median19 April-5 May 20182,10035.7022.60–6.80–5.20––––
Median (head to head)19 April-5 May 20182,10058.2026.60––––––––
Polcomm3–6 May 20181,20036.4227.17–4.92–4.33––3.52.5
IDM (head to head)28 Apr – 8 May 20182,45029.850.1––––––––
IDM28 Apr – 8 May 20182,45026.440.1–8.26.3–––––
RTK21 Apr – 21 May 20181,61038.520.5–1.62.7––0.9––
Indo Barometer15–22 Apr 20182,00040.719.71.22.72.02.40.91.00.30.5
Charta Politika13–19 Apr 20182,00051.223.32.05.52.73.4–––0.6
INES12 – 28 April 20182,18027.750.2–7.4––––––
Cyrus27 March-3 April 20181,23056.719.81.63.22.11.6–2.2––
Median24 March-6 April 20181,20036.220.44.37.01.82.0–1.6––
Kompas21 March-1 April 20181,20055.914.1–1.8––––––
KedaiKOPI19–27 March 20181,13548.321.5–2.11.11.1–0.5––
7–16 February 20181,20064.325.3––––––––
Median1–9 February 20181,00035.021.2–5.53.34.5––––
Poltracking27 January-3 February 20181,20045.419.80.50.30.80.6–0.3––
Indo Barometer23–30 January 20181,20032.719.12.12.72.52.52.90.8––
SMRC7–13 December 20171,22038.910.50.91.2–1.7–1.3––
PolMark13–25 November 20172,60050.222.00.72.04.84.5–1.6––
Indo Barometer15–23 November 20171,20034.912.1–3.22.53.63.3–––
Poltracking8–15 November 20172,40041.518.20.90.80.80.5––––
Populi Center19–26 October 20171,20049.421.70.42.0–0.7–0.7––
PolMark22 October 20172,25041.221––2.9–––––
Median2 October 20171,00036.223.22.62.8–4.4––––
Indikator17–24 September 20171,22034.211.5–0.70.50.50.51––
SMRC3–10 September 20171,22038.9120.80.30.30.90.80.6––
SMRC14–20 May 20171,50053.737.2––––––––
SMRC14–20 May 20171,50034.117.20.40.30.40.40.91.1––
KompasApril 201741.622.1––––––––
NOTE: See warning above

Legislative election

Contested seats

Legislative elections in Indonesia: April 2019[109]
LevelInstitutionSeats contestedChange from 2014
NationalPeople's Representative Council
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)		57515
NationalRegional Representative Council
Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD)		1364
Provincial
Provinsi		Provincial People's Regional Representative Council
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi (DPRD I)		2,20795
Regency/Municipal
Kabupaten/Kota		Regency/Municipal People's Regional Representative Council
Dewan Perwakilian Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota (DPRD II)		17,340[110] 445
Total20,258829

Candidates

All legislative candidates had to be Indonesian citizens, over 21 years old, senior high school (or equivalent) graduates, and have never been convicted for a crime resulting in a sentence of 5 years or more. In addition, the candidates for the People's Representative Council (DPR) or local legislatures had to be endorsed by a political party and were required to resign from their non-legislative government offices – except for the president and vice president – or their state-owned company positions. Legislators running for reelection or another body through a new political party were also required to resign.[111]

For the DPR, there were 7,968 candidates – 4,774 male and 3,194 female – contesting the 575 seats for an average of 13.86 candidates per seat available. Just three parties – NasDem, PAN and PKB – used their entire quota of 575 candidates, with the PKPI registering only 137 candidates.[112] Formappi, an NGO, found that 529 out of 560 (94%) incumbent DPR members were running for reelection.[113]

The election for DPD members required candidates to be a non-partisan, with a total of 807 candidates competing for the 136 seats. The incumbent speaker, Oesman Sapta Odang, was briefly removed from the candidacy list for not resigning from Hanura, though he was restored when he submitted a resignation letter. Although all provinces were allocated four seats, the number of candidates varied from 10 for West Papua to 49 for West Java.[114] [115] Approximately 245,000 candidates were running for all legislative seats across the country.[116] For example, 1,586 candidates were approved to run for the 120-seat West Java Provincial Council alone.[117]

Ballot No.
PartyDistrictsCandidatesMaleFemale
1National Awakening PartyPKB80575355220
2Gerindra PartyGerindra79569360209
3Indonesian Democratic Party of StrugglePDIP80573358215
4Party of the Functional GroupsGolkar80574357217
5National Democratic PartyNasDem80575354221
6Garuda PartyGaruda80225115110
7Berkarya PartyBerkarya80554341213
8Prosperous Justice PartyPKS80533321212
9Indonesian Unity PartyPerindo80568347221
10United Development PartyPPP80554321233
11Indonesian Solidarity PartyPSI80574300274
12National Mandate PartyPAN80575356219
13People's Conscience PartyHanura79427250177
14Democratic PartyDemokrat80573350223
19Crescent Star PartyPBB80382228154
20Indonesian Justice and Unity PartyPKPI611376176

Finances

The political parties, like the presidential candidates, were required to submit their campaign budgets to the KPU. Aside from donations from sympathizers and members, the parties which participated in the 2014 election also receive money from the government amounting to Rp 1,000 (US$0.071) per vote received.[118] [119] By January 2019, the national political parties have collectively reported campaign donations totalling Rp 445 billion (US$31.6 million).[120]

Polls

NOTE: The accuracy of political surveys in Indonesia varies significantly, with some having little transparency. It should also be noted that some agencies also act as political consultants and surveys are often paid for by candidates.[121] Caution should hence be exercised in using the polling data below.

PollsterDateSample sizePDI-PGolkarGerindraDemokratPKBPKSPANPPPHanuraNasDemPBBPerindoPSIBerkaryaGarudaPKPI
Cyrus27 March-2 April 20191,23027.911.416.75.58.05.13.73.21.23.7––––––
LSI18–26 March 20191,20024.611.813.45.95.83.93.12.90.92.50.23.90.20.70.10.1
Charta Politika1–9 March 20192,00024.89.815.75.17.24.13.23.60.84.90.41.31.40.40.20.3
Kompas22 February-5 March 20192,00026.99.4174.66.84.52.92.70.92.60.41.50.90.50.20.2
LSI18–25 January 20191,20023.711.314.65.48.241.53.50.54.5-3.60.40.10.3-
Charta Politika22 December 2018 – 2 January 20192,00025.29.015.24.58.14.22.64.30.65.30.42.7---0.1
Kompas24 September-5 October 20181,20029.906.2016.004.806.303.302.303.201.003.600.401.500.400.400.300.10
Median19 April–5 May 20181,20026.008.8016.508.608.703.003.402.800.702.700.203.500.300.20–0.20
Polcomm3–6 May 20181,20022.927.9217.56.173.422.833.251.170.581.750.421.750.33–––
LSI28 Apr–5 May 20181,20021.715.314.75.86.22.22.51.80.72.30.42.30.10.10.30.1
Charta Politika13–19 Apr 20182,00024.91112.3573.52.83.80.63.60.74.00.2–0.2–
Cyrus27 Mar–3 Apr 20181,23926.911.511.55.07.33.51.54.31.03.30.24.30.30.80.3–
Indikator25–31 Mar 20181,20027.78.011.46.65.84.01.93.50.52.70.34.60.20.30.7–
Median24 Mar–6 Apr 20181,20021.19.3158.18.52.923.60.72.4––––––
Kompas21 Mar–1 Apr 20181,20033.37.210.92.84.92.41.32.2–2.5–1.5––––
Poltracking27 Jan–3 Feb 20181,20026.511.313.46.664.63.62.72.33.30.52.12.1–––
LSI7–14 Jan 20181,20022.215.511.46.263.823.50.74.20.330.3–––
Indikator1,22023.61210.385.53.31.94.60.920.52.50.4–––
PolMark9–20 Sep 20172,25025.19.27.15.36.32.43.62.40.32.80.21.7––––
SMRC3–10 Sep 20171,22027.111.410.26.95.54.43.64.31.32.40.12––––
NOTE: See warning above

Results

President

KPU officially announced that the Jokowi-Amin ticket had won the election in the early hours of 21 May 2019.[1] The official vote tally was 85 million votes for Jokowi (55.50%) and 68 million votes for Prabowo (44.50%). The result was subject to appeals in the Constitutional Court; parties disputing the official tallies had 72 hours after the announcement to file an appeal.[122]

Prior to the announcement of official results, 40 bodies were authorized by the KPU to release quick count results.[123]

By province

ProvinceTotal
valid
votes
Joko Widodo
PDI-P		Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra
Votes%Votes%
SumatraAceh14.4185.59
North Sumatra52.3247.68
West Sumatra14.0985.91
Riau38.7361.27
Jambi41.6858.32
South Sumatra40.3059.70
Bengkulu49.8950.11
Lampung59.3440.66
Bangka Belitung Islands63.2336.77
Riau Islands54.1945.81
JavaBanten38.4661.54
Jakarta51.6848.32
West Java40.0759.93
Central Java77.2922.71
Yogyakarta69.0330.97
East Java65.7934.21
KalimantanWest Kalimantan57.5042.50
Central Kalimantan60.7439.26
South Kalimantan35.9264.08
East Kalimantan55.7144.29
North Kalimantan70.0429.96
Lesser SundaBali91.688.32
West Nusa Tenggara32.1167.89
East Nusa Tenggara88.5711.43
SulawesiNorth Sulawesi77.2422.76
Gorontalo51.7348.27
Central Sulawesi56.4143.59
Southeast Sulawesi39.7560.25
West Sulawesi64.3235.68
South Sulawesi42.9857.02
MalukuMaluku60.4039.60
North Maluku47.3952.61
PapuaPapua90.669.34
West Papua79.8120.19
Overseas73.3126.69
Total85,607,36255.5068,650,23944.50154,257,601
Source: Tempo[124]

By region

RegionTotal
valid
votes
Joko Widodo
PDI-P		Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra
Votes%Votes%
Sumatra42.7057.30
Java57.8742.13
Kalimantan52.5747.43
Lesser Sunda69.1530.85
Sulawesi51.4948.51
Maluku55.2344.77
Papua88.9211.08
Overseas73.3126.69
Total85,607,36255.5068,650,23944.50154,257,601
Source: Tempo[125]

Jokowi won a majority of votes in 21 out of 34 provinces and the majority of overseas voters.[126] An observer from Cornell University noted Jokowi's dominance in predominantly non-Muslim regions - such as the Hindu Bali and Christian North Sulawesi - despite losing support in heavily Muslim provinces such as Aceh and West Sumatra. Jokowi also performed well in ethnically Javanese regions - mainly in Central Java and East Java. Notably, Jokowi won 100% of votes in five Papuan regencies - Puncak, Puncak Jaya, Central Mamberamo, Yalimo, and Lanny Jaya - due to the noken (communal vote) system employed there.[127] Prabowo, on the other hand, won in most of Sumatra's provinces, in addition to the provinces of Banten and West Java.[128]

Rejection

Prabowo's camp has declared that they would not accept the KPU's official results. On 14 May 2019, he held a press briefing where he alleged that vote-rigging had occurred, and claimed that his campaign team had collected evidence. The campaign team had also requested KPU stop their official vote tallying.[129] Following the unofficial quick count results that indicated a Jokowi victory, Prabowo claimed his internal counts won him 62% of the votes and accused the pollsters of taking sides.[130] One of the campaign team members, Fadli Zon, has indicated that the campaign team would not bring the case to the Constitutional Court (which rejected their appeal in 2014).[131] After KPU's official announcement on 21 May, Prabowo stated that he rejected the presidential election results, and would resort to "constitutional legal pathways".[132]

Protests by Prabowo supporters are expected on 22 May, when KPU is set to announce the results officially. In anticipation, the US and Singaporean embassies issued notices warning their citizens to avoid the protests.[133] [134] Following arrests of 29 people suspected of planning attacks on the rally, the Indonesian National Police urged for people not to attend the protests.[135] Several opposition figures, such as Kivlan Zen, were investigated on suspicions of treason.[136]

Following the protests, Prabowo's campaign team launched a Constitutional Court lawsuit, with the first hearing scheduled on 18 June 2019.[137] They had previously submitted a complaint to the Bawaslu which was rejected on the grounds of insufficient evidence. According to Bawaslu, the complaint only included links to online news articles as evidence.[138] On 27 June 2019, the Constitutional Court rejected in its entirety Prabowo team's legal challenge.[139]

People's Representative Council

The official tally puts the PDI-P in the first place with 19.33%, followed by Prabowo's Gerindra with 12.57%. The next top parties by the number of votes are Golkar, PKB, the NasDem, and PKS.[140] [141] 286 of the 575 elected legislators to the People's Representative Council were incumbents, with two-thirds aged between 41 and 60.[142]

By province

34 provinces with a range of 3 to 91 seats in each

ProvinceTotal
seats		Seats won
PDI-PGolkarGerindraNasDemPKBDemokratPKSPANPPP
Aceh13022022212
North Sumatra30744413430
West Sumatra14023102231
Riau13222012211
Jambi8121111010
South Sumatra17233312120
Bengkulu4111000010
Lampung20532222220
Bangka Belitung Islands3110100000
Riau Islands4110100010
Jakarta21713102520
West Java9113141758101383
Central Java77261185135504
Yogyakarta8211110110
East Java872011119197253
Banten22534013321
Bali9620001000
West Nusa Tenggara11112111211
East Nusa Tenggara13320322010
North Kalimantan3100101000
West Kalimantan12421210110
Central Kalimantan6211101000
South Kalimantan11322010111
East Kalimantan8221101100
North Sulawesi6310200000
Central Sulawesi7111101110
South Sulawesi24343422132
Southeast Sulawesi6111101010
Gorontalo3011100000
West Sulawesi4101101000
Maluku4101100100
North Maluku3110100000
Papua10111311020
West Papua3110100000
Total5751288578595854504419
Source: General Election Commission

Provincial legislatures

Summary of the 17 April 2019 Indonesian Provincial People's Representative Council election results
scope=colProvincescope=col width=4%PKBscope=col width=4%Gerindrascope=col width=4%PDIPscope=col width=4%Golkarscope=col width=4%NasDemscope=col width=4%Garudascope=col width=4%Berkaryascope=col width=4%PKSscope=col width=4%Perindoscope=col width=4%PPPscope=col width=4%PSIscope=col width=4%PANscope=col width=4%Hanurascope=col width=4%Demokratscope=col width=4%PBBscope=col width=4%PKPIscope=col width=4%PAscope=col width=4%PNAscope=col width=4%PDAscope=col width=4%SIRAscope=col width=4%Total
scope=row style="text-align:left"Aceh[143] 381920060606110011863181
scope=row style="text-align:left"North Sumatra[144] 2151915120011120869000000100
scope=row style="text-align:left"West Sumatra[145] 31438300100401001000000065
scope=row style="text-align:left"Riau[146] 681011200704071900000065
scope=row style="text-align:left"Jambi[147] 5797201503072700000055
scope=row style="text-align:left"Bengkulu[148] 4677500222023500000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"South Sumatra[149] 8101113600631053900000075
scope=row style="text-align:left"Riau Islands[150] 3488600601023400000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Bangka Belitung[151] 06107500406010510000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Lampung[152] 91119109009010701000000085
scope=row style="text-align:left"Banten[153] 71613114011105161900000085
scope=row style="text-align:left"Jakarta[154] 519256700160189010000000106
scope=row style="text-align:left"West Java[155] 12252016400211307011000000120
scope=row style="text-align:left"Central Java[156] 2013421230010090605000000120
scope=row style="text-align:left"Yogyakarta[157] 67175300701170100000055
scope=row style="text-align:left"East Java[158] 2515271390040506114100000120
scope=row style="text-align:left"Bali[159] 06338200000101400000055
scope=row style="text-align:left"NTB[160] 69410502707051720000065
scope=row style="text-align:left"NTT[161] 761010900061165400000065
scope=row style="text-align:left"West Kalimantan[162] 57158800313052701000065
scope=row style="text-align:left"Central Kalimantan[163] 45127500111021600000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"South Kalimantan[164] 58812400503061300000055
scope=row style="text-align:left"East Kalimantan[165] 581112200404051300000055
scope=row style="text-align:left"North Kalimantan[166] 2554200311025410000035
scope=row style="text-align:left"South Sulawesi[167] 81181312008160711000000085
scope=row style="text-align:left"West Sulawesi[168] 2468600031024900000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Southeast Sulawesi[169] 3457500402081510000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Central Sulawesi[170] 4667700421022400000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Gorontalo[171] 14710600405032300000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"North Sulawesi[172] 12187800100120500000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"North Maluku[173] 1588412220042420000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Maluku[174] 3676301522015400000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"West Papua[175] 2378700220033602000045
scope=row style="text-align:left"Papua[176] 3576813311063800000055

Municipal legislatures

No.PartyMember countDistributionNotes
Count%ProvincesMunicipalities
1PKB1,5538.97%33429
2Gerindra1,97011.42%33504
3PDIP2,80316.18%33494
4Golkar2,41213.89%33515
5NasDem1,6289.37%33484
6Garuda330.19%721
7Berkarya1310.75%2693
8PKS1,2297.05%33411
9Perindo3792.18%31229
10PPP9545.50%33357
11PSI600.35%1543
12PAN1,3027.51%32433
13Hanura7464.30%32346
14Demokrat1,5849.13%33486
bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center15PAbgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right120bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right0.69%bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center1bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center22bgcolor=#B1B1B1 Regional party
bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center16bgcolor=#B1B1B1 SIRAbgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right4bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right0.02%bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center1bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center2bgcolor=#B1B1B1 Regional party
bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center17bgcolor=#B1B1B1 PDAbgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right17bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right0.10%bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center1bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center6bgcolor=#B1B1B1 Regional party
bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center18bgcolor=#B1B1B1 PNAbgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right46bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=right0.27%bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center1bgcolor=#B1B1B1 align=center18bgcolor=#B1B1B1 Regional party
19PBB2141.23%30143
20PKPI1550.89%24100
Source:[177]

Unofficial quick count results

Polling organizationPKBGerindraPDI-PGolkarNasDemGarudaBerkaryaPKSPerindoPPPPSIPANHanuraPDPBBPKPIData receivedSource
Litbang Kompas9.2712.8719.8911.868.230.532.128.672.844.622.066.671.348.050.760.2393.9%
LSI9.7112.5219.6912.198.610.982.418.042.954.342.376.151.896.830.930.3999.55%[178]
Indo Barometer8.9713.3719.4911.647.840.572.129.662.674.402.076.831.647.630.840.2791.58%
Indikator10.0512.8819.1111.889.000.502.068.422.664.461.996.551.637.640.930.2588.71%[179]
Poltracking10.4212.7119.2112.648.500.622.177.832.784.481.826.321.647.690.860.31N/A[180]
SMRC9.5712.5919.4212.148.950.632.198.122.804.481.946.651.717.550.870.31N/A

Turnout

The voter turnout for the election was a record, with around 81% of the registered voters participating in the presidential election. It was the highest turnout in Indonesian presidential electoral history, in contrast to the trend of an increasing number of abstentions between 2004 and 2014.[181] Certain areas in Papua also allowed traditional voting procedures where a single village head represented entire communities, resulting in nominal 100% turnouts.[182]

Controversies

Observers criticised the decision to hold the legislative and presidential elections simultaneously for being too complicated. Manual tabulation of votes at polling stations lasted until the day after the election itself.[183] Exhaustion and fatigue caused by the long hours resulted in at least 225 election officers dying during the voting or in the ensuing vote counts, in addition to 1,470 falling ill.[184] Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called for the 2024 election to return to the 2014 format of separated legislative and presidential votes.[185] The 2024 election, under the existing regulations, would be a vote on all elected legislative and executive posts in the country.[186] As of 9 May 2019, the KPU confirmed that 569 deaths had occurred due to overwork; this number includes 456 election officers, 91 supervisory agents and 22 police officers. Besides, 4,310 had reportedly fallen sick.[6]

In July 2018, the KPU passed a regulation barring ex-corruption convicts, sexual offenders and people convicted of drug offences from running for office.[187] However, the Bawaslu and the DPR objected to the regulation and accused the KPU of violating the 2017 election law.[188] The Supreme Court of Indonesia eventually ruled that the KPU regulation was invalid, allowing convicts to contest in the election.[189] Thirty-eight people who had been corruption convicts eventually ran for office across the country – 26 for regency/municipal councils and 12 for provincial councils.[190]

The KPU was also criticised for giving legislative candidates an option not to publish their resumes. Formappi found that around a quarter of the candidates chose not to publish their information, with a further 18% not having submitted any. Some candidates noted that they wished to publish their information, but could not due to technical reasons with the KPU's website.[113] [191]

Ballot boxes for the election were made from waterproof cardboard intended for single-use. The KPU said it would save ballot box costs and allow construction of transparent boxes as mandated by election regulations.[192] Although all parties in DPR approved the decision, Prabowo's campaign team contested it.[193] Uno remarked that there was a potential for cheating.[194] PDI-P Secretary General Hasto Kristiyanto remarked that "Gerindra was making up reasons for losing".[195] The KPU later held public demonstrations where a ballot box was sprayed with water and sat on to demonstrate its strength,[196] although KPU officials from various region had reported receiving 70 ballot boxes with water damage,[197] [198] [199] and even the cardboard ballot boxes eaten by termites.[200] [201]

In January 2019, it was rumoured by Yusril Ihza Mahendra that Jokowi was considering releasing Islamist Abu Bakar Ba'asyir due to old age and declining health. The move was seen as controversial in Indonesia as part of a growing number of actions taken by Jokowi to appease Indonesia's conservative Muslims ahead of the election.[202] The government later suspended this attempt as Ba'asyir refused to accept Pancasila as his ideology. He instead stuck to his fundamentalist Islam point of view.[203]

Throughout his campaign, Prabowo was accused of spreading pessimism and using Donald Trump's 2016 campaign strategy of highlighting economic disparity.[204] In one speech in October 2018, Prabowo stated he wanted to "Make Indonesia Great Again", much like Trump's 2016 campaign slogan.[205] [206] He also accused journalists of "manipulating" the attendance of the 212 "Mujahideen" Grand Reunion on 2 December 2018.[207] [208] Prabowo is known to have close relations with fundamentalist Muslims,[209] with Muhammad Rizieq Shihab of the Islamic Defenders Front being one prominent example. Rizieq, who was on a self-imposed exile in Mecca, persistently campaigned against Jokowi and for Prabowo.[210] Prabowo also promised to bring Rizieq home should he be elected.[211]

Budget

A budget of Rp 24.9 trillion (US$1.8 billion) was allocated for the election – 3% higher than the budget used in the 2014 election. This included spending on "safeguarding the election from hijacking".[212] The KPU estimated a Rp 16.8 trillion funding requirement in December 2017,[213] later revising it to Rp 15 trillion for a one-stage election,[214] and ended up submitting a funding request of Rp 18.1 trillion, on top of the Rp 8.6 trillion requested by Bawaslu, in September 2018.[215] Officers at the polling stations are paid Rp 500,000 (roughly US$35) each.[216]

Notes and References

  1. News: Zunita Putri . KPU Tetapkan Jokowi-Ma'ruf Pemenang Pilpres 2019 . 21 May 2019 . Detik.com . 21 May 2019 . id . 22 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190522171427/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4557783/kpu-tetapkan-jokowi-maruf-pemenang-pilpres-2019 . live .
  2. News: Zunita Putri . KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar . 21 May 2019 . Detik.com . 21 May 2019 . id . 31 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190531055917/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4557803/kpu-tetapkan-hasil-pileg-2019-pdip-juara-disusul-gerindra-golkar . live .
  3. Web site: The mind-boggling challenge of Indonesia's election logistics. Ben . Bland. The Interpreter. 3 April 2019. 11 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052808/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/mind-boggling-challenge-indonesian-election-logistics. 11 April 2019. live. dmy-all.
  4. News: Rizky Suryarandika . Suara Jokowi-Amin di Pilpres 2019 Lampaui SBY dan Obama . 9 May 2020 . Republika.co.id . 31 May 2019 . id . 24 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724174037/https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/psd088282/suara-jokowiamin-di-pilpres-2019-lampaui-sby-dan-obama . live .
  5. News: Old age, poor health caused deaths of poll administrators: Indonesia government . 14 May 2019 . The Straits Times . 12 May 2019 . 14 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190514150416/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/old-age-poor-health-caused-deaths-of-poll-administrators-indonesia-government . live .
  6. News: Beo Da Costa . Agustinus . 9 May 2019 . Indonesia should probe deaths of election staff – parliament deputy . en . Reuters . live . 11 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190511113630/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-election/indonesia-should-probe-deaths-of-election-staff-parliament-deputy-idUKKCN1SF1AO . 11 May 2019.
  7. News: Medistiara . Yulida . Anies: 8 Orang Meninggal Dunia dalam Aksi 21-22 Mei . 24 May 2019 . detiknews . 23 May 2019 . id . 23 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190523153107/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4562242/anies-8-orang-meninggal-dunia-dalam-aksi-21-22-mei . live .
  8. News: Tehusijarana . Karina M. . 8 February 2019 . Explaining the 2019 simultaneous elections . en . The Jakarta Post . live . 29 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513073335/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/02/08/explaining-the-2019-simultaneous-elections.html . 13 May 2019.
  9. News: Kapoor . Kanupriya . Davies . Ed . 12 April 2018 . Indonesia to ensure stability during elections, says president's... . en . Reuters . Fernandez . Clarence . live . 29 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513073337/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-politics/indonesia-to-ensure-stability-during-elections-says-presidents-chief-of-staff-idUSKBN1HJ110 . 13 May 2019.
  10. News: Jokowi vs. Prabowo: Who Will Win in 2019? . 24 September 2018 . Jakarta Globe . https://web.archive.org/web/20180217230714/http://insight.jakartaglobe.id/jokowi-vs-prabowo-who-will-win-in-2019/ . 17 February 2018 . dead . dmy-all .
  11. News: Chandran . Nyshka . Two years on, Indonesian President Jokowi is just getting started . 24 September 2018 . CNBC . 18 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143217/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/18/indonesian-president-jokowi-celebrates-2-years-in-office-with-an-eye-on-2019-vote.html . 25 August 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  12. News: Indonesian opposition party leads parliamentary poll . 4 December 2018 . BBC . 10 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195453/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-26966663 . 4 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  13. News: House to not apply e-voting in 2019 elections. 3 May 2017. The Jakarta Post. 30 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170512083757/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/03/30/house-to-not-apply-e-voting-in-2019-elections.html. 12 May 2017. live. dmy-all.
  14. Web site: RUU Pemilu: Pemilu Serentak Legislatif dan Presiden Bulan April 2019. Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia. KPU. 8 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170615112253/http://kpu.go.id/index.php/post/read/2017/5949/RUU-Pemilu-Pemilu-Serentak-Legislatif-dan-Presiden-Bulan-April-2019. 15 June 2017. live. dmy-all.
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  154. Web site: Perolehan Kursi & Fraksi . dprd-dkijakartaprov.go.id/ . . 6 December 2019 . id . 21 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421154626/http://dprd-dkijakartaprov.go.id/fraksi/jumlah-kursi-fraksi-dprd-dki-jakarta-periode-2014-2019/ . dead .
  155. News: Dinillah . Mukhlis . Gerindra-PKS Kuasai Perolehan Kursi DPRD Jabar . 6 December 2019 . detiknews . 13 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204610/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4663613/gerindra-pks-kuasai-perolehan-kursi-dprd-jabar . live .
  156. News: Purbaya . Angling Adhitya . 120 Caleg DPRD Jateng Terpilih Diumumkan, 45 Persen Muka Lama . 6 December 2019 . detiknews . 13 August 2019 . id . 28 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191128193714/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-tengah/d-4660574/120-caleg-dprd-jateng-terpilih-diumumkan-45-persen-muka-lama . live .
  157. News: Hadi . Usman . Ini 55 Anggota DPRD DIY Terpilih 2019-2024, 2 Kursi Milik Anak Amien Rais . detiknews . 13 August 2019 . id . 2 August 2021 . 25 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210725074227/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-tengah/d-4664183/ini-55-anggota-dprd-diy-terpilih-2019-2024-2-kursi-milik-anak-amien-rais . live .
  158. News: PDIP Raih 27 Kursi di DPRD Jatim Kalahkan PKB . 6 December 2019 . CNN Indonesia . 13 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204612/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190813064828-32-420751/pdip-raih-27-kursi-di-dprd-jatim-kalahkan-pkb . live .
  159. News: PDIP resmi kuasai 33 kursi DPRD Bali . 6 December 2019 . Antara News . 9 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204610/https://pemilu.antaranews.com/berita/1002780/pdip-resmi-kuasai-33-kursi-dprd-bali . live .
  160. News: KPUD tetapkan 65 anggota DPRD NTB terpilih . 6 December 2019 . Antara News . 12 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204620/https://pemilu.antaranews.com/berita/1006354/kpud-tetapkan-65-anggota-dprd-ntb-terpilih . live .
  161. News: KPU Provinsi NTT tetapkan 65 calon terpilih anggota DPRD . 6 December 2019 . Antara News . 24 July 2019 . id . 3 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191203123815/https://pemilu.antaranews.com/berita/973716/kpu-provinsi-ntt-tetapkan-65-calon-terpilih-anggota-dprd . live .
  162. News: DAFTAR 65 Caleg Bakal Jadi Anggota DPRD Kalbar 2019-2024, PDIP Unggul Telak 15 Caleg dan Perindo 1 . 6 December 2019 . Tribun Pontianak . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204611/https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2019/05/13/daftar-65-caleg-bakal-jadi-anggota-dprd-kalbar-2019-2024-pdip-unggul-telak-15-caleg-dan-perindo-1 . live .
  163. News: Daftar nama 45 anggota DPRD Kalteng periode 2019-2024 . 6 December 2019 . Antara News . 30 July 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204618/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/984386/daftar-nama-45-anggota-dprd-kalteng-periode-2019-2024 . live .
  164. News: KPU Secara Resmi Tetapkan 55 Anggota Dewan DPRD Kalsel . 6 December 2019 . RRI . 10 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204627/http://rri.co.id/banjarmasin/post/berita/706086/daerah/kpu_secara_resmi_tetapkan_55_anggota_dewan_dprd_kalsel.html . live .
  165. News: 55 Anggota DPRD Kaltim 2019-2024 Dilantik 2 September, Inilah Partai dengan Jumlah Kursi Terbanyak . 6 December 2019 . Tribun Kaltim . 27 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204618/https://kaltim.tribunnews.com/2019/08/27/55-anggota-dprd-kaltim-2019-2024-dilantik-2-september-inilah-partai-dengan-jumlah-kursi-terbanyak . live .
  166. News: Ini Nama Anggota DPRD Kaltara Terpilih, 5 Incumbent Bertahan . 6 December 2019 . Tribun Kaltim . 22 July 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204615/https://kaltim.tribunnews.com/2019/07/22/ini-nama-anggota-dprd-kaltara-terpilih-4-incumbent-bertahan . live .
  167. News: Golkar Tetap Ketua, Ini 85 Caleg Peraih Kursi di DPRD Sulsel . 6 December 2019 . SINDOnews.com . 19 May 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204618/https://makassar.sindonews.com/read/26028/1/golkar-tetap-ketua-ini-85-caleg-peraih-kursi-di-dprd-sulsel-1558245909 . dead .
  168. News: Demokrat raih kursi Ketua DPRD Sulbar . 6 December 2019 . Antara News . 12 May 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204611/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/866976/demokrat-raih-kursi-ketua-dprd-sulbar . live .
  169. News: PAN Kuasai Perolehan Kursi DPRD Sultra, Golkar Kedua . 6 December 2019 . inikata.com . 14 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204610/http://sultra.inikata.com/sultra/2019/08/14/pan-kuasai-perolehan-kursi-dprd-sultra-golkar-kedua/ . dead .
  170. Web site: PENGUMUMAN HASIL PENETAPAN PEROLEHAN KURSI PARTAI POLITIK DAN PENETAPAN CALON TERPILIH ANGGOTA DPRD PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH PEMILU TAHUN 2019 . kpu.go.id . 6 December 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204613/http://sulteng.kpu.go.id/pengumuman-hasil-penetapan-perolehan-kursi-partai-politik-dan-penetapan-calon-terpilih-anggota-dprd-provinsi-sulawesi-tengah-pemilu-tahun-2019/ . dead .
  171. Web site: Calon Terpilih Anggota DPRD Provinsi Gorontalo . kpu.go.id . 6 December 2019 . id . 23 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923153707/https://gorontalo.kpu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CALON-TERPILIH-ANGGOTA-DPRD-PROVINSI-GORONTALO.pdf . dead .
  172. News: Hasil DPRD Sulut, Ini 45 Legislator Terpilih Periode 2019-2024 . 6 December 2019 . Tribun Manado . 11 May 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204612/https://manado.tribunnews.com/2019/05/11/hasil-dprd-sulut-ini-45-legislator-terpilih-periode-2019-2024 . live .
  173. News: PDIP dan Golkar Raih Kursi Terbanyak di DPRD Maluku Utara . 6 December 2019 . liputan6.com . 12 May 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204608/https://www.liputan6.com/pileg/read/3963894/pdip-dan-golkar-raih-kursi-terbanyak-di-dprd-maluku-utara . live .
  174. News: KPU Tetapkan Perolehan Kursi DPRD Provinsi Maluku, Ini Hasilnya . 6 December 2019 . KOMPAS.com . 13 August 2019 . id . 13 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190813055409/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/08/13/10471611/kpu-tetapkan-perolehan-kursi-dprd-provinsi-maluku-ini-hasilnya . live .
  175. News: Inilah 45 Caleg Bakal Duduki Kursi Dewan Papua Barat 2019-2024 . 6 December 2019 . Teropong News . 19 May 2019 . id . 10 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010101735/https://www.teropongnews.com/inilah-45-caleg-bakal-duduki-kursi-dewan-papua-barat-2019-2024/ . dead .
  176. News: Pleno Penetapan Kursi DPRD Papua, NasDem Pegang Kursi Ketua . 6 December 2019 . KOMPAS.com . 14 August 2019 . id . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204833/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/08/14/13540921/pleno-penetapan-kursi-dprd-papua-NasDem-pegang-kursi-ketua?page=all . live .
  177. Compiled from various sources. For each municipality, refer to sources used in the Indonesian Wikipedia articles, navigable from this navbox.
  178. News: Quick Count Pemilu Pileg 2019 . 19 April 2019 . CNN Indonesia . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418045924/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/pemilu2019/quickcount/pileg . 18 April 2019 . live . dmy-all .
  179. News: Perbandingan Real Count Pileg 2014 dengan Quick Count Pileg 2019 . 19 April 2019 . Rakyatku . 18 April 2019 . id . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419175656/http://news.rakyatku.com/read/147987/2019/04/18/perbandingan-real-count-pileg-2014-dengan-quick-count-pileg-2019 . dead .
  180. News: Syaiful . Anri . Parpol Lolos ke Senayan Versi Quick Count Pileg 2019 . 19 April 2019 . liputan6.com . 19 April 2019 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419040752/https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3945195/parpol-lolos-ke-senayan-versi-quick-count-pileg-2019 . 19 April 2019 . live . dmy-all .
  181. News: Lembaga survei: Jumlah golput di Pilpres 2019 paling rendah sejak 2004 . 21 May 2019 . BBC Indonesia . 3 May 2019 . id . 4 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201104153337/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-48130161 . live .
  182. News: Bland . Ben . The World's Most Complicated Single-Day Election Is a Feat of Democracy . 21 May 2019 . The Atlantic . 15 April 2019 . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419154825/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/04/indonesias-elections-are-feat-democracy/587143/ . live .
  183. News: Pemilu Serentak 2019 Terlalu Rumit, Pileg-Pilpres Harus Dipisah . 19 April 2019 . Bisnis.com . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419035027/https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20190419/15/913443/pemilu-serentak-2019-terlalu-rumit-pileg-pilpres-harus-dipisah . 19 April 2019 . live . dmy-all .
  184. News: Petugas KPPS Meninggal di Pemilu Serentak Tembus 225 Orang . 25 April 2019 . CNN Indonesia . 25 April 2019 . id . 25 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190425145753/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190425201638-20-389729/petugas-kpps-meninggal-di-pemilu-serentak-tembus-225-orang . live .
  185. News: Dinilai Terlalu Rumit, JK Ingin Pilpres dan Pileg Dipisah Pada 2024 . 19 April 2019 . Suara.com . 18 April 2019 . id . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419135609/https://www.suara.com/partner/content/klikpositif/2019/04/18/090454/dinilai-terlalu-rumit-jk-ingin-pilpres-dan-pileg-dipisah-pada-2024 . live .
  186. News: Sukoyo . Yeremia . Pemilu Serentak 2024 Dikhawatirkan Lebihi Kemampuan Negara . 19 April 2019 . Berita Satu . 29 August 2018 . id . 19 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419135606/https://www.beritasatu.com/politik/507773/pemilu-serentak-2024-dikhawatirkan-lebihi-kemampuan-negara . live .
  187. News: Former corruption convicts barred from participating in 2019 election . 23 September 2018 . The Jakarta Post . 4 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204151620/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/04/former-corruption-convicts-barred-from-participating-in-2019-legislative-election.html . 4 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  188. News: KPU defends regulation on banning corruption-tainted candidates . 23 September 2018 . The Jakarta Post . 13 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180815023742/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/06/13/kpu-defends-regulation-on-banning-corruption-tainted-candidates.html . 15 August 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  189. News: Ex-graft convicts may contest election: Court . 23 September 2018 . The Jakarta Post . 14 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180914163751/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/09/14/ex-graft-convicts-may-contest-election-court.html . 14 September 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  190. News: Total 38 Caleg Eks Koruptor Diusung di Pileg 2019, Ini Daftarnya . 23 September 2018 . KOMPAS . 21 September 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204151932/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/09/21/09524011/total-38-caleg-eks-koruptor-diusung-di-pileg-2019-ini-daftarnya . 4 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  191. News: KIPP Soal Data Caleg Tak Transparan: KPU Harusnya Malu . 4 December 2018 . CNN Indonesia . 14 November 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060705/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181114092250-32-346403/kipp-soal-data-caleg-tak-transparan-kpu-harusnya-malu . 5 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  192. News: Medistiara . Yulida . KPU Bikin Kotak Suara 'Kardus': Kami Ingin Pemilu Murah . 17 December 2018 . detiknews . 17 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010839/https://news.detik.com/berita/4347655/kpu-bikin-kotak-suara-kardus-kami-ingin-pemilu-murah . 18 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  193. News: Prasetia . Andhika . KPU: Semua Fraksi DPR Setuju Kotak Suara 'Kardus' . 17 December 2018 . detiknews . 16 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010716/https://news.detik.com/berita/4345704/kpu-semua-fraksi-dpr-setuju-kotak-suara-kardus . 18 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  194. News: Sandi Sebut Kotak Suara 'Kardus' Rawan Potensi Kecurangan . 17 December 2018 . CNN Indonesia . 17 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218000024/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181217234340-32-354422/sandi-sebut-kotak-suara-kardus-rawan-potensi-kecurangan . 18 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  195. News: Persoalkan Kotak Suara Kardus, Gerindra Dinilai PDIP Mulai Mempersiapkan Alasan Kalah . 17 December 2018 . Merdeka . 17 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181216214214/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/dukung-kotak-suara-berbahan-kardus-pdip-fokus-urus-saksi-awasi-tps.html . 16 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  196. News: Setiawan . Riyan . KPU Pontang-Panting Yakinkan Publik Soal Kotak Suara Kardus . 17 December 2018 . tirto.id . 17 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218012455/https://tirto.id/kpu-pontang-panting-yakinkan-publik-soal-kotak-suara-kardus-dcbe . 18 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  197. Web site: Hundreds of Indonesia Election Ballot Boxes Damaged in Flood. Bhwana. Petir Garda. 2019-04-15. Tempo. en. 2019-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418164839/https://en.tempo.co/read/1195861/hundreds-of-indonesia-election-ballot-boxes-damaged-in-flood. 2019-04-18. live.
  198. News: KPU Bantul Terima 70 Kotak Suara Kardus Rusak karena Basah . 17 December 2018 . CNN Indonesia . 17 December 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181217072605/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181217084023-32-354150/kpu-bantul-terima-70-kotak-suara-kardus-rusak-karena-basah . 17 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  199. Web site: Kotak Suara Rusak Terkena Air Hujan. 2019-04-16. Lombok Post. id . 2019-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418164139/http://lombokpost.net/2019/04/16/kotak-suara-rusak-terkena-air-hujan/. 2019-04-18. live.
  200. Web site: Duh, 9 Kotak Surat Suara Pemilu 2019 di Jember Rusak Dimakan Rayap. Mulyono. Yakub. detiknews. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418164138/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-4511147/duh-9-kotak-surat-suara-pemilu-2019-di-jember-rusak-dimakan-rayap. 2019-04-18. live. 2019-04-18.
  201. Web site: Kotak Suara Kardus di Cilacap Dimakan Rayap. Amirullah. 2019-02-23. Tempo. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418164136/https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/1178730/kotak-suara-kardus-di-cilacap-dimakan-rayap. 2019-04-18. live. 2019-04-18.
  202. Web site: Indonesia: releasing Abu Bakar Ba'asyir wrong on all counts. 22 January 2019. 23 January 2019. Sidney. Jones. The Interpreter. https://web.archive.org/web/20190123195306/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indonesia-releasing-abu-bakar-ba-asyir-wrong-all-counts. 23 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  203. Web site: Moeldoko Sebut Batasan Yusril Bantu Jokowi Bebaskan Ba'asyir. 23 January 2019. CNN Indonesia. 24 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203355/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190123004128-32-362981/moeldoko-sebut-batasan-yusril-bantu-jokowi-bebaskan-baasyir. 24 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  204. News: Indo Barometer: Prabowo Jalankan Strategi Donald Trump. Marlinda Oktavia Erwanti. Indo Barometer: Prabowo Executes Donald Trump's Strategies. 23 January 2019. Detik.com. 3 April 2018. id. 4 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190804220301/https://news.detik.com/berita/3951624/indo-barometer-prabowo-jalankan-strategi-donald-trump. live.
  205. News: Antara 'Make Indonesia Great Again' Prabowo dan Kemenangan Trump. Bagus Prihantoro Nugroho. Between Prabowo's 'Make Indonesia Great Again' and Trump's Victory. 23 January 2019. Detik.com. 12 October 2018. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20181012145709/https://news.detik.com/berita/4253079/antara-make-indonesia-great-again-prabowo-dan-kemenangan-trump. 12 October 2018. live. dmy-all.
  206. News: Prabowo wants to 'make Indonesia great again'. James. Massola. 23 January 2019. The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181020050903/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/prabowo-wants-to-make-indonesia-great-again-20181020-p50awr.html. 20 October 2018. live. dmy-all.
  207. News: Panitia Reuni 212: Arahan HRS, Kami Ganti 'Alumni' Jadi 'Mujahid'. Indra Komara. 212 Reunion Committee: On Rizieq's Order, We Changed 'Alumni' to 'Mujahideen'. 23 January 2019. Detik.com. 2 December 2018. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223801/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4326615/panitia-reuni-212-arahan-hrs-kami-ganti-alumni-jadi-mujahid. 23 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  208. News: Ada Donald Trump di Balik Makian Prabowo Terhadap Wartawan. Haris Prabowo. There Was Donald Trump Behind Prabowo's Abuse Towards Journalists. 23 January 2019. Detik.com. 6 December 2018. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190124003604/https://tirto.id/ada-donald-trump-di-balik-makian-prabowo-terhadap-wartawan-dbaE. 24 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  209. Web site: Indonesia's Prabowo Subianto plays to Muslim voters in a twist of faith before election. Restu Woro Yuniar. ... Prabowo’s move to align himself with Muslim hardliners.... 24 January 2019. South China Morning Post. 19 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020429/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2182742/indonesias-prabowo-subianto-plays-muslim-voters-twist-faith. 25 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  210. News: Dari Mekkah, Rizieq Shihab Kembali Kampanyekan Prabowo-Sandi. From Mecca, Rizieq Shihab Campaigning for Prabowo-Sandi Again. 23 January 2019. 24 January 2019. CNN Indonesia. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190124020233/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190123085439-32-363025/dari-mekkah-rizieq-shihab-kembali-kampanyekan-prabowo-sandi. 24 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  211. News: Prabowo Kembali Janji Jemput Habib Rizieq Jika Terpilih Presiden. Gibran Maulana Ibrahim. Prabowo Promises Again to Pick Habib Rizieq Up If Elected President. 23 January 2019. Detik.com. 4 November 2018. id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203440/https://news.detik.com/berita/4286818/prabowo-kembali-janji-jemput-habib-rizieq-jika-terpilih-presiden. 24 January 2019. live. dmy-all.
  212. News: Gumiwang . Ringkang . Anggaran Pemilu dan Pilpres 2019 Capai Rp24,9 triliun . 4 December 2018 . tirto.id . 16 August 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205010753/https://tirto.id/anggaran-pemilu-dan-pilpres-2019-capai-rp249-triliun-cS3y . 5 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  213. News: Anggaran Pemilu Serentak 2019 capai Rp16,8 Triliun . 4 December 2018 . Media Indonesia . 8 December 2017 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003332/http://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/135664-anggaran-pemilu-serentak-2019-capai-rp16-8-triliun . 5 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  214. News: KPU Ajukan Anggaran Rp 15 Triliun untuk Pemilu 2019 . 4 December 2018 . liputan6.com . 6 September 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003827/https://www.liputan6.com/pileg/read/3637932/kpu-ajukan-anggaran-rp-15-triliun-untuk-pemilu-2019 . 5 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  215. News: Safutra . Ilham . Sukseskan Pemilu 2019, KPU Minta Dana Rp 18 T, Bawaslu 8,6 T . 4 December 2018 . Jawa Pos . 7 September 2018 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060730/https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pemilihan/07/09/2018/sukseskan-pemilu-2019-kpu-minta-dana-rp-18-t-bawaslu-86-t . 5 December 2018 . live . dmy-all .
  216. News: Pengin Tahu Honor Petugas KPPS di Pemilu 2019? . 22 April 2019 . JPNN . 9 January 2019 . id . 4 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190804175118/https://www.jpnn.com/news/pengin-tahu-honor-petugas-kpps-di-pemilu-2019?page=1 . live .

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