Hama offensive (March–April 2017) explained

Conflict:Hama offensive (March–April 2017)
Partof:the Syrian Civil War and the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Date:21 March – 28 April 2017
Place:Northern Hama Governorate, Syria
Status:Syrian Army and allies victory
Combatant1:Eastern front:
Tahrir al-Sham
Free Syrian Army
Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[6]
Ajnad al-Sham
Ajnad al-Kavkaz
Katibat al Ghuraba al Turkistan[7] ----Western front:
Ahrar al-Sham
Sham Legion
Free Syrian Army
Combatant2: Syrian Arab Republic

[8] [9]
[10]
Allied militias:
Hezbollah[11]
Iraqi Shia militias
Ba'ath Brigades
Liwa Zainebiyoun[12]
Liwa Fatemiyoun[13]
SSNP

Combatant3: Islamic State[14]
Commander1: Abu Mohammad al-Julani[15]

Capt. Abu Taleb al-Hasan[16]

Abu Mahmoud[17]

Col. Mustafa Bakeware[18]

Col. Abdul Hamid Zakaria[19]

Killed: Abu Ahed[20]

Abu Al-Fateh[21]

Muhammad Al-Taayshi

Ali Ahmad Al-Abboud[22]

Abd Al-Hameed Al-Hudairy

Jumaa Al-Khaled[23]

Saher Saleh[24]

Mohammed Jallad


Ameen al-Biori[25]

Ahmad Al-Rammah abu Ibrahim
Commander2: Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan[26]

Maj. Gen. Juma al-Jassim[27]

Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani
(Quds Force chief commander)
Killed: Brig. Gen. Hossam Ahmed Asaad[28]

Gen. Haidar Saleh[29]

Unnamed Syrian Army lieutenant colonel[30]
Saeed Khajeh Salehani

Hossein Moez-Qolami

Haj Haider[31]
Commander3:No leading figures disclosed
Units1: Tahrir al-Sham
  • Special forces
  • Organization of Muhajiri of Ahl al-Sunnah in Iran[32]

Free Syrian Army

Units2: Syrian Armed Forces

Iranian Armed Forces

Russian Armed Forces

Syrian Hezbollah

  • al-Ghalibun

Iraqi Shia militias

Units3: Military of ISIS
Strength1:6,000–10,000+ fighters[47] [48]
Strength2:12,000-15,000+ soldiers including Allied militias and support elements[49]
  • SSNP: c. 1,000+
Strength3:Several hundreds
Casualties1:250 killed and 750 wounded (per the rebels)[50]
2,400 killed (per SAA)[51]
Casualties2:259 reported killed, estimates up to 427[52] [53] 58+ foreign fighters killed(8 IRGC, 1 Russian)[54] [55] [56]
Casualties3:Several hundreds killed and captured
Casualties4:30 civilians killed (pro-government claim)[57]
40,000 civilians displaced[58]

The Hama offensive (March–April 2017) was a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) north of the city of Hama, as part of the Syrian Civil War. The offensive began on 21 March 2017, and the rebels aimed to recapture areas recaptured by the Syrian Armed Forces in the 2016 Hama offensive, as well as pushing into Hama city.[59] [60] [61] The offensive was coordinated with rebel forces in Damascus' eastern suburbs, who launched their own operation in March 2017.[62]

The offensive

Tahrir al-Sham-led offensive south and east of Halfaya

On 21 March 2017, the rebel offensive code-named the "Battle of Tell Them to Work"[63] was launched when two Tahrir al-Sham suicide bombers detonated two large car bombs against government positions in the town of Suran. Rebel forces led by Tahrir al-Sham then proceeded to attack Suran and the nearby villages of Maardis and Ma'an. The rebels captured the three villages by 22 March,[64] but this was denied by Hezbollah.[59] The pro-opposition activist group the SOHR confirmed the rebel capture of Suran and parts of Maardis.[65] The village of Khitab was also captured. According an SAA Tiger Force commander, there were about 6,000 HTS and allied militants involved in the offensive. In response to the rebel offensive, the Syrian Army sent reinforcements to the northern Hama frontline.[66] The rebels aimed to capture Jabal Zayn al-Abidin and attack the Hama Military Airport, and reportedly advanced to within 7 kilometers of Hama city.[17]

On 23 March, rebels captured the villages of Kawkab and Iskandariyah, stormed Maardis, and cut off the road linking Mahardah to Hama. The advances that day brought HTS-led forces within 5 kilometers of Hama city.[67] Pro-government al-Masdar News claimed that the rebels carried out a massacre of Alawites in the village of al-Majdal, killing up to 30 of them.[57] According to an opposition source, Sham FM radio reported that this was denied by Mohaled Hazzouri, the governor of Hama.[68] Later that day, the Syrian Army recaptured Kawkab.[69] [70] Al-Masdar News also reported that Khattab and one other village were recaptured amid an ongoing counter-offensive.[71]

Syrian Army repels Ahrar al-Sham-led offensive on Kernaz

On 24 March, six rebel factions led by Ahrar al-Sham launched a separate offensive, code-named the "Echo of the Levant", on the northwestern front of Hama, with the goal to surround and capture Karnaz.[72] [73] However, after managing to initially capture three villages, the rebels were forced to retreat due to heavy artillery shelling.[74] [75]

Rebel attack on Qomhana and Syrian Army advance near Mahardah

On 24 March, the rebels attacked the town of Qomhana, north of Hama.[76] Following an attack by three suicide car-bombers, the rebels managed to penetrate the town's defenses and heavy fighting ensued inside it.[77] However, the rebel attack was eventually repelled after the Army encircled the rebels inside Qomhana and cleared them out.[78] The same day, the Syrian Army recaptured the village of Shayzar, near Mahardah.[79] [80]

On 25 March, on the Maarzaf front, fighters of the Army of Glory used a BGM-71 TOW missile against a group of Syrian Army soldiers, scoring a direct hit. They claimed to had killed over 150 soldiers; however, sources on the ground gave a count of between 14 and 20 casualties.[81] Elsewhere, the rebels started a new attack on Qomhana, which also involved a suicide bombing.[82] Kawkab was once again captured by the rebels for several hours,[83] before the Army retook it once again,[84] [85] [82] as well as Tall al Abadi hill south of Maardes.[86]

On 26 March, after a new morning rebel attack was repelled on Qomhana's western flank,[87] the HTS rebels withdrew their forces to the cemetery area outside the town. The Syrian Army then attacked the cemetery area, overrunning HTS positions that afternoon.[88] Subsequently, the Army captured the nearby hilltop of Tal Al-Sammam and its three checkpoints. They then started preparing to enter Khitab, which was reportedly empty but still not safe due to the large presence of rebels around the village.[89] In the evening, HTS-led forces launched another three-hour rebel assault on Qomhana. Despite the rebels initially managing to penetrate the Syrian Army's first defense line on the town's northern flank, Army reinforcements from the east and the west reportedly managed to besiege the rebel forces in Qomhana's north, killing a large number of them, and forcing the rest to retreat.[90]

On 27 March, the Army recaptured a village south of Mahardah.[91] [92] The military also reportedly seized the Mahardah bridge, reaching the outskirts of the village of Arzeh.[93]

Second Ahrar al-Sham-led attack repelled

On 28 March, the rebels launched a new assault on two flanks north of Mahardah, capturing the Al-Qaramitah area. They also seized Tall Al-Sakhr hill,[94] Al-Sakhir village and the nearby grain silos near Kernaz.[95] However, the attack was eventually repelled later in the day, as the Syrian Army regained all the lost positions at Al-Qaramitah and Sakhir.[96] Three Syrian Army tanks were destroyed or damaged by BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles during the day's fighting.[97]

Syrian Army counterattack and rebels pushed back

On 29 March, HTS-led forces captured Tal Shihah hill, south of Khitab, bringing HTS-led jihadists within 3 kilometers of Hama city.[98] Concurrently, the Army counter-attacked north of Qomhana and recaptured several positions, including Saman hill.[99] [100] Later in the day, the military also recaptured Tal Shihah.[101] [102] Subsequently, the Syrian army captured the strategic hilltop of Tal Bizam, north of Suran.[103] The next day, the Syrian Army captured six locations,[104] including the town of Arzah and Point 50, to the south west of Qomhana and south of Khitab.[105] [106] Meanwhile, another rebel attack on the northwestern front was repelled.[107] On 30 March, a government airstrike hit al-Lataminah. More than 70 people in the area were then exposed to an unidentified chemical agent and showed symptoms of nausea, agitation, foaming, muscle spasm, and miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye); cardiac arrest occurred in two of the victims[108] and an orthopedic doctor died.[109]

On 31 March, the Syrian army recaptured Khitab and five other villages along with several hills and checkpoints. They also reopened the Hama-Mhardheh highway and pushed back the rebels to positions 11 kilometers from Hama Military Airport.[110] [111] [112]

Back-and-forth fighting and the Syrian Army reaches Suran

On 3 April, the Syrian Army recaptured the town of Maardis, along with the nearby silos and hills. Subsequently, they shifted their assault and reclaimed the village of Iskanderiyah and Maardis bridge.[113] A government aircraft was reported to carry out a chlorine gas attack on Al-Habit, injuring dozens and killing two children.[114] [115] [116] The next day, the rebels counter-attacked against Maardis and recaptured it after more than nine hours of heavy fighting.[117] The initial rebel assault involved three suicide car-bombers, according to pro-government sources.[118] The town of Khan Shaykoun was reported to have been struck by an airstrike by government forces followed by massive civilian chemical poisoning.[119] [120] The release of a toxic gas, which included sarin, or a similar substance,[121] killed at least 89 people and injured more than 541, according to the opposition Idlib Health Directorate.[122] [123] [124] The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war since the Ghouta chemical attack in 2013.[125]

On 5 April, Maardis was once again contested,[126] although by the afternoon the rebels managed to push back government forces and retain control of the town.[127] Subsequently, a rebel suicide car-bomber attacked the government-held hill of Tall Abadah, 1,500 meters southeast of Maardis, reportedly immobilizing a tank.[128] At the same time, the Army captured a checkpoint near Halfaya and managed to penetrate the town from the west.[129] However, the rebels regained the lost ground at Halfaya later in the day, while also recapturing Iskandariyah.[130]

On 7 April, around noon, the rebels advanced and captured several positions south of Maardis.[131] However, this turned out to be a trap set up by the Army with dozens of rebel reported killed. After several hours of clashes, the military recaptured the positions they had lost, in addition to Iskandariyah which they attacked from two flanks.[132] Three days later, government troops recaptured Maardis as well.[133] [134] Fighting continued on 11 April, as the Army seized the “Russian Regiment” base, south of Suran.[135]

All rebel gains reversed

On 14 April, the military launched an attack toward Halfaya, capturing several checkpoints south of the town. At the same time, the Army shelled rebel positions around Suran and Taybat al-Imam.[136] However, despite these initial advances, the Army was eventually pushed back from Halfaya after suffering heavy casualties. Two tanks were also captured by the rebels.[137]

On 16 April, following over 40 air-strikes against rebel supply lines the previous night,[138] the Syrian Army recaptured Suran after 10 hours of intense fighting, thus reversing all rebel gains during the offensive.[139] [140] [141] Several hours later, the rebels fired more than 40 Grad rockets towards Hama Military Airport, destroying a MIG-23 fighter jet and several large ammo depots.[142]

Army push into rebel territory; Taybat al-Imam and Halfaya captured

On 17 April, the military launched an attack on Taybat al-Imam[143] and reportedly captured a checkpoint at the eastern entrance to the town.[144] [145]

On 20 April, heavy fighting erupted in the areas of Taybat al-Imam and Halfaya, as government forces tried to capture both towns. Over the previous 48 hours, more than 400 air-strikes were conducted in the northern Hama countryside.[146] Eventually, government troops managed to capture Taybat al-Imam[147] and pushed further west towards Halfaya, taking a checkpoint.[49] Subsequently, the rebels launched a counter-attack and managed to recapture large parts of Taybat al-Imam.[148] [149] However, after intense clashes that lasted several hours during the night, the military managed to push back the rebels and retain control of the town.[150]

On 22 April, the Army expanded the buffer zone around Taybat al-Imam with new advances.[151] The next morning, the Syrian Army captured Halfaya[152] and began operations to capture Morek.[4] These advances left government forces once again in control of all areas they had lost during the rebel's previous offensive in late 2016.[3]

On 24 April, the Army continued its advance north towards Al-Lataminah and Morek.[153] [154] In the process, the SAA captured two or four more villages and a checkpoint,[155] [156] thus reaching the outskirts of Lataminah.[157] The next day, the rebels partially recaptured Al-Massasnah in a counter-attack, before the Syrian Army regained their positions in the town the following morning, while also capturing the village of Zullaqiat, north of Halfaya.[158] [159] On 28 April, rebel forces again assaulted Al-Massasnah, but their attack was eventually repelled.[160]

Aftermath

See main article: Hama offensive (September 2017). On 19 September 2017, Tahrir al-Sham, the Turkistan Islamic Party, and their allies launched a new offensive in northern Hama under the codename "Oh Servants of God, Be Steadfast".[161] [162] The rebels initially captured four villages,[163] but after back-and-forth fighting[164] during which the villages changed hands several times,[165] [166] [167] government forces recaptured all of the villages by 22 September.[168] 66 rebels and 38 soldiers were killed during the offensive,[164] while more than 40 civilians were killed in nearly 500 air-strikes on about 40 towns and villages in retaliation for the rebel offensive.[169]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Syrian army prepares counterattack ahead of talks. 24 March 2017.
  2. Web site: With an Air and missile cover… the regime forces regain control of more than 90% of the areas lost in favor of factions within 15 days. 3 April 2017 . 3 April 2017.
  3. Web site: The rebel and Islamic factions retreat in the northern countryside of Hama and withdraw of more areas, pace of shelling and clashes decrease. 23 April 2017 .
  4. Web site: Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture key town in northern Hama. Al-Masdar News. Leith Fadel. 23 April 2017. 23 April 2017. 23 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154553/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-hezbollah-capture-key-town-northern-hama/. dead.
  5. News: التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين . Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Hama Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago . ar . IraqNewspaper.net . 12 June 2019 .
  6. Web site: Analysis: Insurgents launch major offensive against Assad regime in Hama province. Thomas Joscelyn. Long War Journal. 24 March 2017. 25 March 2017.
  7. Web site: New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria . Caleb Weiss . . 18 January 2018 . 19 January 2018.
  8. Web site: IRGC members killed in Syria's Hama province. Amir Toumaj. Long War Journal. 28 March 2017. 29 March 2017.
  9. Web site: Two Revolutionary Guards' leaders Killed in the countryside of #Hama. El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017.
  10. Web site: Assad regime bolstered in Hama province by Iranian-controlled Iraqi militia. Amir Toumaj. Long War Journal. 24 March 2017. 25 March 2017.
  11. Web site: Rebels kill at least 14 militants from Ba'ath Battalions in Hama. Zaman al-Wasl. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017.
  12. News: التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين . Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago . ar . IraqNewspaper.net . 12 June 2019 .
  13. Web site: Qassem Soleimani reportedly spotted in Syria's Hama province. Amir Toumaj. Long War Journal. 2 April 2017. 3 April 2017.
  14. News: التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين . Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Hama Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago . ar . IraqNewspaper.net . 12 June 2019 .
  15. Web site: In pictures: Al-Qaeda leader masterminds rebel offensive in northern Hama. Chris. Tomson. al-Masdar News. 25 March 2017. 25 March 2017. 27 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170327113002/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-al-qaeda-leader-masterminds-rebel-offensive-northern-hama/. dead.
  16. Web site: The Opposition Groups Start A Battle North Hama. Qasioun News Agency. 21 March 2017. 22 March 2017. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019071548/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/57634/The_Opposition_Groups_Start_A_Battle_North_Hama. dead.
  17. Web site: Syrian rebel forces launch campaign, again, to breach Hama city and airport. Syria:direct. 22 March 2017. 23 March 2017. 9 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171009225116/http://syriadirect.org/news/syrian-rebel-forces-launch-campaign-again-to-breach-hama-city-airport/. dead.
  18. Web site: A leading role in the "free": the battle of Hama will not stop until they reach a range. Baladi News. 23 March 2017. 26 March 2022. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019065545/https://www.baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/17285/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7. dead.
  19. Web site: The word of Colonel Abdul Hamid Zakaria to one of the free Idlib army groups such as their starting to break into the northern countryside of Hama. Free Idib Army. 23 March 2017.
  20. Web site: Top Al-Qaeda commander in northern Hama eliminated by Syrian Army. Leith. Fadel. al-Masdar News. 24 March 2017. 24 March 2017. 25 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025626/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/top-al-qaeda-commander-northern-hama-eliminated-syrian-army/. dead.
  21. Web site: +40 insurgents killed as Islamist attacks in northern Hama take disastrous turn. Chris. Tomson. al-Masdar News. 25 March 2017. 26 March 2017. 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190221120521/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/40-insurgents-killed-islamist-attacks-northern-hama-take-disastrous-turn/. dead.
  22. Web site: Top jihadist commander killed in northern Hama. Leith. Fadel. 24 April 2017. 24 April 2017. 25 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170425123518/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/top-jihadist-commander-killed-northern-hama/. dead.
  23. Web site: Syrian Air Force eradicates two Free Syrian Army commanders in northern Hama. Chris. Tomson. 26 April 2017. 26 April 2017. 27 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003118/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-air-force-eradicates-two-free-syrian-army-commanders-northern-hama/. dead.
  24. Web site: Syrian Army kills two senior rebel commanders in Hama. Zen. Adra. al-Masdar News. 21 April 2017. 21 April 2017. 21 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170421112926/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kills-two-senior-rebel-commanders-hama/. dead.
  25. Web site: Syrian Army captures new town in Hama, exterminates militant leader. Paul Antonopoulos. al-Masdar News. 30 March 2017. 30 March 2017. 31 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030430/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-new-town-hama-exterminates-militant-leader/. dead.
  26. Web site: Unconfirmed Arab Media Reports: Iran's Major General Qassem Soleimani in Syria's Hama for Major Assault on Al-Qaeda. Fars News. 1 April 2017. 3 April 2017. 3 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170403182552/http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13960112000588. dead.
  27. Web site: The shadow man of Assad regime who leads missile department - Profile. Zaman al-Wasl. 1 April 2017.
  28. Web site: Killed Brigadier (Hossam Asaad) in the battles of Hama. All4Syria. 23 March 2017.
  29. Web site: Rebels Advance in Hama Countryside as Regime Mobilizes Army Again to Defend City. Atlantic Council. 28 April 2020.
  30. Web site: The rebels approaching the protectors of the system collapses amid forces (see). Arabi 21. Iyad Makki. 22 March 2017.
  31. News: التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين . Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago . ar . IraqNewspaper.net . 12 June 2019 .
  32. Web site: First Pictures Of The Sunni Foreign Fighters Movement In Iran Affiliated With The HTS In Syria. MEMRI.
  33. Web site: Breaking: jihadi rebels attack Syrian Army in Syria's Hama [+Video]]. al-Masdar News. Zen Adra. 21 March 2017. 22 March 2017. 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190221123631/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-jihadi-rebels-attack-syrian-army-syrias-hama-video/. dead.
  34. Web site: Rebels, jihadists begin new offensive in central Syria. AFP News. 22 March 2017.
  35. Web site: Qalaat Al Mudiq on Twitter.
  36. Web site: Displaced Fighters of Damascus Establish Positions in Idleb, Hama. Syrian Observer. 21 March 2017. 29 April 2017. 29 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024809/http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/32494. dead.
  37. Web site: Syrian Army reinforcements arrive to northern Hama to fend off jihadist offensive. al-Masdar News. Leith Fadel. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017. 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190221122236/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-reinforcements-arrive-northern-hama-fend-off-jihadist-offensive/. dead.
  38. Web site: Elite Tiger Forces arrive in northern Hama to drive back Al-Qaeda. al-Masdar News. Leith Fadel. 23 March 2017. 23 March 2017. 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190221174120/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/elite-tiger-forces-arrive-northern-hama-drive-back-al-qaeda/. dead.
  39. Web site: Syrian Army's 5th Corps Deployed To Hama For Counter-Attack Against HTS. 26 March 2017. Damascus Insider. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080059/http://damascus-insider.com/syrian-armys-5th-corps-deployed-hama-attack/. 27 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  40. Web site: Archived copy . 29 April 2017 . 12 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033742/https://twitter.com/IvanSidorenko1/status/858114843823550465 . dead .
  41. Web site: Pro-Government militia Qalamoun Shield near Tayyibat al-Imam frontline yesterday, northern Hama, Syria. . 14 April 2017. 29 April 2017.
  42. Web site: Jihadist rebels take control of Khattab village in northern Hama. al-Masdar News. Leith Fadel. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017. 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190221113827/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-take-control-khattab-village-northern-hama/. dead.
  43. Web site: How these Syrians went from opposition fighters to pro-regime militiamen. Nour Samaha. Al-Monitor. 3 April 2017. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170817035738/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/04/syria-south-opposition-defection-army-israel.html. 17 August 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  44. Web site: ثلاثة اقتحامات دون السيطرة على قمحانة.. من يحرسها؟ . Three incursions without control of Qamhana .. Who guarded? . . ar . 27 March 2017 . 20 February 2018.
  45. Web site: Kremlin confirms death of Russian military advisor due to missile attack from FSA militia. Chris. Tomson. 20 April 2017. Al-Masdar News. 23 April 2017. 21 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094723/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kremlin-confirms-death-russian-military-advisor-due-missile-attack-fsa-militia/. dead.
  46. Web site: Russian incursions in eastern Syria hinder fight against ISIS. www.diyaruna.com. 15 June 2018.
  47. Web site: VIDEO: Rebel missile takes out Syrian Army T-55 tank in rural Hama. Chris Tomson. al-Masdar News. 25 March 2017. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135901/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-rebel-missile-takes-syrian-army-t-72-tank-rural-hama/. dead.
  48. Web site: AbuIzzadeen on Twitter.
  49. Web site: Syrian Army on the roll amid new advances in northern Hama (Map update + pictures). Chris. Tomson. 20 April 2017. 23 April 2017. 21 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094728/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-roll-amid-new-advances-northern-hama-map-update-pictures/. dead.
  50. Web site: Ivan Sidorenko on Twitter. 24 April 2017. 24 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170424195402/https://twitter.com/IvanSidorenko1/status/856278077961375744. dead.
  51. Web site: Over 200 militants killed during 3 failed counter-attacks in northern Hama: Russian MoD. Leith. Fadel. 11 April 2017. 23 April 2017. 12 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170412071012/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/200-militants-killed-3-failed-counter-attacks-northern-hama-russian-mod/. dead.
  52. Web site: Waters . Gregory . Fifteen Months of Death: Pro-Government Casualties of the Syrian Civil War . bellingcat . 3 October 2018 . 29 October 2018.
  53. 64 killed (21–24 March),https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/845237637120049154 33 killed (24–25 March),https://twitter.com/IvanSidorenko1/status/846086724447092736 31 killed (27–29 March),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=63743 4 killed (31 March),https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/847782984765784065 3 killed (1 April),http://www.orient-news.net/en/news_show/134418/0/Soleimani-shows-up-in-Hama-three-Iranians-announced-killed 4 killed (2 April),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=63998 5 killed (4 April),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=64112 21 killed (5 April),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=64285 10+ killed (14 April),https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/25299.html 16 killed (20 April),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=65108 14 killed (27 April),https://twitter.com/InsideSourceInt/status/857894839442067460 total of 205 reported killed
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  155. Web site: After a violent attack… the regime forces advance and regain control of 2 villages and checkpoint in the northern countryside of Hama. 24 April 2017 .
  156. Web site: Three villages liberated in rural Hama as Syrian Army reaches rebel heartland - Map update. Chris. Tomson. 25 April 2017. 24 April 2017. 25 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170425032627/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/three-villages-liberated-syrian-army-pushes-rebel-heartland-hama-map-update/. dead.
  157. News: Syrian Army reaches outskirts of jihadist stronghold in northern Hama. Fadel. Leith. 24 April 2017. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 24 April 2017. en-US. 24 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170424215119/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-reaches-outskirts-jihadist-stronghold-northern-hama/. dead.
  158. News: Fadel. Leith. Jihadists claim Al-Massasnah village in northern Hama recaptured. 25 April 2017. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 25 April 2017. 26 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151437/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-claim-al-massasnah-village-northern-hama-recaptured/. dead.
  159. News: Syrian Army overruns two villages in northern Hama despite jihadist suicide bombing. Tomson. Chris. 2017-04-26. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 2017-04-26. en-US. 26 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170426130058/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-overruns-two-villages-northern-hama-despite-jihadist-suicide-bombing/. dead.
  160. News: In Pictures: jihadi attack on northern Hama foiled, scores killed. Adra. Zen. 2017-04-29. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 2017-04-28. en-US. 29 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429075639/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-jihadi-attack-northern-hama-foiled-scores-killed/. dead.
  161. Web site: Al-Qaida-led fighters on the offensive against Syrian troops. .
  162. Web site: Bombardment returns to rebel-held northwest as HTS aims to 'demolish, defeat' Astana ceasefire. Syria Direct. 19 September 2017. 20 September 2017. 12 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190612114706/https://syriadirect.org/news/bombardment-returns-to-rebel-held-northwest-as-hts-derails-ceasefire-deal/. dead.
  163. Web site: About 60 fighters and soldiers were killed during the first day of the battle of ((The Last Attempt)) in the far northeast of Hama. 20 September 2017 .
  164. Web site: During about 48 hours in Hama and Idlib … about 500 raids Russian and Syrian – targeting to about 40 area – more than 130 casualties – exchange of control clashes. 21 September 2017 .
  165. News: Syrian army strikes rebels near Hama: monitor. 21 September 2017. Reuters.
  166. Web site: Syrian Army officially retakes all lost territory in northern Hama. 20 September 2017. 23 September 2017. 12 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190612120205/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-officially-retakes-lost-territory-northern-hama/. dead.
  167. Web site: Airstrikes continue on the countryside of Idlib and Hama and violent clashes renewed with factions' offensive northeast Hama. 21 September 2017 .
  168. Web site: Airstrikes continue on cities, towns and villages in the countryside of Hama and Idlib to causing more casualties and wounded. 22 September 2017 .
  169. Web site: Russian special forces helping Syrian troops in key city. .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hama offensive (March–April 2017)".

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