2016 Tasmanian bushfires explained

2016 Tasmanian Bushfires
Location:Central Highlands as well multiple locations in Western, North-Western, South Western and Southern Tasmania
Date:January 2016-autumn 2016
Cause:Lightning, arson
Landuse:World Heritage reserves,
Area:100000ha +
Injuries:1 firefighter

The 2016 Tasmanian Bushfires were a large series of bushfires in Tasmania which started in January 2016 throughout the state, and continued into February 2016, with considerable damage to fire sensitive areas in the Central Highlands, West Coast and South West regions. By autumn 2016, no bushfires were reported within the state.[1]

Number of fires

Over the first 20 days of the fires, the actual number reported was larger in number, however at least 70 separate fires had been listed in the North West, West, South West and Central Highland areas of the island.[2]

These fires are different from the 2013 Tasmanian bushfires due to their spread, and to the large number being started by lightning strikes, and from the 1967 Tasmanian bushfires with no loss of human life.

Central Highlands

Although not significant in terms of property loss, the impact on the Central Highlands and the World Heritage Area lands has been claimed to be catastrophic.[3] [4] the destruction of the heritage areas achieved international attention.[5] [6] [7]

The Overland Track was evacuated due to the fires.[8] The north west fires were well documented in the local newspaper the Advocate in the fires of 21 January.[9]

Rainfall

Due to the remoteness and inaccessibility of a large number of fires, rainfall after the fires started was not enough to extinguish them[10] and was also hindering firefighters.[11] [12]

The fires continued on into February 2016, with containment of only a limited number of fires.[13]

Heritage area burn size

The Tasmania Fire Service chief officer Gavin Freeman claimed little harm was done to the heritage areas[14] stating that 18,000 hectares of heritage area as being the area affected. The Tasmanian Tourism Industry Council chief executive officer Luke Martin subsequently made a claim that 11,000ha of the world heritage area was affected.[15] [16]

The total burnt area in all areas has been stated to be above 95,000 hectares (234,750 acres).[17]

The modelling, supplied by University of Tasmania environment postdoctoral fellow Dr Grant Williamson, reveals more than 14 per cent of the 97,000ha burnt by the recent fires were in World Heritage Areas – an area that latest TFS figures suggest has increased – and another 25 per cent in conservation or national park areas.[18]

The effect of the fire on some ecological areas is considered to have been irreversible by some experts, and simulate the effect of climate change on the affected areas.[19] Jamie Kirkpatrick, a University of Tasmania academic, reflected upon the lack of inherent dispersal techniques on some of the flora species for regeneration as being a major problem.[20]

First month

Authorities expressed concern about accessing fire affected areas, with prospects for further flare ups in the event of high temperatures and conditions for fires increasing again.[21] [22]

By the beginning of February 2016, the number of the fires was claimed to be down to 50, and various factors were seen in favour of further reduction of fires.[23] [24]

Continued operations on remote world heritage areas appeared on the public record, and images of Remote Area Firefighters (RATS)were published[25] as well as further photos of damaged areas.[26]

As at the weekend of 6 and 7 February 2016, there were allegedly 20 fires still going.[27]

Selection of vegetation fires active in February 2016

Selected list fires known in February, with the date and time of reporting update from the Fire Service. Some of the fires listed have been going for more than three weeks, and the date and time does not represent the length of time they have been burning.

Damage assessment

Investigations by specialist crews of the extent of damage fires have wrought commenced in February with the first focus on fire grounds near Cradle Mountain and Lake Mackenzie in the Central Plateau. In those regions fire has scorched unique alpine flora such as Cushion plant and Pencil Pine that do not readily regenerate.[28]

Political agendas are clearly indicated in the usage of photography by the Tasmanian government and environmentalists in the choice of location and style of photography, and for outsiders with little access to independent and overall views, the lack of higher level inquiry into the impact of the fires will probably maintain potential confusion.[29]

External help

Over 200 remote area firefighters from interstate and New Zealand have been used in fighting the fires.[30]

In February, the Australian Senate Estimates Committee was told that Tasmanian fire authorities turned down an Emergency Management Australia offer to send in defence assistance.[31] This claim was rejected by the Tasmanian fire service.[32]

Second month

The number of reported fires in early February was at 73 with 26 out of control, and expected time to control to be another month of fires.[33] The impact on the east coast and Hobart was mainly in smoke being blown in from the south west fires.[34] similarly Launceston experienced smoke from north-west fires.[35]

The time taken to have the number of fires to come under control has been stated in terms of patience.[36]

Water bombing

A series of water bombing flights by aeroplanes from interestate occurred on 12 February on a north-west fire - it included a DC10-bomber, C130-bomber and an Avro RJ85 from Avalon Airport in Melbourne.[37] [38]

Changing weather conditions

In over 30 days of fires, changes in weather conditions were challenging[39] and interstate assistance was re-utilised more than once.[40] By mid February, weather had changed again with snow reported in the highlands.[41]

Controversy over damage to the environment and world heritage areas

Fire ecologists have stated that some of the dead trees killed by the bushfires were more than 1000 years old and part of a confined, Gondwana-era ecosystem unique to Tasmania that in some cases has never burned before. Pictures of burnt areas and vegetation taken by conservationists have prompted warnings that the alpine ecosystem could be completely lost within decades unless more was done to protect it, given the increased risk of fire due to climate change.

Tasmanian Premier Will Hodgman stated that the fires have had a "devastating impact", but the extent of the damage has been distorted. He said the fire has burned about 1.2 per cent of the world heritage zone and was "not insignificant, but it could have been much worse" and "It's damn ordinary that you've got environmental activists almost gleefully capitalising on images, naturally caused, which could inflict significant damage on our brand, our reputation".[42]

February 2016 and onwards

In late February at least 20 fires were still burning.[43] The fires ended by autumn, and as of October 2016, none were burning in the state.

Senate inquiry

In March 2016 a Senate inquiry was announced.[44]

Post-fire ecosystem recovery

The Tasmanian Government and University of Tasmania are undertaking research and environmental monitoring programs in burnt alpine and subalpine ecosystems near Lake Mackenzie to investigate long-term ecological impacts and recovery.[45] [46] Severely burnt pencil pine and Sphagnum vegetation showed very little recovery one year after the fires, however regrowth was evident in alpine heath, cushion plants and sedgeland.[47]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Tasmanian Fire Service. 25 October 2016.
  2. http://www.rawstory.com/2016/01/brushfires-ravage-australian-forests-that-pre-dated-dinosaurs-on-earth/#.Vq6HsE8uKSA.facebook Brushfires ravage Australian forests that pre-dated dinosaurs on Earth
  3. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/like-losing-the-thylacine-fire-burns-tasmanian-wilderness-world-heritage-area-20160131-gmi2re.html ‘Like losing the thylacine’: Fire burns Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
  4. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-30/fire-ravages-world-heritage-area-tasmania-central-plateau/7127300 Tasmania fires: First images of World Heritage Area devastation emerge, show signs of 'system collapse' – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  5. http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/845472/australia-bushfires-raze-ancient-world-heritage-listed-forests Australia bushfires raze ancient World Heritage-listed forests | Bangkok Post: news
  6. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/01/31/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/tasmanian-bush-fires-raze-ancient-world-heritage-forests/ Tasmanian bush fires raze ancient World Heritage forests | The Japan Times
  7. http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/tasmanian-bushfires-destroying-living-fossils Tasmanian bushfires destroying 'living fossils', Australia/NZ News & Top Stories – The Straits Times
  8. Web site: Tasmania struck by fires and floods Big Rigs . 1 February 2016 . 2 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202105801/http://www.bigrigs.com.au/news/Tasmania-struck-by-fires-and-floods/2915340/ . dead .
  9. News: BREAKING: North-West fires . 21 January 2016 . The Advocate . 21 December 2018 .
  10. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-25/tasmanian-bushfires-need-downpour-to-extinguish/7111354 Tasmanian bushfires: 'Downpour' need to extinguish remote blazes, Tasmania Fire Service says – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  11. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-31/rain-in-tasmania-helps-and-hinders-crews-battling-bushfires/7128124 Heavy rain in Tasmania helps and hinders crews battling bushfires – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  12. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-29/tasmania-fires-lightning-strikes-spark-more-blazes/7125160 Tasmanian fires: Lightning strikes spark more blazes after rain fails to douse flames – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  13. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-08/live-map-tasmania-fire-warnings/5053664 Map: Tasmania fire incidents and warnings – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  14. http://www.examiner.com.au/story/3697828/little-harm-to-heritage-area/?cs=95 ‘Little harm’ to heritage area | The Examiner
  15. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/most-of-tasmanias-wilderness-unaffected-by-fires-reminds-tourism-lobby/news-story/2491914527b6b05f590fd1c0a6e749e8#itm=newscomau|news|nca-news-most-read-state|1||index|national-tasmania&itmt=1454337917281 Most of Tasmanias wilderness unaffected by fires | The Mercury
  16. http://www.examiner.com.au/story/3700490/fire-reports-a-tourism-concern/?cs=95 Fire reports a tourism concern |The Examiner
  17. http://www.themalaymailonline.com/world/article/australia-bushfires-raze-ancient-world-heritage-listed-forests#sthash.YZ2nk4kn.dpuf Australia bushfires raze ancient World Heritage-listed forests | World | Malay Mail Online
  18. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/call-to-put-politics-aside-in-fight-for-world-heritage-wilderness-in-wake-of-fire-threat/news-story/b324034001994696b48ab922cd60555d Call to put politics aside |The Mercury
  19. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-01/tasmanias-wilderness-world-heritage-after-severe-bushfires/7129760 A first look at Tasmania's pristine wilderness after recent bushfires – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  20. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/opinion/charred-heritage-the-burning-issue/news-story/a4d5f2a3a2596c307c2ed35d7c45f55b Jamie Kirkpatrick opinion piece in the Mercury | The Mercury
  21. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/authorities-express-concern-over-reports-of-people-entering-bushfireravaged-areas/news-story/de3368467eb022a08d59a6b931460273 Authorities expressed concern over reports of people entering bush fire ravaged areas | The Mercury
  22. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/west-coast-blaze-still-a-challenge/news-story/d02ed28fc790bf7c4db69388c8e60f4e West Coast blaze still a challenge |The Mercury
  23. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-01/tasmanian-firefighters-optomistic-of-gaining-upper-hand-blazes/7131438?WT.ac=statenews_tas Tasmanian firefighters optimistic of gaining upper hand | ABC state news
  24. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-30/firefighters-take-advantage-of-better-conditions-across-tasmania/7126822 Firefighters take advantage of better conditions across Tasmania | ABC state news
  25. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-03/firefighters-work-on-world-heritage-listed-areas-of-tasmania/7136410 Firefighters work on world heritage listed areas of Tasmania |ABC
  26. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2016/feb/02/tasmania-bushfires-leave-world-heritage-area-devastated-in-pictures Tasmanian bushfires leave world heritage area devastated | The Guardian
  27. http://www.examiner.com.au/story/3711393/explainer-why-is-tasmanias-world-heritage-area-burning/?cs=7 Why is Tasmanias world heritage area burning? | Examiner
  28. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-02/tasmanian-bushfires-damage-to-wilderness-world-heritage-area/7134592?WT.ac=statenews_tas Tasmanian bushfire damage to wilderness world heritage area | ABC state news
  29. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/pr-war-over-fires-in-tasmanias-world-heritage-area-takes-to-the-air-20160212-gmstxz.html PR war over fires takes to the air | SMH
  30. http://www.hawkesburygazette.com.au/story/3702225/local-crews-sent-to-tassie/ Local Crews sent to Tassie | Hawkesbury Gazette
  31. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-10/tasmanian-fire-authorities-rejected-offer-of-military-assistance/7154258?WT.ac=statenews_tas Tasmanian fire authorities rejected offer | ABC
  32. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-10/tasmanian-fire-authorities-rejected-offer-of-military-assistance/7154258 [TFS reject of offer rejected |ABC ]
  33. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-09/firefighters-gear-up-for-four-more-weeks-on-tasmanian-bushfires/7153454 Four more weeks |ABC
  34. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/hobarts-cloak-of-smoke-coming-from-southwest-wilderness-fire/news-story/280e94451e21dd9aa1716c8079256589 Smoke from southwest | The Mercury
  35. http://www.examiner.com.au/story/3718391/fire-danger-for-tasmania/?cs=95 Fire danger for Tasmania | Examiner
  36. http://www.examiner.com.au/story/3717886/patience-urged-on-fires/?cs=95 Patience urged on fires | Examiner
  37. http://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/3725577/bombers-tackle-fires/?cs=87 Bombers tackle fires | The Advocate
  38. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/north-american-bomber-planes-water-bomb-nw-fires/news-story/6b08732c56117fafa009b1c4441a8693 Bomber planes bomb nw fires | The Mercury
  39. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-13/tasmanian-firefighters-brace-for-gale-force-winds/7165678 Gale force winds | ABC
  40. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-14/tasmanian-bushfires-more-interstate-crews-to-arrive/7166410?section=tas More interstate crews to arrive |ABC
  41. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-16/snow-surprise-for-tasmanians-after-a-summer-of-weather-extremes/7170776 Snow surprise | ABC
  42. http://www.theage.com.au/environment/pr-war-over-fires-in-tasmanias-world-heritage-area-takes-to-the-air-20160212-gmstxz.html PR war over fires in Tasmania's world heritage area takes to the air
  43. News: Tasmania Fire Service urges vigilance as alerts downgraded. ABC News. 27 February 2016.
  44. News: Senate to hold inquiry into Tasmania's World Heritage Area fires. ABC News. 17 March 2016.
  45. http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Mersey_Forest_Fire_Impact_Report_Final_170802.pdf TWWHA Bushfire Research Group Lake Mackenzie Alpine Fire Impacts Workshop
  46. http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Mersey_Forest_Fire_Impact_Report_Final_170802.pdf Assessment of the ecological impacts of the 2016 Mersey Forest Fire Complex
  47. https://farsouthecology.com/one-year-after-tasmanias-alpine-wildfire/ One year after Tasmania’s alpine wildfire | Far South Ecology

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