2016 Portuguese presidential election explained

Country:	Portugal
Type:	presidential
Previous Election:	2011 Portuguese presidential election
Previous Year:	2011
Next Election:	2021 Portuguese presidential election
Next Year:	2021
Election Date:	24 January 2016
Turnout:	48.66% (2.14pp)
Opinion Polls:	Opinion polling for the 2016 Portuguese presidential election
Candidate1:	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
Party1:	Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
Popular Vote1:	2,413,956
Percentage1:	52.00%
Candidate2:	António Sampaio da Nóvoa
Party2:	Independent
Colour2:	d11a91
Popular Vote2:	1,062,138
Percentage2:	22.88%
Candidate3:	Marisa Matias
Party3:	Left Bloc (Portugal)
Popular Vote3:	469,814
Percentage3:	10.12%
President
Before Election:	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Before Party:	Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
After Election:	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
After Party:	Social Democratic Party (Portugal)

Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 24 January 2016. The election chose the successor to the President Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was constitutionally not allowed to run for a third consecutive term.

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the candidate supported by PPD/PSD, CDS-PP and PPM, won the election on the first round with 52 percent of the vote. Marcelo also won in every single district in the country and only lost a few municipalities in the south of the country. Turnout was higher than that of the 2011 election, but reached a record low in a presidential election with no incumbents as only 48.66 percent of the electorate cast a ballot.

Background

Aníbal Cavaco Silva had served two consecutive five-year terms as president, the maximum number, and the 2016 election was to choose a successor for a term beginning on March 9. In Portugal, the president is the head of state, has mostly ceremonial powers. However, the president does have some political influence and can dissolve the Parliament of Portugal if a crisis occurs.^{[1] [2]} The president also has an official residence in the Belém Palace in Lisbon.^[2]

Electoral system

In order to stand for election, candidates had to each gather 7,500 signatures of support one month before the election, and submit them to the Constitutional Court of Portugal. On 29 December 2015 the Constitutional Court certified ten candidates as having met the requirements to appear on the ballot. This was a record number; the highest number of presidential candidates had previously been six.^[1]

Under Portuguese law, a candidate must receive a majority of votes (50% plus one vote) to be elected. If no candidate achieved a majority in the first round, a runoff election (i.e., second round, held between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first round) would have been held on February 14.^{[1] [2]}

Portugal had about 9.7 million registered voters by election day.^[1]

Candidates

Official candidates

• Henrique Neto, member and former MP of the Socialist Party.^{[3] [4]}
• António Sampaio da Nóvoa, independent candidate and former rector of the University of Lisbon (2006–2013),^{[5] [6] [7]} supported by LIVRE and the PCTP/MRPP. The Socialist Party urged its supporters to either vote for him or Maria de Belém.
• Cândido Ferreira, nephrologist MD, independent candidate and former leader of Leiria district branch of the Socialist Party.^[8]
• Edgar Silva, regional MP for the Legislative Assembly of Madeira from the Portuguese Communist Party, supported by the Portuguese Communist Party.^{[9] [10]}
• Jorge Sequeira, psychologist, researcher and university professor.^[11]
• Vitorino Silva, paver and former president of the parish of Rans, also a former member of the Socialist Party, more commonly known as Tino de Rans.^[12]
• Marisa Matias, sociologist who has worked in the areas of environment and public health, and European MEP of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left, supported by the Left Bloc^{[13] [14]} and the MAS.^[15]
• Maria de Belém, former president of the Socialist Party (2011-2014)^{[16] [17]} The Socialist Party urged its supporters to either vote for her or António Sampaio da Nóvoa.
• Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, former leader of the Social Democratic Party (1996–1999), supported by the Social Democratic Party and the CDS – People's Party.^{[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]}
• Paulo de Morais, independent candidate, former deputy mayor of Porto (2002–2005), anti-corruption activist.^{[28] [29]}

Unsuccessful candidates

• Manuel João Vieira, singer, independent candidate.^[30]
• Manuel Almeida, independent.^[31]
• Paulo Freitas do Amaral, university professor, former president of the parish of Cruz Quebrada; withdrew and supported Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.^[32]
• Orlando Cruz, withdrew in favour of Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.^[33]
• Graça Castanho, withdrew due to having lost her nomination signatures in a storm.^[34]
• Castanheira Barros, independent candidate, former member of the Social Democratic Party; withdrew and supported Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.^[35]
• Manuela Gonzaga, historian and writer; was supported by the People–Animals–Nature.^[36]

Decided not to run

• Fernando Nobre, Independent candidate which had contested the previous presidential election.^[37]
• António Vitorino, former European Commissioner (1999–2004).^[38]
• Paulo Portas, former leader of the CDS – People's Party (1998–2005, 2007–2016), former Minister of National Defence (2002–2005) and of Foreign Affairs (2011–2013) and also former Deputy Prime Minister (2013–2015).^[39]
• Manuela Ferreira Leite, former leader of the Social Democratic Party (2008–2010).^[40]
• António Guterres, former Prime Minister (1995–2002).^[41]
• Manuel Carvalho da Silva, former union leader of CGTP (1986–2012).^[42]
• Pedro Santana Lopes, former Prime Minister (2004–2005).^[43]
• Rui Rio, former mayor of Porto (2002–2013).^[44]
• Alberto João Jardim, former President of the Regional Government of Madeira (1978-2015).^[45]

Campaign period

Candidates' slogans

Candidate		Original slogan	English translation	Refs
	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa	« Juntos por Portugal »	"Together for Portugal"	^[46]
	Sampaio da Nóvoa	« Um Cidadão Presidente »	"A Citizen President"	^[47]
	Marisa Matias	« Uma por todos »	"One for all"	^[48]
	Maria de Belém	« Belém, a força do caráter »	"Belém, the strength of character"	^[49]
	Edgar Silva	« Um homem justo para presidente »	"A fair man for president"	^[50]
	Vitorino Silva	« Portugal com Tino »	"Portugal with Tino"	^[51]
	Paulo de Morais	« Meter o país em ordem »	"Get the country in order"	^[52]
	Henrique Neto	« Porque Portugal precisa »	"Because Portugal needs"	^[53]
	Jorge Sequeira	« Portugal somos nós »	"Portugal is us"	^[54]
	Cândido Ferreira	« Pelo nosso futuro »	"For our future"	^[55]

Candidates' debates

There were several number of debates between all the candidates in the three TV networks RTP, SIC, TVI. There was a radio debate between all candidates plus on January 19, there was a final debate between all of candidates on RTP1.^[56]

Completed televised debates:

2016 Portuguese presidential election debates
Date	Organizers	Moderators	Present Non-invitee Absent invitee										Notes
			Neto	Nóvoa	Ferreira	Silva	Sequeira	Vitorino	Matias	Belém	Marcelo	Morais
1 January 20:35	RTP1	José Rodrigues dos Santos
1 January 21:30	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
1 January 22:00	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
1 January 23:30	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
2 January 20:40	RTP1	José Rodrigues dos Santos
2 January 21:30	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
2 January 22:00	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
3 January 20:40	RTP1	José Rodrigues dos Santos
3 January 21:30	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
3 January 22:00	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
4 January 10:10	Antena 1	Maria Flor Pedroso											^[57]
4 January 20:40	RTP1	João Adelino Faria
4 January 21:30	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
4 January 22:00	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
5 January 20:40	RTP1	João Adelino Faria
5 January 21:30	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
5 January 22:00	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
5 January 23:00	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo											^[58]
6 January 20:40	RTP1	João Adelino Faria
6 January 21:45	TVI24	Paulo Magalhães
6 January 23:30	SIC Notícias	Anselmo Crespo
7 January 20:50	SIC	Clara de Sousa
7 January 20:40	RTP1	João Adelino Faria
8 January 20:40	RTP1	João Adelino Faria
9 January 20:45	TVI	Judite de Sousa
19 January 21:00	RTP1	Carlos Daniel Vítor Gonçalves											^[59]

Opinion polling

See main article: Opinion polling for the Portuguese presidential election, 2016.

Campaign budgets

Candidate (party)	Election Result	State Subsidy		Political Parties Contributions	Fundraising	Total Revenue		Expenses	Debt
		Calculated	Budgeted			Calculated	Budgeted
(PSD, CDS-PP, PPM)	52.0%	€0	€90,000	€0	€67,000	€0	€157,000	€157,000	€0
(I)	22.9%	€0	€798,000	€0	€170,000	€0	€968,000	€742,000	€0
(BE, MAS)	10.1%	€0	€308,660	€0	€146,000	€0	€454,660	€454,660	€0
(I)	4.2%	€0	€790,656	€0	€105,970	€0	€896,626	€650,000	€0
(PCP)	3.9%	€0	€377,750	€342,250	€30,000	€0	€750,000	€750,000	€0
(I)	3.3%	€0	€0	€0	€50,000	€0	€50,000	€50,000	€0
(I)	2.2%	€0	€61,000	€0	€32,000	€0	€93,000	€93,000	€0
(I)	0.8%	€0	€199,000	€0	€76,000	€0	€275,000	€275,000	€0
(I)	0.3%	€0	€0	€0	€123,500	€0	€123,500	€123,500	€0
(I)	0.2%	€0	€0	€0	€60,000	€0	€60,000	€60,000	€0
Source: Portuguese Constitutional Court (TC)^[60]

Voter turnout

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout	Time
	12:00			16:00			19:00
	2011	2016	±	2011	2016	±	2011	2016	±
Total	13.39%	15.82%	2.43 pp	35.16%	37.69%	2.53 pp	46.52%	48.66%	2.14 pp
Sources^[61] ^[62]

Results

Results by district

District		Marcelo		Nóvoa		Matias		Belém		Edgar Silva		Vitorino Silva		Morais		Neto		Sequeira		Ferreira		Turnout
		Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
		Aveiro	color:#000;"	189,380	color:#000;"	59.42%	59,149	18.56%	29,392	9.22%	12,996	4.08%	5,029	1.58%	12,296	3.86%	6,372	2.00%	2,397	0.75%	983	0.31%	708	0.22%	49.88%
		Azores	color:#000;"	39,811	color:#000;"	58.07%	14,768	21.54%	6,073	8.86%	3,041	4.44%	907	1.32%	1,522	2.22%	1,457	2.13%	577	0.84%	212	0.31%	190	0.29%	30.92%
		Beja	color:#000;"	18,911	color:#000;"	31.71%	18,770	31.47%	6,741	11.30%	3,046	5.11%	9,290	15.58%	1,354	2.27%	724	1.21%	412	0.69%	189	0.32%	209	0.35%	47.37%
		Braga	color:#000;"	244,205	color:#000;"	58.96%	82,976	20.03%	34,686	8.37%	16,318	3.94%	7,676	1.85%	14,951	3.61%	7,210	1.74%	3,234	0.78%	2,071	0.50%	866	0.21%	53.53%
		Bragança	color:#000;"	36,173	color:#000;"	61.91%	11,484	19.65%	4,253	7.28%	2,688	4.60%	701	1.20%	1,582	2.71%	783	1.34%	452	0.77%	152	0.26%	161	0.28%	40.46%
		Castelo Branco	color:#000;"	44,199	color:#000;"	50.14%	22,924	26.01%	9,538	10.62%	4,565	5.18%	2,013	2.28%	2,338	2.65%	1,524	1.73%	737	0.84%	217	0.25%	268	0.30%	50.06%
		Coimbra	color:#000;"	94,184	color:#000;"	50.19%	43,577	23.22%	26,101	13.91%	8,561	4.56%	4,186	2.23%	4,973	2.65%	3,577	1.91%	1,440	0.77%	362	0.19%	703	0.37%	49.21%
		Évora	color:#000;"	27,281	color:#000;"	38.61%	21,405	30.30%	7,609	10.77%	2,908	4.12%	8,137	11.52%	1,492	2.11%	1,032	1.46%	421	0.60%	186	0.26%	181	0.26%	51.09%
		Faro	color:#000;"	76,560	color:#000;"	47.62%	38,311	23.83%	22,155	13.78%	7,071	4.40%	5,710	3.55%	4,290	2.67%	4,767	2.96%	1,144	0.71%	379	0.24%	392	0.24%	44.35%
		Guarda	color:#000;"	42,087	color:#000;"	58.53%	15,549	21.62%	6,316	8.78%	3,096	4.31%	1,006	1.40%	2,108	2.93%	882	1.23%	482	0.67%	180	0.25%	198	0.28%	45.17%
		Leiria	color:#000;"	126,494	color:#000;"	61.07%	35,253	17.02%	19,630	9.48%	6,540	3.16%	4,169	2.01%	6,142	2.97%	4,110	1.98%	3,401	1.64%	425	0.21%	966	0.47%	50.18%
		Lisbon	color:#000;"	496,372	color:#000;"	49.77%	257,593	25.83%	100,125	10.04%	44,743	4.49%	39,919	4.00%	21,302	2.14%	23,444	2.35%	10,207	1.02%	2,062	0.21%	1,517	0.15%	53.63%
		Madeira	color:#000;"	58,423	color:#000;"	51.35%	12,825	11.27%	11,448	10.06%	3,157	2.78%	22,414	19.70%	1,044	0.92%	2,699	2.37%	884	0.78%	498	0.44%	372	0.33%	45.50%
		Portalegre	color:#000;"	20,945	color:#000;"	42.88%	14,934	30.57%	4,910	10.05%	2,208	4.52%	3,484	7.13%	1,122	2.30%	582	1.19%	285	0.58%	113	0.23%	261	0.53%	49.46%
		Porto	color:#000;"	428,067	color:#000;"	51.28%	181,698	21.76%	85,334	10.22%	37,848	4.53%	20,817	2.49%	47,405	5.68%	22,365	2.68%	6,273	0.75%	3,490	0.42%	1,529	0.18%	53.48%
		Santarém	color:#000;"	100,119	color:#000;"	51.11%	46,150	23.56%	21,080	10.76%	8,722	4.45%	7,976	4.07%	5,873	3.00%	3,652	1.86%	1,346	0.69%	447	0.23%	512	0.26%	51.06%
		Setúbal	color:#000;"	135,300	color:#000;"	37.89%	106,114	29.71%	46,326	12.97%	15,204	4.26%	33,930	9.50%	8,292	2.32%	8,211	2.30%	2,285	0.64%	843	0.24%	625	0.18%	50.17%
		Viana do Castelo	color:#000;"	63,744	color:#000;"	57.03%	25,613	22.92%	8,540	7.64%	3,686	3.30%	1,769	1.58%	4,256	3.81%	2,663	2.38%	894	0.80%	328	0.29%	275	0.25%	45.10%
		Vila Real	color:#000;"	58,283	color:#000;"	62.28%	18,638	19.92%	6,343	6.78%	3,739	4.00%	1,264	1.35%	2,898	3.10%	1,213	1.30%	760	0.81%	213	0.23%	230	0.25%	41.67%
		Viseu	color:#000;"	103,394	color:#000;"	62.57%	30,993	18.76%	12,002	7.26%	5,974	3.62%	2,608	1.25%	6,705	4.06%	2,282	1.38%	1,117	0.68%	355	0.21%	353	0.21%	45.57%
		Overseas	color:#000;"	7,993	color:#000;"	57.30%	2,666	19.11%	1,160	8.32%	609	4.37%	544	3.90%	149	1.07%	459	3.29%	234	1.68%	66	0.47%	69	0.49%	4.69%
Source: 2016 Presidential election results

Maps

See also

• President of Portugal
• Politics of Portugal

External links

• Official results site, Portuguese Justice Ministry
• Portuguese Electoral Commission
• ERC - Official publication of polls

Notes and References

1. http://www.bigstory.ap.org/article/e9a8f54179d54d6194455a5ce8cf2412/10-candidates-run-portugals-presidential-election 10 candidates to run in Portugal's presidential election
2. http://www.dw.com/en/portugal-presidential-election-likely-to-go-into-runoff/a-19001758 Portugal presidential election likely to go into runoff
3. http://www.tsf.pt/politica/interior/henrique-neto-recolhe-mais-de-7900-assinaturas-4925739.html Henrique Neto recolhe mais de 7900 assinaturas
4. http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/portugal/henrique-neto-candidata-se-belem-solucoes-esquerda-direita Henrique Neto candidata-se a Belém com soluções à esquerda e à direita
5. http://www.ionline.pt/artigos/portugal/sampaio-da-novoa-novo-idolo-da-esquerda Sampaio da Nóvoa. O novo ídolo da esquerda
6. Web site: Sampaio da Nóvoa avança oficialmente a 29 de abril - Visao.pt . visao.sapo.pt . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150419164459/http://visao.sapo.pt/sampaio-da-novoa-avanca-oficialmente-a-29-de-abril=f816976 . 2015-04-19.
7. http://observador.pt/2015/12/22/candidato-presidencial-sampaio-da-novoa-praticamente-seguro-segunda-volta/ Candidato presidencial Sampaio da Nóvoa “praticamente seguro” de segunda volta
8. http://observador.pt/2015/04/17/medico-candido-ferreira-apresenta-candidatura-a-25-de-abril-em-cantanhede/ Médico Cândido Ferreira apresenta candidatura a 25 de abril em Cantanhede
9. http://www.publico.pt/politica/noticia/edgar-siva-formaliza-candidatura-as-presidencias-e-garante-nao-ter-amarras-1716717 Edgar Silva formaliza candidatura à Presidência e garante não ter “amarras”
10. https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234623/http://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/pcp-ja-tem-candidato-as-presidenciais-saiba-quem-e-o-padre-edgar-silva_231161.html PCP já tem candidato às presidenciais. Saiba quem é o padre Edgar Silva
11. https://portocanal.sapo.pt/noticia/77701/ Jorge Sequeira apresenta assinaturas e quer Portugal sem "partidocracia"
12. https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/tino-de-rans-e-candidato-e-tem-8118-apoiantes-4951722.html Tino de Rans é candidato e tem 8.118 apoiantes
13. http://www.esquerda.net/artigo/marisa-matias-formaliza-candidatura-presidente-da-republica/40162 Marisa Matias formaliza candidatura a Presidente da República
14. http://www.esquerda.net/artigo/marisa-matias-e-candidata-presidencia-da-republica/39179 Marisa Matias é candidata à Presidência da República
15. http://www.mas.org.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1187:contra-a-austeridade-votar-marisa-matias-nas-presidenciais-e-exigir-que-o-governo-devolva-o-que-a-direita-roubou&catid=165:ruptura-143-dezembro-2015&Itemid=482 Contra a austeridade, votar Marisa Matias nas Presidenciais e exigir que o Governo devolva o que a direita roubou
16. http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/politica/maria-de-belem-entrega-assinaturas-no-tribunal-constitucional-e-diz-confiar-na-vitoria_a883237 Maria de Belém entrega assinaturas no Tribunal Constitucional e diz confiar na vitória
17. http://observador.pt/2015/08/17/maria-de-belem-avanca-para-a-presidencia-da-republica/ Oficial: Maria de Belém comunicou a Costa que será candidata à Presidência
18. http://observador.pt/2015/12/10/cds-formaliza-apoio-marcelo-rebelo-sousa/ Passos e Portas formalizam apoio a Marcelo
19. https://sicnoticias.sapo.pt/pais/2013-10-27-marcelo-rebelo-de-sousa-admite-candidatura-as-presidenciais-de-2016-1 Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa admite candidatura às presidenciais de 2016
20. http://www.sol.pt/noticia/128472 PSD começa a acreditar que Marcelo é candidato
21. http://sol.pt/noticia/408036 Marcelo já decidiu avançar
22. http://observador.pt/especiais/belem-caminho-mais-aberto-para-marcelo/ Belém: Caminho mais aberto para Marcelo
23. http://observador.pt/2015/09/05/passos-coelho-nao-afasta-apoio-nas-presidenciais-marcelo-sorri/ Passos Coelho não afasta apoio nas presidenciais. Marcelo sorri
24. https://expresso.sapo.pt/legislativas2015/2015-09-20-Marcelo-aproxima-se-de-Passos.-Tem-de-ser Marcelo aproxima-se de Passos. “Tem de ser”
25. http://observador.pt/2015/10/02/marcelo-estou-bem-situado-rui-rio-as-presidenciais/ Marcelo: “Estou mais bem situado” que Rui Rio para as presidenciais
26. http://www.publico.pt/politica/noticia/presidenciais-marcelo-ja-tomou-a-decisao-e-tudo-indica-que-avanca-1710225 Presidenciais: Marcelo já tomou a decisão e tudo indica que avança
27. http://observador.pt/2015/10/09/marcelo-apresenta-candidatura-hoje-as-18h00/ Marcelo apresenta candidatura hoje às 18h00
28. http://observador.pt/2015/04/09/mais-um-candidato-a-belem-agora-e-paulo-morais/ Mais um candidato a Belém. Agora é Paulo Morais
29. https://expresso.sapo.pt/politica/2015-12-01-Paulo-Morais-o-primeiro-candidato-oficial Paulo Morais, o primeiro candidato oficial
30. http://www.vieira2016.com Candidato Vieira - Página Oficial
31. http://observador.pt/2015/08/13/pronto-rentree-responda-ao-quiz-da-silly-season/ Pronto para a rentrée? Responda ao quiz da silly season
32. (26 November 2015) "Paulo Freitas do Amaral desiste da candidatura presidencial" TVI 24. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
33. (14 December 2016) Orlando Cruz e António Araújo da Silva desistem da corrida a Belém Observador. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
34. Web site: Graça Castanho desiste de candidatura por assinaturas terem sido levadas pelo vento. 15 December 2015 .
35. (21 December 2015) Castanheira Barros desiste da cirrida a Belém Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
36. (23 December 2015) Manuela Gonzaga desiste de candidatura à Presidência. "Não vale a pena inventar desculpas" Expresso. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
37. http://www.noticiasaominuto.com/politica/174274/nobre-a-caminho-de-belem-sou-um-putativo-candidato Presidenciais Nobre a caminho de Belém? "Sou um putativo candidato"
38. (7 February 2015) "PS vira-se para Vitorino, mas não confirma desistência de Guterres", Publico. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
39. (9 January 2014) Pires de Lima: "Paulo Portas é um bom candidato a Presidente da República", Dinheiro Vivo. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
40. (19 February 2015) "Manuela Ferreira Leite não afasta candidatura a Belém" Público. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
41. http://observador.pt/2015/04/10/antonio-guterres-diz-que-nao-e-candidato-a-ser-candidato-as-presidenciais-de-2016/ António Guterres diz que não é candidato a ser candidato às presidenciais de 2016
42. https://web.archive.org/web/20150511023204/http://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/carvalho-da-silva-quebra-silencio-e-diz-que-nao-e-candidato-as-presidenciais_217933.html Carvalho da Silva quebra silêncio e diz que não é candidato às presidenciais
43. https://expresso.sapo.pt/politica/2015-08-27-Santana-Lopes-anuncia-que-nao-e-candidato-a-Belem Santana Lopes anuncia que não é candidato a Belém
44. https://expresso.sapo.pt/politica/2015-10-14-Rio-desiste-da-candidatura-a-Belem Rio desiste da candidatura a Belém
45. http://www.sol.pt/noticia/417134 Jardim não se candidata a Belém e apoia Marcelo
46. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARCELO REBELO DE SOUSA. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
47. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE SAMPAIO DA NÓVOA. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
48. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARISA MATIAS. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
49. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARIA DE BELÉM. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
50. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE EDGAR SILVA. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
51. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – VITORINO SILVA (TINO DE RANS). pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
52. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – PAULO DE MORAIS. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
53. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE HENRIQUE NETO. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
54. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE JORGE SEQUEIRA. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
55. News: ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE CÂNDIDO FERREIRA. pt . EPHEMERA . 11 May 2020.
56. http://observador.pt/2015/12/21/maria-belem-sampaio-da-novoa-enfrentam-9-janeiro-todas-as-datas-dos-debates-presidenciais/ Maria de Belém e Sampaio da Nóvoa enfrentam-se a 9 de janeiro. Todas as datas dos debates presidenciais
57. Rádio Debate
58. Cândido Ferreira was invited but didn't attend the debate.
59. https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/44571/maria_de_belem_suspende_campanha_em_memoria_de_almeida_santos Maria de Belém suspende campanha e também não vai ao debate a 10 na RTP
60. .
61. Web site: Presidenciais 2016 - Afluência. pt . eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/presidenciais2016/index.html . . 9 June 2023.
62. Web site: Presidenciais 2011 - Afluência. pt . eleicoes.mai.gov.pt/presidenciais2011/index.html. . 9 June 2023.