Student suicides in Hong Kong explained

In Hong Kong, the suicide rate of primary, secondary, and post-secondary students is relatively high, particularly beginning in the 2014–2015 academic year. The suicide cases are not connected, but the frequency of suicides aroused public's attention to the mental health and academic pressure of Hong Kong students.

General background

Statistics

Since the commencement of the 2015 school year, a large number of students have committed suicide. Over 70 suicide cases were reported from 2015 to 2017. The alarming frequency of youth suicide is very worrying as the numbers continue to rise. This has raised concerns that students in Hong Kong face too much academic stress. Based on records from the Coroner's Court,[1] there were 70 suicide incidents of individuals aged 15–24 in 2015 and 23 of them were full-time students.

Various media reports state that suicide can be contagious and can intensify copycat effect. This illustrates that more deaths could occur. The distribution of deaths is shown below:[2]

School YearPrimary and SecondaryPost-secondary
2015–20162216
2016–20171715
2017–20181312
It is worth to note that the current data on primary and secondary suicide cases also reveal a significant association between gender and mental illness. In Hong Kong, male suicide rates outnumber female deaths. The Final Report published by the Committee on Prevention of Student Suicides (Chinese: 防止學生自殺委員會) suggested the reason may be an unwillingness amongst men to talk openly with health care professionals and treat mental disorders. This is contrary to females who are more likely to seek help.

List of suicide cases

Below are lists of reported student suicides

2014–2015 academic year

Student AgeGrade
(School)		DateReference
Chan 15 Secondary 3 15 October 2014 [3]
Wong 19Secondary 69 March 2015 [4]
Chan 22 Bachelor's degree year 5
(Education University of Hong Kong) 		24 March 2015 [5]

2015–2016 academic year

Student AgeGrade
(School)		DateReference
Chan 21 Associate degree 26 July 2015 [6]
Chow 17 Secondary 5 2 August 2015 [7]
Boy 19 Studying overseas 12 August 2015 [8]
Chan 21 Bachelor's degree
(Hong Kong Chinese University)		7 September 2015[9]
Chan 11 Secondary 1
10 September 2015 [10]
Chu 13 Secondary 1 23 September 2015 [11]
Lam 15 gap year 23 October 2015 [12]
Ng 17 24 October 2015 [13]
Wong21 University
(Hong Kong Shue Yan University)		4 November 2015 [14]
Ng21 Bachelor's degree 2
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)		4 November 2015[15]
Leung18 Bachelor's degree 1
(Hong Kong Chinese University)		19 November 2015[16]
Tse21Diploma
(VTC)		14 December 2015[17]
Chan22 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Chinese University)		15 December 2015[18]
Wong15 Secondary 4 16 December 2015[19]
Cheung18 Secondary 6 28 December 2015 [20]
Ho15 Secondary 4
(CNEC Lee I Yao Memorial Secondary School) 		4 January 2016[21]
Siu19 Bachelor's degree 1
(Hong Kong Shue Yan University) 		6 January 2016 [22]
Lee20 Secondary 6 17 January 2016 [23]
Lam14 Grade 9
(Secondary 3)
(Hong Kong International School)		18 January 2016 [24]
Wong21 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Chinese University)		20 January 2016 [25]
Lai12 Secondary 1 12 February 2016 [26]
Ng16 Secondary 518 February 2016 [27]
Cheung20 Bachelor's degree 3
(Hong Kong Chinese University) 		5 March 2016 [28]
Chow15 Secondary 4
7 March 2016 [29]
Ng12 Secondary 1
8 March 2016 [30]
So20 Bachelor's degree 3
(University of Hong Kong) 		8 March 2016 [31]
Cheung20 Studying overseas 11 March 2016 [32]
Tam11 Primary 6 12 March 2016 [33]
Yip21 Bachelor's degree 3
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)		13 March 2016 [34]
Chau22 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 		26 March 2016 [35]
Kwan17 Grade 11
(Secondary 5)
(Po Leung Kuk Choi Kai Yau School) 		27 March 2016 [36]
Yeung 20 DSE Retaker 4 April 2016 [37]
Siu 17 Secondary 4 13 April 2016 [38]
So22Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts year 4 14 April 2016 [39]
Tse16 Secondary 319 April 2016 [40]
Wong 18 Studying overseas 24 April 2016 [41]
Lau18 DSE 10 June 2016 [42]
Ng 20 DSE 17 June 2016 [43]
Wong 14 Grade 10
(Secondary 4)
(Yew Chung International School) 		23 June 2016 [44]
Tse19 Diploma
UOW College Hong Kong (城大專上學院)） 		22 July 2016 [45]

2016–2017 academic year

Student AgeGrade
(School)		DateReference
Lee 17 Secondary 5
(中華基督教青年會中學)		2016/8/5 [46]
Cheung22 Bachelor's degree 3
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2016/8/26[47]
Boy20Bachelor's degree 2
(Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education)		2016/9/13[48]
Leung 20 Secondary 6 graduate
(New Territories Heung Yee Kuk Yuen Long District Secondary School)		2016/9/28[49]
Wong 16 VTC student 2016/10/4[50]
Chan17 Gap year 2016/10/14 [51]
Lau 19 Year 2
(Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education) 		2016/10/16 [52]
Lee 13 Secondary 2 2016/11/1 [53]
Fung 21 Bachelor's degree 4
(香港樹仁大學) 		2016/11/12 [54]
Chung20 Bachelor's degree 3
(Lingnan University)		2016/11/21 [55]
So20 Bachelor's degree 2
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)		2016/11/21 [56]
Tsui16 Secondary 3
(北角培僑中學)		2016/11/23 [57]
Ho 19 Associate degree 2016/12/10 [58]
Tsim 15 Secondary 2 2016/12/12 [59]
Ng 16 Secondary 5
(Tung Chung Catholic School) 		2016/12/16 [60]
Leung 13 Secondary 2 2016/12/16 [61]
Ko 19 Bachelor's degree 3
(Hong Kong Baptist University) 		2016/12/19 [62]
Chu 25 Secondary graduate2017/1/12 [63]
Lam19gap year2017/1/22 [64]
Yeung 21 Associate degree 2
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)		2017/1/24 [65]
Law 19 Year 2
(Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education)		2017/2/2 [66]
Law 16 Secondary 4 2017/2/5 [67]
Tsoi 13 Secondary 1 2017/2/6 [68]
Tam 15 Secondary 4 2017/2/12 [69]
Boy 15 Grade 11
(Secondary 5)
(West Island School) 		2017/2/17 [70]
Lung 13 Secondary 2 2017/2/21 [71]
Boy 19 Studying overseas 2017/2/28 [72]
Lau 13 Secondary 2 2017/3/1 [73]
Tam 21 Associate degree student 2017/3/9 [74]
Lee 18 Secondary 5 2017/3/15 [75]
Wong 21 Bachelor's degree 3
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University)		2017/3/17 [76]
Cheung 20 Associate degree student 2017/3/20 [77]
Leung 17 Secondary 4
(Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Kap Yan Directors' College) 		2017/3/21 [78]
Girl 21 Bachelor's degree 3
(Exchange in CUHK) 		2017/4/3 [79]
Chan 10 Primary student 2017/4/5 [80]
Fong 19 Gap year 2017/4/9 [81]
Lee 23 Nursing school year 2
(屯門醫院普通科護士學校)		2017/4/12[82]
Chan 20 2017/4/19 [83]
Lau 15 Secondary 3 2017/4/27 [84]
Yung22 2017/6/26 [85]
Sun 19 Studying overseas 2017/6/28 [86]
Ho 23 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 		2017/7/5 [87]
Girl21UniversityCity University of Hong Kong2017/7/11[88]
Lam 17 Secondary 5 2017/7/27 [89]
To17 Secondary 4 2017/7/31 [90]

2017–2018 academic year

Student AgeGrade
(School)		DateReference
Wong 18 Studying overseas2017/8/6 [91]
Ho 17 gap year 2017/8/10 [92]
Mak 21 Bachelor's degree 3
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2017/8/13 [93]
Ho 15 Secondary 4 2017/8/26 [94]
Lam 19 Post-secondary (IVE) 2017/8/31 [95]
Fung 23 Studying overseas 2017/9/2 [96]
Man 16 Secondary 5 2017/9/5 [97]
Ng17 Secondary 6
(元朗公立中學校友會鄧兆棠中學) 		2017/9/25 [98]
Ng 20 Associate degree
(Hong Kong Nang Yan College of Higher Education) 		2017/10/6 [99]
Tsang 11 Primary 6 2017/10/12 [100]
Mak 17 Secondary 6
(油塘天主教普照中學)		2017/10/12 [101]
Chau 19 gap year 2017/10/20 [102]
Lam 21 part time student 2017年11月6日 [103]
Chin 17 Secondary 6
(United Christian College (Kowloon East))		2017/11/20 [104]
Kan 19 Associate degree (gap year) 2017/11/23 [105]
Chan 16 Secondary 5 2017/11/28 [106]
Lau 21 Bachelor's degree 1
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2017/12/9 [107]
Wong 15 Secondary 4 2017/12/10[108]
Hung 25 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Baptist University) 		2017/12/15 [109]
Chow 23 Bachelor's degree 4
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 		2017/12/17 [110]
Hung14 Secondary 3
(Shun Tak Fraternal Association Leung Kau Kui College) 		2018/1/2 [111]
Wong 17 Secondary 6
(Po Leung Kuk Celine Ho Yam Tong College) 		2018/1/2 [112] [113]
Lam 17 Gap year 2018/1/14 [114]
Tsoi 19 Bachelor's degree 1
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2018/1/16 [115]
Chan 17 Secondary 62018/1/26 [116]
Cheung 21 Secondary 6
(中華基督教會公理高中書院) 		2018/2/19 [117]
Lam 16 Secondary 5
(中華傳道會李賢堯紀念中學) 		2018/2/28 [118]
Wan 25 Bachelor's degree 2
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University設計學院) 		2018/4/5/ [119]
Mak 14 Secondary 5
(神召會康樂中學) 		2018/5/6 [120]
Leung 22 Bachelor's degree 4
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2018/5/26 [121]
Cheung 20 University
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 		2018/5/29 [122]
Poon 11 Primary 5 2018/6/19 [123]
Lee 16 Gap year 2018/6/20 [124]

2018–2019 academic year

Student AgeGrade
(School)		DateReference
Sum 21 gap year 2018/8/1 [125]
Tsui 19 University
(The Open University of Hong Kong) 		2018/8/4 [126]
Yuen 17 University
(University of Hong Kong) 		2018/8/13 [127]
Fan 21 University 2018/8/17 [128]
Choi22 Bachelor's degree 4 2018/8/22 [129]
Cheung 34 Computer course 2018/8/30 [130]
Wong 20 University 2018/9/19 [131]
Lee 19 Bachelor's degree 2
(Chinese University of Hong Kong) 		2018/9/21 [132]
Wong 17 Secondary 6 2018/10/6 [133]
Lung18 2018/10/7 [134]
LAm 17 Secondary 6
(Shun Tak Fraternal Association Leung Kau Kui College)		2018/10/8 [135]
Sum 13 Secondary 2
(迦密中學) 		2018/10/10 [136]
Chung 10 Primary 52018/10/13 [137]
Leung 22 University
(Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 		2018/11/2 [138]
Ng 12 Secondary 1 2018/11/11 [139]
Lui 22 Post-graduate degree
(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) 		2018/11/16 [140]
Chan 24 Bachelor's degree 5
(University of Hong Kong) 		2018/12/10 [141]
Leung 19 Bachelor's degree 2
(University of Hong Kong) 		2018/12/10 [142]
Chan 16 Secondary 52019/1/6 [143]
Lai 17 Secondary 6 2019/1/14 [144]
Lee 16 Secondary 4 2019/3/14 [145]
Poon 16 Secondary 5 2019/3/15 [146]

2020–2021 academic year

StudentAgeGrade(School)DateReference
Girl/Boy15Year 112020/11/12[147]
Wong12Secondary 1 2021/11/11[148]

Causes of suicide

There can be many reasons for suicide. A number of reasons can intertwined with each other and lead an individual to take their own life.

Education in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, "academic results determines the future" is a very common notion. Teachers, parents and students focus on attaining good academic results. This puts great pressure on students to pursue academic excellence.[149] The Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) is seen as a "one-off exam". In a poll conducted by the "New Youth World", students rated their level of pressure as 7.44 out of 10 under HKDSE.[150] The life planning support is insufficient in Hong Kong. Students see hard work as their only way out. The pressure is so much so that students neglect their own capabilities and interests. Therefore, students easily feel stressed when they are not performing well academically.

Copycat suicides

Suicide cluster is an emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about, either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on Television and in other media.[151] Imitative suicide is common in the under 25 age group.[152] In Hong Kong, it has been suggested that due to the widespread news report of youth suicide, students are driven to copy such suicides.[153]

Psychological concerns

In 2015–2016, 24 out of 38 suicide cases involved psychological factors.[154] showed that 13 victims displayed, suicidal ideation and 17 victims showed feelings of hopelessness. However, vital psychological support from schools, teachers, social workers and parents was not enough at that time. Unfortunately, this has not changed; many students still feel alone and helpless and see suicide as their only way out.[155]

Existing support

The help and resources available for students is divided into three categories: universal help (for students in general), selective help (for vulnerable students) and indicated help (for students who are at risk of committing suicide).

Universal help consists of information, workshops and other tools to help and improve mental health and prevent suicide. This helps raise awareness of the topics of mental health and suicide. It is also possible for schools to apply for up to HKD$150,000 from the Quality Education Fund to finance activities related to the well-being of students.

Selective help is aimed at students with a heightened risk of suicide. An example of selective help can be screening tools to find at-risk cases in time. For example, The Centre for Suicide Research provide interactive advice on their web page. This advice is aimed towards teachers, parents and friends who are worried that someone close to them may be at risk of suicide.

Indicated help is aimed at students who are at a high risk of committing suicide. Post-secondary institutions are advised to have a 24 hours hotline and easy access to psychiatric and psychological services. Schools do not always live up to this standard. There are multiple independent hotlines, as well as hotlines run by the Social Welfare Department. Examples of suicide hotlines are the Suicide prevention Services, The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong, and Youth Outreach.[156]

Response from the Education Bureau

Attitude of the Bureau

In a legislative council meeting on 16 March 2016, former legislative council member Wong Yuk-man raised the point that one of the possible causes of students suicide could be the Hong Kong's education system. This system infamously puts too much emphasis on competition. He suggested that parents and teachers barely have time to help students cope with emotional distress as there is more focus on academic results of students. He questioned the Education Bureau regarding whether it will identify the causes in the current education system that lead to enormous pressure on students.

In response to the question, former Secretary for Education Eddie Ng replied that suicide is a complex matter that has no single cause. In fact, he noted, students’ academic pressure has been reduced under the implementation of New Academic Structure (NAS) in 2009. For example, students under the NAS only have to sit for one public examination, and are able to choose elective subjects in accordance with their interests and abilities to develop their potential.[157]

He further raised the point that suicides could be prevented with better life planning.[158]

On 13 November 2016, the Education Bureau raised a similar viewpoint. It was restated that evidence based research indicated that the cause of suicide is complicated. Reasons behind each case rarely are the same. It cannot be proved that the education system or a particular academic environment could directly lead to suicide.[159]

Policies and committees

Healthy School Policy

In February 2010, the Education Bureau circled a memorandum encouraging the implementation of the Healthy School Policy in primary and secondary schools. Each school was encouraged to formulate their own implementation plan.[160] This policy was first implemented in the school year of 2010–2011. The aim of the policy is divided into four different elements: developing a management and organisation system for health matters; encouraging a healthy school environment; promoting a healthy lifestyle for students and recognising of students in need; and creating a system for handling high risk students.[161] The policy is foremost an anti substance abuse effort. It also touches upon issues related to students’ mental health and student suicide.

Prevention of Student Suicide Committee

On 30 March 2016, the Educational Bureau set up the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee http://www.edb.gov.hk/en/teacher/prevention-of-student-suicides/index.html in response to the spate of students' suicides in the 2015–16 school year. The committee was tasked with studying student suicides in Hong Kong and thereby offering any preemptive solutions to the problem of youth suicide.[162] The committee consists of 21 members consisting of teachers, parents, psychiatrists and the president of the student union at the University of Hong Kong.[163] Professor is the director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention https://csrp.hku.hk in addition to being a chairperson in the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee.[164]

In November 2016, the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee released their final report which presents the current understanding of the student suicide problem and possible solutions. The measures suggested in the report are, including but not limited to, enhancement of the support for families, student support in schools, and promoting the acceptance of alternative career paths. In relation to the Report, the Education Bureau has formulated several practical and follow-up actions to build a multi-layered safety net for students according to four areas. This includes promotion of students’ mental well-being and health, stregtehing the support from teachers and schools, reviewing relevant domains in the education system, and inclusion of family life and parent education.[165]

In addition to this, the Education Bureau proceeded with different policies and projects in response to the 2015–2016 student suicides and the following public discontent.[166] Some examples are as follows: providing education material to schools so that they can identify students with difficulties and providing education to students on coping strategies and positive attitudes. In this case, the educational material for schools, parents and students consisted of pamphlets on the topic of "Enhancing Life Resilience". A memo was sent out on 24 June 2016 to inform the heads of different schools of this material.[167]

Committee on Home-School Co-operation

The Committee on Home-School Co-operation (abbr.: CHSC), was set up after a recommendation from Education Commission. It was created to encourage cooperation between parents and teachers. Chiefly by encouraging the set-up of Parent-Teacher Association and by organising activities made to improve home-school cooperation. A memorandum was sent out on 10 June 2016 from the Secretary for Education to inform all supervisors and heads of schools. To achieve these goals the Committee on Home-School Co-operation set up three different types of grants that schools could apply for. The first category of grant, with a maximum sum of around HKD$5000, is for schools seeking to set up a Parent-Teacher Association. The second type of grant, with a maximum sum of HKD$5000, is for schools seeking to organise an activity with the purpose of encouraging home-school cooperation. Activities can, for example, be aimed at parenting training, assisting parents to support their children, or student mental health. The third type of grant is for joint Home-School Co-operation Projects.[168] [169]

Other initiatives

No-suicide contracts

No-suicide contracts for students, have been a long debated in topic in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, they are used by mental health care professionals as a way to prevent suicides. The contract is an agreement that states the student will not commit suicide or harm themselves in any way. Furthermore, the contract lists hotlines, contacts, and an emergency number that the student should call in case of suicidal thoughts. However, the No-Suicide contract is not a legal document. In March 2016 a copy of the Educational Bureaus No-Suicide Contract for students was circulated on the internet.[170] [171]

Detecting youths at risk online

The Prevention of Student Suicide Committee has, since 2017, been in talks with Facebook and Google about the possibility of using these platforms as a tool for detecting student at risk of committing suicide. Facebook and Google already have their own suicide detection and prevention systems.[172]

Criticism

Suggestions

In the final report, the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee divided their recommendations into universal, selective and indicated support. Furthermore, the 19 suggestions are divided into areas of improvement, as follows: student support, families, traditional and social media, multiple articulation pathways, and systematic. The 19 suggestions are:

1. Promote mental well-being and health11. Enhance referral mechanism to mental health services
2. Facilitate students’ school adjustment12. Provide gatekeeper training for parents
3. Enhance family life and parent education13. Arrange counselling and support services for needy parents
4. Foster promotional use of social media14. Implement gate keeping on social media
5. Advocate responsible media reporting15. Strengthen cyber-based outreaching services
6. Enhance publicity of multiple pathways16. Continue developing online screening tools and conducting ongoing research
7. Facilitate career exploration17. Establish school-based multi-disciplinary platforms
8. Review relevant domains in the educational system,duly support and address the development and diverse needs

of the students and young people

18. Enhance accessibility of mental health services
9. Conduct gatekeeper training for early identification and intervention19. Publicise outreach services for needy families.
10. Develop screening tools and guidelines for school to identify at-risk students

In November 2016, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union made the following suggestions: (1) Alleviation of teachers’ pressure e.g. increasing the quota of regular teachers and increase the teacher-student ratio per class; (2) Enhancing support from social workers (e.g. ensuring there is at least one social worker and one counsellor in each school); (3) Enhancing school-based educational psychology service (Chinese: 校本教育心理服務); (4) Reform of education system, e.g. abolish Territory-wide System Assessment.[176]

In 2017, the Civil Alliance for Student Suicide Prevention publicised a survey that indicated public support for capping the number of hours spent studying each day to 7 hours. Lai Pak-yin, the spokesperson from the Civil Alliance for Student Suicide Prevention, argues that excessive studying can have a harmful effect on family relationships. Therefore, he suggested that the Educational Bureau should issue guidelines to help decrease the number of hours spent studying each day.[177]

Controversy

Prevention of Student Suicides Page

In April 2017, the Education Bureau set up the "Prevention of Student Suicides" page. They uploaded different resources and tips on how to identify and manage students with suicidal tendencies.[178] The Bureau's website had a document titled "The Package on Prevention of Student Suicide (2010)". It was in Chinese. One of the examples suggested in the document was a way to communicate with friends who have suicidal tendencies. This example attracted huge public backlash – "If you die, your boyfriend may be sad for a few days, but he will soon find a new girlfriend and live normally. It is not worth doing such a silly thing for him!".[179]

Various educators and social workers commented that the controversial example can be very dangerous for people with suicidal thoughts. According to Shiu Ka-chun, the example provided was dismissive and could encourage pessimistic ideas further adding to the suicidal thoughts.[180]

Suicide of Choi Yuk-lin's son

On 7 September 2017, the Under-secretary for Education Christine Choi Yuk-lin's 25-year-old son, Poon Hong-yan, jumped to his death from the family's flat on the 41st floor at Sorrento. It was revealed that he suffered from depression due to serious injuries from a triathlon accident. Various officials, such as the Chief Executive Carrie Lam and Secretary for Education Kevin Yeung,[181] expressed their condolences to Choi and her family.

As Choi Yuk-lin is a member of the Prevention of Student Suicide Committee, some critics linked the incident with student suicide problem. Choi was attacked and criticized for failing to consider her adolescent sons concerns and perspectives. Suen Hiu-nam, head of HKU's student union, further criticized officials for only sending their condolences to Choi's son, and ignoring other students who had committed suicide.[182]

On the same day, signs bearing the slogan "Congratulations Choi Yuk-lin's son on going west" appeared on the Education University of Hong Kong Democracy Wall, on top of banners supporting freedom of expression and Hong Kong independence. The university later issued a statement condemning the signs and apologising for any hurt those signs may have caused.[183]

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: 【中一生墮樓】9月開學至今多宗學生自殺或企圖自殺案件. Apple Daily . zh. 22 November 2017.
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  17. News: 返工被「照肺」 21歲VTC畢業女生上吊身亡. on.cc 東網. 2018-01-27. zh-hk.
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  23. Web site: 中六女生失蹤第5日 浮屍現大浪灣海面. 2018-01-27. 蔡靜心. 香港01. 17 January 2016.
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