2014 United States elections explained

Year:2014
Type:Midterm elections
Election Day:November 4
Incumbent President:Barack Obama (Democratic)
Next Congress:114th
Senate Seats Contested:36 of 100 seats
(33 seats of Class II + 3 special elections)
Senate Control:Republican gain
Senate Net Change:Republican +9
Senate Map Caption:Map of the 2014 Senate races



A box in a state indicates that both Senate seats were up for election.
House Seats Contested:All 435 seats to the 114th Congress
House Control:Republican hold
House Pv Margin:Republican +5.7%
House Net Change:Republican +13
House Map Caption:Map of the 2014 House races



Governor Seats Contested:39 (36 states, 3 territories)
Governor Net Change:Republican +2
Governor Map Caption:Map of the 2014 gubernatorial races


The 2014 United States elections were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, in the middle of Democratic President Barack Obama's second term. A typical six-year itch midterm election suffered by most second-term presidents, this election saw the Republican Party retaining control of the House of Representatives and winning control of the Senate, while furthering their gains in the governorships and state legislatures. Because of these Republican gains, the election was commonly cited as a "red wave" election.[1]

Republicans won a net gain of nine Senate seats, the largest Senate gain for either party since the 1980 United States elections. In the House, Republicans won a net gain of thirteen seats, giving them their largest majority since the 1928 elections. In state elections, Republicans won a net gain of two gubernatorial seats and flipped control of ten legislative chambers. Various other state, territorial, and local elections and referendums were held throughout the year.

With total spending reaching $3.7 billion, the midterm election, at the time, was the most expensive in history, being surpassed by the 2018 midterm election four years later. The 2014 election also saw the lowest turnout since 1942, with just 36.4% of eligible voters voting. Coupled with the 2010 midterms earlier in the Obama administration, this election marked the first time since the Reagan Administration that a two-term president's party suffered net losses in both houses of Congress in both midterm elections.

Issues

Major issues of the election included income inequality,[2] and the Affordable Care Act (commonly referred to as "Obamacare"), which Republicans sought to repeal.[3] Democrats promoted their proposal to increase the minimum wage. In the lead-up to the 2014 election, Republicans harshly criticized the Obama administration for four ebola cases in the United States that were diagnosed weeks prior to the election.[4] [5] [6] The American media intensely covered the ebola scare.[7] However, immediately after the election, Republicans dropped Ebola as an issue.[8] Studies found that Republican rhetoric and media coverage of the Ebola scare helped Republican candidates in the 2014 election.[9] [10]

Although it generated much debate in early 2014, the Keystone Pipeline ultimately received little attention in the election, with environmentalists instead focused on fighting global warming and supporting the EPA's proposed regulations on greenhouse gas emissions.[11] [12] [13] Another potentially important issue, net neutrality, received little attention during the campaign.[14]

National exit polling showed that 45% of voters said the economy was their most important issue.[15] [16] This was a decline from 2010 and 2008 (when 59% of voters and 63% of voters, respectively, named it as their top issue), but was still the most common issue cited by voters as most important to them. Smaller numbers of voters named health care, foreign policy, or illegal immigration as their top issues, or same-sex marriage, Ebola, or the legalization of marijuana as their top issues.

Federal elections

With a final total of 247 seats (56.78%) in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the U.S. Congress since the 71st Congress in 1929.[17]

Congressional elections

Senate elections

See main article: 2014 United States Senate elections. All 33 seats in Senate Class II were up for election. Additionally, three special elections were held to fill vacancies in Class III.[18]

Of the 36 Senate races, the Republican Party won 24 (a net gain of nine seats,[19] which represents the largest gain for a party in the Senate since 1980, and the largest Senate gain in a midterm since 1958) and the Democratic Party won 12, thus resulting in the Republicans regaining control of the Senate for the first time since 2006, with a total of 54 seats. The race in Louisiana headed to a run-off on December 6, 2014, in which Rep. Bill Cassidy (R) defeated 3-term incumbent Sen. Mary Landrieu 55.9% to 44.1%.

House of Representatives elections

See main article: 2014 United States House of Representatives elections. All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives were up for election. Elections were held to select the delegates for the District of Columbia and four of the five U.S. territories. The only seat in the House not up for election was the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who serves a four-year term. The Republican party won 247 seats (a net gain of 13 seats) and the Democratic Party, 188 seats. Thus, the Republicans gained their largest majority in the House since 1928. Nationwide, Republicans won the popular vote for the House of Representatives by a margin of 5.7 percent.[20]

On March 11, there was a special election for Florida's 13th congressional district, won by the Republican Party.

State elections

Gubernatorial elections

See main article: 2014 United States gubernatorial elections. Elections were held for the governorships of 36 U.S. states and three U.S. territories. The Republican Party won 24 of the 36 state governorships for a net gain of two seats, as they picked up open Democratic-held seats in Arkansas, Maryland and Massachusetts and defeated incumbent governor Pat Quinn in Illinois, while Republican incumbents Tom Corbett of Pennsylvania and Sean Parnell of Alaska respectively lost to Democrat Tom Wolf and independent Bill Walker. This cycle marked the first time an incumbent governor running for re-election in Pennsylvania lost in the modern era. The final total, as a result, was 31 Republican governors, 18 Democratic governors, and one independent governor.[21] In the table below, the US state governorships held by Democrats included: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia in addition to Washington, DC and Virgin Islands.

State legislative elections

Local elections

Numerous elections were held for officeholders in numerous cities, counties, school boards, special districts, and others around the country.[22]

Mayoral elections

Major cities which held mayoral elections in 2014 include:

Turnout

Nationwide voter turnout was 36.4%, down from 40.9% in the 2010 midterms and the lowest since the 1942 elections, when just 33.9% of voters turned out, though that election came during the middle of World War II.[28] [29] [30]

The states with the highest turnout were Maine (59.3%), Wisconsin (56.9%), Alaska (55.3%), Colorado (53%), Oregon (52.7%) Minnesota (51.3%), Iowa (50.6%), New Hampshire (48.8%), Montana (46.1%) and South Dakota (44.6%), all of which except for Iowa and Montana featured a competitive gubernatorial race and all of which except for Maine and Wisconsin also featured competitive Senate races. The states with the highest turnout that had no Senate or gubernatorial race that year were North Dakota (44.1%) and Washington state (38.6%).

The states with the lowest turnout were Indiana (28%), Texas (28.5%), Utah (28.8%), Tennessee (29.1%), New York (29.5%), Mississippi (29.7%), Oklahoma (29.8%), New Jersey (30.4%) and West Virginia and Nevada (31.8%). Indiana and Utah had no Senate or gubernatorial elections and the others all had races for at least one of the posts, but they were not considered competitive. Turnout in Washington, D.C. was (30.3%).

According to CNN, Americans aged between 18 and 29 accounted for 13% of voters,[31] down from 19% in the presidential election two years before.[32]

Analysis by the Pew Research Center found that 35% of non-voters cited work or school commitments, which prevented them from voting, 34% said they were too busy, unwell, away from home or forgot to vote, 20% either didn't like the choices, didn't know enough or didn't care and 10% had recently moved, missed a registration deadline or didn't have transportation.[33]

The New York Times counts apathy, anger and frustration at the relentlessly negative tone of the campaigns as the reasons of low turnout and stated, "Neither party gave voters an affirmative reason to show up at the polls."[34]

Controversies and other issues

Allegations of misconduct

Connecticut State Representative Christina Ayala (Democrat) was arrested in September 2014 on 19 voting fraud charges, specifically "eight counts of fraudulent voting, 10 counts of primary or enrollment violations and one count of tampering with or fabricating physical evidence."[35] In September 2015 she pleaded guilty to state election law violations, received a one-year sentence (suspended) along with two years 'conditional discharge', and agreed not to seek elective office for two years. Her mother, Democratic Registrar of Voters Santa Ayala, was also the subject of an investigation in the case, but was not charged.[36]

California State Senator Roderick Wright (Democrat) resigned from office in September 2014 and was sentenced to 90 days in Los Angeles county jail for perjury and voter fraud.[37] Despite being convicted months earlier for 8 felonies, Wright was allowed to take a paid leave of absence as state senator.[38]

In Chicago, election judges said they had received automated phone calls between October–November 3 with apparently false instructions about voting or required training, according to the Chicago Sun-Times. In Pontiac, Michigan, local Democrats cited reports of voter harassment and intimidation by Republicans over questioning legally-cast ballots with election workers repeatedly having had to ask them to step aside. A clerk called police for help.[39]

New voting restrictions

In June 2013, the Supreme Court invalidated part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, permitting nine (mostly Southern) states to change their election laws without advance federal approval.[40] Since 2010, 22 states enacted new voting restrictions.[41] The 2014 federal election was the first federal election where 15 states enacted new voting restrictions, many of which faced challenges in court.[42] [43]

Voting machine issues

Scattered issues with voting machines occurred, with miscalibrated machines recorded a vote cast for one candidate as a vote for another candidate. They occurred in Virginia,[44] Maryland,[45] Illinois,[46] and North Carolina.[47]

In Bexar County, Texas, the Republican candidate for governor, Greg Abbott, was accidentally replaced on the ballot by David Dewhurst on one machine, on which 12 votes were cast before the problem was caught.[48]

Milestones

A series of milestones were set for women, African-Americans, and Hispanics, among others, in the U.S. Congress and American politics in general. These include:

Table of federal and state results

See also: Political party strength in U.S. states. Bold indicates a change in partisan control. Note that not all states held gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2014.

State[63] Before 2014 elections[64] After 2014 elections[65]
Statedata-sort-type="number"PVIGovernorState leg.US SenateUS HouseGovernorState leg.US SenateUS House
AlabamaRepRepRepRep 6–1RepRepRepRep 6–1
AlaskaRepRepRep 1–0IndRepRepRep 1–0
ArizonaRepRepRepDem 5–4RepRepRepRep 5–4
ArkansasDemRepRep 4–0RepRepRepRep 4–0
CaliforniaDemDemDemDem 38–15DemDemDemDem 39–14
ColoradoDemDemDemRep 4–3DemRep 4–3
ConnecticutDemDemDemDem 5–0DemDemDemDem 5–0
DelawareDemDemDemDem 1–0DemDemDemDem 1–0
FloridaRepRepRep 17–10RepRepRep 17–10
GeorgiaRepRepRepRep 9–5RepRepRepRep 10–4
HawaiiDemDemDemDem 2–0DemDemDemDem 2–0
IdahoRepRepRepRep 2–0RepRepRepRep 2–0
IllinoisDemDemDem 12–6RepDemDem 10–8
IndianaRepRepRep 7–2RepRepRep 7–2
IowaRep 2–2RepRepRep 3–1
KansasRepRepRepRep 4–0RepRepRepRep 4–0
KentuckyDemRepRep 5–1DemRepRep 5–1
LouisianaRepRepRep 5–1RepRepRepRep 5–1
MaineRepDemDem 2–0Rep 1–1
MarylandDemDemDemDem 7–1RepDemDemDem 7–1
MassachusettsDemDemDemDem 9–0RepDemDemDem 9–0
MichiganRepRepDemRep 9–5RepRepDemRep 9–5
MinnesotaDemDemDemDem 5–3DemDemDem 5–3
MississippiRepRepRepRep 3–1RepRepRepRep 3–1
MissouriDemRepRep 6–2DemRepRep 6–2
MontanaDemRepDemRep 1–0DemRepRep 1–0
NebraskaRepNPRepRep 3–0RepNPRepRep 2–1
NevadaRepDem 2–2RepRepRep 3–1
New HampshireDemDem 2–0DemRep
New JerseyRepDemDem 6–6RepDemDem 6–6
New MexicoRepDemDemDem 2–1RepDemDem 2–1
New YorkDemDemDem 21–6DemDemDem 18–9
North CarolinaRepRepRep 9–4RepRepRepRep 10–3
North DakotaRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRep 1–0
OhioRepRepRep 12–4RepRepRep 12–4
OklahomaRepRepRepRep 5–0RepRepRepRep 5–0
OregonDemDemDemDem 4–1DemDemDemDem 4–1
PennsylvaniaRepRepRep 13–5DemRepRep 13–5
Rhode IslandDemDemDemDem 2–0DemDemDemDem 2–0
South CarolinaRepRepRepRep 6–1RepRepRepRep 6–1
South DakotaRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRepRep 1–0
TennesseeRepRepRepRep 7–2RepRepRepRep 7–2
TexasRepRepRepRep 24–12RepRepRepRep 25–11
UtahRepRepRepRep 3–1RepRepRepRep 4–0
VermontDemDemDem 1–0DemDemDem 1–0
VirginiaDemRepDemRep 8–3DemRepDemRep 8–3
WashingtonDemDemDem 6–4DemDemDem 6–4
West VirginiaDemDemDemRep 2–1DemRepRep 3–0
WisconsinRepRepRep 5–3RepRepRep 5–3
WyomingRepRepRepRep 1–0RepRepRepRep 1–0
United StatesEvenRep 29–21Rep 27–19Dem 55–45[66] Rep 233–199Rep 31–18Rep 30–11Rep 54–46Rep 247–188
Washington, D.C.DemDemDemDemDemDem
American SamoaNP/INPRepNP/INPRep
GuamRepDemDemRepDemDem
N. Mariana IslandsRepIndRepInd
Puerto RicoPDP/DPDPPNP/DPDP/DPDPPNP/D
U.S. Virgin IslandsDemDemDemIndDemDem
SubdivisionPVIGovernorState leg.U.S. SenateU.S. HouseGovernorState leg.U.S. SenateU.S. House
Subdivision and PVIBefore 2014 electionsAfter 2014 elections

Viewership

Legend

cable news network
broadcast network
Total television viewers
10:00 PM Eastern
Network Viewers
6,607,000
5,408,000
4,225,000
3,147,000
1,936,000
1,594,000
Television viewers 25 to 54
10:00 PM Eastern
Network Viewers
1,825,000
1,548,000
1,484,000
1,083,000
912,000
566,000
Total cable TV viewers
8:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern
Network Viewers
6,310,000
2,107,000
1,687,000
Cable TV viewers 25 to 54
8:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern
Network Viewers
1,662,000
909,000
525,000
Source: adweek

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Breaking down the 2014 Republican wave. PBS. 5 November 2014.
  2. News: Philip Rucker & Robert Cost. Income gap takes shape as central issue for both parties ahead of 2014 midterms. Washington Post. January 6, 2014.
  3. News: Poll: Health law's campaign clout bad news for Democrats. USA Today. April 10, 2014. Page. Susan.
  4. News: Steve Scalise says Republicans worked with Obama on Ebola. Let's go to the tape.. 2020. The Washington Post.
  5. News: U.S. Republicans look to gain election ground on Ebola. 2014-10-21. Reuters. 2020-03-28. en.
  6. News: Republicans take aim at U.S. Ebola response after fourth case emerges. 2014-10-24. Reuters. 2020-03-28. en.
  7. Campante . Filipe . Depetris-Chauvin . Emilio . Durante . Ruben . 2024 . The Virus of Fear: The Political Impact of Ebola in the United States . American Economic Journal: Applied Economics . en . 16 . 1 . 480–509 . 10.1257/app.20220030 . 1945-7782.
  8. Web site: Ebola was incredibly important to TV news until Republicans decided it shouldn't be. Yglesias. Matthew. 2018-10-23. Vox. en. 2020-03-28.
  9. Beall . Alec T. . Hofer . Marlise K. . Schaller . Mark . 2016 . Infections and Elections: Did an Ebola Outbreak Influence the 2014 U.S. Federal Elections (and if so, How)? . Psychological Science . en . 27 . 5 . 595–605 . 10.1177/0956797616628861 . 0956-7976 . 26976083 . 5009214.
  10. Web site: Ebola Fears Helped the GOP in 2014 Election. Jacobs. Tom. Pacific Standard. en. 2020-03-28.
  11. News: Schor. Elana. The incredible shrinking Keystone. October 31, 2014. Politico. October 14, 2014.
  12. News: Mooney. Chris. Environmental groups are spending an unprecedented $85 million in the 2014 elections. October 31, 2014. Washington Post. October 27, 2014.
  13. Davenport, Coral, "Meager Returns for the Democrats’ Biggest Donor, The New York Times, 6 November 2014
  14. News: Net neutrality was the biggest tech issue of the year. But nobody campaigned on it.. The Washington Post. November 4, 2014. Fung. Brian.
  15. Gary Langer & Anja Crowder, Midterm Elections 2014: National Exit Poll Reveals Major Voter Discontent, ABC News (November 4, 2014).
  16. Lucy McCalmont, Exit polls '14: 78% worried on econ, Politico (November 4, 2014).
  17. News: Bump. Philip . It's all but official: This will be the most dominant Republican Congress since 1929 . Washington Post . November 5, 2014 . November 6, 2014.
  18. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2014. U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. 10 April 2017.
  19. Web site: Meet the new senators. USA TODAY.
  20. Web site: Election Statistics, 1920 to Present . United States House of Representatives . 2014 . 54.
  21. Web site: 2014 gubernatorial elections . RealClearPolitics .
  22. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2014. U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. 10 April 2017.
  23. News: Mitch Landrieu Is Re-elected Mayor of New Orleans. February 2, 2014. The New York Times. February 4, 2014.
  24. News: Kevin Faulconer elected next mayor of San Diego, will finish Filner's term. February 12, 2014. XETV-TDT San Diego 6. February 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004217/http://www.sandiego6.com/story/kevin-faulconer-elected-next-mayor-of-san-diego-will-finish-filner-s-term-20140212. February 22, 2014. dead.
  25. News: No recount set in close San Jose mayor's race after speculation. November 14, 2014. November 26, 2014. San Jose Mercury News. Mike. Rosenberg.
  26. Web site: Election Results. Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters. November 20, 2014. November 26, 2014.
  27. News: The Washington Post. D.C. mayoral primary election results. April 2, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140402022742/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-tran/local/2014-dc-mayoral-primary-results/. dead. April 2, 2014. November 5, 2014.
  28. Voter Turnout in Midterm Elections Hits 72-Year Low. Time. November 11, 2014. Charlotte. Alter.
  29. News: 2014 midterm election turnout lowest in 70 years. PBS. November 10, 2014. November 11, 2014. Charlotte Alter.
  30. Web site: 2014 November General Election Turnout Rates. United States Elections Project. November 7, 2014. November 13, 2014.
  31. Web site: 2014 Election Center – Exit Polls. CNN.com. December 17, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150102003324/http://www.cnn.com/election/2014/results/race/house. January 2, 2015. dead.
  32. Web site: 2012 Election Center – Exit Polls. CNN.com. December 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130112020855/https://www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/race/president/. January 12, 2013. dead.
  33. Web site: Little Enthusiasm, Familiar Divisions After the GOP's Big Midterm Victory. Pew Research Center. November 12, 2014. November 13, 2014.
  34. News: The worst voter turnout in 72-years . . November 12, 2014 .
  35. Web site: State Representative Votes Illegally, Fakes Home Address: Officials . Mason . Ari . 2015-09-27 . NBC Connecticut . 2015-01-10.
    Web site: Bridgeport State Rep. Christina Ayala arrested on 19 voting fraud charges . 2014-09-26 . . . 2015-01-10.
  36. Web site: Ayala gets suspended sentence for election fraud. ctpost.com. 26 September 2015. 27 March 2018.
  37. News: California State Sen. Roderick Wright Gets 90 Days in Jail . Carlton . Jim . . 2015-01-10.
  38. Web site: California lawmaker convicted of voter fraud allowed to take paid leave . Bernstein . Sharon . 2014-02-26 . Reuters . 2015-01-10.
  39. News: As Polls Close, Both Sides Predict Senate Victories. November 4, 2014. November 6, 2014. Bloomberg Politics. John. McCormick. Margaret. Talev.
  40. News: Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act . 3 November 2018. The New York Times. June 25, 2013.
  41. Web site: The State of Voting in 2014. Brennan Center for Justice . 3 November 2018. June 17, 2014.
  42. News: Arkansas Supreme Court strikes down voter ID law. 3 November 2018. Arkansas Times. October 15, 2014.
  43. News: Pennsylvania Voter ID Law Struck Down as Judge Cites Burden on Citizens. 3 November 2018. The New York Times. January 17, 2014.
  44. Web site: Rigell campaign demands paper ballots in Va. Beach | WAVY-TV. wavy.com. November 15, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141117020929/http://wavy.com/2014/11/04/rigell-campaign-demands-paper-ballots-in-va-beach/. November 17, 2014. dead.
  45. News: Maryland GOP calls for investigation of voting machines. Baltimore Sun. November 15, 2014. November 7, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141107182615/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-voting-machines-20141028-story.html. dead.
  46. Web site: Lawsuit filed against Rock Island County Clerk for voting machine issues | WQAD.com. wqad.com. 31 October 2014. November 15, 2014.
  47. Web site: Voting machine again displays wrong choice. News-Record.com. November 15, 2014.
  48. News: Company acknowledges Bexar ballot glitch that omitted Greg Abbott's name. San Antonio Express-News. November 15, 2014.
  49. Web site: West Virginia Elects America's Youngest State Lawmaker. November 4, 2014. November 6, 2014. The Wall Street Journal. Maher. Kris.
  50. News: Branstad elected to 6th term as Iowa governor. November 4, 2014. November 6, 2014. KETV Omaha.
  51. News: Shelley Moore Capito First Woman Elected As West Virginia Senator. November 4, 2014. November 6, 2014. Huffington Post. Siddiqui. Sabrina.
  52. News: Ernst becomes first woman elected statewide in Iowa. November 5, 2014. November 6, 2014. Washington Post.
  53. News: Gorbea accepts victory in R.I. secretary of state race, first Hispanic in N.E. to win statewide office. Providence Journal. November 6, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141106182842/http://www.providencejournal.com/politics/content/20141104-gorbea-accepts-victory-in-r.i.-secretary-of-state-race-first-hispanic-in-n.e.-to-win-statewide-office.ece. November 6, 2014. dead. mdy-all.
  54. News: Democrat Maura Healey tops GOP's Miller to become the nation's 1st openly gay attorney general. My Fox Boston. November 5, 2014. November 17, 2014.
  55. Recio, Maria (November 6, 2014) – "Texas Sending First Black Republican to Congress". Star-Telegram. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  56. News: Mia Love makes history by winning House seat in Utah. November 5, 2014. November 6, 2014. Washington Times. Richardson. Valerie.
  57. http://www.defenselink.mil/home/faceofdefense/fod/2006-12/f20061207a.html Air Force Lt. Col. Martha McSally profile
  58. Web site: UPDATE: McSally Wins Congressional Seat, Recount Confirms. 2014-12-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20141217192919/https://www.azpm.org/p/frontpage-electionnews/2014/12/17/52739-will-it-be-congresswoman-elect-mcsally-or-2nd-term-for-barber/. 2014-12-17. dead.
  59. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/11/04/west-virginia-nation-least-latino-state-elects-its-first-latino-congressman/ "West Virginia, the nation's least Hispanic state, elects its first Latino congressman"
  60. News: Scott first black senator elected in South since Reconstruction. November 5, 2014. November 6, 2014. CNN. Bradner. Eric.
  61. News: South Carolina black senator makes history. CNN. November 15, 2014.
  62. News: New York voters elect youngest woman to US Congress. November 4, 2014. November 6, 2014. Yahoo News . AFP.
  63. Web site: Partisan Voter Index by State, 1994–2014. Cook Political Report. 19 May 2016. 27 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127052333/http://cookpolitical.com/file/filename.pdf. dead. PVI in 2014
  64. Web site: 2014 State and Legislative Partisan Composition. National Conference of State Legislatures. 19 May 2016. 9 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150609011907/http://www.ncsl.org/documents/statevote/legiscontrol_2014.pdf. dead.
  65. Web site: 2015 State and Legislative Partisan Composition. National Conference of State Legislatures. 19 May 2016.
  66. Two independents caucused with the Democrats in the 113th United States Congress and the 114th United States Congress.

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