The 2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, overseas departments and territories, make up the qualifying competition to decide which teams from the French overseas departments and territories take part in the main competition from the seventh round.
These matches were played on 18 April 2018.[1]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  ASJ Moinatrindri (R3) | 2–2 | FC Sud (R3) | |
| 2. | Olympique de Miréréni (R2) | 1–1 | FC Labattoir (R2)AS Neige (R2) | |
| 3. | AOE Chiconi (R3) | 0–3 | Racine du Nord (R2) | |
| 4. | US Bandrélé (R3) | 5–1 | RC Barakani (R3) | |
| 5. | ASJ Handréma (R2) | 0–2 | USC Labattoir (R3) | |
| 6. | USC Kangani (R3) | 1–0 | Feu du Centre (R3) | |
| 7. | AS Neige (R2) | 0–0 | FC Dembeni (R2) | |
| 8. | Enfants de Mayotte (R2) | 3–2 | US Ouangani (R2) | |
| 9. | USCJ Koungou (R2) | 6–2 | US Kavani (R3) | |
| 10. | Enfant du Port (R3) | 2–1 | AJ Mtsahara (R3) | |
| 11. | AJ Kani-Kéli (R3) | 1–4 | AS Defense de Kawéni (R3) | |
| 12. | VCO Vahibé (R2) | 1–1 | CJ Mronabeja (R3) | |
| 13. | USC Anteou Poroani (R2) | 4–0 | FC Chiconi (R3) | |
| 14. | RC Tsimkoura (R3) | 0–2 | Mahabou SC (R3) | |
| 15. | AS Bandraboua (R3) | 4–0 | Maharavou Sport (R3) |
These matches were played on 11 and 22 August 2018.[2]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | FC Koropa (R1) | 1–0 | Etincelles Hamjago (R1) | |
| 2. | AS Jumeaux de M'zouazia (R1) | 2–1 | Olympique de Miréréni (R2) | |
| 3. | AS Bandraboua (R3) | 2–1 | UCS Sada (R1) | |
| 4. | FC Sohoa (R1) | 0–1 | AS Sada (R1) | |
| 5. | Foudre 2000 (R1) | 4–1 | FC Dembeni (R2) | |
| 6. | CJ Mronabeja (R3) | 0–5 | FC Mtsapéré (R1) | |
| 7. | Mahabou SC (R3) | 0–1 | ASC Abeilles (R1) | |
| 8. | AS Defense de Kawéni (R3) | 0–1 | Diables Noirs (R1) |
These matches were played on 11 and 22 August 2018.
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | FC Koropa (R1) | 1–0 | Etincelles Hamjago (R1) | |
| 2. | AS Jumeaux de M'zouazia (R1) | 2–1 | Olympique de Miréréni (R2) | |
| 3. | AS Bandraboua (R3) | 2–1 | UCS Sada (R1) | |
| 4. | FC Sohoa (R1) | 0–1 | AS Sada (R1) | |
| 5. | Foudre 2000 (R1) | 4–1 | FC Dembeni (R2) | |
| 6. | CJ Mronabeja (R3) | 0–5 | FC Mtsapéré (R1) | |
| 7. | Mahabou SC (R3) | 0–1 | ASC Abeilles (R1) | |
| 8. | AS Defense de Kawéni (R3) | 0–1 | Diables Noirs (R1) |
These matches were played on 1 September 2018.[3]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Diables Noirs (R1) | 2–1 | FC Koropa (R1) | |
| 2. | FC Mtsapéré (R1) | 2–1 | AS Jumeaux de M'zouazia (R1) | |
| 3. | ASC Abeilles (R1) | 1–2 | AS Sada (R1) | |
| 4. | AS Bandraboua (R3) | 2–2 | Foudre 2000 (R1) |
These matches were played on 22 September 2018.[4]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AS Sada (R1) | 1–6 | Diables Noirs (R1) | |
| 2. | AS Bandraboua (R3) | 0–3 | FC Mtsapéré (R1) |
This match was played on 13 October 2018.[5]
Note: Mayotte League structure (no promotion to French League structure):This season, the preliminary rounds start with the third round, due to the number of teams entered. These matches were played on 24, 25, 26 and 29 August 2018.[6]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  CSC Cayenne (R1) | 1–4 | US de Matoury (R1) | |
| 2. | Dynamo De Soula (R2) | 1–2 | US Sinnamary (R1) | |
| 3. | Kourou FC (R1) | 2–2 | ASC Karib (R2) | |
| 4. | EJ Balate (R2) | 0–7 | ASU Grand Santi (R1) | |
| 5. | ASC Agouado (R1) | 3–0 | AOJ Mana (R2) | |
| 6. | ASE Matoury (R1) | 3–0 | ASC Jeunes Originaires du Brésil (R2) | |
| 7. | US St Élie (R2) | 0–6 | USC De Roura (R2) | |
| 8. | AJ Saint-Georges (R1) | 3–4 | SC Kouroucien (R2) | |
| 9. | USL Montjoly (R2) | 3–3 | FC Oyapock (R1) | |
| 10. | AJ Balata Abriba (R2) | 0–5 | USC Montsinery (R2) | |
| 11. | ASC Kawina (none) | 0–3 | Olympique Cayenne (R2) | |
| 12. | US Macouria (R2) | 2–4 | ASC Ouest (R1) | |
| 13. | ASC Rémire (R1) | 3–0 | Le Geldar De Kourou (R1) |
Regional 1 (R1)
Regional 2 (R2)
These matches were played on 15, 16 and 18 September 2018.[7]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | USC De Roura (R2) | 0–3 | USL Montjoly (R2) | |
| 2. | ASC Agouado (R1) | 1–0 | USC Montsinery (R2) | |
| 3. | ASC Rémire (R1) | 1–2 | US Sinnamary (R1) | |
| 4. | ASE Matoury (R1) | 7–0 | ASL Sport Guyanais (R2) | |
| 5. | Kourou FC (R1) | 0–0 | ASC Ouest (R1) | |
| 6. | ASU Grand Santi (R1) | 3–2 | ASCS Maripasoula (none) | |
| 7. | SC Kouroucien (R2) | 4–2 | EF Iracoubo (R2) | |
| 8. | US de Matoury (R1) | 1–0 | Olympique Cayenne (R2) |
Regional 1 (R1)
Regional 2 (R2)
These matches were played on 29 and 30 September 2018.[8]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | US Sinnamary (R1) | 1–1 | ASU Grand Santi (R1) | |
| 2. | ASC Agouado (R1) | 1–0 | Kourou FC (R1) | |
| 3. | USL Montjoly (R2) | 0–6 | ASE Matoury (R1) | |
| 4. | SC Kouroucien (R2) | 2–4 | US de Matoury (R1) |
Regional 1 (R1)
Regional 2 (R2)
These matches were played on 21 October 2018.[9]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | ASC Agouado (R1) | 1–2 | ASE Matoury (R1) | |
| 2. | US Sinnamary (R1) | 3–4 | US de Matoury (R1) |
Regional 1 (R1)
Regional 2 (R2)
This season, the preliminary rounds start with the second round, due to the number of clubs entering. These matches were played on 22, 24, 25 and 26 August 2018.[10] [11]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  AS Nenuphars (R2) | 1–0 | Evolucas Lamentin (R2) | |
| 2. | CA Marquisat (R3) | 0–1 | Dynamo Le Moule (R2) | |
| 3. | SC Baie-Mahault (R2) | 1–2 | Rapid Club (R2) | |
| 4. | AC St Robert (R3) | 0–9 | CS Capesterre-Belle-Eau (R2) | |
| 5. | ASC La Frégate (R2) | 3–5 | CS St François (R2) | |
| 6. | JSC Marie Galante (R3) | 3–0 | JTR Trois Rivières (R2) | |
| 7. | JS Vieux-Habitants (R2) | 2–0 | ASG Juventus de Sainte-Anne (R2) | |
| 8. | Cactus Ste Anne (R2) | 1–2 | CS Bouillantais (R2) | |
| 9. | Association Juvenis (R2) | 1–0 | US Cambrefort (R3) | |
| 10. | L'Éclair de Petit-Bourg (R3) | 3–0 | Alliance FC (R3) | |
| 11. | AS Juventa (R3) | 1–3 | AO Gourbeyrienne (R2) | |
| 12. | St Claude FC (R2) | 1–2 | Jeunesse Evolution (R2) | |
| 13. | Étoile de l'Ouest (R3) | 0–5 | JS Abymienne (R2) |
Ligue Régionale 1 (R1)
Ligue Régionale 2 (R2)
Ligue Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 31 August and 1,2 and 5 September 2018.[12] [13]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AS Nenuphars (R2) | 1–2 | Phare du Canal (R1) | |
| 2. | Solidarité-Scolaire (R1) | 3–0 | CS Capesterre-Belle-Eau (R2) | |
| 3. | ASC Madiana (R2) | 1–3 | JS Vieux-Habitants (R2) | |
| 4. | CS St François (R2) | 2–2 | JSC Marie Galante (R3) | |
| 5. | CS Moulien (R1) | 1–0 | La Gauloise de Basse-Terre (R1) | |
| 6. | Dynamo Le Moule (R2) | 1–2 | Amical Club Marie Galante (R1) | |
| 7. | ASC Siroco Les Abymes (R1) | 1–2 | L'Etoile de Morne-à-l'Eau (R1) | |
| 8. | AS Le Moule (R2) | 4–3 | Rapid Club (R2) | |
| 9. | USC de Bananier (R2) | 3–1 | Association Juvenis (R2) | |
| 10. | AO Gourbeyrienne (R2) | 2–6 | AS Le Gosier (R1) | |
| 11. | Jeunesse Evolution (R2) | 1–2 | JS Abymienne (R2) | |
| 12. | Arsenal Club (R1) | 2–2 | Stade Lamentinois (R1) | |
| 13. | US Baie-Mahault (R1) | 0–1 | Racing Club de Basse-Terre (R2) | |
| 14. | CS Bouillantais (R2) | 2–3 | Union des Artistes de Raizet (R1) | |
| 15. | L'Éclair de Petit-Bourg (R3) | 0–8 | Unité Ste Rosienne (R1) | |
| 16. | US Grande Bourgeoise (R2) | 1–1 | Red Star (R1) |
Ligue Régionale 1 (R1)
Ligue Régionale 2 (R2)
Ligue Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 2 and 3 October 2018.[14] [15]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Phare du Canal (R1) | 5–1 | CS St François (R2) | |
| 2. | AS Le Moule (R2) | 1–2 | CS Moulien (R1) | |
| 3. | JS Vieux-Habitants (R2) | 4–0 | Solidarité-Scolaire (R1) | |
| 4. | Amical Club Marie Galante (R1) | 2–3 | L'Etoile de Morne-à-l'Eau (R1) | |
| 5. | AS Le Gosier (R1) | 1–0 | Racing Club de Basse-Terre (R2) | |
| 6. | Unité Ste Rosienne (R1) | 4–2 | JS Abymienne (R2) | |
| 7. | US Grande Bourgeoise (R2) | 0–2 | Union des Artistes de Raizet (R1) | |
| 8. | Stade Lamentinois (R1) | 1–0 | USC de Bananier (R2) |
Ligue Régionale 1 (R1)
Ligue Régionale 2 (R2)
Ligue Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 19 and 20 October 2018.[16] [17]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Phare du Canal (R1) | 1–2 | CS Moulien (R1) | |
| 2. | JS Vieux-Habitants (R2) | 2–0 | L'Etoile de Morne-à-l'Eau (R1) | |
| 3. | Union des Artistes de Raizet (R1) | 0–4 | Unité Ste Rosienne (R1) | |
| 4. | AS Le Gosier (R1) | 2–0 | Stade Lamentinois (R1) |
Ligue Régionale 1 (R1)
Ligue Régionale 2 (R2)
Ligue Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 23 and 24 October 2018.[18] [19]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | CS Moulien (R1) | 1–2 | JS Vieux-Habitants (R2) | |
| 2. | Unité Ste Rosienne (R1) | 5–3 | AS Le Gosier (R1) |
Ligue Régionale 1 (R1)
Ligue Régionale 2 (R2)
Ligue Régionale 3 (R3)
This season, the preliminary rounds start with the second round, referred to locally as the first round of the regional competition, due to the number of participants requiring fewer rounds than other regions.
These matches were played on 21 and 22 April and 2 May 2018.[20]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  Saint Denis EDFA (R2) | 3–3 | SS Rivière Sport (R2) | |
| 2. | CO St Pierre (R2) | 1–0 | AFC Saint Laurent (R2) | |
| 3. | AS Bretagne (R2) | 7–1 | AS Saint Philippe (R2) | |
| 4. | AS Etoile du Sud (R2) | 1–0 | FC Bagatelle Sainte-Suzanne (R2) | |
| 5. | Trois Bassins FC (R2) | 1–0 | FC Panonnais (R2) | |
| 6. | FC Parfin Saint-Andre (R2) | 3–1 | ACF Saint-Leusien (R2) |
These matches were played on 12 and 13 May 2018.[21] [22]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AF Saint-Louisien (R1) | 4–0 | AEFC Etang Saint-Leu (R2) | |
| 2. | FC Parfin Saint-André (R2) | 3–2 | AJS Bois d'Olives (R2) | |
| 3. | SS Jeanne d'Arc (R1) | 5–0 | US Bellemène Canot (R2) | |
| 4. | JS Saint-Pierroise (R1) | 7–0 | JS Bras Creux (R2) | |
| 5. | AS Saint-Louisienne (R1) | 4–0 | AJS de l'Ouest (R2) | |
| 6. | Saint-Pauloise FC (R1) | 2–0 | Union Saint-Benoît (R2) | |
| 7. | US Sainte-Marienne (R1) | 6–0 | AS Etoile du Sud (R2) | |
| 8. | OC St André les Léopards (R1) | 4–2 | FC Ligne Paradis (R2) | |
| 9. | AS Excelsior (R1) | 17–1 | Cilaos FC (R2) | |
| 10. | Saint-Denis FC (R1) | 3–1 | FC Plaine des Grègues (R2) | |
| 11. | AS Capricorne (R1) | 1–0 | CO St Pierre (R2) | |
| 12. | Trois Bassins FC (R2) | 0–0 | Saint Denis EDFA (R2) | |
| 13. | La Tamponnaise (R1) | 4–0 | AJS Saint-Denis (R2) | |
| 14. | AS Sainte-Suzanne (R1) | 2–1 | ASC Grands Bois (R2) | |
| 15. | AJ Petite-Île (R1) | 2–0 | AS Évêché (R2) | |
| 16. | AS Marsouins (R1) | 1–1 | AS Bretagne (R2) |
These matches were played on 2 and 3 June 2018.[23] [24]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | JS Saint-Pierroise (R1) | 6–1 | FC Parfin Saint-André (R2) | |
| 2. | Saint-Pauloise FC (R1) | 4–0 | AS Saint-Louisienne (R1) | |
| 3. | US Sainte-Marienne (R1) | 3–2 | OC St André les Léopards (R1) | |
| 4. | SS Jeanne d'Arc (R1) | 1–0 | AF Saint-Louisien (R1) | |
| 5. | AS Sainte-Suzanne (R1) | 2–1 | AS Capricorne (R1) | |
| 6. | Saint-Denis FC (R1) | 1–0 | AJ Petite-Île (R1) | |
| 7. | AS Excelsior (R1) | 2–0 | Saint Denis EDFA (R2) | |
| 8. | La Tamponnaise (R1) | 2–0 | AS Marsouins (R1) |
These matches were played on 21, 22, 23 and 25 September 2018.[25] [26]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | JS Saint-Pierroise (R1) | 2–0 | US Sainte-Marienne (R1) | |
| 2. | SS Jeanne d'Arc (R1) | 2–1 | Saint-Pauloise FC (R1) | |
| 3. | La Tamponnaise (R1) | 2–0 | Saint-Denis FC (R1) | |
| 4. | AS Excelsior (R1) | 0–1 | AS Sainte-Suzanne (R1) |
These were played on 27 and 28 October 2018.[27] [28]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | JS Saint-Pierroise (R1) | 0–1 | SS Jeanne d'Arc (R1) | |
| 2. | La Tamponnaise (R1) | 0–0 | AS Sainte-Suzanne (R1) |
This season, the preliminary rounds start with the second round, due to the number of clubs entered.These matches were played on 25 and 26 August 2018.[29]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  Réal Tartane (R2) | 1–3 | Golden Star (R1) | |
| 2. | JS Eucalyptus (R2) | 2–1 | Stade Spiritain (R2) | |
| 3. | US Marinoise (R2) | 1–0 | CS Vauclinois (R2) | |
| 4. | AS Excelsior (R3) | 2–2 | CS Bélimois (R3) | |
| 5. | FEP Monésie (R3) | 0–3 | Olympique Le Marin (R2) | |
| 6. | CSC Carbet (R3) | 1–4 | AC Vert-Pré (R2) | |
| 7. | AS Étoile Basse-Pointe (R2) | 5–1 | La Gauloise de Trinité (R3) | |
| 8. | SC Lamentin (R3) | 1–5 | RC St Joseph (R1) | |
| 9. | AS Silver Star (R3) | 1–4 | Assaut de St Pierre (R1) | |
| 10. | Good Luck (R2) | 0–3 | Essor-Préchotain (R1) | |
| 11. | Anses Arlets FC (R3) | 0–3 | US Riveraine (R3) | |
| 12. | UJ Monnérot (R2) | 2–1 | Etendard Bellefontaine (R2) | |
| 13. | Oceanic Club (R2) | 0–4 | L'Intrépide Club (R3) | |
| 14. | ASC Eudorçait-Fourniols (R3) | 0–10 | Réveil Sportif (R2) | |
| 15. | US Diamantinoise (R2) | 3–0 | Gri-Gri Pilotin FC (R3) | |
| 16. | RC Lorrain (R1) | 2–1 | Étincelle Macouba (R2) | |
| 17. | AS Eclair Rivière-Salée (R2) | 3–0 | ASC Hirondelle (R3) | |
| 18. | Eveil les Trois-Îlets (R2) | 3–0 | Santana Club (R3) | |
| 19. | CO Trenelle (R2) | 3–0 | CS Case-Pilote (R2) | |
| 20. | AS New Club (R2) | 3–0 | Club Péléen (R2) | |
| 21. | ASC Môn Pito (R3) | 3–0 | JS Marigot (R3) | |
| 22. | UJ Redoute (R2) | 1–1 | CO Dillon-Ste Thérèse (R2) |
These matches were played on 31 August, 1 and 2 September and 3 October 2018.[30]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AS New Club (R2) | 2–1 | US Diamantinoise (R2) | |
| 2. | Golden Star (R1) | 2–2 | UJ Monnérot (R2) | |
| 3. | AS Samaritaine (R1) | 1–1 | AS Eclair Rivière-Salée (R2) | |
| 4. | Aiglon du Lamentin (R1) | 1–1 | New Star Ducos (R1) | |
| 5. | Eveil les Trois-Îlets (R2) | 3–0 | AS Excelsior (R3) | |
| 6. | Assaut de St Pierre (R1) | 2–0 | AC Vert-Pré (R2) | |
| 7. | Club Franciscain (R1) | 4–2 | Emulation (R1) | |
| 8. | US Marinoise (R2) | 2–0 | AS Étoile Basse-Pointe (R2) | |
| 9. | CO Trenelle (R2) | 0–2 | RC Rivière-Pilote (R1) | |
| 10. | US Robert (R1) | 1–3 | Golden Lion FC (R1) | |
| 11. | L'Intrépide Club (R3) | 1–8 | Essor-Préchotain (R1) | |
| 12. | US Riveraine (R3) | 0–2 | RC Lorrain (R1) | |
| 13. | Club Colonial (R1) | 0–0 | Réveil Sportif (R2) | |
| 14. | AS Morne-des-Esses (R2) | 5–0 | ASC Môn Pito (R3) | |
| 15. | Olympique Le Marin (R2) | 1–5 | RC St Joseph (R1) | |
| 16. | JS Eucalyptus (R2) | 1–0 | UJ Redoute (R2) |
These matches were played on 25 and 26 September and 6 October 2018.[31]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | AS Morne-des-Esses (R2) | 2–0 | AS New Club (R2) | |
| 2. | Réveil Sportif (R2) | 1–2 | AS Samaritaine (R1) | |
| 3. | RC Lorrain (R1) | 1–0 | Golden Star (R1) | |
| 4. | Golden Lion FC (R1) | 4–1 | Essor-Préchotain (R1) | |
| 5. | Eveil les Trois-Îlets (R2) | 1–7 | Club Franciscain (R1) | |
| 6. | JS Eucalyptus (R2) | 2–4 | Aiglon du Lamentin (R1) | |
| 7. | RC Rivière-Pilote (R1) | 1–1 | US Marinoise (R2) | |
| 8. | RC St Joseph (R1) | 2–1 | Assaut de St Pierre (R1) |
Régionale 1 (R1)
Régionale 2 (R2)
Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 5, 6 and 12 October 2018.[32]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aiglon du Lamentin (R1) | 1–0 | RC St Joseph (R1) | |
| 2. | AS Samaritaine (R1) | 1–5 | Golden Lion FC (R1) | |
| 3. | RC Lorrain (R1) | 5–0 | AS Morne-des-Esses (R2) | |
| 4. | Club Franciscain (R1) | 0–1 | RC Rivière-Pilote (R1) |
Régionale 1 (R1)
Régionale 2 (R2)
Régionale 3 (R3)
These matches were played on 23 and 24 October 2018.[33] [34] [35]
| Tie no | Home team (tier) | Score | Away team (tier) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | RC Rivière-Pilote (R1) | 0–1 | Aiglon du Lamentin (R1) | |
| 2. | Golden Lion FC (R1) | 3–1 | RC Lorrain (R1) |
Régionale 1 (R1)
Régionale 2 (R2)
Régionale 3 (R3)
The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon has teams participating in the qualification rounds of the competition for the first time.[36] With only three teams in the collectivity, there was just one first round match, with the third team receiving a bye to the second round.
The match was played on 24 June 2018.[37]
With only three teams in the collectivity, there was just one second round match, with the winner entered into the third round draw in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
The match was played on 4 July 2018.[38]