2014 FIA Formula 3 European Championship explained

The 2014 FIA Formula 3 European Championship was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars that held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars built by Italian constructor Dallara which conformed to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It was the third edition of the FIA Formula 3 European Championship. Raffaele Marciello was the reigning drivers' champion,[1] but he did not defend his title as he stepped up to the GP2 Series.[2] His team, Prema Powerteam represented in the Teams' championship by Esteban Ocon and Antonio Fuoco, defended their Teams' title.[3] [4]

Ocon clinched both the main and rookie championship titles after nine race wins.[5] Jagonya Ayam with Carlin driver Tom Blomqvist finished as runner-up, securing six wins, while Van Amersfoort Racing driver Max Verstappen, who made his debut in single-seaters, collected ten wins and finished just nine points behind Blomqvist. Lucas Auer, who raced for kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport, won races at Hockenheim and the Nürburgring to finish fourth in the championship. Fuoco achieved wins at Silverstone and Spielberg and completed the top five in the championship. His compatriot Antonio Giovinazzi was a winner of races at Spielberg and the Nürburgring, while series veteran Felix Rosenqvist was the only other driver to win a race, triumphing at the Pau Grand Prix meeting.

Drivers and teams

The following teams and drivers competed during the 2014 season:

TeamChassisEngineDriverStatusRounds
Prema PowerteamF314/003Mercedes[6] 1 Nicholas Latifi[7] 1–10
F312/0152 Esteban Ocon[8] All
F312/03025 Antonio Fuoco[9] All
F312/00526 Dennis van de Laar[10] All
Mücke MotorsportF312/019Mercedes3 Lucas Auer[11] All
F312/0234 Roy Nissany[12] All
F312/02027 Felix Rosenqvist[13] All
CarlinF312/004Volkswagen5 Jordan King[14] All
F312/0166 Ed Jones[15] 1–3, 8–11
F312/00128 Jake Dennis[16] All
EuroInternationalF312/053Mercedes[17] 7 Riccardo Agostini[18] 1–3
F312/0038 Michele Beretta[19] All
F312/05329 Santino Ferrucci[20] 5–9
Sérgio Sette Câmara[21] 10
Stefano Coletti[22] 11
Fortec Motorsports[23] F312/011Mercedes9 Mitch Gilbert1–6
Alfonso Celis[24] 8
Hongwei Cao[25] 10
F312/00710 John Bryant-Meisner1–6, 8
Santino Ferrucci[26] 10–11
ThreeBond Racing with T-SportF312/049NBE[27] 11 Richard Goddard[28] 1–6, 8–11
F312/00812 Alexander Toril[29] 1–6, 8–11
F314/01932 Nick Cassidy[30] 10–11
Double R Racing[31] F313/001Mercedes14 Felipe Guimarães[32] 1–6
Van Amersfoort RacingF312/051Volkswagen15 Jules Szymkowiak[33] All
F312/05216 Gustavo Menezes[34] All
F314/00930 Max VerstappenAll
Jo Zeller RacingMercedes17 Sandro Zeller2, 4–6, 8–11
18 Tatiana Calderón[35] All
Jagonya Ayam with Carlin[36] Volkswagen19 Antonio Giovinazzi[37] All
F312/00220 Sean GelaelAll
F312/01031 Tom BlomqvistAll
Team West-Tec F3[38] F314/007Mercedes21 Félix Serrallés[39] All
F312/01122 Hector Hurst[40] 1–8
Wing Chung Chang[41] 9–11
Signature[42] F314/005Volkswagen23 William Buller10

Calendar

A provisional eleven-round calendar was announced on 4 December 2013.[46] The series returned to Pau after a one-year absence, as the previously-scheduled British F3 event in 2013 was cancelled, after a restructure of the championship calendar.[47]

Circuit/LocationDateSupporting
11 Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone19 April6 Hours of Silverstone
2
320 April
24 Hockenheimring, Baden-Württemberg3 MayDeutsche Tourenwagen Masters
54 May
6
37 Pau Circuit, Pau10 MayPau Grand Prix
811 May
9
410 Hungaroring, Mogyoród31 MayDeutsche Tourenwagen Masters
111 June
12
513 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Francorchamps21 JuneFIA WTCC Race of Belgium
14
1522 June
616 Norisring, Nuremberg28 JuneDeutsche Tourenwagen Masters
1729 June
18
719 Moscow Raceway, Volokolamsk12 July
2013 July
21
822 Red Bull Ring, Spielberg2 August
233 August
24
925 Nürburgring, Rhineland-Palatinate16 August
2617 August
27
1028 Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Imola11 OctoberItalian GT Championship
2912 October
30
1131 Hockenheimring, Baden-Württemberg18 OctoberDeutsche Tourenwagen Masters
32
3319 October

Results

RoundCircuitPole positionFastest lapWinning driverWinning team
1R1 Silverstone Circuit Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Esteban Ocon
R2 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R3 Esteban Ocon Antonio Fuoco Antonio Fuoco Prema Powerteam Antonio Fuoco
2R1 Hockenheimring Lucas Auer Lucas Auer Lucas Auer kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport Jake Dennis
R2 Max Verstappen Tom Blomqvist Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R3 Max Verstappen Antonio Fuoco Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
3R1 Pau Circuit Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R2 Esteban Ocon Felix Rosenqvist Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Esteban Ocon
R3 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon
4R1 Hungaroring Esteban Ocon Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Esteban Ocon
R2 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R3 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
5R1 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps Esteban Ocon Van Amersfoort Racing
R2 Esteban Ocon Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
R3 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
6R1 Norisring Felix Rosenqvist Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
R2 Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
R3 Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
7R1 Moscow Raceway Esteban Ocon Max Verstappen Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R2 Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R3 Esteban Ocon Tom Blomqvist Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
8R1 Red Bull Ring Esteban Ocon Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Jake Dennis
R2 Antonio Giovinazzi Antonio Giovinazzi Antonio Fuoco Prema Powerteam Antonio Fuoco
R3 Antonio Giovinazzi Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Jake Dennis
9R1 Nürburgring Max Verstappen Tom Blomqvist Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
R2 Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Antonio Giovinazzi Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Esteban Ocon
R3 Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Lucas Auer kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport Max Verstappen
10R1 Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari Esteban Ocon Felix Rosenqvist Esteban Ocon Prema Powerteam Esteban Ocon
R2 Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Max Verstappen
R3 Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
11R1 Hockenheimring Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Max Verstappen Van Amersfoort Racing Max Verstappen
R2 Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Tom Blomqvist Jagonya Ayam with Carlin Esteban Ocon
R3 Tom Blomqvist Lucas Auer Lucas Auer kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport Max Verstappen

Championship standings

Scoring system
Position 1st  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th 
Points251815121086421

Drivers' championship

(key)

class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center"
DriverSIL
HOC
PAU
HUN
SPA
NOR
MSC
RBR
NÜR
IMO
HOC
Points
R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3
1 Esteban Ocon213912122211Ret22214211113Ret1363Ret143747478
2 Tom Blomqvist14645Ret111315648610RetRet437122522315313420
3 Max VerstappenRet52RetDNS13RetRetRet1641111113Ret254121Ret3Ret21156411
4 Lucas Auer51281442764332Ret2133854Ret1033751658231365
5 Antonio Fuoco43111Ret31719†1119225Ret16Ret7962361192441625214DSQDNS255
6 Antonio Giovinazzi1285Ret25741023†65Ret911Ret97131610216131Ret53Ret425238
7 Jordan King369397518†95RetDNS101010Ret2325Ret9Ret7465219116132217
8 Felix Rosenqvist914757Ret14Ret1341774966118754RetRet87Ret49Ret564198
9 Jake Dennis1717Ret71064341117936754Ret1564318†5RetRet9777151211174
10 Nicholas Latifi624Ret6RetRet17†Ret22910137548Ret7817†Ret841310RetRet64128
11 Gustavo Menezes161318Ret2191513Ret1778633Ret105101512758141313Ret1010891691
12 Félix Serrallés7151088Ret681378711Ret481113910Ret14RetRet12Ret7889911Ret82
13 Ed Jones871523158Ret17NC66108DNS1313Ret1314970
14 Dennis van de Laar11912191213135781214171420Ret12DNS12968Ret141112Ret12111317101038
15 Tatiana Calderón23181918221818Ret1520151615517RetRet101411815139Ret98914Ret128Ret29
16 Mitch Gilbert1316Ret61114Ret659112320121811201728
17 Roy Nissany202216Ret15820916151411161112719Ret18141611141115116Ret21121171326
18 Sean Gelael1520NC13202210RetRet1021131813139176171711127101621†111016Ret1018825
19 Santino FerrucciRetDNS151254161314Ret1220†91714RetRet1619171524
20 Jules Szymkowiak192420Ret161619Ret14619159Ret818†RetRet111213Ret915171410Ret151422152017
2118101120131912118141012141823†1513152011Ret6
22 Felipe Guimarães1011Ret1214Ret1615121313208RetRetRetRetRet5
23 Richard Goddard14Ret211024129RetRet16232212152217Ret1421Ret171915171518192021123
24 Hector Hurst22Ret131523172110181820191917Ret13151619Ret91619163
25 Alexander TorilRet1914161920Ret16Ret122218Ret19†141618121710Ret181612RetRet15211621†1
26 Riccardo Agostini212322†Ret181022†14Ret1
27 Sandro Zeller1417112118Ret2116Ret14161818Ret18221916Ret23Ret1820170
28 Michele BerettaRet211717Ret21Ret12RetRet242122Ret19RetRet1920Ret152217Ret211815171717RetNC140
29 Alfonso Celis1915Ret0
30 Wing Chung Chang202018182218Ret22190
Guest drivers ineligible for points
William BullerRetRet6
Nick Cassidy111222161918
align=left nowrap Sérgio Sette Câmara142021
Hongwei CaoRet2420
Stefano ColettiRetRet22
DriverR1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3Points
SIL
HOC
PAU
HUN
SPA
NOR
MSC
RBR
NÜR
IMO
HOC

† — Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

Rookies' championship

class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center"
DriverSIL
HOC
PAU
HUN
SPA
NOR
MSC
RBR
NÜR
IMO
HOC
Points
R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3
1 Esteban Ocon213912122211Ret22214211113Ret1363Ret143747619
2 Max VerstappenRet52RetDNS13RetRetRet1641111113Ret254121Ret3Ret21156514
3 Jake Dennis1717Ret71064341117936754Ret1564318†5RetRet9777151211450
4 Antonio Fuoco43111Ret31719†1119225Ret16Ret7962361192441625214DSQDNS433
5192420Ret161619Ret14619159Ret818†RetRet111213Ret915171410Ret1514221520297
6 Michele BerettaRet211717Ret21Ret12RetRet242122Ret19RetRet1920Ret152217Ret211815171717RetRet14197
7 Santino FerrucciRetDNS151254161314Ret1220†91714RetRet16191715170
DriverR1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3R1R2R3Points
SIL
HOC
PAU
HUN
SPA
NOR
MSC
RBR
NÜR
IMO
HOC

Teams' championship

Prior to each round of the championship, two drivers from each team – if applicable – were nominated to score teams' championship points.

PosTeamPoints
1 Prema Powerteam740
2 Jagonya Ayam with Carlin704
3nowrap kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport605
4 Van Amersfoort Racing539
5 Carlin418
6 Team West-Tec F3130
7 Fortec Motorsports75
8 Jo Zeller Racing49
9 EuroInternational36
10 ThreeBond with T-Sport23
11 Double R Racing14
Guest team ineligible for points
Signature0

Notes and References

  1. News: Marciello finishes with a win in wet final race. Allen. Peter. 20 October 2013. Paddock Scout. 20 October 2013.
  2. News: Ferrari protege Raffaele Marciello joins Racing Engineering for GP2. Charles. Bradley. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 18 February 2014. 18 February 2014.
  3. News: Marciello European Champion, Rosenqvist a double winner. 20 October 2013. FIA European Formula Three Championship. 19 April 2014. The Prema Powerteam, that has Raffaele Marciello, the European Champion, in its line-up, had already secured the teams' title during the penultimate season meeting at Vallelunga in Italy.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140419223021/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Marciello-European-Champion-Rosenqvist-a-double-winner-in-season-finale.html. 19 April 2014. dead.
  4. News: Max Verstappen wins Prema Powerteam team champions . 18 October 2014 . . 18 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141022003815/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Max-Verstappen-wins-Prema-Powerteam-team-champions.html . 22 October 2014.
  5. News: Verstappen claims ninth win as Ocon is crowned champion. Khorounzhiy. Valentin. 18 October 2014. Paddock Scout. 18 October 2014.
  6. News: New Mercedes F3 engine tested by Alex Lynn and Esteban Ocon. Simmons. Marcus. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 9 December 2013. 9 December 2013.
  7. News: PREMA Powerteam and Nicholas LATIFI together in the 2014 FIA F3 European Championship. Prema Powerteam. premapowerteam.com. 19 February 2014. 19 February 2014.
  8. News: Esteban Ocon joins Prema Powerteam for 2014. 9 January 2014. motorsport.com. 9 January 2014. 10 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150710163020/http://www.motorsport.com/f3/news/esteban-ocon-joins-prema-powerteam-for-2014/. dead.
  9. News: Baldisserri: "Fuoco's confirmation" . 10 August 2013 . . 22 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141109110038/http://formula1.ferrari.com/news/fuocos-confirmation . 9 November 2014 .
  10. News: Dennis Van de Laar joins Prema Powerteam for 2014. Prema Powerteam. premapowerteam.com. 10 December 2013. 10 December 2013.
  11. News: Lucas Auer to race for the kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport team . . FIA Formula 3 Championship . 10 December 2013 . 10 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150205183201/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Lucas-Auer-to-race-for-the-kfzteile24-Muecke-Motorsport-team-in-2014.html . 5 February 2015 .
  12. News: Roy Nissany to continue with kfzteile24 Mücke Motorsport . . FIA Formula 3 Championship . 21 January 2014 . 21 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150107132135/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Roy-Nissany-to-continue-with-kfzteile24-Muecke-Motorsport.html . 7 January 2015 .
  13. News: Rosenqvist among drivers confirmed by FIA F3 entry list. Khorounzhiy. Valentin. 7 March 2014. Paddock Scout. 7 March 2014.
  14. News: Giovinazzi, King, Blomqvist and Gelael with Carlin at F3 . FormulaRapida.net . Viñals Vendrell . Arnau . 19 December 2013 . 19 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131221183500/http://www.formularapida.net/news/giovinazzi-king-blomqvist-and-gelael-with-carlin-at-f3/ . 21 December 2013 .
  15. News: Carlin signs Ed Jones for 2014 European F3 campaign. Tremayne. Sam. 9 January 2014. Autosport. Haymarket. 9 January 2014.
  16. News: Jake Dennis set to race in FIA Formula 3 European Championship . carlin.co.uk . Carlin Motorsport . 10 January 2014 . 10 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150626181546/http://www.carlin.co.uk/news/JakeDennissettoraceinFIAFormula3EuropeanChampionship.htm . 26 June 2015 .
  17. News: EuroInternational expands European Formula 3 line-up for 2014. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 13 January 2014. 13 January 2014.
  18. News: Riccardo Agostini joins EuroInternational for 2014 European F3. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 20 December 2013. 20 December 2013.
  19. News: Con Beretta alla Eurointernational diventano 4 gli italiani nel FIA F.3 . 4 March 2014 . ItaliaRacing.net . Inpagina . Italian . 4 March 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141109112850/http://italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=43674&cat=7 . 9 November 2014 .
  20. News: Ferrucci to do FIA F3 from Spa with Eurointernational. Allen. Peter. Paddock Scout. 5 March 2014. 5 March 2014.
  21. News: Eurointernational a Imola con Camara . 1 October 2014 . ItaliaRacing.net . Inpagina . 1 October 2014 . Italian . Eurointernational at Imola, with Camara . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073339/http://italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=48417&cat=7 . 6 October 2014 .
  22. News: Esteban Ocon and Toro Rosso F1's Max Verstappen lead Macau F3 entry. Simmons. Marcus. 8 October 2014. Autosport. Haymarket. 8 October 2014.
  23. News: A high level and consistently growing entry list . . . 10 February 2014 . 10 February 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070203/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/A-high-level-and-consistently-growing-entry-list.html . 6 October 2014 .
  24. News: Lucas Auer determined to shine in his home races at Spielberg . . Formel 3 Vermarktungs GmbH . 30 July 2014 . 8 November 2014 . The grid of the Austrian FIA Formula 3 European Championship meeting will feature a new driver: Alfonso Celis (Fortec Motorsports). . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141109110203/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Lucas-Auer-determined-to-shine-in-his-home-races-at-Spielberg.html . 9 November 2014 .
  25. News: Six drivers join FIA F3 European Championship field for Imola. Allen. Peter. 6 October 2014. Paddock Scout. 6 October 2014.
  26. News: Santino Ferrucci in full-time Fortec Formula 3 team switch. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 4 September 2014. 4 September 2014.
  27. News: British engine builder Neil Brown Engineering returns to F3. 17 February 2014. Autosport. Haymarket. 17 February 2014.
  28. News: Spike Goddard to stay with T-Sport for 2014 Euro F3 campaign. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 10 January 2014. 10 January 2014.
  29. News: Spaniard Alex Toril joins T-Sport for F3 European Championship. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 14 January 2014. 14 January 2014.
  30. News: Nick Cassidy joins T-Sport for Formula 3 European Championship. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 29 September 2014. 29 September 2014.
  31. News: Andy Chang to step up to British F3 with Double R in 2014. Simmons. Marcus. 15 January 2014. Autosport. Haymarket. 15 January 2014.
  32. News: Guimaraes joins Double R for FIA F3 European Championship. Allen. Peter. 7 March 2014. Paddock Scout. 7 March 2014.
  33. News: Max debuteert in Europees F3 met Van Amersfoort Racing. verstappen.nl. Verstappen Info Page. 4 March 2014. 4 March 2014. Dutch.
  34. News: Gustavo Menezes and Van Amersfoort Racing . . FIA Formula 3 Championship . 8 January 2014 . 8 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150107132331/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/en/news/Gustavo-Menezes-and-Van-Amersfoort-Racing.html . 7 January 2015 .
  35. News: Renault F3 race debut put on hold by Signature. Simmons. Marcus. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 18 April 2014. 18 April 2014.
  36. News: Blomqvist confirmed alongside Giovinazzi and Gelael at Carlin. Allen. Peter. 20 January 2014. Paddock Scout. 20 January 2014.
  37. News: Antonio Giovinazzi si lega alla Carlin per il 2014. Anthony Giovinazzo is linked to Carlin for 2014. omnicorse.it. Italian. FIA Formula 3 Championship. 18 December 2013. 18 December 2013.
  38. News: West-Tec gets Mercedes power for 2014 FIA European Formula 3 move. Simmons. Marcus. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 26 November 2013. 26 November 2013.
  39. News: Felix Serralles moves to West-Tec for 2014 European Formula 3. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 20 December 2013. 20 December 2013.
  40. News: Hurst joins West-Tec for FIA F3 European Championship. Allen. Peter. Paddock Scout. 18 March 2014. 18 March 2014.
  41. Web site: NÜRBURGRING — Final Entry List . 15 August 2014 . . FIA Formula 3 Championship . 17 August 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140825072146/http://www.fiaf3europe.com/ergebnisse/2014-08-17-el.pdf . 25 August 2014 .
  42. News: Will Buller and Signature in joint Formula 3 comebacks. Marcus. Simmons. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 5 September 2014. 5 September 2014.
  43. Web site: Signature makes F3 return with Renault as engine supplier. Autosport. O'Leary. Jamie. 12 November 2013.
  44. Web site: Calderon signs with Signature for sophomore FIA F3 campaign. Formula Scout. Khorounzhiy. Valentin. 6 March 2014.
  45. Web site: Signature abandona el proyecto del FIA F3. Revista Safetycar. es. Lillo. Sergio. 18 April 2014.
  46. News: The final 2013 meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) took place today (4 December) in Paris, France.. 4 December 2013. fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 4 December 2013.
  47. News: European Formula 3 returns to Pau in 2014. Simmons. Marcus. Autosport. Haymarket Publications. 4 December 2013. 4 December 2013.