2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake explained

2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake
Alt:2017 Kermanshah Earthquake.[1] [2]
Map:2017 Kermanshah earthquake by Farzad Menati - Sarpol-e Zahab (02).jpg
Timestamp:2017-11-12 18:18:17
Anss-Url:us2000bmcg
Isc-Event:617943542
Local-Time:21:48 IRST
Magnitude:7.3 Mw[3]
Depth:190NaN0
Location:34.905°N 45.956°W
Fault:Zagros fold and thrust belt
Type:Thrust
Affected:
Intensity:[4]
Landslide:Yes
Casualties:630 dead
8,100+ injured[5]
70,000+ homeless

On 12 November 2017 at 18:18 UTC (21:48 Iran Standard Time, 21:18 Arabia Standard Time), an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.3 occurred on the Iran–Iraq border,[6] with the Iraqi Kurdish city of Halabja, and the Kurdish dominated places of Ezgeleh, Salas-e Babajani County, Kermanshah Province in Iran,[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] closest to the epicentre, south of the city of Halabja, Iraqi Kurdistan.

It was felt as far away as Israel and the United Arab Emirates. With at least 630 people killed (mostly in Iraq's Kurdish Halabja area and the Iranian Kurdish dominated province of Kermanshah), more than 8,100 injured, and many more unaccounted for,[12] [13] [14] it was the deadliest earthquake of 2017.[15]

Tectonic setting

The earthquake was located within the Zagros fold and thrust belt, part of the broad and complex zone of continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates. At this location, the relative convergence of the plates is about 26 mm per year.[10] The convergence is quite oblique to the Zagros belt, although it is partitioned into orthogonal dip-slip motion within the active thrust belt and dextral (right lateral) strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault to the northeast of the Zagros Mountains.[16]

Earthquake

The earthquake occurred near the Iran–Iraq border,[17] [18] [19] [20] approximately 220km (140miles) northeast of Baghdad.[21] [22] [23] According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale[8] and was caused by movement on a thrust fault dipping at a shallow angle to the northeast. The epicentre was at a depth of 19km (12miles), and the maximum perceived intensity was IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale.[10]

This was the strongest earthquake recorded in the region since a 6.1 Mw event in January 1967.[10] The earthquake was felt throughout the Middle East and as far away as Israel, the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey.[24] [25] [26] [27]

Aftershocks

DateCasualtiesNotesSource(s)
2017-12-115.450 injured Several houses destroyed [28] [29]
2018-01-065.051 injured Additional damage[30] [31]
2018-01-115.55 injured Some old homes destroyed [32] [33]
2018-04-015.054 injured -[34] [35]
2018-06-264.712 injured -[36] [37]
2018-07-225.8287 injured Severe damage[38] [39]
2018-08-266.03 dead, 243 injured Further damage [40] [41]
2018-11-266.31 dead, 761 injured Severe damage [42] [43]

The Iranian seismological centre registered at least 50 aftershocks within a few hours of the earthquake, with a total of 242 earthquakes. These aftershocks killed at least four and injured at least 1,488 others.[44] [45]

Aftermath

Casualties and damage

The province of Kermanshah was the most affected area along with the cities of Halabja, Iraq and Sarpol-e Zahab being the hardest-hit.[46] Ezgeleh was the nearest city to the epicentre of the earthquake.[47] More than half of the Iranian casualties were from Sarpol-e-Zahab and the Ezgeleh District, which have a combined population of over 30,000.[48] Officials announced closure of schools in Kermanshah and Ilam provinces following the quake.

630 people died.[49] [50] More than 7,000 others were injured.[51] In Sarpol-e Zahab, the hospital was damaged and at least 142 people were killed, many who had lived in social housing complexes built by former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[5] At least seven people were killed and another 500 injured in neighbouring Iraq, according to officials in Iraqi Kurdistan.[52] [53] Further damages were seen as possible due to the threat of landslides induced by the shallow depth of the earthquake.[54]

The earthquake left about 70,000 people homeless across 14 Iranian provinces,[55] destroying approximately 12,000 homes and damaging another 15,000.[56] Relief camps in Iran distributed 22,000 tents and 52,000 blankets in the days after the earthquake.[56] On 17 November, the Iranian government announced that the disaster has caused at least €5 billion of damage.[57]

In Sarpol-e Zahab, some residents blamed the widespread destruction on poor construction quality and government corruption. It was noted that older buildings remained standing, while many newer blocks collapsed.

Aid

Turkey was the first country to offer aid, through its Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, announcing that 92 rescue personnel were on standby, together with 4,000 tents and 7,000 blankets.

European Union Foreign Policy Chief Federica Mogherini said the bloc was ready to cooperate with Iran in providing emergency relief aid, and Italy's government issued orders to send 12 tonnes of tents, blankets and mobile kitchens on 13 November.

The International Committee of the Red Cross had arrived by 13 November.[58] Sunni charities, such as the Iranian Call and Reform Organisation, were providing tents and water. Rescue dogs were also used by the Iranian Red Crescent in order to search for survivors.[59]

The South Korean actress Lee Young-ae donated $45,000 to the Embassy of Iran in Seoul to help the victims of the earthquake.[60]

On 14 November, Iranian minister of foreign affairs Mohammad Javad Zarif expressed his gratitude for all the sympathy and offers of assistance Iran has received but declared that his country can manage the situation with its own resources for the time being.[61]

It was also reported that the Iranian Officials were visiting various affected places to provide assistance, according to CNN.[62]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: امداد رسانی به مصدومان زلزله در سرپل‌ذهاب - خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim . 21 September 2018 . 14 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202307/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/media/1396/08/22/1572403/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84-%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8 . dead .
  2. Web site: خبرگزاری تسنیم – Tasnim – امداد رسانی به مصدومان زلزله در سرپل‌ذهاب.
  3. Web site: Moment Iran-Iraq earthquake struck – CNN Video. 13 November 2017 .
  4. Web site: M 7.3 - 29km S of Halabjah, Iraq. United States Geological Survey. July 18, 2021. November 12, 2017.
  5. News: A 7.3-magnitude earthquake on the Iran-Iraq border leaves hundreds dead. 14 November 2017. The Economist. 13 November 2017.
  6. Jamalreyhani . Mohammadreza . Rezapour . Mehdi . Cesca . Simone . Dahm . Torsten . Heimann . Sebastian . Sudhaus . Henriette . Isken . Marius Paul . 2022-03-28 . Insight into the 2017–2019 Lurestan arc seismic sequence (Zagros, Iran); complex earthquake interaction in the basement and sediments . Geophysical Journal International . en . 230 . 1 . 114–130 . 10.1093/gji/ggac057 . free . 0956-540X.
  7. Web site: Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. Shirzad Bozorgmehr . James Masters. 12 November 2017 . CNN.
  8. Web site: The Iran-Iraq Earthquake May Soon Be the Deadliest of 2017.
  9. Web site: Powerful Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. 13 November 2017.
  10. Web site: M 7.3 – 30km S of Halabjah, Iraq. United States Geological Survey. 12 November 2017.
  11. Web site: Northern Iraq rocked by 7.2 magnitude earthquake. Al Jazeera English. 12 November 2017.
  12. News: Officials raise Iran-Iraq earthquake death toll to at least 530. 14 November 2017. The Guardian.
  13. News: Powerful Earthquake on Iran-Iraq Border Kills Over 410. NBC4 Washington. 13 November 2017. en.
  14. News: Iraqi Red Crescent: Increasing the number of the dead to 10 people because of the earthquake and set up camps to shelter the affected families in Darbandikhan and Halapcha.. 14 November 2017. ReliefWeb. 15 November 2017. English.
  15. News: Iran-Iraq quake is 2017's deadliest. 13 November 2017. BBC News. 13 November 2017. en-GB.
  16. Talebian. M.. Jackson J. . 2004. A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Geophysical Journal International. Royal Astronomical Society. 156. 3. 506–526. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.x. 2004GeoJI.156..506T . free.
  17. Web site: Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. Shirzad Bozorgmehr . James Masters. 12 November 2017 . CNN.
  18. Web site: The Iran-Iraq Earthquake May Soon Be the Deadliest of 2017.
  19. Web site: Powerful Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. 13 November 2017.
  20. Web site: Moment Iran-Iraq earthquake struck – CNN Video. 13 November 2017 .
  21. Web site: Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. Shirzad Bozorgmehr . James Masters. 12 November 2017 . CNN.
  22. Web site: The Iran-Iraq Earthquake May Soon Be the Deadliest of 2017.
  23. Web site: Powerful Iran-Iraq earthquake is deadliest of 2017. 13 November 2017.
  24. News: Earthquake, Magnitude 7.3 – IRAN-IRAQ BORDER REGION – 2017 November 12, 18:18:17 UTC. EMSC-CSEM. 13 November 2017. en.
  25. News: Iran-Iraq border quake kills hundreds. 13 November 2017. BBC News. 13 November 2017. en-GB.
  26. News: More than 300 killed as strong quake rocks Iran-Iraq border. The National. 13 November 2017. en.
  27. News: Iran-Iraq earthquake: Deadly tremor hits border region. 12 November 2017. 12 November 2017. BBC News.
  28. Web site: M 5.4 - 23km WSW of Ḩalabja, Iraq. United States Geological Survey. December 11, 2017. December 11, 2017.
  29. News: 50 people hospitalized due to 5.4 magnitude earthquake in Kurdistan. Kurdistan24. December 12, 2017. December 11, 2017.
  30. Web site: M 5.0 - 16km NNW of Sarpol-e Zahāb, Iran. United States Geological Survey. January 6, 2018. January 6, 2018.
  31. Web site: 51 people injured as 5.1 magnitude earthquake strikes Kermanshah province in Iran. firstpost.com. January 7, 2018. January 7, 2018.
  32. Web site: M 5.5 - 16km ESE of Mandalī, Iraq. United States Geological Survey. January 11, 2018. January 11, 2018.
  33. Web site: Five people injured in Iran's 5.6 Sumar quake. KUNA. January 12, 2018. January 12, 2018.
  34. Web site: M 5.0 - 12km WSW of Sarpol-e Zāhāb, Iran. United States Geological Survey. April 1, 2018.
  35. News: More Than 50 Injured In Double Quake In Iran. Farda. Radio. RFE/RL. April 2, 2018.
  36. Web site: M 4.7 - 32km NE of Sarpol-e Zāhāb, Iran. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2018-06-28.
  37. News: West Iran quake injures 12. ReliefWeb. 2018-06-28.
  38. Web site: M 5.8 - 31km ENE of Sarpol-e Zāhāb, Iran. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2018-07-22.
  39. News: Magnitude 5.9 quake injures nearly 290 in western Iran. 2018-07-22.
  40. Web site: M 6.0 - 32km SW of Jāvānrūd, Iran. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2018-08-25.
  41. News: Magnitude-5.9 quake in Kermanshah: 3 dead, 243 injured. 2018-08-26. Tehran Times. 2018-08-26.
  42. Web site: M 6.3 - 15km SW of Sarpol-e Zāhāb, Iran. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2018-11-25.
  43. News: More than 700 injured in Iran earthquake. 2018-11-26. BBC News. 2018-11-26.
  44. News: Strong earthquake hits Iraq and Iran, killing at least 210. Jalabi. Raya. 12 November 2017. 12 November 2017. Reuters. Hafezi. Parisa.
  45. Web site: Earthquake Impact Database. earthquake.usgs.gov.
  46. Web site: The Iran-Iraq Earthquake May Soon Be the Deadliest of 2017. Yahoo! News.
  47. Web site: Erdbrink . Thomas . Iran-Iraq Earthquake Kills More Than 450 . The New York Times . 13 November 2017 . 14 November 2017.
  48. Web site: Over 400 dead after Iran-Iraq earthquake . Sky News . 14 November 2017 . 14 November 2017 . 14 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202808/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2017/11/14/over-400-dead-after-iran-iraq-earthquake.html . dead .
  49. News: Western Iran fatal quake death toll rises to 620. 12 December 2017. 11 December 2017.
  50. News: Iraqi Red Crescent: Increasing the number of the dead to 10 people because of the earthquake and set up camps to shelter the affected families in Darbandikhan and Halapcha.. 14 November 2017. ReliefWeb. 14 November 2017.
  51. News: زلزله‌ در استان کرمانشاه باعث مرگ دهها نفر شده است. 12 November 2017. 12 November 2017. BBC News. Persian.
  52. News: Powerful earthquake strike the Iraq-Iran border, at least 123 dead. 12 November 2017. BNO News. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20171112221651/http://bnonews.com/news/index.php/news/id6718. 12 November 2017. dead.
  53. News: Iran-Iraq earthquake: What happened and why. 16 November 2017. Al Jazeera English. 7 November 2019.
  54. Web site: M7.3 IRAN-IRAQ BORDER REGION on November 12th 2017 at 18:18 UTC. www.emsc-csem.org. en. 14 November 2017.
  55. Web site: The Powerful Earthquake Along the Iran-Iraq Border Has Killed More Than 400 People . Time . 13 November 2017 . 14 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171113091924/http://time.com/5020880/iran-iraq-earthquake/ . 13 November 2017 . dead . dmy-all .
  56. News: 14 November 2017 . 30,000 homes damaged, destroyed by Iran quake . . . 15 November 2017.
  57. Web site: Iran earthquake caused damage worth €5 billion. Hindustan Times. 17 November 2017.
  58. Web site: The Latest: Italy sends aid after Iran earthquake. 13 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171114004630/http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/2017/11/the_latest_italy_sends_aid_after_iran_earthquake. 14 November 2017. dead.
  59. News: Iran-Iraq Earthquake Kills More Than 500. . The New York Times . 13 November 2017 . Erdbrink . Thomas .
  60. Web site: Korean actress Lee Young-ae backs quake relief efforts in Iran. Tehran Times. 20 November 2017. 15 December 2017.
  61. Javad_Zarif . 930236404667420672 . 13 November 2017 . Heartbreaking images from the earthquake damage and loss of life in Kermanshah (and in Iraq). We are grateful for global expressions of sympathy and offers of assistance. For now, we can manage with our own resources. Many thanks for all offers and we will keep you posted..
  62. Web site: Iran protests set to continue amid collapsing currency, increasing pressure on regime. . 12 November 2017 .

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