2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses explained

Election Name:	2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Country:	Iowa
Flag Image:	Flag of Iowa (xrmap collection).svg
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	2012 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Previous Year:	2012
Next Election:	2020 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
Next Year:	2020
Candidate1:	Ted Cruz
Color1:	DAA520
Home State1:	Texas
Delegate Count1:	8
Popular Vote1:	51,666
Percentage1:	27.6%
Candidate2:	Donald Trump
Color2:	283681
Home State2:	New York
Popular Vote2:	45,429
Percentage2:	24.3%
Delegate Count2:	7
Candidate3:	Marco Rubio
Color3:	C60E3B
Home State3:	Florida
Popular Vote3:	43,228
Percentage3:	23.1%
Delegate Count3:	7
Candidate4:	Ben Carson
Color4:	99CCFF
Home State4:	Virginia
Popular Vote4:	17,394
Percentage4:	9.3%
Delegate Count4:	3
Candidate5:	Rand Paul
Color5:	FED105
Home State5:	Kentucky
Popular Vote5:	8,481
Percentage5:	4.5%
Delegate Count5:	1
Candidate6:	Jeb Bush
Color6:	939
Home State6:	Florida
Popular Vote6:	5,238
Percentage6:	2.8%
Delegate Count6:	1
Candidate7:	Carly Fiorina
Color7:	630
Home State7:	Virginia
Popular Vote7:	3,485
Percentage7:	1.9%
Delegate Count7:	1
Candidate8:	John Kasich
Color8:	29AB87
Home State8:	Ohio
Popular Vote8:	3,474
Percentage8:	1.9%
Delegate Count8:	1
Candidate9:	Mike Huckabee
Color9:	ff7f2a
Home State9:	Arkansas
Popular Vote9:	3,345
Percentage9:	1.8%
Delegate Count9:	1
Map Size:	250px
Votes For Election:	30 pledged delegates to the Republican National Convention
Elected Members:	NH

The 2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses took place on February 1 in the U.S. state of Iowa, traditionally marking the Republican Party's first nominating contest in their series of presidential primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

The Democratic Party held its own Iowa caucuses on the same day.

Ted Cruz was able to defeat Donald Trump in the Iowa Caucus by winning over Evangelical caucus-goers;^[1] Cruz won 51,666 caucus votes or 27.6%, giving him a net gain of one delegate over Trump. Cruz visited all 99 counties of Iowa and held small events.^[2] Cruz outperformed his polling average, which predicted a narrow Trump victory in the caucus.

Following poor performances in the caucuses, Rand Paul,^[3] Mike Huckabee^[4] and Rick Santorum^[5] suspended their campaigns.

Procedure

According to the Republican Party of Iowa's bylaws, if more than one candidate is nominated at the Republican National Convention, all of Iowa's delegates are bound to vote "proportionally in accordance with the outcome of the Iowa Caucuses" on the first ballot, even if the candidate has withdrawn from the race.^[6] The ballot is a blank piece of paper, and the candidates that voters may vote for in the non-binding preference poll included the following:

• Jeb Bush
• Ben Carson
• Chris Christie
• Ted Cruz
• Carly Fiorina
• Jim Gilmore
• John Kasich
• Marco Rubio
• Donald Trump
• Rand Paul
• Rick Santorum
• Mike Huckabee

Forums and debates

November 20, 2015 – Des Moines, IowaThe Presidential Family Forum was held in the Community Choice Credit Union Convention Center in Des Moines, Iowa. Ben Carson, Ted Cruz, Carly Fiorina, Mike Huckabee, Rand Paul, Marco Rubio, and Rick Santorum attended the forum hosted by evangelical Christian advocacy group The Family Leader. It was hosted by politician and political activist Bob Vander Plaats and moderated by political consultant and pollster Frank Luntz.^[7] Protesters interrupted the beginning of the event and were removed by police.^[8]

January 28, 2016 – Des Moines, IowaThe seventh debate was the second debate to air on Fox News. As in Fox's first debate, the moderators were Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, and Chris Wallace.^[9] This was the last debate before actual voting began with the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016.^{[10] [11]} Due to personality conflicts with Fox News, Donald Trump opted out of the debate.^[12]

Endorsements

Withdrawn candidates

Polling

Aggregate polls

Marco Rubio
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Donald Trump	Ted Cruz	Margin
RealClearPolitics	until February 1, 2016	February 1, 2016	16.9%		28.6%	23.9%		Trump +4.7
FiveThirtyEight	until February 1, 2016	February 1, 2016	18.1%		25.6%	24.3%		Trump +1.3

Poll source	Date	1st	2nd	3rd	Other
Caucus results	February 1, 2016	Ted Cruz 27.64%	Donald Trump 24.30%	Marco Rubio 23.12%	Ben Carson 9.30%, Rand Paul 4.54%, Jeb Bush 2.80%, Carly Fiorina 1.86%, John Kasich 1.86%, Mike Huckabee 1.79%, Chris Christie 1.76%, Rick Santorum 0.95%, Jim Gilmore 0.01%, Other 0.06%
Emerson College^[13] Margin of error: ± 5.6% Sample size: 298	January 29–31, 2016		Donald Trump 27.3%		Ted Cruz 25.6%	Marco Rubio 21.6%	Mike Huckabee 4.7%, Jeb Bush 3.8%, John Kasich 3.8%, Rand Paul 3.4%, Ben Carson 3.4%, Chris Christie 3.2%, Carly Fiorina 1.7%, Rick Santorum 0.5%, Undecided 1%
Quinnipiac University^[14] Margin of error: ± 3.3%Sample size: 890	January 25–31, 2016		Donald Trump 31%	Ted Cruz 24%	Marco Rubio 17%	Ben Carson 8%, Jeb Bush 4%, Rand Paul 4%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Not decided 3%
Opinion Savvy^[15] Margin of error: ± 3.2% Sample size: 887	January 29–30, 2016		Donald Trump 20.1%		Ted Cruz 19.4%		Marco Rubio 18.6%	Ben Carson 9.0%, Rand Paul 8.6%, Jeb Bush 4.9%, Mike Huckabee 4.4%, John Kasich 4.0%, Carly Fiorina 3.8%, Chris Christie 3.0%, Rick Santorum 2.1%, Undecided 2.2%
Des Moines Register/ Bloomberg/Selzer^[16] Margin of error: ± 3.5%Sample size: 602	January 26–29, 2016		Donald Trump 28%	Ted Cruz 23%	Marco Rubio 15%	Ben Carson 10%, Rand Paul 5%, Chris Christie 3%, Jeb Bush 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Jim Gimore 0%, Undecided 2%, Uncommitted 3%
Public Policy Polling^[17] Margin of error: ± 3.5%Sample size: 780	January 26–27, 2016		Donald Trump 31%	Ted Cruz 23%	Marco Rubio 14%	Ben Carson 9%, Jeb Bush 4%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Rand Paul 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, John Kasich 2%, Chris Christie 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Jim Gimore 1%, Undecided 2%
NBC/WSJ/Marist^[18] Margin of error: ± 4.8%Sample size: 415	January 24–26, 2016		Donald Trump 32%	Ted Cruz 25%	Marco Rubio 18%	Ben Carson 8%, Jeb Bush 4%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Chris Christie 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Other 0%, Undecided 3%
Monmouth University^[19] Margin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 500	January 23–26, 2016		Donald Trump 30%	Ted Cruz 23%	Marco Rubio 16%	Ben Carson 10%, Jeb Bush 4%, Rand Paul 3%, John Kasich 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Chris Christie 2%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Other 0%, Undecided 3%
ARG^[20] Margin of error: ± 5.0% Sample size: 400	January 21–24, 2016		Donald Trump 33%	Ted Cruz 26%	Marco Rubio 11%	Ben Carson 7%, Chris Christie 4%, Rand Paul 4%, Jeb Bush 3%, John Kasich 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Other 1%, Undecided 5%
Quinnipiac University^[21] Margin of error: ± 3.8%Sample size: 651	January 18–24, 2016		Donald Trump 31%		Ted Cruz 29%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 7%, Rand Paul 5%, Jeb Bush 4%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, John Kasich 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Rick Santorum 0%, Not decided 2%
ISU/WHO-HD^[22] Margin of error: ± ?% Sample size: 283	January 5–22, 2016		Ted Cruz 25.8%	Donald Trump 18.9%	Ben Carson 13.4%	Marco Rubio 12.3%, Rand Paul 6.9%, Jeb Bush 3.8%, Mike Huckabee 3.7%, Carly Fiorina 1.1%, Rick Santorum <1%, Chris Christie <1%, John Kasich <1%
Fox News^[23] Margin of error: ± 5.0% Sample size: 378	January 18–21, 2016		Donald Trump 34%	Ted Cruz 23%	Marco Rubio 12%	Ben Carson 7%, Rand Paul 6%, Chris Christie 4%, Jeb Bush 4%, John Kasich 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Other 1%, Don't Know 2%
CBS/YouGov^[24] Margin of error: ± 5.9% Sample size: 492	January 18–21, 2016		Donald Trump 39%		Ted Cruz 34%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 5%, Rand Paul 3%, Chris Christie 2%, Jeb Bush 1%, John Kasich 1%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Mike Huckabee 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, No Preference 0%
Emerson College^[25] Margin of error: ± 5.9% Sample size: 271	January 18–20, 2016		Donald Trump 33.1%	Ted Cruz 22.8%	Marco Rubio 14.2%	Ben Carson 9.1%, Chris Christie 5.4%, Jeb Bush 5.1%, John Kasich 2.9%, Rand Paul 2.7%, Carly Fiorina 2.1%, Mike Huckabee 1.7%, Undecided 1%
CNN/ORC^[26] Margin of error: ± 6.0% Sample size: 266	January 15–20, 2016		Donald Trump 37%	Ted Cruz 26%	Marco Rubio 14%	Ben Carson 6%, Jeb Bush 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Rand Paul 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Chris Christie 1%, John Kasich 1%
Monmouth College/KBUR/Douglas Fulmer & Associates^[27] Margin of error: ± 3.7% Sample size: 687	January 18–19, 2016		Ted Cruz 27%		Donald Trump 25%	Ben Carson 11%	Marco Rubio 9%, Jeb Bush 7%, Chris Christie 4%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Rand Paul 3%, John Kasich 3%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Rick Santorum 1%, Jim Gilmore 1%, Undecided 4%
Loras College^[28] Margin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 500	January 13–18, 2016		Donald Trump 26%		Ted Cruz 25%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 8%, Jeb Bush 6%, John Kasich 4%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Rand Paul 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Undecide 7%
Public Policy Polling^[29] Margin of error: ± 4.3% Sample size: 530	January 8–10, 2016		Donald Trump 28%		Ted Cruz 26%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 8%, Jeb Bush 6%, Chris Christie 3%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, John Kasich 3%, Rand Paul 3%, Rick Santorum 2%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 2%
DM Register/Bloomberg^[30] Margin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 500	January 7–10, 2016		Ted Cruz 25%		Donald Trump 22%	Marco Rubio 12%	Ben Carson 11%, Rand Paul 5%, Jeb Bush 4%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 1%
ARG^[31] Margin of error: ± 4.0%Sample size: 600	January 6–10, 2016		Donald Trump 29%		Ted Cruz 25%	Marco Rubio 10%	Ben Carson 8%, Chris Christie 6%, Rand Paul 4%, Jeb Bush 3%, John Kasich 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Other 1%, Undecided 5%
Quinnipiac University^[32] Margin of error: ± 4.0%Sample size: 602	January 5–10, 2016		Donald Trump 31%		Ted Cruz 29%	Marco Rubio 15%	Ben Carson 7%, Chris Christie 4%, Jeb Bush 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Rand Paul 2%, John Kasich 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Not decided 5%
Fox News^[33] Margin of error: ± 4.0%Sample size: 504	January 4–7, 2016		Ted Cruz 27%		Donald Trump 23%	Marco Rubio 15%	Ben Carson 9%, Jeb Bush 7%, Rand Paul 5%, Chris Christie 4%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, John Kasich 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Other 1%, Undecided 2%
NBC/WSJ/Marist^[34] Margin of error: ± 4.6%Sample size: 456	January 2–7, 2016		Ted Cruz 28%		Donald Trump 24%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 11%, Rand Paul 5%, Jeb Bush 4%, Chris Christie 3%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, John Kasich 2%, Other 1%, Undecided 3%

Poll source	Date	1st	2nd	3rd	Other
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 5.0% Sample size: 440	December 18–21, 2015		Donald Trump 31%		Ted Cruz 31%	Marco Rubio 9%	Ben Carson 7%, Jeb Bush 4%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Chris Christie 2%, John Kasich 2%, George Pataki 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, Rand Paul 1%, Rick Santorum 0%, Unsure 5%
CBS News/YouGovMargin of error: ± 5.3% Sample size: 1252	December 14–17, 2015		Ted Cruz 40%	Donald Trump 31%	Marco Rubio 12%	Ben Carson 6%, Jeb Bush 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Chris Christie 1%, John Kasich 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, George Pataki 0%, No preference 0%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 4.3% Sample size: 522	December 10–13, 2015		Donald Trump 28%		Ted Cruz 25%	Marco Rubio 14%	Ben Carson 10%, Jeb Bush 7%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Rand Paul 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, George Pataki 0%, Undecided 1%
Quinnipiac UniversityMargin of error: ± 3.3% Sample size: 874	December 4–13, 2015		Donald Trump 28%		Ted Cruz 27%	Marco Rubio 14%	Ben Carson 10%, Jeb Bush 5%, Rand Paul 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 1%, John Kasich 1%, Rick Santorum 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, DK 3%
Loras CollegeMargin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 499	December 7–10, 2015		Ted Cruz 29.7%	Donald Trump 23.4%	Ben Carson 10.8%	Marco Rubio 10.6%, Jeb Bush 6.2%, Carly Fiorina 3.4%, Rand Paul 2.4%, Mike Huckabee 1.8%, John Kasich 1.0%, Rick Santorum 1.0%, Chris Christie 0.4%, Lindsey Graham 0.0%, Undecided 9.0%
Fox NewsMargin of error: ± 4.5% Sample size: 450	December 7–10, 2015		Ted Cruz 28%		Donald Trump 26%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ben Carson 10%, Jeb Bush 5%, Rand Paul 5%, Chris Christie 2%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Mike Huckabee 1%, John Kasich 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, George Pataki 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Uncommitted 1%, Other 1%, DK 3%
DMR/BloombergMargin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 400	December 7–10, 2015		Ted Cruz 31%	Donald Trump 21%	Ben Carson 13%	Marco Rubio 10%, Jeb Bush 6%, Chris Christie 3%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Rand Paul 3%, John Kasich 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Uncommitted 3%, Undecided 4%
Monmouth University Margin of error: ± 4.8% Sample size: 425	December 3–6, 2015		Ted Cruz 24%	Donald Trump 19%	Marco Rubio 17%	Ben Carson 13%, Jeb Bush 6%, Rand Paul 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, John Kasich 3%, Chris Christie 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham <1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Uncommitted 1%, Undecided 4%
CNN/ORCMargin of error: ± 4.5% Sample size: 552	November 28- December 6, 2015		Donald Trump 33%	Ted Cruz 20%	Ben Carson 16%	Marco Rubio 11%, Jeb Bush 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Rand Paul 3%, Chris Christie 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, John Kasich 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, No one 1%, Someone else 1%, No opinion 1%
Quinnipiac University Margin of error: ± 4.0% Sample size: 600	November 16–22, 2015		Donald Trump 25%		Ted Cruz 23%	Ben Carson 18%	Marco Rubio 13%, Rand Paul 5%, Jeb Bush 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Chris Christie 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, John Kasich 1%, George Pataki 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, DK/NA 2%
CBS News/YouGovMargin of error: ± 6.2% Sample size: ?	November 15–19, 2015		Donald Trump 30%	Ted Cruz 21%	Ben Carson 19%	Marco Rubio 11%, Jeb Bush 5%, Carly Fiorina 4%, Chris Christie 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Bobby Jindal 2%, John Kasich 1%, Mike Huckabee 1%, George Pataki 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%
Iowa State University/WHO-HDMargin of error: ± ? Sample size: 518	November 2–15, 2015		Ben Carson 27%	Marco Rubio 17%	Donald Trump 15%	Ted Cruz 9%, Jeb Bush 5%, Rand Paul 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Mike Huckabee 1%, John Kasich 1%, Chris Christie 0%, Rick Santorum 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%
CNN/ ORCMargin of error: ± 4.0% Sample size: 548	October 29 – November 4, 2015		Donald Trump 25%		Ben Carson 23%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ted Cruz 11%, Jeb Bush 5%, Carly Fiorina 4%, Bobby Jindal 4%, Chris Christie 3%, Lindsey Graham 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Rick Santorum 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, No opinion 3%
Gravis Marketing/One America News NetworkMargin of error: ± 5.0% Sample size: 356	October 30 – November 2, 2015		Donald Trump 29.4%	Ben Carson 22.4%	Marco Rubio 18.0%	Ted Cruz 8.5%, Jeb Bush 6.0%, Carly Fiorina 5.2%, John Kasich 3.1%, Chris Christie 2.4%, Rand Paul 1.8%, Bobby Jindal 1.5%, Mike Huckabee 1.1%, Rick Santorum 0.4%, Lindsey Graham 0.3%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 3.9% Sample size: 638	October 30 – November 1, 2015		Donald Trump 22%		Ben Carson 21%	Ted Cruz 14%	Marco Rubio 10%, Bobby Jindal 6%, Mike Huckabee 6%, Jeb Bush 5%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Chris Christie 3%, Rick Santorum 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 1%
KBUR/Monmouth UniversityMargin of error: ± 3.37% Sample size: 874	October 29–31, 2015		Ben Carson 27.5%		Donald Trump 20.4%	Ted Cruz 15.1%	Marco Rubio 10.1%, Jeb Bush 9.0%, Carly Fiorina 4.1%, Lindsey Graham 0.2%, Mike Huckabee 1.7%, John Kasich 1.9%, Rand Paul 1.6%, Chris Christie 2.3%, Bobby Jindal 1.3%, Rick Santorum 0.7%, Jim Gilmore 0.3%, George Pataki 0%, Undecided 3.8%
Monmouth University Margin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 400	October 22–25, 2015		Ben Carson 32%	Donald Trump 18%	Ted Cruz 10%	Marco Rubio 10%, Jeb Bush 8%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Rand Paul 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Mike Huckabee 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Chris Christie 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Other 0%, Uncommitted 1%, Undecided 5%
Loras CollegeMargin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 500	October 19–22, 2015		Ben Carson 30.6%	Donald Trump 18.6%	Marco Rubio 10.0%	Jeb Bush 6.8%, Ted Cruz 6.2%, Bobby Jindal 4.6%, Carly Fiorina 2.4%, Chris Christie 1.8%, Rand Paul 1.8%, John Kasich 1.4%, Mike Huckabee 1.2%, Rick Santorum 0.8%, Lindsey Graham 0.4%, George Pataki 0%, Undecided 12.8%
CBS News/YouGovMargin of error: ± 6.5% Sample size: ?	October 15–22, 2015		Donald Trump 27%		Ben Carson 27%	Ted Cruz 12%	Marco Rubio 9%, Jeb Bush 6%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Rand Paul 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, John Kasich 2%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, No preference 3%
DMR/BloombergMargin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 401	October 16–21, 2015		Ben Carson 28%	Donald Trump 19%	Ted Cruz 10%	Marco Rubio 9%, Rand Paul 5%, Jeb Bush 5%, Carly Fiorina 4%, Mike Huckabee 3%, John Kasich 2%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Not sure 7%, Uncommitted 3%
Quinnipiac University Margin of error: ± 4.1% Sample size: 574	October 14–20, 2015		Ben Carson 28%	Donald Trump 20%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ted Cruz 10%, Rand Paul 6%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Jeb Bush 5%, John Kasich 3%, Bobby Jindal 3%, Mike Huckabee 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 3%
NBC/WSJMargin of error: ± 4.7% Sample size: 431	October 2015		Donald Trump 24%	Ben Carson 19%	Carly Fiorina 8%	Jeb Bush 7%, Ted Cruz 6%, Marco Rubio 6%, Bobby Jindal 6%, Mike Huckabee 5%, Rand Paul 4%, Chris Christie 4%, John Kasich 3%, Rick Santorum 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, George Pataki <1%, Jim Gilmore <1%, Undecided 7%
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 4.6% Sample size: 454	October 2, 2015		Donald Trump 18.8%	Ben Carson 14.1%	Ted Cruz 10.6%	Carly Fiorina 9.7%, Marco Rubio 8.9%, Jeb Bush 6.9%, John Kasich 2.6%, Rand Paul 2.4%, Mike Huckabee 1.8%, Lindsey Graham 1.8%, Bobby Jindal 1.7%, Chris Christie 1.4%, Rick Santorum 1.3%, George Pataki 0.3%, Unsure 17.9%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 488	September 18–20, 2015		Donald Trump 24%	Ben Carson 17%	Carly Fiorina 13%	Ted Cruz 8%, Marco Rubio 8%, Mike Huckabee 6%, Jeb Bush 6%, Scott Walker 5%, Rand Paul 4%, Bobby Jindal 4%, John Kasich 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Undecided 3%
CBS News/YouGovMargin of error: ± 5.7% Sample size: 705	September 3–10, 2015		Donald Trump 29%		Ben Carson 25%	Ted Cruz 10%	Marco Rubio 6%, Scott Walker 5%, Carly Fiorina 4%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Rick Santorum 3%, Jeb Bush 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rand Paul 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Jim Gilmore 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Rick Perry 0%, No preference 4%
Quinnipiac University Margin of error: ± 3.0% Sample size: 1038	August 27 – September 8, 2015		Donald Trump 27%	Ben Carson 21%	Ted Cruz 9%	Jeb Bush 6%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Marco Rubio 5%, John Kasich 5%, Rand Paul 4%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Scott Walker 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, Rick Perry 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 4%
NBC News/MaristMargin of error: ± 5.0% Sample size: 390	August 26 – September 2, 2015		Donald Trump 29%	Ben Carson 22%	Jeb Bush 6%	Carly Fiorina 5%, Rand Paul 5%, Scott Walker 5%, Ted Cruz 4%, Marco Rubio 4%, Bobby Jindal 4%, Mike Huckabee 3%, Chris Christie 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 1%, Rick Perry 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 8%
Gravis Marketing/One AmericaMargin of error: ± 4.4% Sample size: 507	August 29–31, 2015		Donald Trump 31.7%	Ben Carson 15.8%	Ted Cruz 6.9%	Marco Rubio 5.8%, Scott Walker 5.6%, Bobby Jindal 5.2%, Carly Fiorina 4.6%, Jeb Bush 4.1%, Mike Huckabee 2.6%, Chris Christie 2.0%, John Kasich 1.4%, Rand Paul 1.3%, Rick Perry 0.9%, Rick Santorum 0.6%, Lindsey Graham 0.4%, George Pataki 0.1%, Undecided 10.9%
Monmouth University Margin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 405	August 27–30, 2015		Donald Trump 23%		Ben Carson 23%	Carly Fiorina 10%	Ted Cruz 9%, Scott Walker 7%, Jeb Bush 5%, John Kasich 4%, Marco Rubio 4%, Rand Paul 3%, Rick Santorum 2%, Bobby Jindal 1%, Chris Christie 1%, Rick Perry 1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Someone else 0%, Undecided 5%
Des Moines Register/Bloomberg/SelzerMargin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 400	August 23–26, 2015		Donald Trump 23%	Ben Carson 18%	Ted Cruz 8%	Scott Walker 8%, Jeb Bush 6%, Marco Rubio 6%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Mike Huckabee 4%, Rand Paul 4%, Chris Christie 2%, Bobby Jindal 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Perry 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Someone else 0%, Undecided 10%
CNN/ORCMargin of error: ± 2% Sample size: 2,014	August 7–11, 2015		Donald Trump 22%	Ben Carson 14%	Scott Walker 9%	Ted Cruz 8%, Carly Fiorina 7%, Mike Huckabee 7%, Jeb Bush 5%, Rand Paul 5%, Marco Rubio 5%, Chris Christie 3%, Lindsey Graham 2%, Bobby Jindal 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Perry 1%, Rick Santorum 1%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Someone else 0%, No one 2%, No opinion 4%
NBC/MaristMargin of error: ± 5.3% Sample size: 342	July 14–21, 2015		Scott Walker 19%		Donald Trump 17%	Jeb Bush 12%	Ben Carson 8%, Mike Huckabee 7%, Rand Paul 5%, Ted Cruz 4%, Marco Rubio 4%, Rick Perry 3%, Chris Christie 2%, John Kasich 2%, Bobby Jindal 1%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, Rick Santorum 0%, George Pataki 0%, Jim Gilmore 0%, Undecided 14%
Quinnipiac University Margin of error: ± 3.8% Sample size: 666	June 20–29, 2015		Scott Walker 18%	Ben Carson 10%	Donald Trump 10%	Ted Cruz 9%, Rand Paul 9%, Jeb Bush 8%, Marco Rubio 7%, Mike Huckabee 5%, Rick Perry 4%, Rick Santorum 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Bobby Jindal 3%, John Kasich 2%, Chris Christie 1%, Lindsey Graham 1%, George Pataki 0%, DK/NA 5%
Morning ConsultMargin of error: ± ?% Sample size: 265	May 31 – June 8, 2015		Scott Walker 18%	Jeb Bush 10%	Mike Huckabee 10%	Rand Paul 10%, Marco Rubio 7%, Chris Christie 6%, Ben Carson 5%, Donald Trump 5%, Ted Cruz 4%, Carly Fiorina 2%, Don't know/No opinion/Refused 21%, Someone else 3%
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 5% Sample size: 364	May 28–29, 2015		Scott Walker 17%		Marco Rubio 13%		Ben Carson 12%	Jeb Bush 10%, Mike Huckabee 8%, Ted Cruz 6%, Rick Santorum 6%, Carly Fiorina 5%, Chris Christie 4%, Rand Paul 4%, Unsure 15%
Des Moines RegisterMargin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 402	May 25–29, 2015		Scott Walker 17%	Ben Carson 10%	Rand Paul 10%	Jeb Bush 9%, Mike Huckabee 9%, Marco Rubio 6%, Rick Santorum 6%, Ted Cruz 5%, Chris Christie 4%, Donald Trump 4%, Rick Perry 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Lindsey Graham 1%, Bobby Jindal 1%, Uncommitted 4%, Not sure 7%
Quinnipiac UniversityMargin of error: ± 3.8% Sample size: 667	April 25 – May 4, 2015		Scott Walker 21%	Rand Paul 13%	Marco Rubio 13%	Ted Cruz 12%, Mike Huckabee 11%, Ben Carson 7%, Jeb Bush 5%, Chris Christie 3%, Rick Perry 3%, Carly Fiorina 2%, John Kasich 2%, Rick Santorum 2%, Bobby Jindal 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Don't know/No answer 6%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 4.6% Sample size: 462	April 23–26, 2015		Scott Walker 23%	Marco Rubio 13%	Jeb Bush 12%	Mike Huckabee 10%, Rand Paul 10%, Ted Cruz 8%, Ben Carson 7%, Chris Christie 5%, Rick Perry 4%, Undecided 8%
Loras CollegeMargin of error: ± 4.3% Sample size: 509	April 21–23, 2015		Scott Walker 12.6%		Marco Rubio 10%		Jeb Bush 9.6%	Mike Huckabee 8.6%, Ted Cruz 6.5%, Ben Carson 6.3%, Rand Paul 6.3%, Chris Christie 5.1%, Rick Santorum 3.5%, Donald Trump 3.1%, Rick Perry 2.6%, Carly Fiorina 1%, Bobby Jindal 1%, John Kasich 1%, Lindsey Graham 0%, Undecided 22.8%
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 5% Sample size: 388	April 13, 2015		Jeb Bush 16%		Scott Walker 13%		Marco Rubio 12%	Ben Carson 9%, Rand Paul 9%, Mike Huckabee 8%, Ted Cruz 6%, Chris Christie 5%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Rick Santorum 2%, Undecided 17%
Opinion SavvyMargin of error: ± 4.16% Sample size: 552	March 20, 2015		Scott Walker 29%	Ben Carson 14%	Jeb Bush 12%	Mike Huckabee 11%, Ted Cruz 7%, Chris Christie 5%, Rand Paul 5%, Marco Rubio 5%, Donald Trump 3%, Other/Undecided 10%
Quinnipiac UniversityMargin of error: ± 3.9% Sample size: 623	February 16–23, 2015		Scott Walker 25%	Rand Paul 13%	Ben Carson 11%	Mike Huckabee 11%, Jeb Bush 10%, Ted Cruz 5%, Marco Rubio 4%, Chris Christie 4%, Rick Santorum 4%, Rick Perry 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, John Kasich 0%, Unsure 9%
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 4% Sample size: 343	February 12–13, 2015		Scott Walker 24%	Jeb Bush 10%	Rand Paul 10%	Chris Christie 9%, Mike Huckabee 7%, Marco Rubio 7%, Rick Santorum 6%, Ben Carson 5%, Ted Cruz 4%, Carly Fiorina 3%, Unsure 15%
NBC News/MaristMargin of error: ± 5.5% Sample size: 320	February 3–10, 2015		Mike Huckabee 17%		Jeb Bush 16%		Scott Walker 15%	Chris Christie 9%, Rand Paul 7%, Ben Carson 6%, Marco Rubio 6%, Rick Santorum 5%, Rick Perry 4%, Ted Cruz 2%, Lindsey Graham 1%, Undecided 14%
Selzer & Co.Margin of error: ± 4.9% Sample size: 402	January 26–29, 2015		Scott Walker 15%		Rand Paul 14%		Mitt Romney 13%	Mike Huckabee 10%, Ben Carson 9%, Jeb Bush 8%, Ted Cruz 5%, Chris Christie 4%, Rick Santorum 4%, Marco Rubio 3%, Rick Perry 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, John Kasich 1%, Donald Trump 1%, Mike Pence 0%, Uncommitted 2%, Not sure 5%
			Scott Walker 16%		Rand Paul 15%		Mike Huckabee 13%	Ben Carson 10%, Jeb Bush 9%, Chris Christie 6%, Ted Cruz 6%, Rick Santorum 5%, Marco Rubio 4%, Rick Perry 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Carly Fiorina 1%, John Kasich 1%, Donald Trump 1%, Mike Pence 0%, Uncommitted 3%, Not sure 5%
Loras CollegeMargin of error: ± 5.5% Sample size: 316	January 21–26, 2015		Mitt Romney 13.7%		Mike Huckabee 12.5%		Ben Carson 10.5%	Jeb Bush 9.9%, Scott Walker 8.3%, Rand Paul 6.7%, Ted Cruz 5.1%, Marco Rubio 4.2%, Chris Christie 3.8%, Rick Santorum 3.8%, Rick Perry 2.9%, Bobby Jindal 1.6%, Carly Fiorina 1%, John Kasich 1%, Lindsey Graham 0.3% Undecided 14.7%
			Mike Huckabee 14.4%		Jeb Bush 13.1%		Ben Carson 12.8%	Scott Walker 9.9%, Rand Paul 7%, Chris Christie 5.4%, Ted Cruz 5.4%, Marco Rubio 4.2%, Rick Santorum 3.8%, Rick Perry 3.2%, Bobby Jindal 1.6%, Carly Fiorina 1.3%, John Kasich 1.3%, Lindsey Graham 0.6% Undecided 16%
Gravis MarketingMargin of error: ± 3% Sample size: 404	January 5–7, 2015		Mitt Romney 21%	Jeb Bush 14%	Scott Walker 10%	Mike Huckabee 9%, Rand Paul 8%, Ted Cruz 7%, Chris Christie 5%, Paul Ryan 5%, Marco Rubio 4%, Undecided 18%

Poll source	Date	1st	2nd	3rd	Other
Fox NewsMargin of error: ± 5% Sample size: 329	October 28–30, 2014		Mike Huckabee 13%		Ben Carson 12%		Paul Ryan 9%	Jeb Bush 8%, Rand Paul 8%, Chris Christie 7%, Ted Cruz 7%, Rick Santorum 6%, Marco Rubio 5%, Scott Walker 5%, Rick Perry 3%, Bobby Jindal 1%, John Kasich 1%, Rob Portman 0%, Other 1%, None of the above 4%, Don't know 10%
Reuters/IpsosMargin of error: ± 4.0% Sample size: 602	October 23–29, 2014		Mitt Romney 17%		Paul Ryan 13%	Chris Christie 12%	Jeb Bush 10%, Scott Walker 10%, Rand Paul 8%, Ted Cruz 7%, Marco Rubio 6%, Rick Santorum 6%, Rick Perry 5%, Wouldn't vote 7%
Selzer & Co.Margin of error: ± 4.8% Sample size: 425	October 1–7, 2014		Mitt Romney 17%	Ben Carson 11%	Rand Paul 10%	Mike Huckabee 9%, Paul Ryan 8%, Ted Cruz 7%, Rick Perry 7%, Chris Christie 6%, Jeb Bush 4%, Scott Walker 4%, Rick Santorum 3%, Marco Rubio 2%, Bobby Jindal 1%, John Kasich 1%, Mike Pence 0%, Rob Portman 0%, Uncommitted 1%, Not sure 9%
CNN/ORCMargin of error: ± 5.5% Sample size: 310	September 8–10, 2014		Mike Huckabee 21%	Paul Ryan 12%	Rand Paul 7%	Jeb Bush 6%, Chris Christie 6%, Rick Perry 5%, Marco Rubio 5%, Scott Walker 5%, Ted Cruz 4%, Bobby Jindal 4%, Rick Santorum 3%
Suffolk University Margin of error: ± 6.83% Sample size: 206	August 23–26, 2014		Mike Huckabee 13.11%		Chris Christie 10.68%		Rick Perry 8.74%	Jeb Bush 7.28%, Rand Paul 6.8%, Paul Ryan 6.31%, Rick Santorum 5.83%, Marco Rubio 5.34%, Ted Cruz 4.85%, Scott Walker 4.37%, Bobby Jindal 2.91%, Jon Huntsman Jr. 0.97%, John Kasich 0.97%, Other 4.37%, Undecided 16.99%, Refused 0.49%
			Mitt Romney 35.29%	Mike Huckabee 8.82%	Chris Christie 6.47%	Rick Santorum 5.88%, Ted Cruz 5.29%, Rand Paul 5.29%, Jeb Bush 4.71, Rick Perry 4.71%, Paul Ryan 4.12%, Scott Walker 3.53%, Marco Rubio 2.35%, Bobby Jindal 1.76%, Jon Huntsman Jr. 1.18%, John Kasich 0.59%, Undecided 10%
NBC News/MaristMargin of error: ± 4.1% Sample size: 558	July 7–13, 2014		Jeb Bush 12%		Rand Paul 12%		Paul Ryan 11%	Rick Santorum 9%, Chris Christie 8%, Ted Cruz 7%, Rick Perry 7%, Marco Rubio 7%, Scott Walker 5%, Bobby Jindal 1%, Undecided 20%
Vox Populi PollingMargin of error: ± 6.6% Sample size: 222	June 4–5, 2014		Jeb Bush 18%		Mike Huckabee 15%		Paul Ryan 13%	Rand Paul 12%, Marco Rubio 11%, Rick Santorum 10%, Ted Cruz 9%, Chris Christie 6%, Scott Walker 6%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 5.6% Sample size: 303	May 15–19, 2014		Mike Huckabee 20%		Ted Cruz 15%	Jeb Bush 12%	Rand Paul 10%, Chris Christie 9%, Paul Ryan 8%, Scott Walker 6%, Marco Rubio 4%, Rick Santorum 3%, Someone else/Not sure 13%
The Daily Caller/Vox Populi Polling Margin of error: ± 8.4% Sample size: 168	April 22–24, 2014		Mike Huckabee 20%		Paul Ryan 19%		Jeb Bush 18%	Ted Cruz 9%, Marco Rubio 9%, Rand Paul 8%, Chris Christie 7%, Scott Walker 6%, Joe Scarborough 4%
Magellan StrategiesMargin of error: ± 5% Sample size: 330	April 14–15, 2014		Jeb Bush 17%		Mike Huckabee 17%		Chris Christie 14%	Rand Paul 11%, Ted Cruz 10%, Scott Walker 8%, John Kasich 5%, Marco Rubio 2%, Undecided 16%
Loras CollegeMargin of error: ± 4% Sample size: 600	April 7–8, 2014		Mike Huckabee 14.7%		Jeb Bush 10.7%	Rand Paul 8.5%	Paul Ryan 8.3%, Chris Christie 8%, Ted Cruz 6.2%, Marco Rubio 4.7%, Rick Santorum 4.7%, Scott Walker 4.7%, Rick Perry 3%, John Kasich 0.7%, Other 0.7%, Undecided 23.8%
Suffolk University Margin of error: ± 8.7% Sample size: 127	April 3–8, 2014		Mike Huckabee 11.02%		Jeb Bush 10.24%		Rand Paul 10.24%	Ted Cruz 9.45%, Ben Carson 8.66%, Chris Christie 7.09%, Paul Ryan 6.3%, Sarah Palin 5.51%, Condoleezza Rice 5.51%, Marco Rubio 5.51%, Rick Santorum 5.51%, Scott Walker 5.51%, Bobby Jindal 3.15%, Rick Perry 3.15%, Undecided 3.15%
WPA ResearchMargin of error: ± ? Sample size: 402	March 30, 2014		Mike Huckabee 14%		Rand Paul 10%	Scott Walker 8%	Jeb Bush 7%, Ted Cruz 7%, Paul Ryan 7%, Chris Christie 6%, Rick Santorum 5%, Rick Perry 3%, Marco Rubio 3%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Other 2%, Undecided 26%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 5.8% Sample size: 283	February 20–23, 2014		Mike Huckabee 17%		Rand Paul 14%		Jeb Bush 13%	Chris Christie 10%, Ted Cruz 10%, Paul Ryan 9%, Bobby Jindal 7%, Scott Walker 7%, Marco Rubio 3%, Other/Undecided 11%

Poll source	Date	1st	2nd	3rd	Other
CygnalMargin of error: ± 2.37% Sample size: 1,705	July 10–12, 2013		Marco Rubio 11.4%		Rand Paul 10.5%		Paul Ryan 9.3%	Jeb Bush 8.7%, Chris Christie 7.7%, Rick Santorum 6.7%, Ted Cruz 6.1%, Scott Walker 2.1%, Bobby Jindal 1.3%, Undecided 36.3%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 6.2% Sample size: 250	July 5–7, 2013		Rand Paul 18%		Chris Christie 16%		Paul Ryan 15%	Jeb Bush 14%, Marco Rubio 11%, Ted Cruz 10%, Rick Santorum 6%, Bobby Jindal 2%, Susana Martinez 1%, Other/Undecided 7%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: ± 5.4% Sample size: 326	Feb. 1–3, 2013		Mike Huckabee 16%		Marco Rubio 16%		Rand Paul 15%	Jeb Bush 14%, Chris Christie 12%, Paul Ryan 10%, Susana Martinez 4%, Bobby Jindal 3%, Rick Perry 3%, Someone Else/Undecided 7%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: 5.1% Sample size: 363	July 12–15, 2012		Rick Santorum 17%		Mike Huckabee 17%	Chris Christie 16%	Rand Paul 11%, Marco Rubio 10%, Jeb Bush 8%, Paul Ryan 6%, Sarah Palin 4%, Scott Walker 4%, Someone else/Not sure 8%
Public Policy PollingMargin of error: 5.3% Sample size: 346	May 3–5, 2012		Rick Santorum 16%		Mike Huckabee 16%	Chris Christie 15%	Jeb Bush 10%, Sarah Palin 10%, Rand Paul 9%, Marco Rubio 7%, Paul Ryan 5% Someone else/Not sure 10%

Controversy

Ben Carson accused Ted Cruz's campaign of winning the caucuses using dishonest tactics, such as falsely telling caucus-goers that Carson had dropped out in order to get them to switch their votes to Cruz.^[35] Donald Trump also accused Cruz of "stealing" the Iowa caucuses through fraud.^[36] Trump tweeted, "Ted Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it,"^[37] and "The state of Iowa should disqualify Ted Cruz from the most recent election on the basis that he cheated—a total fraud!"^{[38] [39]}

Exit polls

2016 Iowa Republican Caucuses by demographic subgroup (Edison entrance polling)^[40]
Demographic subgroup	Cruz	Trump	Rubio	Carson	% oftotal vote
Total vote	27.6	24.3	23.1	9.3	90%
Gender
Men	29	25	25	8	52%
Women	27	24	21	11	48%
Race/ethnicity
White	28	24	23	9	97%
Age
17–29 years old	27	19	24	10	12%
30–44 years old	31	22	22	6	16%
45–64 years old	28	25	24	10	46%
65+ years old	27	26	22	10	27%
Education
College Graduate	25	21	28	9	51%
Non-college	31	28	17	9	49%
Issue regarded as most important
Immigration	34	44	10	7	13%
Economy	18	24	30	9	27%
Terrorism	33	21	26	8	25%
Government spending	27	19	21	11	32%
Area type
Urban	24	23	28	7	20%
Suburban	28	22	25	7	36%
Rural	29	27	18	12	44%
Religion
Evangelical	33	21	21	12	62%
Non-Evangelical	19	29	26	5	38%

See also

• 2016 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses

External links

• RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process
• Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
• Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Iowa

Notes and References

1. Web site: Katie. Glueck. How Cruz beat Trump. Politico. February 3, 2020. June 25, 2016.
2. Web site: Editorial . The Register's . Editorial: Cruz won Iowa the old-fashioned way: He earned it . 2022-06-18 . The Des Moines Register . en-US.
3. Web site: Goldmacher . Shane . Isenstadt . Alex . Strauss . Daniel . February 3, 2016 . Rand Paul drops out of White House race . June 18, 2016 . Politico.
4. Web site: Bradner . Eric . Preston . Mark . February 1, 2016 . Mike Huckabee drops out of 2016 presidential race . June 18, 2016 . CNN.
5. Web site: King . John . John King (journalist) . Kopan . Tal . Tal Kopan . Diamond . Jeremy . Jeremy Diamond (journalist) . February 3, 2016 . Rick Santorum drops presidential bid, endorses Marco Rubio . June 18, 2016 . CNN.
6. Article VIII, Republican Party of Iowa bylaws, amended June 27, 2015.
7. News: Presidential candidates display faith, fire. Des Moines Register. November 21, 2015. December 2, 2015.
8. Web site: Republican Candidates Talk Religion, Security at Iowa Forum. CBS News. November 21, 2015. December 2, 2015.
9. News: Stephen. Battaglio. Fox News Channel's Megyn Kelly will be at GOP debate in January. Los Angeles Times. September 27, 2015. August 13, 2015.
10. Ronald. Brownstein. These States Could Pick the GOP Nominee, Each for Different Reasons. National Journal. December 14, 2015. December 16, 2015.
11. Web site: Fox News to host last GOP debate before Iowa caucuses. . December 21, 2015.
12. Web site: Kilani. Koelig. Andrew. Rafferty. Trump Says Skipping Debate 'Turned Out Great'. January 29, 2016. NBC News.
13. Web site: TRUMP BY A NOSE OVER CRUZ; RUBIO GAINS MOMENTUM AND CLINTON MAINTAINS LEAD OVER SANDERS . Emerson College Polling Society. February 1, 2016.
14. Web site: FIRST-TIMERS PUT TRUMP AHEAD IN IOWA GOP CAUCUS, QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY POLL FINDS; SANDERS NEEDS FIRST-TIMERS TO TIE CLINTON IN DEM CAUCUS. Quinnipiac University. February 1, 2016. February 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160204082640/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/images/polling/ia/ia02012016_Ifsmb28.pdf. dead.
15. Web site: Iowa Republican Caucus Poll. Opinion Savvy. February 1, 2016.
16. Web site: Trump Overtakes Cruz in Final Iowa Poll Before Caucuses. Bloomberg Politics/Des Moines Register. January 31, 2016.
17. Web site: Trump Leads Iowa; Some Rays of Hope for Cruz, Rubio. Public Policy Polling. January 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184405/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2015/PPP_Release_IA_1282016.pdf. February 3, 2016. dead.
18. Web site: Trump Leads in IA, NH, and SC… Clinton and Sanders Competitive in IA, Sanders up in NH, Clinton Leads in SC. Marist Poll. January 28, 2016.
19. Web site: ARG Iowa GOP Polls. Monmouth University. 28 January 2016. 1 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201122313/http://www.monmouth.edu/assets/0/32212254770/32212254991/32212254992/32212254994/32212254995/30064771087/249a3e52-aa2b-43c7-a1f5-96e07f94480a.pdf. dead.
20. Web site: ARG Iowa GOP Polls. ARG. 26 January 2016.
21. Web site: TRUMP, CRUZ GO DOWN TO THE WIRE IN IOWA GOP CAUCUS, QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY POLL FINDS; RUBIO A DISTANT THIRD AS OTHERS ALL BUT DISAPPEAR. Quinnipiac University. 26 January 2016. 3 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203012622/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/images/polling/ia/ia01262016_Ihrb73p.pdf. dead.
22. Web site: Clinton, Cruz Lead Among Iowa Caucusgoers in WHO-HD, Iowa State University Poll. Who TV. 26 January 2016. 26 January 2016.
23. Web site: Iowa Presidential Primary. Fox News. 25 January 2016.
24. Web site: CBS News 2016 Battleground Tracker Iowa. YouGov. 25 January 2016.
25. Web site: EYES ON IOWA:EMERSON COLLEGE POLL REVEALS TRUMP AND CLINTON SURGE 10 DAYS BEFORE THE CAUCUS. CRUZ AND SANDERS ARE FALTERING AT THE FINISH. Emerson College. 22 January 2016.
26. Web site: Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders hold solid leads in Iowa, CNN/ORC poll finds. CNN. 20 January 2016.
27. Web site: Iowa Republican Caucus Poll. Douglas Fulmer & Associates. 22 January 2016.
28. Web site: Trump and Cruz Deadlocked, with Rubio a Distant Third, Loras College Poll Finds. Loras College. 22 January 2016. January 23, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160123213751/http://loras.edu/About-Loras/News-Events/News/2016/Trump-and-Cruz-Deadlocked,-with-Rubio-a-Distant-Th.aspx. dead.
29. Web site: Trump/Cruz Close in Iowa; Birther Issue Could Hurt Cruz; Sanders Gaining on Clinton . Public Policy Polling. 13 January 2016.
30. Web site: Iowa Poll: Cruz holds 3-point lead as Trump attacks. DM Register/Bloomberg. 13 January 2016.
31. Web site: ARG Iowa GOP Polls. ARG. 12 January 2016.
32. Web site: Iowa GOP Polls. Quinnipiac University. 12 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123647/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/iowa/release-detail?ReleaseID=2313. 12 January 2016. dead.
33. Web site: Iowa GOP Polls. Fox News. 9 January 2016.
34. Web site: Cruz and Trump Vie in IA, Trump NH Favorite… Clinton and Sanders Competitive. Marist Poll. 11 January 2016.
35. Web site: Nolan D.. McCaskill. Carson calls for Cruz camp dismissals after cheating allegations. Politico. February 2, 2016.
36. Web site: Amy. Tennery. Trump accuses Cruz of stealing Iowa caucuses through 'fraud'. Reuters. February 3, 2016.
37. 694879900256354304 . realDonaldTrump . Ted Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it. That is why all of the polls were so wrong and why he got far more votes than anticipated. Bad! . Donald . Trump . 2016-02-03.
38. 694964856609439745 . realDonaldTrump . The State of Iowa should disqualify Ted Cruz from the most recent election on the basis that he cheated- a total fraud! . Donald . Trump . 2016-02-03.
39. Web site: Taylor . Jessica . 2016-02-03 . 'Trumpertantrum': Trump Says Cruz Cheated In Iowa, Wants Results Overturned . NPR.
40. Web site: Iowa Entrance Polls. 2022-06-18. www.nytimes.com. en.