Pittsburgh synagogue shooting explained

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
Location:Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,
5898 Wilkins Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Target:Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation
Coordinates:40.4436°N -79.9214°W
Time-Begin:9:54
Time-End:11:08 a.m.
Timezone:EDT
Type:Mass shooting, mass murder, domestic terrorism, hate crime, right-wing terrorism[1]
Fatalities:11
Injuries:7 (including the perpetrator)
Weapons:
Numpart:-->
Dfen:-->
Motive:Antisemitism, Holocaust denial, belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory, White supremacy
Perp:Robert Gregory Bowers
Verdict:Federal:
Guilty on all counts
Convictions:63 federal criminal counts
Charges:36 state criminal counts

Child:yes
Sentence:Federal:
Death[3]

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was an antisemitic terrorist attack that took place at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six, including several Holocaust survivors. It was the deadliest attack on any Jewish community in the United States.[4] [5]

The perpetrator, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers, was shot multiple times by police and arrested at the scene. Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments against HIAS (formerly, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) on the online alt-tech social network Gab.[6] [7] [8] Dor Hadash[9] had participated in HIAS's National Refugee Shabbat the previous week. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted a message on Gab in which he wrote that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[10] [11] He was charged with 63 federal crimes, some of which are capital crimes. He pleaded not guilty.[12] On June 16, 2023, he was found guilty on all federal counts, and on August 3, 2023, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection.[13] [14] [15] [16] He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court.

Background

Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation is a Conservative Jewish synagogue. The synagogue describes itself as a "traditional, progressive, and egalitarian congregation". It is located in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1miles east of Carnegie Mellon University and about 5miles east of downtown Pittsburgh.[17] The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community. About 26 percent of the city's Jewish population live in the area.[18] [19]

Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh, by an early group of Jewish immigrants, Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha.[20] The modern synagogue building, located at the intersection of Wilkins and Shady avenues in Squirrel Hill, was built in 1953. The congregation also rents space to Dor Hadash, a Reconstructionist congregation; and New Light, another Conservative congregation.[21] [22] [23] The synagogue's main sanctuary has a capacity of 1,250 people.[24]

Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense. However, local rabbinic student Neal Rosenblum was murdered in the neighborhood in 1986 in an antisemitic hate crime.[25]

This 2018 mass shooting took place soon after Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League independently reported a spike in antisemitic activity online, especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter.[26] [27] [28] [29] In addition, other antisemitic acts had been committed elsewhere.[30]

The immediate rise in the months of August to October 2018 was attributed to rising tensions associated with advertising for the 2018 U.S. midterm elections.[31] A similar rise in online attacks had occurred during the 2016 US election,[26] with the midterms being a "rallying point" for far-right extremists to organize efforts to spread antisemitism online among the populace.[27] In 2017, there was a 57% rise in antisemitic incidents in the United States,[29] [28] in context of rising hate crimes against other groups, including Muslims and African Americans, as reported by the FBI.[29] For instance, hundreds of Jewish gravestones were vandalized in Pennsylvania and Missouri,[27] and antisemitic incidents on university campuses doubled in number.[30]

In August 2017, the widely publicized Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia featured Nazi symbols, salutes, and the slogan "Blood and Soil",[30] among other racist and antisemitic rhetoric. Considerable antisemitic material was being spread online via conspiracy theories about wealthy Jewish individuals, including billionaire George Soros. Columbia University's Jon Albright said that these represented the "worst sample" of all the hate speech he had seen on Instagram.[26]

Shooting

At 9:45 a.m. EDT (13:45 UTC), three religious services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue, which housed three distinct congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both begun independent Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel and basement, respectively. The Dor Hadash congregants were gathered near the front of the building, prior to their 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[32]

Five minutes later, a gunman, identified as Robert Bowers and described as a "bearded heavy-set white male", entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes."[33] He was armed with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle (cited by authorities as an "assault rifle")[34] and three Glock .357 SIG semi-automatic pistols, all four of which he fired, according to authorities.[35] [36] [37] There would typically be around 75 people in the building on a Saturday morning.[38] The first two persons shot were two brothers, Cecil and David Rosenthal, at the main entrance, after which Bowers headed downstairs to New Light. Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize them for what they were: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers, located upstairs, thought a coat rack had fallen and clattered.[39] By 9:54, police began receiving multiple calls from people barricaded in the building and reporting the attack.[40] [41] [42]

At 9:55,[43] Melvin Wax, the leader of New Light's services, hid in a pitch-black closet in the basement. He opened the door of the closet, and Bowers immediately shot him. The latter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light, Gottfried and Stein, were shot and killed in the basement kitchen.[38] Bowers also killed Jerry Rabinowitz of Dor Hadash, a physician who had gone toward the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[38] At 9:57,[43] Bowers left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service in an upstairs chapel. Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind. Bowers killed seven of them and wounded the eighth.[38] [44] Police sources said Bowers shouted at some point during the attack, "All Jews must die!"[40] [45]

At 9:59, police arrived at the synagogue.[41] [46] Bowers fired on police from the entryway while apparently departing, and police returned fire, forcing him to retreat into the building.[38] [47] A half-hour later, tactical teams entered the building, and Bowers also fired upon them. When officers wounded him in return fire, he retreated to the third floor and hid in a room.[41] He had wounded two officers and two SWAT members, one of them critically.[47] At 11:08, Bowers crawled out of the room and surrendered, having been shot multiple times.[48] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted Jews to die and that Jews were committing genocide against his people.[49]

Victims

Eleven people were killed,[50] [10] [51] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[52] Among the dead were two brothers and a married couple.[33] [53] At least six others were injured, including four Pittsburgh Police officers.[54] [40] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the accused was taken to Allegheny General Hospital.[55] Those killed were:

Seven others who were injured in the incident included three other congregants and four Pittsburgh officers (two patrol officers and two SWAT officers; three by ricocheted gunfire and another by glass fragments).[38]

Perpetrator

Robert Gregory Bowers (born September 4, 1972),[56] a resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, was arrested as the shooter.[57] [58] [59] Bowers's parents divorced when he was about one year old. His father, Randall Bowers, died by suicide in October 1979 at the age of 26 while he was awaiting trial on a rape charge, when Bowers was 7 years old.[60] [61] Bowers's mother remarried, with the family living in Florida before the couple separated one year later.

Upon their return to Pennsylvania, Robert and his mother lived with his mother's parents in Whitehall, a suburb of Pittsburgh. His maternal grandparents took responsibility for raising him because his mother suffered from health problems.[62] Bowers attended Baldwin High School in the Baldwin-Whitehall School District from August 1986 to November 1989. He dropped out of high school before graduation and worked as a trucker.[63] [64] Neighbors described Bowers as "a ghost" who rarely interacted with others.[57]

According to accounts which were given by Bowers's coworkers, and analysis of his recent social media posts, his conservatism became radicalized as white nationalism; at one point Bowers was fascinated by the right-wing radio host Jim Quinn.[65] At a later time he became a follower of "aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing's fringe."[66] He was deeply involved in posting comments on social media websites such as Gab and he also promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories on them.[67] Bowers routinely discussed a conspiracy theory that Jews were assisting "evil Muslims" to take over the United States together.[68]

Gab has been described as friendly to neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[69] Bowers registered his Gab profile in January 2018 under the handle "onedingo"; he described his account by the following: "Jews are the children of Satan (8:44). The Lord Jesus Christ [has] come in the flesh." The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488, which is used by neo-Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane's "Fourteen Words" and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler. Bowers published posts that supported the white genocide conspiracy theory, such as one that said, "Daily Reminder: Diversity means chasing down the last white person".[70] Bowers said that supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were "deluded" and being tricked.[71] [72] [73]

Bowers was very active on social media, posting his own similar antisemitic and racist rants. He often re-posted content by other similarly minded users, such as Patrick Little, who expressed antisemitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist thoughts and denied the Holocaust. In addition, he reposted comments in support of the four men behind the beating of DeAndre Harris and the Southern California-based alt-right fight club Rise Above Movement (RAM) in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. RAM was later arrested by the FBI and convicted at trial for violence against counter-demonstrators. Bowers also posted comments in support of the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys led by Gavin McInnes, who were arrested the same month for engaging in a fight with Antifa outside the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York City.[74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79]

His posts on Gab mentioned that he was initially a supporter of US president Donald Trump.[74] Bowers felt that Trump was not extreme enough, and he criticized him as "globalist, not a nationalist"[80] and for supposedly being surrounded by and controlled by Jews.[81]

Bowers also denounced African Americans with racial slurs and images which are related to lynchings, and he also denounced white women who have relationships with black men.[82] He used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding philanthropist George Soros.[83] The Times said that security sources had alleged that Bowers had links to the far-right and neo-Nazis in the United Kingdom.[84]

A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos of results of his target practice. He also posted a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family". In the post, he identified the .357 SIG handguns as Glock 31, Glock 32, and Glock 33.

Bowers coordinated with Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) of Occidental Dissent, an alt-right associated blogger and member of League of the South on doxxing an unidentified left-wing blogger. Bowers wrote "that address is not the most current for him. I can get you the most recent outside of gab". League of the South was one of the organizations that participated in the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville.[85]

In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made antisemitic posts directed at the HIAS-sponsored[7] [8] National Refugee Shabbat[86] of October 19–20, in which Dor Hadash[9] participated. He claimed Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving toward the United States border and referred to those migrants as "invaders".[6] Shortly before the attack, he posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[10] [87] [59] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "the mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public".[88]

After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers's profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation. Shortly after the attack, PayPal, Stripe, Joyent, and Medium pulled their support for Gab, and GoDaddy, under which the Gab domains were registered, required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service, effectively shutting Gab down in the short term.[89]

Criminal charges and proceedings

Federal criminal proceedings

Indictment and pretrial proceedings

Bowers was charged by the U.S. Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.[90]

Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29, 2018, and was ordered held without bail pending trial.[91] Two days later, Bowers was indicted on 44 counts by a federal grand jury. The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison.[92] The counts included hate crimes,[93] 11 counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence, four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer, and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence.[33] [94] [95] On November 1, 2018, Bowers entered a plea of not guilty.[96]

On January 29, 2019, the grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts, 13 of which were for hate crimes.[97] On February 11, 2019, Bowers was arraigned in federal court.[12]

Bowers's defense team includes two public defenders plus well-known criminal defense attorney Judy Clarke, a death penalty expert who was appointed by the court as co-counsel for the defendant.[12] [98] The defense offered a plea deal in which Bowers would plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of life imprisonment without parole; federal prosecutors declined, seeking the death penalty instead.[98] [99] [100]

The trial date was not set until various pretrial motions were resolved.[100] [101] In April 2020, Senior U.S. District Judge Donetta Ambrose denied a defense challenge to the federal death penalty.[98] In October 2020, Judge Ambrose denied a defense motion to dismiss charges brought under the Hate Crimes Prevention Act and Church Arson Prevention Act.[98] In November 2021, the defense decided that it would not pursue an insanity defense or intellectual disability defense.[102] In January 2022, after holding an earlier evidentiary hearing, Judge Ambrose denied Bowers's motion to suppress evidence of statements he made after being arrested by police, inside an ambulance, and at the hospital the day of the attack.[103]

After Judge Ambrose retired in February 2022, the case was randomly reassigned to U.S. District Judge Robert J. Colville.[104] In March 2022, Colville denied Bowers's motion for a change of venue.[105]

Trial

In September 2022, Judge Colville set the trial to begin in April 2023, rejecting a bid by the defense to delay the trial until December 2023.[106] In March 2023, members of the jury pool began completing questionnaires.[107] The jury selection process began on April 24 with twelve jurors and six alternates being selected.[108] [109]

The trial began May 30, 2023.[110] [111] Prosecutors called sixty witnesses, while the defense did not call any witnesses.[112] The witnesses who testified included survivors of the attack, including congregants and Rabbi Jeffrey Myers.[112] Evidence presented to the jury included recordings of 9-1-1 calls as the attacks unfolded (including from some of the people killed), and testimony from police officers who ultimately subdued the gunman; from expert witnesses on medicine, guns, and computers; from the FBI agents and police detectives who investigated the case; from a paramedic who responded to the scene; and from the director of the Allegheny County Medical Examiner's Office.[112] [113] Photographs were also introduced as evidence,[112] including photos of exhaustively documented bloodstains, bullet fragments, and shell casings, and police body-worn camera footage was also shown to the jury. Bowers's antisemitic social media posts were also introduced as evidence.[114] After 11 days of testimony, prosecutors told the jury in closing argument that Bowers had made "cold, calculated, deliberate choices" in the shooting.[114] Bowers's defense counsel conceded that he had fatally shot all the victims, but argued that there was doubt as to his specific intent: "why he did what he did and what he thought he would accomplish by doing so."[114]

On June 16, 2023, 50-year-old Bowers was found guilty on all 63 federal charges, including 11 counts of obstructing the free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death; the jury rendered its verdict after five hours of deliberation over two days.[115]

Sentencing phase

The sentencing phase began on June 16, 2023, with the jury hearing arguments to decide if Bowers should be sentenced to death or life without parole. Bowers's defense lawyers sought to persuade the jury that Bowers had significant brain damage[116] and was influenced by mental illness or delusions.[117] [118] By contrast, prosecutors emphasized evidence showing that Bowers had extensively planned his attack and was motivated by antisemitism,[116] [117] as shown in his numerous rants on social media and statements to police after the attack.[118]

Three University of Pittsburgh Medical Center physicians (two radiologists and a neurologist) testified about their review of brain-imaging tests (an EEG, PET, and MRI) of Bowers in 2021 and 2022.[116] They found the tests to be largely normal.[116] [118] Two defense experts, by contrast, testified that they believed Bowers "had significant brain damage that could be correlated with schizophrenia" and could affect behavior.[116] A separate defense expert, a University of North Texas forensic psychologist, testified on his opinions from 20 hours of examination of Bowers over four days in 2022. He testified that Bowers was "proud" of his attack, showed no remorse for the shooting, and thought that he deserved medals and a parade.[117] The psychologist opined that Bowers is "blatantly psychotic" and suffers from schizophrenia, but agreed on cross-examination that he was "goal-oriented" and planned the attack as much as six months in advance.[117] Separately, a neurologist who examined Bowers in 2021 testified as a defense expert, opining that Bowers had schizophrenia and epilepsy.[118] On cross-examination, the defense neurologist acknowledged that Bowers was not "incapable" of plotting the shootings, but testified that "his reasons for planning it out are unreliable in his brain."[118] The defense presented evidence of Bowers's lengthy history of serious mental illness, including multiple suicide attempts since his teenage years, an incident in which he "threw flammable liquid on his mother and tried to ignite it" at age thirteen, and three instances of involuntary commitment, the latest in 2004.[118]

At the request of the defense, the sentencing phase was split into two parts (each with its own opening statements, closing arguments and jury decision): (1) whether Bowers was eligible to be sentenced to death and (2) the selection of the sentence. On July 13, 2023, after two hours of deliberation, the jury found that Bowers was eligible for a death sentence.[119] After making further deliberation on sentence for two days, the federal jury issued a unanimous decision to sentence Bowers to the death penalty on August 2.[120] Bowers was the first criminal to be sentenced to death by the US federal government during the presidency of Joe Biden.[121] [122]

On August 3, 2023, Bowers was formally sentenced to death.[123] On August 26, 2023, Bowers was transferred to the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and placed on death row at United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute.[124] Bowers attempted to appeal his sentence for a new trial in November 2023,[125] but his request was denied in May 2024.[126]

State criminal proceedings

Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts, including 11 counts of criminal homicide, six counts of aggravated assault, six counts of attempted criminal homicide, and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation. The state charges were held in abeyance pending the federal trial.[93]

Reactions

United States

National

President Donald Trump, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf, Braddock Mayor John Fetterman, and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O'Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter. Trump called the shooting a wicked, antisemitic act of "pure evil."[54] He also opined that the shooting was preventable: "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him".[127] [128] [129] Trump suggested cases such as this call for the death penalty.[129]

Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said the attack, along with other recent unrest, was inspired by elements of Trump's rhetoric.[130] Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night.[131] [132] Over 2,000 people, including many from the local Jewish community, protested against Trump's visit to the synagogue site, chanting "words have meaning", and carrying signs with such slogans as "We build bridges, not walls".[133]

From October 27 to 31, all U.S. flags on public and military grounds were flown at half-staff in memory of the victims.[134]

On the Friday following the shooting, David Shribman, executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, ran the opening of the Hebrew-Aramaic kaddish, often called the Jewish mourner's prayer, as a full-width front-page headline.[135]

Jewish security

The aftermath of the shooting included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States, according to the New York Times. In addition to bringing in $100 million in federal grants through the Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NGSP), the Jewish Federations of North America raised $62 million to secure every Jewish community in North America, overseen by the Secure Community Network. By 2023, 93 Jewish federations had full-time security directors, a more than four-fold increase over the previous 5 years.[136]

The next year, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 83 of 2019 to establish the state's Nonprofit Security Grant Fund, a state-level version of the NGSP. Initially, $5 million in grant funding was available. After an increase in antisemitism during the Israel-Hamas war in 2023, the General Assembly increased the available funding to $10 million.[137] In the 5 years since its inception, the fund distributed $25 million to synagogues, mosques, and other nonprofit organizations.[138]

Local

Immediately after the shooting, the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university-sponsored activities were cancelled for the day.[23] At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets.

An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning. Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried. Shomrim (volunteer guards) took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported that "most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox, but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting."[139]

Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday, October 30, when NFL teams are traditionally off. The brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who is a former employee of the team.[140]

During the long wait for a trial, members of the Pittsburgh congregations received interfaith support and solidarity from black church and American Sikh communities targeted by violent hatred,[141] including members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina (targeted by a shooting attack in 2015)[141] and the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin that had been targeted in a shooting attack in 2012.[142]

International

The Eiffel Tower in Paris darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting.[143]

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the "horrifying antisemitic brutality", adding "the whole of Israel grieves with the families of the dead."[144] Israel's education and diaspora affairs minister, Naftali Bennett, immediately left for Pittsburgh to visit the synagogue, meet with community members, and participate in the funerals of the victims,[145] and directed the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs "to assess and prepare to assist the Pittsburgh Jewish community, 'including the need for emergency and resilience teams that immediately left Israel for psychological assistance and community rehabilitation.'"[146] [147] [148] Israel's cabinet stood for a moment's silence on October 28 to honor the victims.[149]

Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau said "any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable".[150] He described the location as "a place with a profound Jewish flavor". Many news reports said he refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a "synagogue" since it is non-Orthodox.[151] Prominent non-Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected his statement.[152] [153] [154]

Tel Aviv Municipality lit the city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh attack.[155] [156] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[157]

Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in his Sunday prayers in St. Peter's Square on October 28, and led prayers for the dead and wounded, as well as their families. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies".[158]

Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif offered his thoughts and prayers to the victims of the shooting, and said "Extremism and terrorism know no race or religion, and must be condemned in all cases".[159]

Hamas offered condolences and condemned the attack, noting that they could relate as being "victims of Israeli terror". Hamas had previously expressed support for shootings at synagogues in Israel.[160] [161]

Jan Kickert, Austrian Permanent Representative to the United Nations, said: "The attack ... was an attack on all of us, on what we stand for – religious liberty, human rights. We are committed to the safety and security of Jews wherever they are. I say this with growing up and living with the shame that my forefathers were among the worst perpetrators in Nazi times."[162]

Media and organizations

The New York Times published an op-ed by Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate.[163]

A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate-incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week, along with a series of mail bombing attempts and a shooting at a Kroger grocery store in Jeffersontown, Kentucky.[164]

On October 28, the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims. According to the building's Twitter account, the top of the spire was left aglow with "an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness".[165] In the wake of the shooting, the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning,[166] and on November 2, the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for 11 seconds, one second for each fatality.[167]

Sports

Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns,[168] the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings,[169] the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks,[170] the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs,[171] the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London,[172] and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field. A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27.[173]

The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read "Stronger Than Hate" for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30. The team announced that, following the game, the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue.[174] Similarly, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a "Stronger than Hate" decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia.[175]

NFL player Terrell Suggs wore a Star of David on his cleats during a game in October 2019 to commemorate the one-year anniversary of the shooting.[176]

Vigils and rallies

On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil; it was organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[177] Two additional vigils were held in the neighborhood.

The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2,500.[178] Attended by numerous national and local dignitaries, the event featured several speakers, including the rabbis of the three congregations that occupied the synagogue building, Islamic and Christian clergy, and civic leaders.[179] Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto, mayor of Pittsburgh; Rich Fitzgerald, Allegheny County executive; Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey; Governor Tom Wolf; Naftali Bennett, Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs; Ron Dermer, Israeli ambassador to the United States; and Danny Danon, permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations. A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin,[180] who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish.[181] [182]

In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world.[183] [184] In the United States, these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people,[185] in many cities across the nation. In Canada, they were held in Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver and other places. In Israel, approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem.[184] In Europe, Jewish communal vigils were held in London, Liverpool, Brighton, and Paris.[186] [187]

College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in memory of the victims.[188]

The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[189] Additionally, many congregations recited the prayer for martyrs Av HaRachamim even though it would normally be omitted that Shabbat.[190] [191]

Presidential visit

On October 30, Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump, daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. They went to the synagogue, where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer. Trump lit candles for the victims inside and outside placed stones on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers of the memorial. The group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, where Trump spoke with wounded victims, their families, law enforcement officials, and medical staff.

Trump's visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community. Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said Trump should not have come, as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals.[192] Peduto, with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald, also urged Trump to consider "the wills of the families" of the deceased.[193] More than 70,000 people had signed an open letter written by Bend the Arc: Pittsburgh saying that Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism".[194] Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman opposed Trump's visit, saying she felt his words were "hypocritical" and that "We have people who stand by us who believe in values, not just Jewish values, but believe in values, and those are not the values of this president, and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh".[195] [196]

Before Trump's visit, Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said,

"There is hate, and it isn't going away. It just seems to be getting worse. ... We've got to stop hate, and it can't just be to say we need to stop hate. We need to do, we need to act to tone down rhetoric," adding that he would welcome a visit from Trump.[197]
Aaron Bisno, the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation, said he did not think Trump's presence was beneficial, saying that Trump had become a "symbol of division" for many.[198] During Trump's visit to the synagogue, an estimated 2,000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away.[199] Afterward, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."[200]

Neo-Nazis and white supremacists

Among American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, figures such as Andrew Anglin of The Daily Stormer, Matthew Heimbach of the now defunct Traditionalist Workers Party, Richard B. Spencer of the National Policy Institute, Patrick Casey of Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement, Greg Johnson of Counter-Currents Publishing and the messageboard forum Stormfront expressed the fear that the backlash over the attack could derail their efforts to gain mainstream political acceptance.

4chan users on the /pol/ board viewed the attack as "accidentally redpilling" people and denied that it had occurred. They claimed the purported attack was a "false flag" committed by Jews to gain sympathy. Some users praised the shooting and created the hashtag #HeroRobertBowers to express support for the shooter on Gab. A multiple-choice poll was posted asking for the best option for Jewish people in the West: 35% of respondents chose "Genocide". In another poll, the question "Do you support the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, Robert Bowers?" was posted; nearly 25% of respondents said yes, and some added inflammatory remarks.[201] [202] [203]

On August 10, 2023, Hardy Carroll Lloyd, a man from Follansbee, West Virginia, was arrested for allegedly making threats towards the jurors and witnesses in Bowers's federal trial on social media and in emails and online comments. According to prosecutors with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of West Virginia, Lloyd was a "self-proclaimed 'reverend' of a White supremacy movement". He also allegedly expressed support for Bowers and the shooting and had encouraged similar attacks.[204] [205] Lloyd was charged with "obstruction of the due administration of justice, transmitting threats in interstate and foreign commerce and witness tampering."[206] On September 19, 2023, he pleaded guilty and is expected to face more than six years in prison.[205]

Fundraising efforts

Numerous fundraising efforts were launched in order to assist the survivors of the shooting, pay for the burial of the victims, and pay for the repairs to the synagogue. As of November 1, a GoFundMe campaign which was initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had exceeded US$1 million in donations,[207] and a new goal of US$1.2 million has also been surpassed. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh.[208] [209] As of November 1, that campaign had exceeded its goal of $150,000 with more than $225,000 in contributions.[207]

The organizers of the campaign announced that all excess funds would be "spent on projects that help foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration, dialogue, and solidarity".[210] The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised $3.65 million for victims by November 13;[211] donations to that organization were to be matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation.[212] [207] Fundraising campaigns for shooting victims in the Dor Hadash and New Light congregations raised nearly $23,000 combined.[213]

A $6.3 million fund was raised for the survivors of the shooting, the families of the 11 dead, and police officers.[214]

Documentary

In 2022, documentary was released by HBO Documentary Films.[215] [216]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.nhpr.org/post/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-called-domestic-terrorism#stream/0 Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Called Domestic Terrorism
  2. Web site: What we know about Robert Bowers, suspect in mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. October 28, 2018. WPXI. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029031017/https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/what-we-know-about-robert-bowers-suspect-in-mass-shooting-at-pittsburgh-synagogue/861071109. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  3. Web site: The Pittsburgh synagogue shooter faces the death penalty despite a pause on federal executions. June 26, 2023 .
  4. News: Avi . Selk . Tim . Craig . Shawn . Boburg . Andrew . Ba Tran . October 28, 2018 . October 30, 2018 . 'They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  5. Web site: Timothy . Gardner . Jeff . Mason . David . Brunnstrom . October 27, 2018 . Trump says Pittsburgh shooting has little to do with gun laws . Reuters . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027230358/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pennsylvania-shooting-trump-remarks/trump-says-pittsburgh-shooting-has-little-to-do-with-gun-laws-idUSKCN1N10M3 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  6. News: Andone . Dakin . Hanna . Jason . Sterling . Joe . Murphy . Paul P. . October 28, 2018 . Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead . CNN . live . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011343/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html . October 28, 2018 .
  7. News: Shannon . Sant . October 27, 2018 . What's Known About Robert Bowers, The Suspect In The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting . . live . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027233340/https://www.npr.org/2018/10/27/661409410/whats-known-about-robert-bowers-the-suspect-in-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting . October 27, 2018 .
  8. News: Vesoulis . Abby . October 27, 2018 . How Gab Became the Social Media Site Where the Pittsburgh Suspect's Anti-Semitism Thrived . . live . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028140228/http://time.com/5437006/gab-social-media-robert-bowers/ . October 28, 2018 . mdy-all.
  9. News: October 27, 2018 . Suspect identified as Robert Bowers, 46, in Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting . . Paula Reed . Ward . Rich . Lord . Liz . Navatril . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184130/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/27/squirrel-hill-synagogue-shooting-suspect-pittsburgh-mass-officers-victims-casualties/stories/201810270072 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  10. News: Eric . Levenson . Ray . Sanchez . Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue . CNN . October 27, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170709/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  11. Web site: Cortellessa . Eric . 28 October 2018 . Why the Pittsburgh shooter is not being prosecuted for terrorism . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190225230815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-the-pittsburgh-shooter-is-not-being-prosecuted-for-terrorism/ . February 25, 2019 . 2023-08-09 . Times of Israel . en-US.
  12. Web site: Ove . Torsten . 11 February 2019 . Robert Bowers, accused in Tree of Life synagogue shootings, arraigned . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041817/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2019/02/11/Robert-Bowers-accused-Tree-of-Life-synagogue-shootings-arraignment-Pittsburgh/stories/201902110073 . February 22, 2019 . 2023-08-09 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . en.
  13. Web site: O'Brien . Brendan . Allen . Jonathan . August 3, 2023 . Potter . Mark . Osterman . Cynthia . Pittsburgh jury condemns Tree of Life synagogue killer to death . .
  14. Web site: Robert Bowers found guilty in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial. June 17, 2023. WTAE.
  15. Web site: Souza . Sabrina . Brown . Nicki . Levenson . Eric . August 2, 2023 . Pittsburgh synagogue shooter sentenced to death for killing 11 worshippers in 2018 massacre . August 2, 2023 . CNN .
  16. Web site: Robert Bowers formally sentenced to death in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Bob. Mayo. August 3, 2023. WTAE.
  17. Web site: Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation Pittsburgh Synagogue. Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027164856/http://www.tolols.org/. October 27, 2018. live. October 27, 2018.
  18. News: Paul . Deanna . Selk . Avi . Wang . Amy B. . October 27, 2018 . Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves multiple people dead and wounded . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028015138/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/27/pittsburgh-police-responding-active-shooting-squirrel-hill-area/?noredirect=on . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  19. News: Smith . Peter . February 20, 2018 . Report: Pittsburgh Jewish community growing, spreading out . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033637/http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/02/20/study-Pittsburgh-Jewish-community-growing-spreading-out/stories/201802200058 . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  20. Web site: About Us . Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha . October 27, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027194149/https://www.tolols.org/about-us . October 27, 2018 . dead . mdy-all .
  21. Book: The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Kerry M.. Olitzky. Marc Lee. Raphael. 1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313288562. 318. October 28, 2018. February 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216031852/https://books.google.com/books?id=weL9M46TcU8C&pg=PA318. live.
  22. News: Tibon . Amir . Landau . Noa . Kaplan Sommer . Allison . Maltz . Judy . October 27, 2018 . Eight Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting; Gunman Yelled 'All Jews Must Die' . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027183716/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/man-reportedly-opens-fire-near-a-pittsburgh-synagoue-1.6595493 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  23. News: Eleven dead, six wounded in massacre at Squirrel Hill synagogue . 'Multiple casualties,' some fatalities in Squirrel Hill synagogue mass shooting . October 27, 2018 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 27, 2018 . Mamula . Kris . Goldstein . Andrew . Ward . Paula . Navratil . Liz . Bradbury . Shelly . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027155213/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/27/Police-responding-to-incident-in-Squirrel-Hill/stories/201810270069 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  24. News: Suspect in custody in Pittsburgh synagogue attack. Scolforo. Mark. October 27, 2018. October 27, 2018. Associated Press. Gillispie. Mark. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027154137/https://www.apnews.com/23b04dc5e5af4129b544ab50cbba3dd6. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  25. News: Farzan . Antonia Noori . Before synagogue mass shooting, a 1986 murder shook Pittsburgh's Jewish community . October 29, 2018 . . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029141230/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/29/before-synagogue-mass-shooting-murder-rabbinical-student-shook-pittsburghs-jewish-community/ . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  26. News: Attacks on Jewish people rising on Instagram and Twitter, researchers say. October 27, 2018. David Ingram. NBC News. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103050153/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/attacks-jewish-people-rising-instagram-twitter-researchers-say-n925086. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  27. News: The Pittsburgh shooting is the culmination of an increase in anti-Semitism in the US. Annabelle Timsit. October 27, 2018. Quartz. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131617/https://qz.com/1440723/pittsburgh-shooting-the-culmination-of-rising-anti-semitism-in-the-us/. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  28. News: Rising antisemitism worldwide boils over at Pittsburgh synagogue. Harriet Sherwood. October 28, 2018. The Guardian. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131505/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/28/rising-antisemitism-worldwide-boils-over-at-pittsburgh-synagogue. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  29. News: The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting is believed to be the deadliest attack on Jews in American history, the ADL says. October 28, 2018. Jay Croft and Saeed Ahmed. CNN. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131326/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/jewish-hate-crimes-fbi/index.html. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  30. News: Anti-Semitic incidents were on the rise even before shooting. October 29, 2018. Washington Post. David Crary. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029193259/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/before-shooting-anti-semitic-incidents-were-on-the-rise/2018/10/29/7ad63ce2-db79-11e8-8bac-bfe01fcdc3a6_story.html. October 29, 2018. dead. mdy-all.
  31. News: Computational Propaganda, Jewish-Americans and the 2018 Midterms: The Amplification of Anti-Semitic Harassment Online. Anti-Defamation League. October 26, 2018. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131522/https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/computational-propaganda-jewish-americans-and-the-2018-midterms-the-amplification#conclusion. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  32. News: . What we know about Tree of Life Synagogue . 27 October 2018 . November 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120140010/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/what-know-about-tree-life-synagogue/lpCpjJlu2MyQuAtnOKPcKI/ . November 20, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  33. News: Officials: Shooter in synagogue attack spoke of killing Jews . Griffiths . Brent D. . October 28, 2018 . . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180600/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-jewish-943666 . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  34. News: Robertson . Campbell . Mele . Christopher . Tsvrernise . Sabrina . 11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts . October 27, 2018 . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027155253/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/27/us/active-shooter-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting.html . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all . – NOTE: please see extensive discussion about "assault rifles" at =>
  35. News: Robertson . Campbell . Mele . Christopher . Tsvrernise . Sabrina . Sabrina Tavernise . October 27, 2018 . 11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts . . live . limited . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027155253/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/27/us/active-shooter-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting.html . October 27, 2018 . mdy-all.
  36. News: Rosenblatt . Kalhan . Winter . Tom . Dienst . Jonathan . Williams . Pete . McCausland . Phil . 11 dead in shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue, suspect in custody . NBC News . October 27, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . January 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225736/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/active-shooter-reported-near-pittsburgh-synagogue-n925211%20 . live .
  37. News: Gunman targeting Jews kills 11 in Pittsburgh synagogue. Altdorfer. John. October 27, 2018. October 27, 2018. Reuters. Swaney. Chriss. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027201050/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pennsylvania-shooting/at-least-four-reported-dead-12-injured-in-shooting-at-pittsburgh-synagogue-idUSKCN1N10J6. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  38. Web site: Worshipers in Hiding, Waiting for Death: How the Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Unfolded . Adam . Carlson . Wendy Grossman . Kantor . Susan . Keating . Christine . Pelisek . October 30, 2018 . November 4, 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181103140948/https://people.com/crime/worshipers-in-hiding-waiting-for-death-how-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-massacre-unfolded/ . November 3, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  39. Web site: A rabbi says he first thought gunfire was the sound of a fallen metal coat rack. Then he saw people running. . Lindsey . Ellefsen . 29 October 2018 . CNN . November 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181121025119/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/29/us/rabbi-recounts-shooting-pittsburgh-cnntv/index.html . November 21, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  40. News: Sheehan . Andy . Schiller . Meghan . 11 Dead, Several Others Shot At Pittsburgh Synagogue . . October 27, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027145728/https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/10/27/heavy-police-presence-near-synagogue-in-squirrel-hill/ . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  41. Web site: Here's how the shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue unfolded. Steve. Almasy. Artemis. Moshtaghian. CNN. October 28, 2018. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225604/https://www.kesq.com/news/national-world/heres-how-the-shooting-at-a-pittsburgh-synagogue-unfolded/829653460. October 28, 2018. dead. mdy-all.
  42. News: Bill . Shackner . From calm to crisis: 911 center workers sprang into action during synagogue massacre . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . November 1, 2018 . February 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122218/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/11/01/tree-of-life-synagogue-shooting-allegheny-county-911-dispatcher-pittsburgh/stories/201811010157 . February 4, 2019 . live . mdy-all .
  43. News: . How the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting unfolded — minute-by-minute . October 30, 2018 . Ben . Sales . November 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116110340/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-unfolded/ . November 16, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  44. Web site: Tree Of Life Rabbi Says 'Hate Speech' Fueled By Politicians Led To Synagogue Massacre. Dominique. Mosbergen. November 4, 2018. November 4, 2018. HuffPost. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105023311/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tree-of-life-rabbi-jeffrey-myers_us_5bdee9f6e4b09d43e31fb791. November 5, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  45. News: Hayes . Christal . Johnson . Kevin . Woodall . Candy . Who is Robert Bowers? Accused Pittsburgh synagogue shooter left anti-semitic trail . November 25, 2018 . USA Today . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181126012524/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/27/pittsburgh-shooting-robert-bowers-identified-suspect-synagogue/1789239002/ . November 26, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  46. News: Staff . Pittsburgh shooting: Multiple casualties at Squirrel Hill synagogue . October 27, 2018 . BBC News . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027145300/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46002549 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  47. News: . Timeline of terror: A moment-by-moment account of Squirrel Hill mass shooting . Bradbury . Shelly . October 29, 2018 . A moment-by-moment account of the shooting: A timeline of the shooting assault at Tree of Life . November 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116055430/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/28/TIMELINE-20-minutes-of-terror-gripped-Squirrel-Hill-during-Saturday-synagogue-attack/stories/201810280197 . November 16, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  48. News: October 27, 2018 . Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 8 dead, 4 officers injured; suspect in custody . ABC 7 Chicago . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033650/https://abc7chicago.com/watch-live-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-leaves-multiple-casualties-3-officers-injured;-suspect-in-custody/4565140/ . October 28, 2018 . dead . mdy-all .
  49. News: Pittsburgh synagogue gunman told SWAT he wanted all Jews to die, criminal complaint says . October 28, 2018 . CNN . October 28, 2018 . Nicole . Chavez . Emanuella . Grinberg . Eliott C. . McLaughlin . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028131916/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/28/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  50. News: Names of deceased victims in Squirrel Hill massacre released . Officials name deceased victims from Tree of Life shooting; UPMC provides updates on survivors . October 28, 2018 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028141332/http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/28/tree-of-life-victims-police-officers-hospitalized-UPMC-Presbyterian-mercy-jewish-synagogue-shooting/stories/201810280178 . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  51. News: Victims In Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Identified . October 28, 2018 . CBS Pittsburgh . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028170141/https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims/ . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  52. News: 11 dead, six injured as gunman opens fire on prayer service at US synagogue. Mann. Tanveer. October 27, 2018. Metro. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184429/https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/27/multiple-victims-as-shooter-storms-prayer-service-at-us-synagogue-8081009/. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  53. Web site: These are the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Dakin. Andone. Sara. Sidner. October 28, 2018. October 28, 2018. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028223327/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/28/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims/index.html. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  54. News: Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 11 dead and 6 wounded; suspect hit with multiple charges . Dedaj . Paulina . Joyce . Kathleen . October 27, 2018 . . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027190444/https://www.foxnews.com/us/pittsburgh-police-confirms-active-shooter-at-synagogue-multiple-victims-reported . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  55. News: Jewish doctors, nurses helped treat accused synagogue shooter. October 30, 2018. The New York Post. November 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160449/https://nypost.com/2018/10/30/jewish-doctors-nursers-helped-treat-accused-synagogue-shooter/. November 5, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  56. News: Ailworth . Erin . Hagerty . James R. . Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Described as Man Who Kept to Himself – Robert G. Bowers was active on social media, but few recall him in person; 'very unremarkable, normal—which is scary' says one neighbor . October 28, 2018 . . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029064247/https://www.wsj.com/articles/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-described-as-man-who-kept-to-himself-1540771482 . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  57. News: Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was 'Pretty Much a Ghost'. Gabriel. Trip. October 28, 2018. The New York Times. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191856/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/pittsburgh-shooting-robert-bowers.html. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  58. News: Turkewitz . Julie . Roose . Kevin . Who Is Robert Bowers, the Suspect in the Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting? . October 27, 2018 . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027215602/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/27/us/robert-bowers-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooter.html . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  59. News: 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers. Ward. Paula. October 27, 2018. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 27, 2018. Lord. Rich. Navratil. Liz. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184130/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/27/squirrel-hill-synagogue-shooting-suspect-pittsburgh-mass-officers-victims-casualties/stories/201810270072. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  60. Web site: Judge seals old criminal case file for presumed father of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect. Paula Reed. Ward. Liz. Navratil. Rich. Lord. November 1, 2018. November 5, 2018. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105201049/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/11/01/randall-robert-bowers-court-case-sealed-order-tree-of-life-allegheny-county/stories/201811010164. November 5, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  61. News: Man Said to Be Pittsburgh Suspect's Father Killed Himself Amid 1979 Rape Case. The New York Times. November 2, 2018. November 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105150537/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/us/pittsburgh-gunman-father-rape-case.html. November 5, 2018. live. mdy-all. Healy. Jack. Turkewitz. Julie.
  62. News: As questions linger about Pittsburgh suspect, details emerge from his early life. Moriah. Balingit. Victoria. St. Martin. Mark. Berman. November 2, 2018. November 5, 2018. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20181104041932/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/as-questions-linger-about-pittsburgh-suspect-details-emerge-from-his-early-life/2018/11/02/a643c506-dec7-11e8-b732-3c72cbf131f2_story.html. November 4, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  63. Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Nov 1, 2018. "A high school dropout and trucker, Robert Bowers left few footprints — except online"http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/29/Robert-Bowers-suspect-gunman-Pittsburgh-Tree-of-Life-synagogue-massacre-attack-federal-court/stories/201810290090
  64. New York Times, Oct 28, 2018, "Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was 'Pretty Much a Ghost'" https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/pittsburgh-shooting-robert-bowers.html
  65. Web site: From nonpartisan voter to virulent extremist: The undoing of Robert Bowers . 2023-02-16 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . en . December 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205194418/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/31/Robert-Bowers-accused-killer-political-Warroom-synagogue-pittsburgh-mass-shooting/stories/201810300154 . live .
  66. Web site: How Robert Bowers went from conservative to white nationalist. post-gazette.com. November 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120216/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/11/10/Robert-Bowers-extremism-Tree-of-Life-massacre-shooting-pittsburgh-Gab-Warroom/stories/201811080165. November 21, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  67. News: Tree of Life shooting: How the rise of conspiracy theory politics emboldens antisemitism. Vox. 2018-11-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103014007/https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/10/31/18034256/anti-semitism-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-prejudice-right. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  68. News: Beckett . Lois . 2018-10-27 . Pittsburgh shooting: suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by 'alt-right' . 2024-03-25 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  69. News: Roose . Kevin . October 28, 2018 . On Gab, an Extremist-Friendly Site, Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full . . New York City . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028164518/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/gab-robert-bowers-pittsburgh-synagogue-shootings.html . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  70. Web site: Who is Robert Bowers, the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect?. Renshaw. Jarriett. October 27, 2018. Reuters. January 21, 2018. October 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013123855/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pennsylvania-shooting-suspect/who-is-robert-bowers-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-suspect-idUSKCN1N10S6. live.
  71. News: Beckett . Lois . October 27, 2018 . Pittsburgh shooting: suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by 'alt-right' . The Guardian . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028000919/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/27/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-antisemitism . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  72. News: Gormly . Kellie B. . Selk . Avi . Achenbach . Joel . Berman . Mark . Horton . Alex . Suspect in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting charged with 29 counts in deaths of 11 people . The Washington Post . October 28, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027194819/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/27/pittsburgh-police-responding-active-shooting-squirrel-hill-area/ . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  73. News: Pittsburgh shooting: What we know so far . BBC News . October 28, 2018 . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028074636/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46003665 . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  74. Web site: Deadly Shooting at Pittsburgh Synagogue. October 27, 2018. Anti-Defamation League. "First Trump came for the Charlottesville 4 but I kept supporting Trump because he is a better candidate than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for RAM but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for the Proud Boys but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for me and there was no one left to support". January 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119161420/https://www.adl.org/blog/deadly-shooting-at-pittsburgh-synagogue. January 19, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  75. Web site: Robert Bowers, Pittsburgh shooting suspect, was avid poster of anti-Semitic content on Gab. Silverstein. Jason. October 29, 2018. CBS News. January 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043949/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-bowers-gab-pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-today-live-updates-2018-10-27/. January 22, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  76. Web site: Robert Bowers: See Squirrel Hill Suspect's Social Media. McBride. Jessica. October 27, 2018. Heavy.com. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184026/https://heavy.com/news/2018/10/robert-bowers-social-media-rob-gab/. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  77. News: Anti-Semitic social media posts may hold clues in fatal Pittsburgh shooting . Reuters . . Toronto . October 27, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028085820/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-anti-semitic-social-media-posts-may-hold-clues-in-fatal-pittsburgh/ . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  78. News: Who is Synagogue Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers?. Law and Crime. Kalmbacher. Colin. October 27, 2018. November 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203821/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/police-have-identified-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooter-as-white-supremacist-robert-bowers/. November 21, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  79. News: The Pittsburgh Suspect's Internet of Hate. Lorenz. Taylor. October 27, 2018. The Atlantic. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027230554/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/10/what-gab/574186/. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  80. News: Who is Robert Bowers? Suspect identified in the Pittsburgh Tree of Life Synagogue shooting. Kwong. Jessica. October 27, 2018. Newsweek. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027183114/https://www.newsweek.com/who-robert-bowers-suspect-identified-pittsburgh-tree-life-synagogue-shooting-1190440. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  81. News: Synagogue Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Appears to be Anti-Semite Who Hates Trump. Politi. Daniel. October 27, 2018. Slate. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028012505/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/10/robert-bowers-synagogue-shooting-suspect-appears-to-be-anti-semite-who-hates-trump.html. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  82. News: What We Know About Robert Bowers, Alleged Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter. Raymond. Adam K.. Intelligencer. October 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029101418/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/what-we-know-about-robert-bowers-alleged-synagogue-shooter.html. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  83. News: Pittsburgh Synagogue Suspect Robert Bowers Hated Trump—for Not Hating Jews. Daily Beast. Kelly. Weill. October 27, 2018. October 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190712/https://www.thedailybeast.com/robert-bowers-is-neo-nazi-who-posted-about-killing-jews-on-gab?via=desktop&social=Linkedin. November 10, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  84. News: Pittsburgh synagogue gunman Robert Bower's links to British far right. The Times. Duncan. Graham. November 5, 2018. January 3, 2019. February 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216031910/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pittsburgh-synagogue-gunman-robert-bower-s-links-to-british-far-right-mdnxrnvf0. live.
  85. News: Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Worked on Gab to Doz Left-Wing Blogger. Weill. Kelly. November 2, 2018. The Daily Beast. November 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181104024525/https://www.thedailybeast.com/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-robert-bowers-worked-on-gab-to-dox-left-wing-blogger. November 4, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  86. Web site: National Refugee Shabbat . Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028195816/https://www.hias.org/national-refugee-shabbat . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  87. News: The Synagogue Killings Mark a Surge of Anti-Semitism. Kragie. Andrew. October 27, 2018. The Atlantic. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214512/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/pittsburgh-synagogue-comes-amid-surge-anti-semiticism/574180/. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  88. Web site: A gunman opened fire on a synagogue in Pittsburgh, killing at least eleven people and wounding others . Brett . Barrouquere . Rachel . Janik . October 27, 2018 . . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225504/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/10/27/gunman-opened-fire-synagogue-pittsburgh-killing-least-eleven-people-and-wounding-others . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  89. Web site: Gab.com goes down after GoDaddy threatens to pull domain . Sam . Byford . October 28, 2018 . October 28, 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029075437/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/28/18036520/gab-down-godaddy-domain-blocked . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  90. News: Ward . Paula Reed . Lord . Rich . Navratil . Liz . 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers – Social posts attributed to suspect may provide clues . October 27, 2018 . . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184130/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/27/squirrel-hill-synagogue-shooting-suspect-pittsburgh-mass-officers-victims-casualties/stories/201810270072 . October 27, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  91. News: Swaney . Chriss . Stony-faced, silent synagogue massacre suspect held without bond . Reuters . October 29, 2018 . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029224552/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pennsylvania-shooting/stony-faced-silent-synagogue-massacre-suspect-held-without-bond-idUSKCN1N30ZQ . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  92. Web site: Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect indicted on federal hate crime charges, faces 535 years. Doha. Madani. NBC News. October 31, 2018. November 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031223729/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-suspect-indicted-federal-hate-crime-charges-faces-n929386. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  93. News: Jacey Fortin . October 31, 2018 . Robert Bowers Indicted on 44 Counts After Synagogue Shooting in Pittsburgh . . live . limited . February 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042320/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/us/synagogue-shooting-charges-robert-bowers.html . February 2, 2019 . mdy-all.
  94. Web site: Statement on Filing of Federal Charges . Department of Justice . October 27, 2018 . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028134629/https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/statement-filing-federal-charges . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  95. Web site: Dozens of federal, state charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 27, 2018 . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029073443/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/27/squirrel-hill-synagogue-shooting-suspect-pittsburgh-mass-officers-victims-casualties/stories/201810270072 . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  96. Web site: Pittsburgh gunman pleads not guilty to synagogue massacre charges . CBS News . November 1, 2018 . November 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181101190448/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-robert-bowers-pleads-not-guilty-today-2018-11-01-live-updates/ . November 1, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  97. News: Suspected Pittsburgh synagogue shooter will face additional charges of hate crimes . USA Today . January 29, 2019 . February 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190130183724/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/01/29/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-robert-bowers-face-hate-crimes-charges/2716953002/ . January 30, 2019 . live . mdy-all .
  98. News: . Accused Tree of Life shooter still seeks plea deal . Torsten . Ove . 25 October 2020. May 10, 2021 . May 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210510053735/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2020/10/25/Accused-Tree-of-Life-shooter-robert-bowers-seeks-plea-deal/stories/202010230149 . live .
  99. Paula Reed Ward & Megan Guza, Congregation asks new U.S. Attorney General to strike plea deal with accused synagogue shooter, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (June 25, 2021).
  100. News: Torsten Ove . 25 September 2019 . Prosecutors say defense balking at setting Robert Bowers trial date for Tree of Life killings . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . live . October 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011022028/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2019/09/25/tree-of-life-shooting-robert-bowers-trial-date-scheduling-order-discovery/stories/201909250129 . October 11, 2019.
  101. Web site: Judge waits to set trial date in Pittsburgh synagogue attack. 2019-10-31. SFGate. 2019-11-15. November 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191115072325/https://www.sfgate.com/news/crime/article/Judge-waits-to-set-trial-date-in-Pittsburgh-14665100.php. live.
  102. Torsten Ove, Bowers defense team won't seek insanity defense but still wants more time; judge grants another delay, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (November 12, 2021).
  103. Paula Reed Ward, Judge denies motion to suppress statements made by defendant in Tree of Life case, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (January 20, 2022).
  104. Torsten Ove, New U.S. judge to preside over alleged Tree of Life shooter's death penalty case, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (February 3, 2022).
  105. Paula Reed Ward, Judge denies motion to move trial in Tree of Life shooting case, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (March 20, 2022).
  106. Chris Hoffman, Robert Bowers: Trial date set for accused Tree of Life gunman, CBS News (September 20, 2022).
  107. Paula Reed Ward, Robert Bowers appears in federal court as prospective jurors complete questionnaires in Tree of Life case, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (March 6, 2023).
  108. Paula Reed Ward, Jury selection continues in Pittsburgh synagogue attack trial, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (April 26, 2023).
  109. Peter Smith & Mark Scolforo, Jury selection begins over 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue attack, Associated Press (April 24, 2023).
  110. Web site: Pittsburgh synagogue mass shooting trial begins, prosecutors pursuing death penalty. ABC News. May 30, 2023.
  111. Web site: Lawyers for Pittsburgh synagogue defendant admit he carried out deadliest US antisemitic attack. Associated Press News. May 30, 2023 . May 30, 2023.
  112. LevensonSabrina Souza and Eric Levenson, Final witness in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial says she played dead next to her 97-year-old mother, CNN (June 14, 2023).
  113. News: Guza . Megan . June 7, 2023 . 'There were no noises whatsoever': Officer remembers silence inside the synagogue . Post-Gazette . limited . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609035542/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2023/06/07/pittsburgh-tree-of-life-synagogue-shooting-robert-bowers-trial/stories/202306070110 . June 9, 2023.
  114. News: Guza . Megan . June 15, 2023 . 'Hold him accountable for the people who couldn't testify': Jurors start deliberating in synagogue shooting trial after closing arguments . Post Gazette . limited . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616042631/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2023/06/15/pittsburgh-tree-of-life-synagogue-robert-bowers-trial-dor-hadash-new-light-2/stories/202306150105 . June 16, 2023.
  115. News: Pittsburgh synagogue gunman is found guilty in the deadliest attack on Jewish people in US history. Associated Press News. June 16, 2023. Peter Smith.
  116. Peter Smith, Doctors give mixed testimony on whether tests show brain damage in the Pittsburgh synagogue killer, Associated Press (June 27, 2023).
  117. https://apnews.com/article/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-death-penalty-trial-f1d03795bc79de4778153889c7ba1d3f 'Blatantly psychotic' gunman wanted parade, medals for synagogue massacre, psychologist testifies
  118. https://apnews.com/article/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-antisemitism-9d73e9421dc9b469c910df4ae5691038 Pittsburgh synagogue killer has extensive history of mental illness, defense expert testifies
  119. Nicki Brown, Jury finds Pittsburgh synagogue mass shooter eligible to face the death penalty, CNN (July 13, 2023).
  120. News: US 2018 synagogue shooter sentenced to death. 3 August 2023. The Straits Times. Singapore.
  121. Web site: US shooter sentenced to death for 2018 synagogue massacre . August 3, 2023 . . August 3, 2023 . August 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230803052940/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/us-shooter-sentenced-death-2018-synagogue-massacre-3673126 . dead .
  122. Web site: Pittsburgh synagogue shooter who killed 11 worshippers and wounded six others sentenced to death . August 2, 2023 . Souza . Sabrina . . August 2, 2023.
  123. News: Pittsburgh synagogue gunman has been sentenced to die in the nation's deadliest antisemitic attack. AP NEWS. August 3, 2023.
  124. Web site: Inmate Locator . 2023-08-28 . www.bop.gov.
  125. News: Pittsburgh synagogue shooter appeals sentence and asks for new trial. KDKA. November 2, 2023.
  126. News: Convicted Pittsburgh synagogue shooter denied new trial. KDKA. May 17, 2024.
  127. News: Trump says Pittsburgh synagogue should have had armed guards. Caroline. Kelly. Ray. Sanchez. Liz. Stark. CNN. October 27, 2018. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027195209/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/politics/trump-jba-death-penalty-pittsburgh/index.html. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  128. News: Trump laments Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, then suggests victims should have protected themselves. Emily. Stewart. October 27, 2018. Vox. October 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027182808/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/27/18032314/trump-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-tree-of-life. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  129. News: A massacre in Pittsburgh illustrates America's disunity . October 28, 2018 . . Lexington . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028080527/https://www.economist.com/democracy-in-america/2018/10/28/a-massacre-in-pittsburgh-illustrates-americas-disunity . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  130. News: Nakamura. David. Critics say Trump has fostered the toxic environment for the political violence he denounces . The Washington Post . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028022719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-central-premise-of-his-presidency-critics-say-trump-has-fostered-the-toxic-environment-for-the-political-violence-he-denounces/2018/10/27/cd45e43e-da1e-11e8-a10f-b51546b10756_story.html . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  131. Web site: Pittsburgh shooting: Mike Pence says no link to Trump's angry language . USA Today . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028175358/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-shooting-political-reaction/1798466002/ . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  132. News: Pence: Don't link political rhetoric o Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Sonmez. Felicia. Lee. Michelle. October 28, 2018. The Washington Post. October 28, 2018. Kane. Paul. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028170207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-dont-link-political-rhetoric-to-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/2018/10/28/df466f10-dab3-11e8-b3f0-62607289efee_story.html. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  133. News: Trump visits synagogue in Pittsburgh attack as protesters march. Reuters. Jessica. Resnick-Ault. October 30, 2018. October 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005826/https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-visit-pittsburgh-amid-funerals-calls-him-stay-102014037.html?.tsrc=fauxdal. November 22, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  134. Web site: President Trump orders all U.S. flags be flown at half-staff . The Jerusalem Post . October 28, 2018 . October 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005402/https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/President-Trump-orders-all-US-flags-be-flown-at-half-staff-570491 . October 31, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  135. Web site: About the Jewish mourners' prayer on the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette front page. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. en. 2019-10-29. October 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191028210918/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/11/02/pittsburgh-post-gazette-front-page-newspaper-kaddish-mourners-prayer/stories/201811020126. live.
  136. News: Robertson . Campbell . 2023-05-29 . With Watchful Eyes, a Nationwide Network Tracks Antisemitic Threats . en-US . . 2023-10-15 . 0362-4331.
  137. News: Sweitzer . Justin . PA House passes $5M expansion of nonprofit security grant program . 28 March 2024 . . 2023-11-02.
  138. News: Saffren . Jarrad . Shapiro Wants to Increase Funding for Grant Program That Helps Synagogues . 28 March 2024 . . 2024-02-28.
  139. Web site: Green. Emma. The Jews of Pittsburgh Bury Their Dead. The Atlantic. October 30, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030172844/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/pittsburgh-jews-prepare-bury-eleven-killed-gunman/574342/. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  140. Web site: Steelers attend funeral for brothers killed in Tree of Life Synagogue shooting. October 31, 2018. November 1, 2018. ESPN. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031013324/http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25129290/pittsburgh-steelers-attend-funeral-brothers-killed-tree-life-synagogue-shooting. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  141. Peter Smith, Faith lifted Pittsburgh Jews in long wait for massacre trial, Associated Press (April 22, 2023).
  142. Alejandra Molina, Faiths unite against gun violence on anniversary of Sikh temple shooting, Washington Post (August 4, 2022).
  143. Web site: Eiffel Tower goes dark to honor Pittsburgh shooting victims. Avery. Anapol. October 29, 2018. October 30, 2018. The Hill. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029225647/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/413668-eiffel-tower-goes-dark-to-honor-pittsburgh-shooting-victims. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  144. News: Netanyahu condemns 'horrifying anti-Semitic brutality' after Pittsburgh shooting. Bowden. John. October 27, 2018. The Hill. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028000546/https://thehill.com/policy/international/413482-netanyahu-condemns-horrifying-anti-semitic-brutality-after-pittsburgh. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  145. News: 'Deadliest Attack on Jewish Community in U.S. History': Jewish Leaders Lament Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting. Maltz. Judy. October 27, 2018. Haaretz. October 28, 2018. limited. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027225007/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-jewish-leaders-lament-pittsburgh-shooting-as-deadliest-attack-on-community-1.6595792. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  146. News: Israeli PM Netanyahu condemns 'horrendous anti-Semitic brutality' of Pittsburgh shooting. O'Grady. Siobhán. The Independent. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028143927/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pittsburgh-shooting-israel-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahyu-condemns-antisemitic-sends-official-a8605256.html. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  147. News: Netanyahu: 'Heartbroken and appalled' by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Wootliff. Raoul. October 27, 2018. The Times of Israel. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181027212514/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-heartbroken-and-appalled-by-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/. October 27, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  148. News: Religious Leaders, Others Express Horror at Synagogue Attack. October 27, 2018. The New York Times. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030927/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/10/27/us/ap-us-shooting-synagogue-reaction.html. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  149. News: Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. October 28, 2018. Reuters. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028134234/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pennsylvania-shooting-israel/israeli-cabinet-honors-victims-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-idUSKCN1N209Z. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  150. Web site: Chief rabbi says it doesn't matter if Pittsburgh's Tree of Life is a synagogue . The Times of Israel . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029032815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-chief-rabbi-wont-call-pittsburghs-tree-of-life-a-synagogue/ . October 29, 2018 . October 29, 2018.
  151. Web site: Israel Chief Rabbi Didn't Dismiss Progressive Synagogues. Stop Twisting Words To Sow Division.. The Forward. Avital. Chizhik-Goldschmidt. October 29, 2018 . October 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035629/https://forward.com/life/faith/413035/israel-chief-rabbi-didnt-dismiss-conservative-synagogues-stop-twisting/. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  152. News: Israel Chief Rabbi Won't Call Pittsburgh Shooting Site 'Synagogue' — Because It's Not Orthodox. The Forward. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152122/https://forward.com/fast-forward/412889/israel-chief-rabbi-wont-say-pittsburgh-shooting-synagogue-orthodox/. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  153. News: Israel's Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It's non-Orthodox. Maltz. Judy. October 28, 2018. Haaretz. October 28, 2018. limited. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028182055/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-s-chief-rabbi-refuses-to-call-pittsburgh-massacre-site-a-synagogue-1.6601043. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  154. News: Pittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel, but not all media noted it took place in a synagogue. Eglash. Ruth. October 28, 2018. The Washington Post. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028213026/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-shooting-was-widely-reported-israel-not-all-media-noted-it-took-place-synagogue/. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  155. News: Synagogue shooting suspect Robert Bowers: What we know about alleged Pittsburgh gunman. October 28, 2018. Sky News. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030938/https://news.sky.com/story/synagogue-shooting-suspect-robert-bowers-what-we-know-about-alleged-pittsburgh-gunman-11537976. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  156. News: Tel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Victims. Julian. Hana. October 28, 2018. JewishPress.com. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034253/http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/tel-aviv-city-hall-lights-up-in-solidarity-with-pittsburgh-synagogue-massacre-victims/2018/10/28/. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  157. News: Projection on wall in Jerusalem's Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victims. Birnbaum. Emily. October 28, 2018. The Hill. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029042436/https://thehill.com/policy/international/413568-projection-on-wall-in-jerusalems-old-city-supports-pittsburgh-synagogue. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  158. News: Pope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Associated Press. October 28, 2018. October 29, 2018. CBS News. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028154445/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pittsburgh-shooting-pope-francis-grieves-for-jewish-victims-in-synagogue-shooting/. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  159. TOI Staff (October 29, 2018) "Iran's Zarif Offers Thoughts and Prayers Over Synagogue Massacre", The Times of Israel. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  160. News: Hamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting, claims it's a 'victim of Israeli terror'. The Times of Israel. October 30, 2018. October 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133256/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-denounces-pittsburgh-shooting-claims-its-a-victim-of-israeli-terror/. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  161. Web site: Hamas condemns terror attack on Pittsburgh Synagogue . October 28, 2018 . December 3, 2021 . December 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211203082651/https://hamas.ps/en/post/1646/Hamas-condemns-terror-attack-on-Pittsburgh-Synagogue . live .
  162. Kenneth Bandler (17 December 2018)."On My Mind: Shattered glass," The Jerusalem Post.
  163. Greenblatt, Jonathan. "When Hate Goes Mainstream." The New York Times. October 28, 2018. October 28, 2018.
  164. Web site: Sanchez . Ray . Gray . Melissa . 72 hours in America: Three hate-filled crimes. Three hate-filled suspects. . . October 29, 2018 . October 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170354/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/28/us/72-hours-of-hate-in-america/index.html . October 30, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  165. Web site: Empire State Building goes dark to honor Squirrel Hill synagogue victims. Matt. Rosenberg. October 28, 2018. October 28, 2018. TribLive. February 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230216031856/https://archive.triblive.com/ccpa/. live.
  166. News: Pitt darkens Victory Lights as city mourns tragedy. Mike. Wilson. Cardiachill.com. October 28, 2018. November 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004743/https://www.cardiachill.com/2018/10/28/18035454/pittsburgh-panthers-football-cfb-victory-lights-dark-squirrel-hill-shooting-tree-of-life-synagogue. November 6, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  167. News: Pitt and UVA Honored Synagogue Shooting Victims on Friday Night. 937theFan.radio.com. November 3, 2018. November 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106010207/https://937thefan.radio.com/articles/pitt-uva-football-honor-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims. November 6, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  168. Web site: Steelers hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims. Mike. Jones. October 28, 2018. October 29, 2018. USA Today. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028212457/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-shooting-steelers-honor-victims-synagogue-attack/1799640002/. October 28, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  169. Web site: Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims. October 28, 2018. October 29, 2018. Global News. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029072855/https://globalnews.ca/video/4605685/minnesota-vikings-new-orleans-saints-hold-moment-of-silence-for-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  170. Web site: Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks hold moment of silence for synagogue shooting victims. October 28, 2018. October 29, 2018. Global News. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029071819/https://globalnews.ca/video/4604813/pittsburgh-penguins-vancouver-canucks-hold-moment-of-silence-for-synagogue-shooting-victims. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  171. Web site: Toronto Maple Leafs, Winnipeg Jets hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh shooting victims. October 27, 2018. October 29, 2018. Global News. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029072733/https://globalnews.ca/video/4603686/toronto-maple-leafs-winnipeg-jets-hold-moment-of-silence-for-pittsburgh-shooting-victims. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  172. Web site: Moment of silence held prior to the Eagles Jaguars game. October 28, 2018. National Football League. October 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035409/http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-international-series/0ap3000000978821/Moment-of-silence-held-prior-to-the-Eagles-Jaguars-game. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  173. Web site: Pittsburgh stars, teams express support in wake of deadly synagogue shooting. October 28, 2018. October 29, 2018. ESPN. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029071549/http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/25100302/pittsburgh-athletes-teams-express-support-wake-deadly-synagogue-shooting. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  174. News: Bombulie . Jonathan . Penguins to wear jersey patches to honor Squirrel Hill shooting victims . October 30, 2018 . Pittsburgh Tribune-Review . October 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133030/https://triblive.com/sports/penguins/14229594-74/penguins-to-wear-jersey-patches-to-honor-squirrel-hill-shooting-victims . October 31, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  175. Web site: Pittsburgh football to wear 'Pittsburgh Strong' helmet decal to honor Tree of Life victims - NCAA.com. October 31, 2018. ncaa.com. November 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210540/https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2018-10-31/pittsburgh-football-panthers-honor-tree-life-victims-helmet-decal. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  176. Web site: Ghermezian . Shiryn . NFL Player Wears Star of David on Cleats In Memory of Pittsburgh Shooting Victims | Jewish & Israel News . Algemeiner.com . 2019-10-29 . 2020-01-19 . December 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034457/https://www.algemeiner.com/2019/10/29/nfl-player-wears-star-of-david-on-cleats-in-memory-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-massacre-victims/ . live .
  177. News: Pitz . Marylynne . Smith . Peter . Thousands gather for vigil honoring victims in Squirrel Hill shooting . October 27, 2018 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028045806/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/27/Two-vigils-planned-pittsburgh-mass-shooting-tree-of-life-synagogue/stories/201810270084 . October 28, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  178. News: In Pittsburgh's 'darkest hour,' 2,500 attend synagogue massacre memorial. Reuters. CNBC. October 28, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029031607/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/29/thousands-at-memorial-for-victims-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-massacre.html. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  179. Web site: PITTSBURGH SHOOTING: Vigil to be held in Oakland for victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. October 28, 2018. WPXI News.
  180. Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims. October 28, 2018. NBC News. October 28, 2018. YouTube. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030185729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ92z_jGf9w. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  181. News: The Latest: Feds seeking approval to pursue death penalty. October 28, 2018. Boston Herald. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029015319/http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/2018/10/the_latest_feds_seeking_approval_to_pursue_death_penalty. October 29, 2018. dead. mdy-all.
  182. Web site: Rivlin: We can never afford to ignore anti-Semitism. October 28, 2018. Arutz Sheva. October 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029071549/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/253899. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  183. Web site: Vigils held nationwide to honor victims of Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 28, 2018 . October 31, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181031033830/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2018/10/28/Vigils-held-nationwide-to-honor-victims-of-Squirrel-Hill-synagogue-shooting-tree-of-life-mass-shooting-pittsburgh-jewish/stories/201810280238 . October 31, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  184. Web site: Vigils held around the Jewish world for Pittsburgh shooting victims . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . October 29, 2018 . October 31, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181030015226/https://www.jta.org/2018/10/29/top-headlines/vigils-held-around-jewish-world-pittsburgh-shooting-victims . October 30, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  185. Web site: Why Pittsburgh matters – Religion News Service . Religion News Service . November 1, 2018 . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029015417/https://religionnews.com/2018/10/28/tree-of-life-pittsburgh/ . October 29, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  186. Web site: Sugarman . Daniel . UK Jewish communal vigils to take place in response to Pittsburgh synagogue attack . The Jewish Chronicle . October 31, 2018 . October 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015637/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/uk-jewish-communal-vigils-planned-in-response-to-pittsburgh-synagogue-attack-1.471670 . November 1, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  187. Donadio, Rachel. "France's Jews Look to Pittsburgh 'Across a Narrow Bridge'". The Atlantic. October 31, 2018. October 31, 2018.
  188. Web site: Jewish College Students at Dozens of Hillels on Campuses Across the Country Hold Vigils in Remembrance of Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Victims . Hillel International . October 29, 2018 . October 31, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181101055205/https://www.hillel.org/about/news-views/news-views---blog/news-and-views/2018/10/29/jewish-college-students-at-dozens-of-hillels-on-campuses-across-the-country-hold-vigils-in-remembrance-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims . November 1, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  189. Web site: Thousands across the globe #ShowUpForShabbat to honor Squirrel Hill victims. Ezra. Kaplan. Phil. McCausland. November 4, 2018. November 4, 2018. NBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20181104004256/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/thousands-across-globe-showupforshabbat-honor-squirrel-hill-victims-n930851. November 4, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  190. Web site: Sales . Ben . This Pittsburgh rabbi lost 3 congregants in the shooting. Here's how he is observing Shabbat. . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . November 2, 2018 . August 16, 2020 . September 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190903225519/https://www.jta.org/2018/11/02/united-states/this-pittsburgh-rabbi-lost-3-congregants-in-the-shooting-heres-how-he-is-observing-shabbat . live .
  191. Web site: Albert . Gershon . Remembering the Victims of the Pittsburgh Shooting – Notes from #ShowUpForShabbat . . August 16, 2020 . April 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426103111/https://www.facebook.com/notes/gershon-albert/remembering-the-victims-of-the-pittsburgh-shooting-notes-from-showupforshabbat/727933684232959/ . live .
  192. News: Trump Arrives in Pittsburgh as Many Make Clear His Visit Isn't Welcome. The New York Times. October 30, 2018 . October 30, 2018.
  193. News: Peduto to White House: Talk to shooting victims' families before presidential visit. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Adam. Smeltz. October 29, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031001226/http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/29/Pittsburgh-Squirrel-Hill-mass-shooting-Donald-Trump-visit-Bill-Peduto-request/stories/201810290124. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  194. News: Pittsburgh shooting: First of 11 funerals held for victims. BBC. October 30, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030222212/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46035970. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  195. News: Former synagogue president: Trump not welcome. CNN. October 29, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030034344/https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/10/29/lynette-lederman-trump-not-welcome-pittsburgh-intv-newday-sot-vpx.cnn. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  196. News: synagogue says Trump not welcome: 'He is the purveyor of hate speech'. The Hill. Avery. Anapol. October 29, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029180137/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/413583-former-president-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-says-trump-not-welcome-he-is. October 29, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  197. News: Tree of Life rabbi says nation's leaders need to 'tone down rhetoric' in fight against hate. NBC News. October 30, 2018. October 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031034428/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tree-life-rabbi-says-nation-s-leaders-need-tone-down-n925566. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  198. News: Pittsburgh Rabbi: President Donald Trump 'Has Become A Symbol Of Division'. Hallie. Jackson. NBC News. October 30, 2018. October 30, 2018. November 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118210853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ai56gsZ-CM. live.
  199. News: Here's the 'small protest' Trump says he didn't see in Pittsburgh. Avi. Selk. Kyle. Swenson. October 31, 2018. November 1, 2018. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20181101002932/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/31/heres-small-protest-trump-says-he-didnt-see-pittsburgh/. November 1, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  200. Dailey, Ruth Ann (November 4, 2018). "Rabbi, רב, teacher: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers sets an example for all of us". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  201. News: Some neo-Nazis lament the Pittsburgh massacre: It derails their efforts to be mainstream. Abigal. Hauslohner. Abby. Olhlheiser. October 30, 2018. January 10, 2019. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20181129153147/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/some-neo-nazis-lament-the-pittsburgh-massacre-it-derails-their-efforts-to-be-mainstream/2018/10/30/3163fd9c-dc5f-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html. November 29, 2018. live. mdy-all. limited.
  202. News: Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers. Rita. Katz. October 29, 2018. January 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190120225611/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/29/inside-the-online-cesspool-of-anti-semitism-that-housed-robert-bowers-221949. January 20, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  203. News: "The Jews Should Count Themselves Lucky" Extremists React to Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting. October 27, 2018. Anti-Defamation League. January 10, 2019.
  204. News: Man arrested after 'engaging in threatening conduct' toward jurors and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter trial, prosecutors say. CNN. Brown. Nicki. August 10, 2023. September 29, 2023.
  205. News: White supremacist admits threatening jury and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter's trial. AP News. September 19, 2023. September 29, 2023.
  206. News: White supremacist arrested for threatening Pittsburgh synagogue jury, witnesses: Feds . ABC News. Katersky. Aaron. August 10, 2023. September 29, 2023.
  207. Web site: Iranian raises $1 million for Tree of Life, gets showered with offers of Steelers, Penguins tickets. Gary. Rotstein. November 1, 2018. November 3, 2018. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103083154/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/11/01/Tree-Life-fundraising-Shay-Khatiri-GoFundMe-donations-million-dollars-Pittsburgh/stories/201811010133. November 3, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  208. Web site: U.S. Muslims Raise $190,000 for Burial of Jewish Pittsburgh Victims. Samira. Sadeque. October 30, 2018. October 31, 2018. Haaretz. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030235735/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-u-s-muslims-raise-190-000-for-burial-of-pittsburgh-victims-1.6610817. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  209. Web site: Muslims Raise More Than $180K For Pittsburgh Synagogue Victims. Alyssa. Fisher. October 30, 2018. October 30, 2018. The Forward. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030233404/https://forward.com/fast-forward/412885/muslims-raise-more-than-180k-for-pittsburgh-synagogue-victims/. October 30, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  210. Web site: Muslims Unite for Pittsburgh Synagogue. LaunchGood. 2018. November 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181107012357/https://www.launchgood.com/project/muslims_unite_for_pittsburgh_synagogue#!/. November 7, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  211. Web site: Jewish Federation readying to distribute donations to Tree of Life shooting victims. Andrew. Goldstein. November 14, 2018. November 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035313/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/faith-religion/2018/11/13/Jewish-Federation-readying-to-distribute-donations-to-Tree-of-Life-shooting-victims-Jewish-Federation-of-Greater-Pittsburgh-funds-money/stories/201811130176. November 18, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  212. Web site: In the wake of tragedy, more than $1 million in donations pours in. Gary. Rotstein. October 29, 2018. October 30, 2018. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005307/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/29/Tree-of-Life-fundraising-synagogue-Pittsburgh-shootings-GoFundMe-donations-Khatiri/stories/201810290148. October 31, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  213. News: . As Tree Of Life GoFundMe Hits $1M, Other Synagogues Affected Get Left Behind . Aiden . Pink . 4 November 2018 . 20 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120234102/https://forward.com/fast-forward/413552/as-tree-of-life-gofundme-hits-1m-other-synagogues-affected-get-left-behind/ . November 20, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  214. News: Smith . Peter . March 5, 2019 . Millions from Tree of Life donations go to survivors, congregations, and police . live . limited . March 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005333/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/faith-religion/2019/03/05/Tree-of-Life-Synagogue-Pittsburgh-shooting-massacre-compensation-victims-fund-Robert-Bowers/stories/201903050086 . April 1, 2019.
  215. Web site: Tree of Life shooting survivors' stories told in documentary . 2022-12-13 . ABC News . en . December 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221213064108/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/tree-life-shooting-survivors-stories-told-documentary-93615902 . live .
  216. Web site: Han . Angie . 2022-10-25 . 'A Tree of Life' Review: Synagogue Shooting Doc Goes Light on Politics, Deep on Humanity . 2022-12-13 . The Hollywood Reporter . en-US . December 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221213064109/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/a-tree-of-life-hbo-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-documentary-1235247724/ . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pittsburgh synagogue shooting".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.