2018 California wildfires explained

2018 California wildfires
Reference:[1] [2] [3]
Cost:>$26.347 billion (2018 USD) (Costliest on record)[4] [5]
Total Fires:8,527
Total Area:1975086acres
Injuries:At least 80
Fatalities:97 civilians and 6 firefighters
Structures:24,226
Is Season:yes
Year:2018
Season Name:California wildfires
Image Map Caption:A map of wildfires in California in 2018, using Cal Fire data

The 2018 wildfire season was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire season in California history. It was also the largest on record at the time, now third after the 2020 and 2021 California wildfire seasons.[6] [7] [8] In 2018, there were a total of 103 confirmed fatalities, 24,226 structures damaged or destroyed, and 8,527 fires burning 1975086acres, about 2% of the state's 100 million acres of land. Through the end of August 2018, Cal Fire alone spent $432 million on operations.[9] The catastrophic Camp Fire alone killed at least 85 people, destroyed 18,804 buildings and caused $16.5 billion in property damage, while overall the fires resulted in at least $26.347 billion in property damage and firefighting costs,[10] [11] including $25.4 billion in property damage and $947 million in fire suppression costs.

In mid-July to August 2018, a series of large wildfires erupted across California, mostly in the northern part of the state. On August 4, 2018, a national disaster was declared in Northern California, due to the extensive wildfires burning there.[12]

The Carr Fire in July and August 2018 caused more than $1.5 billion (2018 USD) in property damage.[13] [14] [15] [16] The Mendocino Complex Fire burned more than 459000acres, becoming the largest complex fire in the state's history at the time, with the complex's Ranch Fire surpassing the Thomas Fire and the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 to become California's single-largest recorded wildfire.[17] In September 2020, the August Complex surpassed the Mendocino Complex to become California's single-largest recorded wildfire.[18]

In November 2018, strong winds aggravated conditions in another round of large, destructive fires that occurred across the state. This new batch of wildfires included the Woolsey Fire and the Camp Fire. The Camp Fire destroyed the town of Paradise and killed at least 85 people, with 1 still unaccounted for as of August 2, 2019.[19] The Camp Fire destroyed more than 18,000 structures, becoming both California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire on record. AccuWeather estimated the total economic cost of the 2018 wildfires at $400 billion (2018 USD), which includes property damage, firefighting costs, direct and indirect economic losses, as well as recovery expenditures.[20] Another study, published two years after the fires, estimated the total damages at $148.5 billion, including capital losses, health costs and indirect losses.[21]

Causes

Several factors led to the destructiveness of the 2018 California wildfire season. A combination of increased fuel loading and atmospheric conditions influenced by global warming led to a series of destructive fires. Primary causes of wildfire vary geographically based on many factors, such as topography.[22] For example, characteristically dense forests in the Sierra Nevada Mountains harbor fuel-driven fires while the open central valley from the south Bay Area to San Diego County are more prone to wind-driven fire over dry grasslands.[22]

Increase in fuel

A direct contributor to the 2018 California wildfires was an increase in dead tree fuel.[23] By December 2017, there were a record 129 million dead trees in California.[24] Tree mortality is linked to a period during the 2010s of "anomalously warm droughts" [25] that were severe and long-lasting enough to stand out even amongst California's existing history of wildfires and exceptionally dry conditions.[22] One study focused on the concentrated mortality of densely populated conifers of the Sierra Nevada "found that die-off was closely tied to multi-year deep-rooting-zone drying" and that severity of that dryness can be used to predict mortality. Such drought leaves trees stressed for water, which makes them susceptible to beetle infestation and exacerbates tree mortality further.[26]

Drought intensity lessened in California by 2017,[27] but the effects of tree mortality linger for years. One study expresses a lack of sufficient data to confidently determine the rate of coniferous tree decay in the Sierra Nevada.[28] Nonetheless, it is a gradual process, and the remaining dead tree matter is an optimal fuel source for future wild fires.

Atmospheric conditions

Stanford Earth System Science Professor Noah Diffenbaugh stated that atmospheric conditions for California wildfires are expected to worsen in the future because of the effects of climate change in California and that "what we're seeing over the last few years in terms of the wildfire season in California [is] very consistent with the historical trends in terms of increasing temperatures, increasing dryness, and increasing wildfire risk." Other experts agreed, saying that global warming is to blame for these extreme weather conditions. Global warming has led to higher temperatures and longer summers, creating a drier landscape that gave fires more fuel to burn longer and stronger.

[29] Research published August 2018 predicted an increase in the number of wildfires in California as a consequence of climate change.[30] However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months.[31]

Residential construction in the wildland-urban interface

A wildland–urban interface (or WUI) refers to the zone of transition between unoccupied land and human development. Communities that are within 0.5 miles (0.80  km) of the zone may also be included. These lands and communities adjacent to and surrounded by wildlands are at risk of wildfires.[32] Since the 1990s, over 43% of new residential buildings have been constructed in this area. In some areas, the amount of new residences in those areas is 80%.[33] In the past, when these areas burned, no residences were lost, but now residences are present, which end up being destroyed.[34] Furthermore, a "century of successful fire suppression" performed in an attempt to protect forests and those living in WUIs has also disrupted natural cycles of disturbance and renewed succession of an ecosystem by allowing fuel to reach abnormal density levels discussed above.

[22]

Air quality

Northern California and the Central Valley saw drastic increases in air pollutants during the height of the July and August fires, while Southern California also experienced an increase in air pollution in August.[35] Air quality in Northern and Central California remained poor until mid-September 2018, when fire activity was drastically diminished. However, during the November Camp Fire, air quality diminished again, with the majority of the Bay Area being subjected to air quality indexes (AQIs) of 200 and above, in the "unhealthy" region.

Wildfires

The following is a list of fires that burned more than, or produced significant structural damage or loss of life.

NameCounty AcresStart dateContainment dateNotesRef
Pleasant FirePleasantInyo2,070February 18, 2018April 3, 2018First significant wildfire of the year[36]
Moffat FireMoffatInyo1,265April 19, 2018May 21, 2018[37]
Nees FireNeesMerced1,756May 2, 2018May 17, 2018[38]
Patterson FirePattersonRiverside1,261May 17, 2018May 21, 2018[39]
Panoche FirePanoche64June 4, 2018June 7, 20183 civilians killed[40] [41]
Stone FireStone1,352June 4, 2018June 13, 2018[42]
Airline FireAirline1,314June 4, 2018June 14, 2018[43]
Apple FireApple2,956June 9, 2018June 14, 20183 residential structures and 2 outbuildings destroyed [44]
Chrome FireChrome2,290June 9, 2018June 21, 20181 outbuilding destroyed [45]
Lions13,347June 11, 2018October 1, 2018[46] [47]
Planada FirePlanada4,564June 15, 2018June 21, 2018[48]
Yankee FireYankee1,500June 20, 2018July 1, 2018[49]
Lane3,716June 23, 2018July 4, 20181 injury [50]
Pawnee15,185June 23, 2018July 8, 201822 structures destroyed, 1 injury [51]
Creek Fire (2018)Creek1,678June 24, 2018July 5, 2018 4 residential structures and 7 minor structures destroyed [52]
WaverlySan Joaquin12,300June 29, 2018July 2, 2018[53]
CountyLake, Napa, Yolo90,288June 30, 2018July 14, 201820 structures destroyed; 1 firefighter injured [54]
KlamathonSiskiyou38,008July 5, 2018July 16, 201882 structures destroyed; 3 injuries, 1 civilian killed [55] [56]
ValleySan Bernardino1,350July 6, 2018October 22, 2018 5 injured [57] [58]
Holiday Fire (2018)HolidaySanta Barbara113July 6, 2018July 11, 201820 structures destroyed[59]
Pendleton Complex Fire (2018)Pendleton ComplexSan Diego1,800July 6, 2018July 11, 2018Originated as 3 separate fires; burned in Camp Pendleton[60] [61]
West Fire (2018)WestSan Diego504July 6, 2018July 11, 201856 structures destroyed[62]
GeorgesInyo2,883July 8, 2018July 18, 2018 This was about the time that the wildfire outbreak started and some of the worst wildfires of the season, including the Carr and Mendocino Complex, aka the Ranch Fire/ River Fire, began.[63] [64]
FergusonMariposa96,901July 13, 2018August 18, 201819 firefighters injured, 2 firefighters killed; 10 structures destroyed[65] [66]
Eagle FireEagleModoc2,100July 13, 2018July 17, 2018 [67]
NatchezDel Norte, Siskiyou38,134July 15, 2018October 30, 2018 [68] [69]
CarrShasta229,651July 23, 2018August 30, 2018 1,079 residences, 22 commercial structures, 503 outbuildings destroyed
190 residences, 26 commercial structures, and 63 outbuildings damaged
3 firefighters and 5 civilians killed		[70]
CranstonRiverside13,139July 26, 2018August 10, 201812 buildings destroyed[71]
Mendocino ComplexMendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn459,123July 27, 2018September 18, 2018 The Ranch and River Fires are collectively called the Mendocino Complex Fire
157 residential buildings destroyed, 123 others destroyed
13 residential buildings and 24 other buildings damaged
1 firefighter killed, 4 firefighters injured		[72] [73] [74] [75]
Lassen18,703July 27, 2018August 7, 2018 [76]
Butte FireButte Sutter1,200July 31, 2018August 3, 2018[77]
Tuolumne36,450August 1, 2018October 1, 2018135 structures destroyed; 9 civilians injured [78]
Tarina FireTarina Kern2,950August 3, 2018August 6, 2018 [79]
Pendleton FirePendleton San Diego1,000August 5, 2018August 6, 2018 Burned in Camp Pendleton [80]
Turkey FireTurkey Monterey2,225August 6, 2018August 6, 2018 [81]
Orange, Riverside23,136August 6, 2018 September 13, 2018 18 structures destroyed; 3 firefighters injured[82] [83] [84] [85]
Five FireFive Kings2,995August 6, 2018 August 8, 2018 [86]
Hirz46,150August 9, 2018 September 12, 2018 [87]
Hat FireHat 1,900August 9, 2018 August 16, 2018[88]
Nelson FireNelson2,162August 10, 2018 August 12, 2018 [89]
Stone Fire (August 2018)Stone39,387August 15, 2018 August 29, 2018 [90]
Mill Creek 1 FireMill Creek 13,674August 16, 2018 August 30, 2018 [91]
Front Fire (2018)Front1,014August 19, 2018 August 29, 2018 [92]
North Fire (2018)North1,120September 3, 2018 September 16, 2018 [93]
Boot Fire (2018)Boot6,974September 4, 2018 September 15, 2018 [94]
Kerlin FireKerlin1,751September 4, 2018 September 17, 2018 [95]
Delta63,311September 5, 2018 October 7, 2018 Merged into the Hirz Fire; 20 structures destroyed [96]
Snell FireSnellNapa2,490September 8, 2018September 15, 2018 [97]
Charlie FireCharlieLos Angeles3,380September 22, 2018October 1, 2018 [98] [99]
Alder FireAlder4,653October 4, 2018 December 7, 2018 Both of the Alder and Eden Fires, along with the Mountaineer, were the last fires to be taken out. All three were 100% Contained by the end of December 7.[100]
Eden FireEden1,777October 4, 2018 December 7, 2018 [101] [102]
Branscombe FireBranscombeSolano4,700October 7, 2018November 9, 2018 4 structures destroyed [103] [104]
Sun Fire (2018)SunTehama3,889October 7, 2018October 12, 2018 [105]
Mountaineer FireMountaineer1,270October 13, 2018 December 7, 2018 This fire, along with the Alder and Eden fires, were the last fires to be put out, marking the end of the fire season.[106]
CampButte153,336November 8, 2018 November 25, 2018 5 firefighters injured, 89 civilian deaths, 12 civilians injured, 1 civilian missing; 18,804 structures destroyed, 564 structures damaged; destroyed the town of Paradise. Costliest wildfire recorded in the modern era.[107] [108]
Nurse Fire (2018)NurseSolano1,500November 8, 2018November 27, 2018 [109]
Hill Fire (2018)HillVentura4,531November 8, 2018November 15, 2018 4 structures destroyed [110]
96,949November 8, 2018 November 22, 2018 3 civilians killed, 1,643 structures destroyed, 364 damaged[111] [112] [113]

Fatalities

On June 4, the Panoche Fire broke out, in a series of three blazes that started in the San Benito County area. While the Panoche incident was the smallest of the three fires, burning only 64acres, the remains of three people were found in a destroyed camping trailer in the burn area.[114] The remains were believed to belong to a mother, a toddler, and an infant.[115]

On July 14, a Cal Fire bulldozer operator was killed while fighting the Ferguson Fire, becoming the first firefighter death of the season.

On July 23, the Carr Fire broke out after a vehicle malfunctioned. While the Carr Fire burned in rural areas of Shasta County for the first few days, it crossed the Sacramento River and entered the city limits of Redding, California on the evening of July 26. By the next morning, two firefighters and four civilians had been killed.[116] [117] [118]

On July 29, a firefighter with the National Park Service was killed after a dead tree fell and struck him, while he was fighting the Ferguson Fire. He was "treated on scene, but died before he could be taken to the hospital".[119]

On August 4, a Pacific Gas and Electric Company employee was killed in a vehicle incident while working to restore services to areas impacted by the Carr Fire.[120]

On August 9, a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident while working at the Carr Fire.[121]

On August 13, a firefighter was killed while fighting the Mendocino Complex Fire.[122]

On November 8, 2018, 85 civilians were killed by the Camp Fire, while three firefighters were injured. The number dead had been listed at 87, lowered to 85 by early December when it was discovered one victim was put in several bags.[123] Three people [124] also died during the Woolsey Fire near Malibu.[125]

Verizon Wireless data throttling

In August 2018, the Santa Clara County Fire Department raised claims against Verizon Wireless that their "unlimited" data service had been throttled while the fire department was attempting to contain the Mendocino Complex Fire. The Verizon contract stated that the department's plan would be throttled down to 200 kbit/s or 600 kbit/s once the department had used 25 GB in a single month. However, the contract stated that the usage related throttling would not apply in certain emergency situations, such as wildfire containment operations. The plan remained throttled, despite the department's notification to Verizon regarding the situation.[126] [127]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2018 Incident Archive. CAL FIRE. 2020. September 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905140438/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2018/. September 5, 2020. live.
  2. Web site: 2018 National Year-to-Date Report on Fires and Acres Burned. NIFC. November 9, 2018. November 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230021023/https://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/predictive/intelligence/NationalYTDbyStateandAgency.pdf . December 30, 2018. live.
  3. Web site: Southern Area Coordination Center. Southern Area Coordination Center. July 7, 2018.
  4. News: Reyes-Velarde . Alejandra . January 11, 2019 . California's Camp fire was the costliest global disaster last year, insurance report shows . Los Angeles Times . January 15, 2019.
  5. Web site: $6 Billion In Real Estate Destroyed In Woolsey Fire: Report. Emily Holland. patch.com. Patch Media. November 28, 2018. September 1, 2020.
  6. Web site: 2020. 2018 Incident Archive. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905140438/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2018/. September 5, 2020. September 9, 2020. CAL FIRE.
  7. Web site: November 9, 2018. 2018 National Year-to-Date Report on Fires and Acres Burned. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230021023/https://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/predictive/intelligence/NationalYTDbyStateandAgency.pdf. December 30, 2018. November 9, 2018. NIFC.
  8. Web site: Southern Area Coordination Center. July 7, 2018. Southern Area Coordination Center.
  9. News: Berger . Noah . Elias . Paul . September 7, 2018 . California takes financial wallop from unrelenting wildfires . Associated Press . September 8, 2018 .
  10. Web site: California Fire Damage Estimated at $25.4 Billion. Nic Querolo. Brian K. Sullivan. Bloomberg. October 29, 2019. September 11, 2020.
  11. Web site: A rising number of US companies are flagging wildfire risk as suppression costs climb. J. R. Reed. CNBC. November 12, 2019. September 1, 2020.
  12. Web site: Governor Brown Announces Federal Approval of Presidential Major Disaster Declaration for Shasta County . Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. . August 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083215/https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/08/04/governor-brown-announces-federal-approval-of-presidential-major-disaster-declaration-for-shasta-county/ . August 5, 2018 . dead .
  13. Web site: 2018 National Large Incident Year-to-Date Report. National Interagency Fire Center. November 9, 2018. November 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214408/https://gacc.nifc.gov/sacc/predictive/intelligence/NationalLargeIncidentYTDReport.pdf. July 25, 2018. live.
  14. Web site: Carr Fire Losses May Reach $1.5B in Likely Another Destructive Season for California. Don. Jergler. Insurance Journal. August 2, 2018. August 29, 2018.
  15. Web site: The Economic Impact of Yosemite's Ferguson Fire. Wes. Siler. Outside Online. August 17, 2018. August 29, 2018.
  16. Web site: Mendocino Complex wildfires cause $56 million of insured losses. Hannah. Beausang. North Bay Business Journal. September 6, 2018. September 11, 2018. November 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181125134308/https://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/northbay/mendocinocounty/8713952-181/mendocino-complex-wildfires-56m-insured-losses. dead.
  17. News: California wildfire declared 'largest in state's history'. August 7, 2018. BBC News. August 7, 2018.
  18. Web site: What we know Thursday about North State fires: Elkhorn merges with August Complex to create 726K-acre monster. Redding.com. Michele Chandler. Redding Record Searchlight. September 11, 2020. September 11, 2020.
  19. Web site: List of Missing in Camp Fire Down to 1 . FOX40 . Associated Press . August 2, 2019. September 4, 2019.
  20. Web site: California wildfires will cost tens of billions, AccuWeather estimates. John Roach. AccuWeather. November 1, 2019. September 7, 2020.
  21. Wang . Daoping . Guan . Dabo . Zhu . Shupeng . Kinnon . Michael Mac . Geng . Guannan . Zhang . Qiang . Zheng . Heran . Lei . Tianyang . Shao . Shuai . Gong . Peng . Davis . Steven J. . 7 December 2020 . Economic footprint of California wildfires in 2018 . Nature Sustainability . en . 4 . 3 . 252–260 . 10.1038/s41893-020-00646-7 . 227513892 . 2398-9629.
  22. Keeley. Jon E.. Syphard. Alexandra D.. 2019-07-18. Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires. Fire Ecology. 15. 1. 24. 10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0. 1933-9747. free.
  23. Web site: Ferguson Fire: Tree mortality epidemic adding to fire crews' headaches . San Francisco Chronicle. July 26, 2018. August 7, 2018.
  24. Web site: Record 129 Million Dead Trees in California. United States Forest Service. July 1, 2018. July 3, 2018.
  25. Goulden. M. L.. Bales. R. C.. 2019-07-01. California forest die-off linked to multi-year deep soil drying in 2012–2015 drought. Nature Geoscience. en. 12. 8. 632–637. 10.1038/s41561-019-0388-5. 197402565. 1752-0908.
  26. Axelson. J.. Battles. J.. Bulaon. B.. Cluck. D.. Cousins. S.. Cox. L.. Estes. B.. Fettig. C.. Hefty. A.. Hishinuma. S.. Hood. S.. 2019-03-11. The California Tree Mortality Data Collection Network—Enhanced communication and collaboration among scientists and stakeholders. California Agriculture. English. 73. 2. 55–62. 10.3733/ca.2019a0001. 91951190 . 0008-0845. free.
  27. Web site: Time Series U.S. Drought Monitor. 2021-07-19. droughtmonitor.unl.edu.
  28. 2015-10-15. A forest reconstruction model to assess changes to Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest during the fire suppression era. Forest Ecology and Management. en. 354. 104–118. 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.030. 0378-1127. Barth. Molly A.F.. Larson. Andrew J.. Lutz. James A..
  29. News: California wildfires will get worse in the future because of climate change, experts say. The Independent. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/carr-fire-latest-california-wildfire-worse-update-global-warming-a8471956.html . May 1, 2022 . subscription . live. August 1, 2018.
  30. Web site: August 2018. Assessing Extreme Weather-Related Vulnerability and Identifying Resilience Options for California's Interdependent Transportation Fuel Sector. November 11, 2018. University of California, Berkeley Center for Catastrophic Risk Management.
  31. News: Rogers. Paul. 2020-08-23. California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests - New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape. San Jose Mercury News. 2020-09-11. Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year..
  32. Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. PNAS. March 27, 2018. 10.1073/pnas.1718850115. 115. 3314–3319 . Radeloff . Volker C. . Helmers . David P. . Kramer . H. Anu . Mockrin . Miranda H. . Alexandre . Patricia M. . Bar-Massada . Avi . Butsic . Van . Hawbaker . Todd J. . Martinuzzi . Sebastián . Syphard . Alexandra D. . Stewart . Susan I.. 13. 29531054. 5879688. 2018PNAS..115.3314R. free .
  33. Wildfire, Wildlands, and People: Understanding and Preparing for Wildfire in the Wildland-Urban Interface. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. January 2013. August 7, 2018.
  34. Web site: We're Building Millions of Homes in the Line of Wildfires. Ari. Phillips. Gizmodo. March 13, 2018 . November 9, 2018.
  35. Web site: California Air Quality . Air Now. August 7, 2018. August 7, 2018.
  36. Web site: Pleasant Fire. CAL FIRE. February 18, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628072222/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1938. dead.
  37. Web site: Moffat Fire. CAL FIRE. April 20, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044122/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1981. dead.
  38. Web site: Nees Fire. CAL FIRE. May 2, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044338/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1992. dead.
  39. Web site: Patterson Fire. CAL FIRE. May 17, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044326/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2002. dead.
  40. Web site: Panoche Fire. CAL FIRE. June 7, 2018. August 3, 2018. August 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194706/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2039. dead.
  41. Web site: Woman, toddler, infant found dead at Central California wildfire scene. Los Angeles Times. June 5, 2018. July 5, 2018.
  42. Web site: Apple Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. June 13, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705122956/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5824/. dead.
  43. Web site: Airline Fire. CAL FIRE. June 14, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150739/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2036. dead.
  44. Web site: Apple Fire. CAL FIRE. June 14, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150624/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2044. dead.
  45. Web site: Chrome Fire. CAL FIRE. June 21, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150711/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2045. dead.
  46. Web site: Lions Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. October 2, 2018. September 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911163833/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/. dead.
  47. Web site: Lions Fire. CAL FIRE. June 26, 2018. July 7, 2018. July 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204352/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2086. dead.
  48. Web site: Planada Fire. CAL FIRE. June 21, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150647/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2061. dead.
  49. Web site: Yankee Fire. CAL FIRE. July 1, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150806/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2074. dead.
  50. Web site: Lane Fire. CAL FIRE. June 27, 2018. July 5, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124756/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2077. dead.
  51. Web site: Pawnee Fire. CAL FIRE. July 8, 2018. July 9, 2018. June 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044300/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2080. dead.
  52. Web site: Creek Fire. CAL FIRE. July 4, 2018. July 5, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150801/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2082. dead.
  53. Web site: Waverly Fire. CAL FIRE. July 2, 2018. July 4, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150736/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2095. dead.
  54. Web site: County Fire. CAL FIRE. July 14, 2018. July 15, 2018. July 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150803/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2101. dead.
  55. Web site: Klamathon Fire. CAL FIRE. July 14, 2018. July 14, 2018. July 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010909/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2108. dead.
  56. Web site: At least one dead as Klamathon Fire tops 9,600 acres, remains state of emergency. Kellen. Browning. Daniel. Brown. The Sacramento Bee. July 6, 2018. July 7, 2018.
  57. Web site: Valley Fire Information. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 22, 2018. October 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105224236/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5900/. 5 November 2018.
  58. Web site: Valley Fire. CAL FIRE. October 22, 2018. October 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180707092042/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2114. 7 July 2018.
  59. Web site: Holiday Fire. CAL FIRE. July 13, 2018. July 13, 2018. July 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180712110624/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2115. dead.
  60. Web site: 2 Fires Burning at Camp Pendleton; 750 Homes Evacuated. Alexander. Nguyen. NBC Southern California. July 7, 2018. July 7, 2018.
  61. Web site: 3rd MAW supports firefighting operations at Camp Pendleton. Brytani. Wheeler. Marines. July 11, 2018. July 13, 2018.
  62. Web site: West Fire. CAL FIRE. July 11, 2018. July 12, 2018. July 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191911/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2112. dead.
  63. Web site: Georges Fire. CAL FIRE. September 4, 2018. September 13, 2018. July 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064416/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2118. dead.
  64. Web site: Georges Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 24, 2018. September 13, 2018. September 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911163708/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5907/. dead.
  65. News: Services set in Modesto for Cal Fire bulldozer operator killed fighting Ferguson fire. The Modesto Bee. July 22, 2018.
  66. Web site: Ferguson Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 19, 2018. October 2, 2018. October 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181010040130/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/. dead.
  67. Web site: Eagle Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 15, 2018. July 16, 2018. July 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194607/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5926/. dead.
  68. Web site: Natchez Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 7, 2018. October 30, 2018. October 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181015034057/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5948/. dead.
  69. Web site: Natchez Fire. CAL FIRE. October 30, 2018. November 8, 2018.
  70. Web site: Carr Fire. CAL FIRE. August 30, 2018. August 31, 2018. July 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180728020609/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2164. dead.
  71. Web site: Cranston Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180726235337/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6032/. dead.
  72. Web site: Mendocino Complex Information. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 19, 2018. September 20, 2018. October 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191011210102/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/. dead.
  73. Web site: River Fire. CAL FIRE. August 16, 2018. August 16, 2018. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213933/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2178. dead.
  74. Web site: Ranch Fire. CAL FIRE. August 28, 2018. August 29, 2018. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213334/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2175. dead.
  75. Web site: Cal Fire renames River and Ranch fires the Mendocino Complex Fire. Curtis. Driscoll. Ukiah Daily Journal. July 28, 2018. July 28, 2018.
  76. Web site: Whaleback Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. July 28, 2018. July 28, 2018. July 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729050119/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6048/. dead.
  77. Web site: Butte Fire. CAL FIRE. August 3, 2018. August 3, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004218/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2188. dead.
  78. Web site: Donnell Fire: Incident information. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. October 2, 2018. September 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180919130023/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6092/. dead.
  79. Web site: Tarina Fire. CAL FIRE. August 3, 2018. August 3, 2018. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213528/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2193. dead.
  80. Web site: 1,000-acre brush fire at Camp Pendleton fully contained . August 5, 2018 . CBS 8 . August 6, 2018 .
  81. Web site: Turkey Fire . . August 7, 2018 . August 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004241/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2199 . dead .
  82. Web site: Firefighters gain upper hand on 22,700-acre Holy fire in Cleveland National Forest, as containment rises to 41%. Ruben. Vives. Laura J.. Nelson. Doug. Smith. Los Angeles Times. August 12, 2018. August 27, 2018.
  83. Web site: Holy Fire . . September 14, 2018 . September 15, 2018 . September 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915114149/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6106 . dead .
  84. Web site: Holy Fire. CAL FIRE. August 26, 2018. August 26, 2018. August 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180823005901/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2200. dead.
  85. Web site: Holy Fire Reignites, Burns 150 Acres. CBS Los Angeles. August 28, 2018. August 29, 2018.
  86. Web site: Five Fire General Information . . August 8, 2018 . August 13, 2018 . August 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044013/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2203 . dead .
  87. Web site: Hirz Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 12, 2018. September 13, 2018. September 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911163653/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6116/. dead.
  88. Web site: Hat Fire. CAL FIRE. August 16, 2018. August 16, 2018. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213945/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2208. dead.
  89. Web site: Nelson Fire . . August 12, 2018 . August 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044539/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2210 . dead .
  90. Web site: Stone Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 29, 2018. August 30, 2018. August 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831050319/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6148/. dead.
  91. Web site: Mill Creek 1 Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 30, 2018. August 31, 2018. August 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143310/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6161. dead.
  92. Web site: Front Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. August 29, 2018. September 2, 2018. September 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902183830/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6158/. dead.
  93. Web site: North Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. September 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911163701/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6188/. dead.
  94. Web site: Boot Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 15, 2018. September 16, 2018. September 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911163659/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6190/. dead.
  95. Web site: Kerlin Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. September 17, 2018. September 17, 2018. September 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073637/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6189/. dead.
  96. Web site: Delta Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 7, 2018. October 7, 2018. September 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180919233958/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6191/. dead.
  97. Web site: Snell Fire. CAL FIRE. September 15, 2018. September 16, 2018. September 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222221/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2244. dead.
  98. Web site: Charlie Fire. CAL FIRE. September 25, 2018. September 25, 2018. September 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033654/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2252. dead.
  99. Web site: Charlie Fire Incident Information. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 1, 2018. October 2, 2018. September 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005545/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6222/. dead.
  100. Web site: Alder, Mountaineer, and Moses Fires. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 9, 2018. November 10, 2018. November 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181114154023/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6238/. dead.
  101. Web site: Two Fires Start to Grow in Remote Areas of Sequoia National Park. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 21, 2018. November 23, 2018. November 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105854/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6238/48804/. dead.
  102. Web site: Eden Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 24, 2018. November 24, 2018. November 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015018/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6248/. dead.
  103. Web site: Branscombe Fire. CAL FIRE. November 9, 2018. November 9, 2018. October 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095258/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2265. dead.
  104. Web site: Branscombe Fire continues to burn through Suisun Marsh. Susan. Hiland. Fairfield Daily Republic. October 9, 2018. October 10, 2018.
  105. Web site: Sun Fire. CAL FIRE. October 12, 2018. October 12, 2018. October 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181010060707/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2263. dead.
  106. Web site: Alder, Mountaineer, and Moses Fires. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 9, 2018. November 15, 2018. November 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181114154023/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6238/. dead.
  107. Web site: Incident Information CAMP FIRE . . November 22, 2018 . December 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181207134414/http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2277 . dead .
  108. Web site: Five firefighters among dozen-plus patients burned in Camp Fire. November 15, 2018.
  109. Web site: Nurse Fire. CAL FIRE. November 9, 2018. November 9, 2018. November 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181110080305/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2280. dead.
  110. Web site: Hill Fire. CAL FIRE. November 11, 2018. November 11, 2018. November 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181110080244/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2281. dead.
  111. News: Woolsey fire death toll increases to 3, body found in charred Agoura Hills home. November 14, 2018. The Mercury News. San Gabriel Valley Newspapers. Gonzales. Ruby. Cain. Josh. November 14, 2018.
  112. Web site: Woolsey Fire. CAL FIRE. November 11, 2018. November 22, 2018. June 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190603093305/https://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2282. dead.
  113. Web site: Woolsey Fire. Twitter. November 8, 2018. November 8, 2018.
  114. News: Gomez. Mark. Three discovered dead in San Benito County wildfire . June 5, 2018. The Mercury News. June 5, 2018.
  115. News: Larson. Amy. Mother, baby, toddler killed in San Benito County wildfire . June 5, 2018. KSBW. June 5, 2018.
  116. News: Two Missing Kids, Great-Grandmother in Redding Found Dead: Family. NBC Bay Area. July 28, 2018.
  117. News: Carr Fire kills two firefighters near Redding, destroys 500 structures. San Francisco Chronicle. July 28, 2018.
  118. News: Carr Fire death toll climbs to six as crews 'gain some ground' against massive blaze. The Washington Post. July 29, 2018.
  119. Web site: Second firefighter killed fighting Ferguson Fire, officials confirm. Fresno Bee. July 29, 2018 .
  120. Web site: PG&E employee becomes seventh Carr Fire fatality . Redding Record Searchlight . August 5, 2018 .
  121. Web site: Browning . Kellen . Eighth person dies in relation to Carr Fire . The Sacramento Bee . August 9, 2018 . August 9, 2018.
  122. Web site: Mendocino Complex Press Conference . August 14, 2018 . August 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180814103314/http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/pub/cdf/images/incidentfile2175_4003.pdf . dead .
  123. Web site: Camp Fire death toll hits 71 on eve of Trump's visit to California. November 16, 2018. www.sacbee .com.
  124. Nugent . Ciara . Camp Fire Death Toll Lowered After Human Remains Were Mistakenly Sorted into Separate Bags . 4 December 2018 . Time . 4 December 2018 . en.
  125. News: Woolsey fire death toll increases to 3, man's body found in charred Agoura Hills home. Cain. Josh. November 14, 2018. The Mercury News. November 18, 2018. Gonzales. Ruby.
  126. News: Verizon throttled fire department's "unlimited" data during Calif. wildfire. Brodkin. Jon. August 21, 2018. Ars Technica. August 24, 2018.
  127. News: Fire dept. rejects Verizon's 'customer support mistake' excuse for throttling. Brodkin. Jon. August 22, 2018. Ars Technica. August 24, 2018.

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