2015 in Europe explained

This is a list of 2015 events that occurred in Europe.

Incumbents

European Union

• President of the European Commission

Jean-Claude Juncker

• President of the Parliament

Martin Schulz

• President of the European Council

Donald Tusk

• Presidency of the Council of the EU

• • Latvia (January–July)
  • Luxembourg (July–December)

Events

January

• 1 January
  • Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes the 19th Eurozone country.^[1]
  • The Eurasian Economic Union between Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Armenia comes into effect.^[2]
• 3 January – The Islamic-rooted government of Turkey authorizes the building of the first church in the country since 1923.^[3]
• 4 January – Eight people are presumed dead after the Cyprus-flagged cargo ship MV Cemfjord capsizes off the northern coast of Scotland.^{[4] [5]}
• 7 January – Gunmen attack the Paris office of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people and injuring eleven.^{[6] [7] [8]}
• 9 January – A member of the Islamic State attacks a Hypercacher kosher supermarket at Porte de Vincennes, Paris, killing four people and taking several hostages.^{[9] [10]}
• 11 January
  • More than 3.7 million people, among them 60 heads of states and governments, march in France to condemn recent terrorist attacks in Paris.^{[11] [12]}
  • Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović becomes the first female President of Croatia.^[13]
• 13 January – A shell hits a bus in eastern Ukraine, killing 12 civilians and wounding 18 more.^[14]
• 14 January – Giorgio Napolitano, the longest-serving President of Italy, resigns due to age.^{[15] [16]}
• 15 January – Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the franc's value relative to euro, causing a turmoil in international financial markets.^{[17] [18]}
• 24 January – At least 29 civilians are killed and 102 injured in a mortar attack on Mariupol, Ukraine.^[19]
• 25 January – The Coalition of the Radical Left wins a plurality of seats in the Greek legislative election and forms a coalition government with the Independent Greeks.^{[20] [21] [22]}
• 26 January – An F-16 jet belonging to the Hellenic Air Force crashes at Los Llanos Air Base, Spain, during a NATO exercise, killing ten people and injuring 21.^{[23] [24]}
• 27 January – 92 policemen are injured and 180 protesters arrested as anti-government demonstrations in Pristina turn violent.^{[25] [26]}
• 31 January – Italy's parliament elects constitutional court judge Sergio Mattarella as the country's president.^{[27] [28]}

February

• 12 February – The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany reach a ceasefire deal after 17 hours of talks in Minsk, Belarus, on the War in Donbass.^{[29] [30] [31]}
• 14 February – Two people are killed in shootings at a free-speech seminar and at a synagogue service in Copenhagen.^{[32] [33]}
• 18 February – Conservative Prokopis Pavlopoulos is elected President of Greece.^{[34] [35]}
• 22 February – Two people are killed and 11 injured in an explosion at a peace rally in Kharkiv, Ukraine.^[36]
• 24 February – A Czech gunman opens fire at a restaurant in Uherský Brod, killing eight people.^[37]
• 27 February – Russian opposition politician Boris Nemtsov is assassinated in Moscow.^[38] The murder of former deputy PM is condemned by world leaders^[39] and sparks protests in Russia.^[40]

March

• 1 March – The Estonian Reform Party, led by Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas, wins the country's parliamentary election.^[41]
• 4 March – 33 people are killed and 14 injured following an explosion at Zasyadko coal mine in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine.^[42]
• 12 March
  • Iceland formally withdraws its candidacy to the European Union, filed in 2009 and frozen since 2013.^{[43] [44]} The move is met with protests from civil society.^[45]
  • 30 people are feared dead and 40 more injured after a shopping center in Kazan collapses in a fire.
• 20 March – A solar eclipse is visible across much of Europe, with totality over the Faroe Islands and Svalbard.
• 24 March – Germanwings Flight 9525 crashes in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board.^{[46] [47] [48] [49]}

April

• 1 April – The Russian-flagged fishing trawler Dalniy Vostok sinks off the Kamchatka Peninsula, with 57 confirmed dead and 12 missing.^{[50] [51]}
• 12–14 April – A series of wildfires in Southern Siberia kill 29 people and leave thousands homeless.^{[52] [53]}
• 14 April – Up to 400 illegal migrants from Libya drown after their boat capsizes in the Mediterranean Sea.^[54]
• 19 April – As many as 700 people are feared dead after a boat carrying migrants capsizes in the Mediterranean Sea.^{[55] [56]}
• 24 April – 14 migrants believed to be from Afghanistan and Somalia are hit by a train and killed while walking along railway tracks in Macedonia.^{[57] [58]}

May

• 1 May – Expo 2015 opens in Milan, with 145 countries participating.^[59] Widespread rioting occurs in Milan as students protesting overspending clash with police.^{[60] [61]}
• 5 May – 38 police officers and one protester are injured in Skopje in opposition-organized protests against conservative Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski's government.^{[62] [63]}
• 7 May – The UK's Conservative Party, led by David Cameron, wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons.^{[64] [65]}
• 10 May – Eight police officers and 14 alleged members of an armed group are killed in fighting in Kumanovo, Macedonia.^{[66] [67]}
• 22 May – Ireland becomes the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage by constitutional referendum.^[68]
• 23 May – Sweden's Måns Zelmerlöw wins the 60th annual Eurovision Song Contest with electro-pop ballad "Heroes".^{[69] [70]}
• 24 May – Opposition candidate Andrzej Duda is elected President of Poland.
• 27 May – Two separate criminal probes result in the arrest of seven FIFA officials and the raid of its headquarters by Swiss police.

June

• 5 June – Two people are killed and over 100 wounded in explosions at a rally by the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party in Diyarbakır.^[71]
• 7–8 June – The 41st G7 summit is held in Schloss Elmau, Bavaria.^[72]
• 14 June – Flooding in the Georgian capital, Tbilisi, kills at least 19 people and releases zoo animals into the streets.^[73]
• 18 June – The centre-right opposition bloc led by Venstre wins the Danish general election, even though the Social Democratic party remains Denmark's largest.
• 24 June – 25 people are injured and at least 240 arrested in clashes between protesters and law enforcers over proposed electricity price increase in Armenian capital, Yerevan.^{[74] [75]}
• 26 June – A man is decapitated and 12 others injured as a follower of the Islamic State group attacks an Air Products factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier.^[76]

July

• 1 July – Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund.
• 13 July – At least three people die and 13 others are injured in skirmish in the western Ukrainian town of Mukachevo.
• 20 July – A suicide attack targeting activists in the Turkish town of Suruç kills at least 30 people and injures 100 more.^{[77] [78]}
• 22 July – A high-speed train collides with a truck in the eastern Czech Republic, leaving three passengers dead and 17 injured.
• 24 July – An explosion at a fireworks factory in Modugno, Italy, kills at least seven people.^{[79] [80]}

August

• 5 August – Some 400 migrants are rescued and 25 bodies recovered after a fishing boat carrying an estimated 600 capsizes in the Mediterranean Sea.^{[81] [82]}
• 19 August – EU finance ministers formally approve the first tranche of a new €86 billion bailout for Greece after parliaments in member states back the move.^{[83] [84]}
• 20 August
  • Two planes carrying dozens of parachutists collide mid-air over western Slovakia, killing seven people.^[85] 31 others on board survive by jumping out with their parachutes.^[86]
  • Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras submits his resignation and calls for early elections.^{[87] [88] [89]}
  • Macedonia declares a state of emergency on its southern and northern borders over a surge in migrants and refugees.^[90]
• 22 August – Eleven people are killed when a Hawker Hunter crashes onto a busy road during an airshow in Shoreham-by-Sea, United Kingdom.^{[91] [92]}
• 27 August – Up to 71 refugees are found dead in the back of a freezer truck in eastern Austria.^{[93] [94]}

September

• 9 September – Queen Elizabeth II becomes the longest-reigning British head of state, surpassing the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria.^[95]
• 13 September – At least 34 migrants drown in the Aegean Sea off the coasts of Farmakonissi trying to reach Europe.^{[96] [97]}
• 15 September – The Hungarian government declares a state of emergency to cope with the influx of refugees, as almost 10,000 people are detained for illegally crossing the border from Serbia.^[98]
• 23 September – Volkswagen CEO Martin Winterkorn resigns after company officials admit widespread rigging of diesel emissions test results.

October

• • • 4 October Violent storms and flooding hit south-eastern France, killing at least 20 people with two more missing.^{[99] [100]}
  • Portugal's governing centre-right coalition wins the country's general election, which has been widely seen as a referendum on four years of austerity.^{[101] [102]}
    • 10 October At least 97 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in twin bombings at a peace rally in Ankara, Turkey.^{[103] [104] [105]}
  • 250,000 people protest in Berlin against the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership accord between the European Union and the United States.^[106]
• 11 October – Alexander Lukashenko is re-elected President of Belarus for a fifth term.^{[107] [108]}
• 22 October – A masked man armed with a sword kills a teacher and a student in an attack at a school in Trollhättan, Sweden, before police fatally shoot him.^{[109] [110] [111]}
• 23 October – At least 43 people are killed in a head-on collision between a bus and a truck near the French town of Puisseguin.^{[112] [113] [114]}
• 30 October – A fire at a nightclub in downtown Bucharest kills 59 people and injures 152 more.^{[115] [116]}

November

• 4 November – Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta and his government resign after mass protests over Colectiv nightclub fire.^{[117] [118] [119]}
• 13 November – Following a World Anti-Doping Agency investigation, the IAAF suspends Russia from all international competition in the sport of athletics.^{[120] [121] [122]}
• 13/14 November – At least 130 people are killed in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris.^{[123] [124] [125]}
• 21 November – Nearly 2 million people on the Crimean Peninsula are without electricity after two transmission towers in Ukraine were damaged by explosions.^[126]
• 24 November – Tensions rise between Russia and Turkey, after a Russian Su-24 warplane is shot down by a Turkish Air Force F-16 near the border between Turkey and Syria.

December

• 30 December-Poland's new conservative government by the Law and Justice Party (PiS) proposed a media bill that would allow it to control public service broadcasters TVP and Polish Radio via a national media council close to the government. This was condemned by the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ), European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and Reporters Without Borders (RSF).^[127]

Births

• 2 May – Princess Charlotte

Deaths

January

• 1 January
  • Ulrich Beck, German sociologist (b. 1944)
  • Boris Morukov, Russian astronaut (b. 1950)
• 4 January – Pino Daniele, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1955)
• 5 January – Jean-Pierre Beltoise, French racing driver (b. 1937)
• 6 January – Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey player and footballer (b. 1931)
• 7 January
  • Tadeusz Konwicki, Polish writer and film director (b. 1926)
  • Cabu, French comic strip artist and caricaturist (b. 1938)
  • Charb, French satirical caricaturist and journalist (b. 1967)
  • Tignous, French cartoonist (b. 1957)
  • Georges Wolinski, French Jewish cartoonist and comics writer (b. 1934)
• 9 January – Józef Oleksy, 7th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1946)
• 10 January – Francesco Rosi, Italian film director (b. 1922)
• 11 January
  • Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress and model (b. 1931)
  • Jenő Buzánszky, Hungarian football player and coach (b. 1925)
• 12 January – Elena Obraztsova, Russian opera singer (b. 1939)
• 20 January – Edgar Froese, German musician (b. 1944)
• 21 January – Leon Brittan, British politician and barrister (b. 1939)
• 24 January – Otto Carius, German WWII tank commander (b. 1922)
• 25 January – Demis Roussos, Greek singer (b. 1946)
• 28 January – Yves Chauvin, French Nobel chemist (b. 1930)
• 30 January
  • Geraldine McEwan, English actress (b. 1932)
  • Zhelyu Zhelev, 2nd President of Bulgaria (b. 1935)
• 31 January – Richard von Weizsäcker, President of Germany (1984–94) (b. 1920)

February

• 1 February
  • Aldo Ciccolini, Italian-French pianist (b. 1925)
  • Udo Lattek, German football player, coach and TV pundit (b. 1935)
• 3 February – Martin Gilbert, English historian (b. 1936)
• 5 February – Henri Coppens, Belgian footballer (b. 1930)
• 10 February – Karl Josef Becker, German cardinal (b. 1928)
• 14 February
  • Michele Ferrero, Italian entrepreneur (b. 1925)
  • Louis Jourdan, French film and television actor (b. 1921)
  • Franjo Mihalić, Croatian-Serbian runner and coach (b. 1920)
  • Wim Ruska, Dutch wrestler and martial artist (b. 1940)
• 18 February – Claude Criquielion, Belgian road bicycle racer (b. 1958)
• 21 February – Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1931)
• 27 February – Boris Nemtsov, Russian politician (b. 1959)

March

• 1 March – Wolfram Wuttke, German footballer (b. 1961)
• 2 March – Dave Mackay, Scottish football player and manager (b. 1934)
• 9 March
  • Camille Muffat, French swimmer (b. 1989)
  • Alexis Vastine, French boxer (b. 1986)
  • Frei Otto, German architect (b. 1925)
• 11 March – Walter Burkert, German academician and author (b. 1931)
• 12 March – Terry Pratchett, English author (b. 1948)
• 15 March – Valentin Rasputin, Russian writer (b. 1937)
• 16 March – Andy Fraser, English songwriter and bass guitarist (b. 1952)
• 19 March – Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs, Dutch athlete (b. 1923)
• 21 March
  • Hans Erni, Swiss graphic designer, painter, illustrator, engraver and sculptor (b. 1909)
  • Jørgen Ingmann, Danish jazz and pop guitarist (b. 1925)
• 26 March – Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish Nobel poet, psychologist and translator (b. 1931)
• 29 March – Miroslav Ondříček, Czech cinematographer (b. 1934)
• 30 March – Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer (b. 1921)

April

• 1 April – Cynthia Lennon, former wife of John Lennon (b. 1939)
• 2 April – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese film director and screenwriter (b. 1908)
• 4 April – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (b. 1931)
• 13 April – Günter Grass, German Nobel writer (b. 1927)
• 14 April – Roberto Tucci, Roman Catholic cardinal and theologian (b. 1921)
• 16 April – Stanislav Gross, 5th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (b. 1969)
• 24 April – Władysław Bartoszewski, Polish politician and resistance fighter (b. 1922)
• 29 April – Giovanni Canestri, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1918)
• 30 April – Patachou, French singer and actress (b. 1918)

May

• 1 May – Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (b. 1923)
  • • 2 May Ruth Rendell, English author (b. 1930)
  • Maya Plisetskaya, Russian ballerina, choreographer and actress (b. 1925)
• 9 May – Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (b. 1917)
• 15 May – Renzo Zorzi, Italian racing driver (b. 1946)
• 18 May
  • Halldór Ásgrímsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1947)
  • Raymond Gosling, British scientist (b. 1926)
• 21 May – Annarita Sidoti, Italian race walker (b. 1970)
• 24 May – Tanith Lee, British writer (b. 1947)
• 26 May – Vicente Aranda, Spanish film director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1926)
• 27 May – Nils Christie, Norwegian sociologist and criminologist (b. 1928)

June

• 1 June – Charles Kennedy, British politician (b. 1959)
• 4 June – Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer and calligrapher (b. 1918)
• 6 June – Pierre Brice, French actor (b. 1929)
• 7 June – Christopher Lee, English actor, singer and author (b. 1922)
• 9 June – James Last, German composer and big band leader (b. 1929)
• 11 June – Ron Moody, British actor (b. 1924)
• 15 June – Jeanna Friske, Russian actress, singer, model and socialite (b. 1974)
• 17 June – Süleyman Demirel, 9th President of Turkey (b. 1924)
• 23 June – Magali Noël, French actress and singer (b. 1931)
• 25 June
  • Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, patriarch of the Armenian Catholic Church (b. 1940)
  • Patrick Macnee, English actor (b. 1922)
• 26 June – Yevgeny Primakov, Prime Minister of Russia (1998–99) (b. 1929)
• 28 June – Chris Squire, English musician, singer and songwriter (b. 1948)
• 29 June
  • Josef Masopust, Czech football player and coach (b. 1931)
  • Charles Pasqua, French businessman and Gaullist politician (b. 1927)

July

• 1 July
  • Sergio Sollima, Italian film director and screenwriter (b. 1921)
  • Nicholas Winton, British-born Jewish humanitarian (b. 1909)
• 10 July – Roger Rees, Welsh actor and director (b. 1944)
• 13 July – Martin Litchfield West, British classical scholar (b. 1937)
• 14 July – Ildikó Schwarczenberger, Hungarian fencer (b. 1951)
• 17 July − Jules Bianchi, French motor racing driver (b. 1989)
• 21 July
  • Galina Prozumenshchikova, Soviet swimmer (b. 1948)
  • Theodore Bikel, Austrian-American Jewish actor, folk singer, musician, composer and activist (b. 1924)
• 30 July – Alena Vrzáňová, Czech figure skater (b. 1931)

August

• 1 August – Cilla Black, English singer, television presenter and actress (b. 1943)
• 3 August – Robert Conquest, British-American historian and poet (b. 1917)
• 11 August – Harald Nielsen, Danish footballer (b. 1941)
• 12 August – Jaakko Hintikka, Finnish philosopher and logician (b. 1929)
• 16 August – Mile Mrkšić, Serbian military officer (b. 1947)
• 17 August
  • Arsen Dedić, Croatian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
  • László Paskai, Hungarian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (b. 1927)
• 20 August – Egon Bahr, German politician (b. 1922)
• 23 August – Guy Ligier, French rugby player and racing driver (b. 1930)
• 24 August – Justin Wilson, British racing driver (b. 1978)
• 30 August – Oliver Sacks, British neurologist and author (b. 1933)

September

• 12 September
  • Adrian Frutiger, Swiss typeface designer (b. 1928)
  • Ron Springett, British football goalkeeper (b. 1935)
• 14 September – Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Romanian poet, politician and journalist (b. 1949)
• 17 September – Dettmar Cramer, German football player and coach (b. 1925)
• 19 September – Jackie Collins, English romance novelist (b. 1937)
• 23 September – Dragan Holcer, Croatian football defender (b. 1945)
• 27 September
  • John Guillermin, British film director, writer and producer (b. 1925)
  • Pietro Ingrao, Italian politician, journalist and former partisan (b. 1915)
• 28 September – Ignacio Zoco, Spanish footballer (b. 1939)

October

• 2 October – Brian Friel, Irish playwright and short story writer (b. 1929)
• 3 October – Denis Healey, British politician (b. 1917)
• 5 October
  • Chantal Akerman, Belgian film director, artist and professor of film (b. 1950)
  • Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (b. 1938)
  • Henning Mankell, Swedish crime writer, children's author and dramatist (b. 1948)
• 6 October – Árpád Göncz, former President of Hungary (b. 1922)
• 7 October – Dominique Dropsy, French footballer (b. 1951)
• 9 October – Geoffrey Howe, British politician (b. 1926)
  • • 17 October Danièle Delorme, French actress and film producer (b. 1926)
  • Howard Kendall, English footballer and manager (b. 1946)
• 23 October – Paride Tumburus, Italian footballer (b. 1939)
  • • 24 October Ján Chryzostom Korec, Slovak Jesuit priest and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (b. 1924)
  • Maureen O'Hara, Irish-American actress and singer (b. 1920)
• 30 October – Sinan Şamil Sam, Turkish professional boxer (b. 1974)
• 31 October – Ants Antson, Estonian speed skater (b. 1938)

November

• 1 November – Günter Schabowski, German politician (b. 1929)
• 4 November – René Girard, French historian, literary critic and philosopher (b. 1923)
• 5 November
  • Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer (b. 1923)
  • Czesław Kiszczak, Polish soldier and politician (b. 1925)
• 7 November – Gunnar Hansen, Icelandic-born American actor and author (b. 1947)
• 8 November – Andrei Eshpai, Mari composer (b. 1925)
• 9 November
  • Ernst Fuchs, Austrian artist (b. 1930)
  • Andy White, Scottish drummer (b. 1930)
• 10 November
  • André Glucksmann, French philosopher, activist and writer (b. 1937)
  • Klaus Roth, German-born British mathematician (b. 1925)
  • Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982) (b. 1918)
• 11 November – Phil Taylor, English rock drummer (b. 1954)
• 12 November – Márton Fülöp, Hungarian professional footballer (b. 1983)
• 21 November – Linda Haglund, Swedish Olympic sprinter (b. 1956)
• 28 November
  • Gerry Byrne, English footballer (b. 1938)
  • Barbro Hiort af Ornäs, Swedish actress (b. 1921)

See also

• 2015 in the European Union
• List of state leaders in Europe in 2015

Notes and References

1. Web site: Eurozone's newest member: Lithuania. 1 January 2015. CNN. Petroff. Alanna.
2. Web site: Eurasian Economic Union Starts Functioning. 1 January 2015. Novinite.com.
3. Web site: Turkey allows first new Christian church since 1923. 3 January 2015. Deutsche Welle.
4. Web site: Crew of cargo ship sunk off Scottish coast presumed dead as search called off. 4 January 2015. Daily Express. Rawle. Tom.
5. Web site: All 8 crew members of cargo ship presumed dead after vessel capsizes in Scotland. 4 January 2015. New York Daily News. Silverstein. Jason.
6. Web site: Charlie Hebdo: Gun attack on French magazine kills 12. 7 January 2015. BBC News.
7. Web site: Satirical French magazine Charlie Hebdo attacked by gunmen. 7 January 2015. The Guardian. Willsher. Kim.
8. Web site: Paris shooting at Charlie Hebdo office: how terrorist attack unfolded. 7 January 2015. The Telegraph. Rayner. Gordon.
9. Web site: Gunman killed, 4 others dead at Paris market. 9 January 2015. USA Today. Hjelmgaard. Kim. Vidon. Mary. Lackey. Katharine.
10. Web site: Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault. 9 January 2015. ABC News.
11. Web site: More than 3.7 million march in France to condemn Paris attacks. 11 January 2015. Mashable. Chester. Tim. Franceschi-Bicchierai. Lorenzo.
12. Web site: Paris march: Global leaders join 'unprecedented' rally in largest demonstration in history of France. 11 January 2015. The Independent. Lichfield. John.
13. Web site: Grabar-Kitarovic elected Croatia's first woman president. 12 January 2015. BBC News.
14. Web site: Ukraine conflict: Shell hits bus 'killing 12' in Buhas. 13 January 2015. BBC News.
15. Web site: Italy's President Leaves Renzi Down One Ally by Resigning. 14 January 2015. Bloomberg. Vasarri. Chiara. Totaro. Lorenzo.
16. Web site: Giorgio Napolitano resigns: Italian politics bids farewell to the President who gave Silvio Berlusconi the boot. 13 January 2015. The Independent. Day. Michael.
17. Web site: Swiss franc soars as Switzerland abandons euro cap. 15 January 2015. BBC News.
18. Web site: Swiss central bank stuns market with policy U-turn. 15 January 2015. Reuters. Baghdjian. Alice. Koltrowitz. Silke.
19. Web site: Shelling in Mariupol: 29 people killed, 102 wounded. 24 January 2015. Kyiv Post. Verstyuk. Ivan.
20. Web site: Greece's election: Syriza wins. 25 January 2015. The Economist.
21. Web site: Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election. 25 January 2015. BBC News.
22. Web site: Syriza Win in Greek Election Sets Up New Europe Clash. 26 January 2015. The Wall Street Journal. Forelle. Charles. Stamouli. Nektaria.
23. Web site: Greek fighter-jet crash in Spain leaves at least 10 dead. 26 January 2015. The Guardian.
24. Web site: Eight French, two Greeks killed in NATO plane crash in Spain. 26 January 2015. Reuters.
25. Web site: Kosovo police clash with crowd at protest over minister. 27 January 2015. BBC News.
26. Web site: 80 injured in Kosovo riot over jibe by ethnic Serb minister. 27 January 2015. Yahoo! News.
27. Web site: Italy elects senior judge Sergio Mattarella as president. 31 January 2015. Reuters. Scherer. Steve. Biondi. Paolo.
28. Web site: Italy MPs elect judge Sergio Mattarella as president. 31 January 2015. BBC News.
29. Web site: Ukraine crisis: Leaders agree peace roadmap. 12 February 2015. BBC News.
30. Web site: Ukraine ceasefire deal agreed at Minsk talks. 12 February 2015. The Guardian. Weaver. Matthew. Luhn. Alec.
31. Web site: Leaders in Ukraine Talks Announce Cease-Fire Agreement. 12 February 2015. The New York Times. MacFarquhar. Neil.
32. Web site: 2 Deadly Shootings Within Hours in Copenhagen; 5 Wounded. 14 February 2015. The New York Times.
33. Web site: Copenhagen attacks: Police kill man during shootout. 15 February 2015. CNN. Gargiulo. Susanne . Botelho . Greg . Almasy . Steve.
34. Web site: Veteran conservative Prokopis Pavlopoulos elected Greek president. 18 February 2015. The Telegraph.
35. Web site: Prokopis Pavlopoulos is elected next president of Greece. 18 February 2015. Euronews.
36. Web site: Kharkiv bombers were trained in Russia, says Ukraine's Security Service. 22 February 2015. Kyiv Post. Tucker. Maxim.
37. Web site: 8 killed in Czech restaurant shooting, ministry says. 24 February 2015. CNN. Kottasova. Ivana. Smith-Spark. Laura.
38. Web site: Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead. 28 February 2015. BBC News.
39. Web site: World leaders condemn murder of Russian politician Boris Nemtsov. 28 February 2015. The Guardian. Walker. Shaun. Johnston. Chris.
40. Web site: Crowds mourn killing of Boris Nemtsov, outspoken Putin critic. 28 February 2015. CNN. Pleitgen. Frederik. Eshchenko. Alla. Smith-Park. Laura.
41. Web site: Estonia's ruling Reform Party wins election victory. 2 March 2015. BBC News.
42. Web site: Ukraine gas blast 'kills 33' at Zasyadko coal mine. 4 March 2015. BBC News.
43. Web site: Iceland withdraws EU accession bid. 12 March 2015. Deutsche Welle.
44. Web site: Iceland drops EU membership bid: 'interests better served outside' union. 12 March 2015. The Guardian.
45. Web site: Iceland government move to reject EU talks sparks protest. 15 March 2015. Reuters. Sigurdardottir. Ragnhildur.
46. Web site: Germanwings Airbus crashes in French Alps, 150 feared dead. 24 March 2015. Reuters. Rosnoblet. Jean-Francois.
47. Web site: Germanwings airliner 4U 9525 crashes in French Alps. 24 March 2015. BBC News.
48. Web site: Germanwings Airbus A320 crashes in French Alps with 150 people on board: latest. 24 March 2015. The Telegraph. Marszal. Andrew.
49. Web site: Germanwings Passenger Plane Crashes in French Alps. 24 March 2015. The Wall Street Journal. Horobin. William. Wall. Robert.
50. Web site: Russian trawler sinks off Kamchatka with 54 dead. 2 April 2015. BBC News.
51. Web site: At Least 54 Dead As Russian Trawler Sinks. 2 April 2015. Sky News.
52. News: Huge Siberia wildfires kill 26. 14 April 2015. Agence France-Presse. Anna Smolchenko. 14 April 2015.
53. Web site: Siberian farmers lose $11.9 million due to fires — Russia’s agriculture ministry. 15 April 2015. TASS.
54. Web site: Hundreds of migrants believed to have drowned off Libya after boat capsizes. 15 April 2015. The Guardian. Gayle. Damien.
55. Web site: Up to 700 feared dead after migrant boat sinks off Libya. 19 April 2015. Reuters. Denti. Antonio.
56. Web site: Mediterranean migrants: Hundreds feared dead after boat capsizes. 19 April 2015. BBC News.
57. Web site: 14 migrants killed by train while walking on tracks in Macedonia – police . The Guardian . 24 April 2015.
58. Web site: Fourteen migrants killed in Macedonia, hit by train in gorge . Reuters . Teofilovski . Ognen . 24 April 2015.
59. Web site: Milan Expo: Italy opens major 'feeding the planet' fair. 1 May 2015. BBC News.
60. Web site: Violence overshadows start of Milan Expo as police and protesters clash. 1 May 2015. The Guardian.
61. Web site: Italian police battle rioters at start of Milan Expo. 1 May 2015. Reuters. Rossi. Sara.
62. Web site: New Opposition Protests in Macedonia Follow Violent Clashes. 6 May 2015. ABC News. Testorides. Konstantin.
63. Web site: Macedonian protesters demand resignation of cabinet, clash with police. 5 May 2015. Reuters.
64. Web site: Election results: Conservatives win majority. 8 May 2015. BBC News.
65. Web site: UK election shock: David Cameron defies polls with clear victory. 8 May 2015. CNN. Smith-Park. Laura. Armstrong. Paul.
66. Web site: Macedonia Clashes Leave Eight Police Officers, 14 Gunmen Dead. 10 May 2015. The Wall Street Journal.
67. Web site: NATO and EU call for calm after deadly Macedonia clashes. 11 May 2015. France 24.
68. Web site: Ireland votes overwhelmingly in favor of same-sex marriage. 24 May 2015. CNN. Smith-Park. Laura. Conlon. Kevin. Black. Phil.
69. Web site: Sweden win Eurovision 2015 with ‘Heroes’. 23 May 2015. Euronews.
70. Web site: Sweden defeats Russia to grasp Eurovision song contest victory. 24 May 2015. The Guardian. Ferguson. Euan.
71. Web site: Turkish city rocked by explosions at pro-Kurdish party rally . The Telegraph . Sherlock . Ruth . Akkoc . Urfa and Raziye . 5 June 2015.
72. Web site: G7 summit: Greek bailout, Ukraine and climate top agenda for Bavaria meeting . The Guardian . Wintour . Patrick . 7 June 2015.
73. Web site: Escaped zoo tiger kills man in Tbilisi, Georgia . CNN . Smith-Spark . Laura . Kadagishvili . Eka . 17 June 2015.
74. Web site: Armenia protests escalate after police turn on demonstrators . The Guardian . Luhn . Alec . 24 June 2015.
75. Web site: Armenia protest over power price hikes turns violent . Aljazeera . 23 June 2015.
76. Web site: France attack: 'Man decapitated' near Lyon . BBC News . 26 June 2015.
77. Web site: Blast kills Kurdish activists in Turkish town . Aljazeera . Uras . Umut . 20 July 2015.
78. Web site: Suruc massacre: At least 30 killed in Turkey border blast . BBC News . 20 July 2015.
79. Web site: Italy fireworks factory blast kills seven - reports . BBC News . 24 July 2015.
80. Web site: Italy fireworks factory explosion kills at least seven . The Telegraph . 24 July 2015.
81. Web site: Hundreds feared dead after boat capsizes off Libya . Aljazeera . 6 August 2015.
82. Web site: Migrant boat capsizes in Mediterranean, at least 25 dead . Reuters . Pullella . Philip . Scherer . Steve . 5 August 2015.
83. Web site: Euro Area Agrees on 86 Billion-Euro Bailout Deal for Greece . Bloomberg . Christie . Rebecca . 19 August 2015.
84. Web site: Financial assistance to Greece . European Commission . 19 August 2015.
85. Web site: Slovakia plane crash: Parachutists survive fatal mid-air collision by jumping from aircraft . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/slovakia-plane-crash-parachutists-survive-fatal-midair-collision-by-jumping-from-aircraft-10463442.html . 2022-05-01 . subscription . live . The Independent . Withnall . Adam . 20 August 2015.
86. Web site: Two planes carrying parachutists collide over Slovakia . The Guardian . 20 August 2015.
87. Web site: Opposition seek to form minority government after Tsipras resigns and calls snap election: as it happened . The Telegraph . Khan . Mehreen . 20 August 2015.
88. Web site: Tsipras resigns, paving way for snap Greek election . Reuters . Maltezou . Renee . Kambas . Michele . 20 August 2015.
89. Web site: Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Resigns, Clearing Way for Elections in Bid to Uphold Bailout Deal . The Wall Street Journal . Stamouli . Nektaria . Walker . Marcus . 20 August 2015.
90. Web site: Macedonia: State of emergency declared over migrants . BBC News . 20 August 2015.
91. Web site: Shoreham airshow crash: 11 feared dead . The Guardian . Topping . Alexandra . Siddique . Haroon . 23 August 2015.
92. Web site: Shoreham Air Show plane crash: Eleven people now feared dead - live updates . The Telegraph . Boyle . Danny . Harley . Nicola . 23 August 2015.
93. Web site: Police fear as many as 50 migrants dead inside lorry left by Austrian motorway . The Guardian . Harding . Luke . 27 August 2015.
94. Web site: EU migrant crisis: 50 refugees found 'suffocated' in the back of single lorry in Austria, reports . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/austria-lorry-migrants-eu-refugee-crisis-50-asylumseekers-found-dead-in-a-lorry-10474464.html . 2022-05-01 . subscription . live . The Independent . Withnall . Adam . 27 August 2015.
95. Web site: Elizabeth Set To Beat Victoria's Record As Longest Reigning Monarch In British History . The Huffington Post . 6 September 2015.
96. Web site: Refugee boat sinking: dozens including children drown off Greek island . The Guardian . 14 September 2015.
97. Web site: Dozens of Migrants Drown as Boat Capsizes in Aegean Sea . The New York Times . Kitsantonis . Niki . 13 September 2015.
98. Web site: Hungary declares state of emergency over refugee influx . Aljazeera . 15 September 2015.
99. Web site: France floods: 17 dead on Riviera after storms . BBC News . 4 October 2015.
100. Web site: Downpours flood parts of French Riviera; at least 20 dead . CNN . Mullen . Jethro . 5 October 2015.
101. Web site: Portugal centre-right wins re-election despite bailout . BBC News . 5 October 2015.
102. Web site: Portugal election: centre-right coalition retains power but could lose majority . The Guardian . 5 October 2015.
103. Web site: At least 95 killed in twin bombings near train station in Turkey's capital . CNN . Melvin . Don . 11 October 2015.
104. Web site: Turkey terror attack: scores killed in twin Ankara blasts . The Guardian . Letsch . Constanze . Khomami . Nadia . 10 October 2015.
105. Web site: Bombs kill 95 at pro-Kurdish rally in Turkish capital . Reuters . Toksabay . Ece . Solaker . Gulsen . 10 October 2015.
106. Web site: Hundreds of thousands protest in Berlin against EU-U.S. trade deal . Reuters . 10 October 2015.
107. Web site: Belarus vote: Lukashenko re-elected president by landslide . BBC News . 12 October 2015.
108. Web site: Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko Wins Re-Election . The Wall Street Journal . Marson . James . 11 October 2015.
109. Web site: Sweden sword attack: Two killed by masked attacker . BBC News . 22 October 2015.
110. Web site: Sword-wielding man kills 2 in Swedish school attack . CNN . Melvin . Don . 22 October 2015.
111. Web site: Three dead, two hurt in Swedish school attack . The Local . 22 October 2015.
112. Web site: France bus crash: At least 43 dead after coach taking pensioners on day trip and lorry collide and burst into flames . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/libourne-france-bus-crash-live-dozens-dead-after-coach-and-lorry-accident-near-bordeaux-a6705276.html . 2022-05-01 . subscription . live . The Independent . Dearden . Lizzie . 23 October 2015.
113. Web site: At least 43 killed in French bus crash, worst in decades . Reuters . Duvignau . Regis . 23 October 2015.
114. Web site: France coach crash: at least 43 dead after collision with truck . The Guardian . Chrisafis . Angelique . Elgot . Jessica . 23 October 2015.
115. Web site: Romanian nightclub fire leaves 27 dead, 155 injured . Reuters . Radu-Sorin Marinas . 31 October 2015.
116. Web site: Bucharest nightclub fire leaves Romania stunned . BBC News . 31 October 2015.
117. Web site: Romania: PM Victor Ponta resigns . Euronews . Sarah Joanne Taylor . 4 November 2015.
118. Web site: Romania PM Ponta resigns over Bucharest nightclub fire . BBC News . 4 November 2015.
119. Web site: Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigns the day after mass protests over nightclub fire . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/victor-ponta-resigns-live-romanian-prime-minister-quits-day-after-mass-protests-over-nightclub-fire-a6720486.html . 2022-05-01 . subscription . live . The Independent . Alexandra Sims . 4 November 2015.
120. Web site: Athletics governing body suspends Russia from all competitions . The Guardian . Owen Gibson . 13 November 2015.
121. Web site: Athletics doping: Russia provisionally suspended by IAAF . BBC News . 13 November 2015.
122. Web site: IAAF provisionally suspends Russian Member Federation ARAF . IAAF . 13 November 2015.
123. Web site: Paris Attack Death Toll Rises To 130 . The Huffington Post . 20 November 2015.
124. Web site: Paris attacks at a glance: Friday's developments . CNN . Ed Payne . Eliott C. McLaughlin . Michael Martinez . Don Melvin . 21 November 2015.
125. Web site: Paris attacks . Reuters.
126. Web site: High-voltage electricity lines blown up near Ukraine's Crimea . Ukraine Today . 21 November 2015.
127. News: Polish media bill triggers concern for freedom . BBC . 30 December 2015.