2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic explained

The 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic was an epidemic of the infectious disease dengue fever in several countries of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh,[1] Pakistan,[2] India, Thailand, Singapore, and Laos.[3] The spread of the disease was exacerbated by falling vaccination levels in certain areas, and by a growing population of mosquitoes, which are the primary carriers of the disease, and which are able to reproduce in larger numbers where humans have littered the environment with plastic containers, which provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. Affected countries have sought to control the epidemic through increased vaccination efforts, and through efforts to control the mosquito population.

Course in specific countries

Bangladesh

See main article: 2019 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) unit of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) carried out a survey in Dhaka city in January 2019, where they found both larva and adult Aedes mosquitoes in different parts of the city. Based on the outcome of the survey, in March 2019, warned of a potential outbreak DGHS alerted both city corporations about a possible outbreak in upcoming months. According to CDC director Sanya Tahmina, they also started training the doctors and nurses from February considering the possibility of a future outbreak.[4] The 2019 outbreak in Bangladesh began primarily in April 2019. According to Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 14 people had died and 19,513 people had been affected by August 2019,[5] a majority of whom were children,[6] with other sources reporting that the death toll had already passed 50.[5] DGHS confirmed the outbreak affecting all districts of the country,[7] with Dhaka being the worst-hit city in the country and districts in Dhaka Division among the most affected regions. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) expected the outbreak to continue until September 2019.[8] In August 2019, the Bangladesh government withdrew all tariffs on dengue test kits imports.[9]

Malaysia

The Malaysian Ministry of Health reported that by 3 August 2019, the number of cases in Malaysia had reached a record 80,000 on the year, with 113 deaths reported. The highest incidences were in the states of Selangor, the Johor, Kelantan, Sabah, Penang, Sarawak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang, as well as the Federal territories.[10] The Malaysian government sought to counter the epidemic by releasing mosquitoes of the genus Aedes infected with the Wolbachia bacteria, which was expected to reduce the mosquito population.[10]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, in the summer of 2019, more than 47 people died and more than 30,000 were infected by dengue fever, the worst outbreak of the disease in the history of the country.[2] [11] In October 2019, Prime Minister Imran Khan took notice of the outbreak and sought a report from the Special Assistant to Prime Minister on National Health Services Zafar Mirza.[12] On 10 October 2019, a Peshawar High Court bench sent summons to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's provincial health secretary to explain the situation related to dengue outbreak in parts of the province.[13]

Philippines

In August 2019, the Philippines declared an epidemic after more than 622 people had died of the disease in that country.[1] [14]

The Philippines Department of Health reported that there were over 146,000 dengue fever cases from the beginning of 2019 to 20 July, which was "a 98% increase from the same time period last year".[14] The epidemic occurred in the regions of Calabarzon, Mimaropa, Bicol, Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Northern Mindanao.[14] The epidemic was largely blamed on falling vaccination rates, following a series of issues with the Dengvaxia vaccine manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur. In 2017, Sanofi warned of possible adverse effects,[15] and in 2018 the vaccine was blamed for the deaths of children during a national vaccination program.[1]

Singapore

See main article: 2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore. In Singapore, there were 15,998 reported cases of dengue fever in 2019, five times more than in 2018 but fewer than previous outbreaks in 2013 and 2014.[16]

2020 started off with a four-year high in the number of people infected with dengue in the first six weeks of the year[17] and eventually broke records for both the number of reported cases[18] and deaths,[19] at 35,315 and 32 respectively.[20] [21] [22] [23]

In 2021, 5,261 people got infected with dengue fever and 5 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In 2022, 32,365 people got infected with dengue fever and 19 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In 2023, 5,207 people got infected with dengue fever and 2 people died with dengue fever in Singapore.

In total, 94,146 people got infected with dengue fever and 78 people died with dengue fever in Singapore from 2019 to 2023.

Vietnam

In Vietnam, dengue fever cases tripled from the previous year, to 88,000 by mid-July, with six deaths.[24] By 19 November, Vietnam had recorded 250,000 cases with 50 deaths. The epidemic is most prevalent in the southern region of the country, where locals store rainwater in containers for use in farming, providing a breeding ground for mosquitoes.[24] In neighboring Laos, dengue fever cases exceeded 11,000 by mid-year, with 27 deaths, prompting the Lao Ministry of Health to recommend that likely mosquito breeding sites should be drained.[3]

In total, Vietnam had 815,274 infections and 238 deaths of dengue fever from 2019 to 2023.

Latin America

In Latin America, 2019 was a record-setting dengue fever outbreak, with more than 2.7 million cases and 1206 deaths during the first 10 months of 2019.[25] [26]

As of 2023, cases and Deaths of dengue fever reached up to 3 million cases and 1302 deaths.

Other places

In the summer of 2019 an outbreak was confirmed in Oceania. 276 cases and one death were reported in the Marshall Islands, resulting in the government halting travel between the urban centers of Ebeye and Majuro to the outer islands.[27] Outbreakers were also reported in Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, and the Philippines.[28]

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported that the epidemic had affected the French island of Réunion, off the coast of Africa, with "over 15,000 autochthonous confirmed cases" being reported as of mid-2019, including nine deaths.[29] The ECDC expressed concern that Réunion's European tourism industry could provide a vector for the transmission of the virus to Europe. A systematic review that was done by Ahmed et al. revealed the appearance of autochthonous dengue in Europe along with the increase in imported dengue and dengue severity. Therefore, health authorities pay more attention and update the protocols in order to catch dengue infection among travelers coming from and to Europe.[30]

In November 2019, the epidemic struck Yemen, with nearly 8,000 cases in Taiz Governorate before the end of the month.[31]

Statistics

Country and territories!colspan=2
2019
[32] [33] 		2020
[34] [35] [36] [37] 		TotalRef
CasesDeathsCasesDeathsCasesDeaths
2,225,461 789 794,565 221 3,020,026 1,010
420,453 1,565 60,819 236 481,272 1,801
320,702 54 60,525 7 381,227 61
268,458 191 29,941 11 298,399 202
186,173 30 22,951 0 209,124 30
127,553 87 49,561 19 177,114 106
127,407 176 72,952 118 200,359 294
80,460 23 68,570 19 149,030 42
157,315 166 12,078 8 169,393 174 [38] [39]
112,708 180 19,037 9 131,745 189
105,049 90 18,279 0 123,328 90 [40] [41]
98,741 106 8,147 4 106,888 110 [42] [43]
101,354 129 271 0 101,625 129 [44] [45]
11,811 9 61,971 73 73,782 82 [46] [47]
65,000 24 7,823 9 72,823 33
54,386 95 416 0 54,802 95 [48] [49]
50,432 66 3,384 4 53,816 70
15,998 20 34,690 28 50,688 48 [50]
38,753 70 7,031 12 45,784 82
17,143 37 23,128 32 40,271 69
27,470 14 2,6960 30,166 14
3,220 0 25,764 22 28,984 22 [51]
23,203 123 296 23,499 123 [52]
20,183 53 2,875 0 23,058 53
22,211 104 0 22,315 0
18,188 14 1,248 0 19,436 14 [53] [54]
14,701 22 2,885 6 17,586 28
8,446 2 7,388 6 15,834 8
14,662 6 36 0 14,698 6 [55] [56]
9,225 5 3,029 2 12,254 7
9,400 0 1,568 0 10,968 0
8,302 0 473 0 8,775 0
7,555 24 558 1 8,113 25
3,230 0 4,605 0 7,835 0
4,984 0 1,912 0 6,896 0 [57] [58]
3,916 2 34 0 3,950 2
3,823 11 3,823 11
153 0 3,533 16 3,686 16 [59]
3,196 0 431 0 3,627 0
3,259 0 3,259 0
1,483 1 1,659 2 3,142 3
1,530 0 802 0 2,332 0
1,419 0 174 0 1,593 0
1,223 0 341 0 1,564 0
260 0 1,250 1 1,510 1
1,158 0 107 0 1,265 0
1,066 1 37 0 1,103 1
250 0 719 0 969 0
416 0 20 0 436 0
86 0 157 0 243 0
230 0 10 0 240 0
30 0 112 0 142 0
106 0 0 0 106 0
93 0 9 0 102 0
38 0 7 0 45 0 [60]
44 0 0 0 44 0
27 0 0 0 27 0
0 0 14 0 14 0
6 0 6 0 12 0
2 0 0 0 2 0
Total4,700,5223,2441,461,8726866,162,3943,930

See also

Notes and References

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  2. News: Dengue cases surpass all-time record in the country . Dawn . 15 October 2019 . 2019-11-06 . 2019-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106123718/https://www.dawn.com/news/1510896 . live .
  3. News: Lao gov't issues nationwide dengue warning . https://web.archive.org/web/20190710124257/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/09/c_138211770.htm . dead . 10 July 2019 . Xinhua. 9 July 2019.
  4. News: Khayer . Abul . ডেঙ্গু নিয়ে আগাম বার্তা আমলে নেয়নি কর্তৃপক্ষ . Bangla . . Dhaka . 30 July 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190802125335/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/national/75899 . 2 August 2019 . 2 August 2019 .
  5. News: ডেঙ্গু: নতুন আক্রান্ত ১৭১২ জন . Bangla . . Dhaka . 1 August 2019 . 1 August 2019 . 2019-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190802165051/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1650032.bdnews . live .
  6. News: Dayaram . Sareena . Pokharel . Sugam . Bangladesh hit by worst dengue outbreak on record . . 30 July 2019 . 30 July 2019 . 2019-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190730165849/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/30/asia/bangladesh-dengue-outbreak-hnk-intl/ . live .
  7. News: Azeem . Masud . ৬৪ জেলায়ই ডেঙ্গু, ঘণ্টায় ভর্তি ৭১ জন . bn . . Dhaka . 1 August 2019 . 1 August 2019 . 2019-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190802162132/https://www.banglanews24.com/health/news/bd/731493.details . live .
  8. News: সেপ্টেম্বর পর্যন্ত বাড়তে পারে ডেঙ্গুর প্রকোপ . bn . . Dhaka . 31 July 2019 . 31 July 2019 . 2019-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801153334/https://www.banglanews24.com/health/news/bd/731251.details . live .
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  14. Web site: Philippines declares a national dengue epidemic after 622 deaths. Jessie. Yeung. Sarah. Faidell. CNN. 7 August 2019. 2019-08-10 . 2019-08-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190807080347/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/07/health/philippines-dengue-epidemic-intl-hnk/index.html. live.
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  16. News: NEA Urges Continued Vigilance As Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Population And Number Of Dengue Cases Remain High At The Start Of 2020 . National Environment Agency . January 20, 2020 . 2022-06-10 . 2022-10-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018170506/https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/nea-urges-continued-vigilance-as-aedes-aegypti-mosquito-population-and-number-of-dengue-cases-remain-high-at-the-start-of-2020 . live .
  17. News: Ng . Jun Sen . February 11, 2020 . Dengue cases at four-year high . today . 2022-06-10 . 2022-03-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092740/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/dengue-cases-four-year-high . live .
  18. News: August 5, 2020 . Singapore's dengue cases reach a record 22,403, surpassing 2013 high . today . 2022-06-10 . 2022-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220610122345/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapores-dengue-cases-reach-record-22403-surpassing-2013-high . live .
  19. News: Ng . Keng Gene . October 14, 2020 . 28 people have died of dengue this year, a new high that now matches the Covid-19 death toll . The Straits Times . 2022-06-10 . 2022-10-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018170500/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/28-people-have-died-of-dengue-this-year-a-new-high-that-now-matches-the-covid-19-death . live .
  20. Web site: Dengue surveillance data, Jan - Mar 2020 . National Environment Agency . 2022-06-10 . 2022-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220610122337/https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/q1-2020-dengue-surveillance-data-(74kb).pdf . live .
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  26. Web site: Why Dengue Fever Cases Are Hitting Record Highs In Latin America. . 19 December 2019. 2020-02-20 . 2022-10-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018170506/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/12/17/788965365/why-dengue-fever-cases-are-hitting-record-highs-in-latin-america. live.
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