| Previous Election: | 2009 |
| Next Election: | 2015 |
| Seats For Election: | All 120 seats in the Knesset |
| Majority Seats: | 61 |
| Turnout: | 67.77% (3.05pp) |
| Country: | Israel |
| Seats1: | 31 |
| Last Election1: | 42 |
| Percentage1: | 23.34 |
| Party2: | Yesh Atid |
| Leader2: | Yair Lapid |
| Seats2: | 19 |
| Last Election2: | new |
| Percentage2: | 14.33 |
| Party3: | Israeli Labor Party |
| Leader3: | Shelly Yachimovich |
| Seats3: | 15 |
| Last Election3: | 13 |
| Percentage3: | 11.39 |
| Party4: | The Jewish Home |
| Leader4: | Naftali Bennett |
| Seats4: | 12 |
| Last Election4: | 7 |
| Percentage4: | 9.12 |
| Party5: | Shas |
| Leader5: | Eli Yishai |
| Seats5: | 11 |
| Last Election5: | 10 |
| Percentage5: | 8.75 |
| Party6: | United Torah Judaism |
| Leader6: | Yaakov Litzman |
| Seats6: | 7 |
| Last Election6: | 5 |
| Percentage6: | 5.16 |
| Party7: | Hatnua |
| Leader7: | Tzipi Livni |
| Seats7: | 6 |
| Last Election7: | new |
| Percentage7: | 4.99 |
| Party8: | Meretz |
| Leader8: | Zehava Gal-On |
| Seats8: | 6 |
| Last Election8: | 3 |
| Percentage8: | 4.55 |
| Party9: | United Arab List |
| Leader9: | Ibrahim Sarsur |
| Seats9: | 4 |
| Last Election9: | 4 |
| Percentage9: | 3.65 |
| Party10: | Hadash |
| Leader10: | Mohammad Barakeh |
| Seats10: | 4 |
| Last Election10: | 4 |
| Percentage10: | 2.99 |
| Party11: | Balad (political party) |
| Leader11: | Jamal Zahalka |
| Seats11: | 3 |
| Last Election11: | 3 |
| Votes11: | 97,030 |
| Percentage11: | 2.56 |
| Party12: | Kadima |
| Leader12: | Shaul Mofaz |
| Seats12: | 2 |
| Last Election12: | 28 |
| Percentage12: | 2.09 |
| Before Election: | Benjamin Netanyahu |
| Before Party: | Likud |
| After Election: | Benjamin Netanyahu |
| After Party: | Likud Yisrael Beiteinu |
| Prime Minister | |
Early legislative elections were held in Israel on 22 January 2013 to elect the 120 members of the nineteenth Knesset.[1] [2] Public debate over the Tal Law had nearly led to early elections in 2012, but they were aborted at the last moment after Kadima briefly joined the government. The elections were later called in early October 2012 after failure to agree on the budget for the 2013 fiscal year.
The elections saw the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu alliance emerge as the largest faction in the Knesset, winning 31 of the 120 seats. Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu formed the country's thirty-third government after establishing a coalition with Yesh Atid, the Jewish Home, and Hatnua, which between them held 68 seats.
Following the 2009 elections, in which right-wing and religious parties won the majority (65 out of 120, or 54%) of the seats, opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu established a government including right-wing parties Likud, Yisrael Beiteinu, the ultra-orthodox Shas and United Torah Judaism, the religious Zionist Jewish Home, and the centre-left Labor Party.
Although there were disagreements between the coalition parties on issues of national security and the peace process, and separation of church and state, the government was relatively stable and was able to overcome several political and national security related crises with no real threat from the opposition. The stability of the coalition government increased after a split in the Labor Party when five of its members led by Ehud Barak left to establish the Independence Party.[3] Whilst the Labor Party subsequently left the coalition, Independence remained within it, allowing the government to maintain a majority of 66 of the 120 seats in the Knesset.
Prime Minister Netanyahu's initial popularity remained stable, as he managed to overcome various events that could have endangered the stability of his government—such as the political speech at the Bar-Ilan University at the beginning of his term in which he endorsed the idea of a Palestinian state alongside Israel for the first time,[4] the government's agreement to freeze construction in the West Bank,[5] in light of the common belief of the Israeli public that the diplomatic relations between the United States and Israel had worsened during Netanyahu's term,[6] the 2010 Gaza flotilla incident and its implications,[7] the outbreak of the Mount Carmel forest fire in December 2010 and the various government oversights which were attributed to this blunder,[8] as well as the growing debate within the Israeli public about a pre-emptive attack on Iran.
However, a decline in the popularity of Netanyahu and his government occurred in summer 2011 following the protests about social justice.[9] Nevertheless, the decline passed quickly after Netanyahu's speech at the General debate of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2011 following the Palestinian diplomatic campaign to gain full membership of the United Nations,[10] and following cross-border attacks in the south of the country in August 2011. In addition, Netanyahu's popularity was increased after the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange was approved and Shalit was released. These events led to the highest level of public support Netanyahu had received since the start of his term in office.[11]
As a result of the high levels of support for the government, Netanyahu announced that early primaries would be held in the Likud party, a move which slightly surprised the Israeli political establishment and led to speculations about the possibility that Netanyahu would announce early general elections,[12] due to his high approval ratings.
Prior to the decision to dissolve the Knesset, attempts to amend the Tal Law, which allows Haredi to indefinitely defer national service, by Yisrael Beiteinu and Kadima were struck down by the High Court of Justice. It was also supported by the Independence party, but failed after Shas appealed an expedited process pass through the Ministerial Committee on Legislative Affairs, which meant it would have to be rediscussed and could not pass.[13] The dissolution of parliament would force an automatic extension of the law, due to expire on 1 August, for another six to eight months. Netanyahu said a new law should "make the burden [of serving in the IDF or civilian service] more equal and fair". Yisrael Beiteinu said the dissolution should have been postponed so that its proposed Equal National Service for All bill could be voted upon. Similarly, Kadima chairman Shaul Mofaz told the "Suckers Camp" (מאהל הפראיירים) protesters outside Likud's political convention that this was an "historic opportunity to clean the moral stain that is the Tal Law". He also said that the motion to dissolve the legislature at this state was a "stinky political trick" by Netanyahu, Yacimovich, and the Haredi parties. Dalia Itzik of Kadima also reiterated calls to have a new law before the election.[14]
On 7 May the Knesset voted on a series of bills relating to its dissolution and holding the election on 4 September, which passed;[15] however, in the early morning of 8 May, a few hours before the Knesset was expected to approve the bill which would bring the 18th Knesset's term to its end, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached an agreement with the Kadima leader Shaul Mofaz to join the current government, thus canceling the early election supposed to be held in September.[16]
On 17 July, after the failure of parties to reach a compromise on the issue, Kadima voted to pull out of the coalition.[17] The coalition did, however, still have a majority of seats even without Kadima. Nevertheless, the reduced coalition which was now divided between nationalist groups such as Yisrael Beiteinu and Haredi groups such as Shas, cast doubts regarding the coalition's ability to pass a budget for 2013 on the date prescribed by law. This situation, of the inability to pass the budget, revived the possibility that early elections might be held – a possibility which Prime Minister Netanyahu expressed his support of during a special speech he delivered from his public office on 9 October.[18]
See main article: List of political parties in Israel. The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 18th Knesset.
| Name | Ideology | Symbol | Leader | 2009 result | Seats at 2012 dissolution | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | |||||||
| Kadima | Liberalism | Shaul Mofaz | 22.47% | |||||
| Hatnua | Liberalism | Tzipi Livni | ||||||
| Likud | National liberalism | Benjamin Netanyahu | 21.61% | |||||
| Yisrael Beiteinu | Nationalism Secularism | Avigdor Lieberman | 11.70% | |||||
| Labor | Social democracy | Shelly Yachimovich | 9.93% | |||||
| Independence | Liberalism Third way | style="text-align:center;" | - | Ehud Barak | ||||
| Shas | Religious conservatism | Eli Yishai | 8.49% | |||||
| Am Shalem | Religious liberalism | |||||||
| UTJ | Religious conservatism | Yaakov Litzman | 4.39% | |||||
| Ra'am-Ta'al | Arab nationalism Islamism | Ibrahim Sarsur | 3.38% | |||||
| National Union | Right-wing populism National conservatism | Yaakov Katz | 3.34% | |||||
| Otzma LeYisrael | Religious Zionism Kahanism | Aryeh Eldad | ||||||
| Hadash | Communism Socialism | Mohammad Barakeh | 3.32% | |||||
| Meretz | Social democracy Secularism | Zehava Gal-On | 2.95% | |||||
| The Jewish Home | Religious Zionism National conservatism | Naftali Bennett | 2.87% | |||||
| Balad | Arab nationalism Pan-arabism | Jamal Zahalka | 2.48% | |||||
Since the term of the 17th Knesset ended prematurely, the term of the 18th Knesset is four full years plus eight more months, starting from the month of its election (February 2009). The expected date for a regular election was to be on 22 October 2013,[19] but an early election was announced.[20]
Likud's coalition chairman MK Ze'ev Elkin wanted the election to be scheduled for 4 September 2012.[21] He got support for the motion from Yisrael Beiteinu, Shas and Labor; however, Kadima wanted the election 16 September. Meretz, Labor and Elkin submitted different motions for dissolution.[22] Netanyahu told the Likud party on 7 May that he would like an early election saying that he does not "want there to be a year-and-a-half of political instability accompanied by blackmail and populism. I'd prefer a short electoral campaign of four months that will ensure political stability.[23] I would have been very happy if we could have completed the term, which was also my goal, but it is no secret that with the start of the government's fourth year, the coalition is fraying somewhat.[24] The achievements of this government are a result of a joint vision and a partnership that was possible due to political stability. We have not had such a stable government in decades. We are proposing 4 September, after which, God and voters willing, we will receive a mandate."[14]
The Knesset House Committee's approval on 7 May for the expedition of the bill to dissolve the 18th Knesset allowing for plenum vote. The committee bill was approved by a vote of 13 to four.[14] Though Shas voted against the measure, a party member said that "Shas' unambiguous stance is to support the early elections and the legislation. [Shas MKs] abstained due to confusion. We support the bill."
On 9 October, Netanyahu made a televised address in which he reacted to the inability to pass a budget for the next fiscal year by the deadline of 31 December. He said: "I have decided that it is in Israel's better interest to go to elections now and as quickly as possible. For Israel, it is preferable to have as short a campaign as possible, one of three months over one that would last in practice an entire year and damage Israel's economy." Reactions to the announcement included the Labor Party's Shelley Yachimovich who said that despite lagging in opinion polls to Likud there was a "reasonable probability" of winning and that "the public today understands that security is not just on the borders, but is also job and income security and health and education security". Kadima's Shaul Mofaz told Channel 10: "I think the decision for early elections is a day of hope for the citizens of Israel. It is an opportunity to replace the bad Netanyahu government that has isolated Israel politically over the past four years, damaged Israel's deterrence, and deteriorated the middle class."
Two parties can make an agreement so that the sum of both parties' surplus votes are combined, and if the combined surplus votes amounts to an extra seat, then the extra seat goes to the party with the larger number of surplus votes.[25] Several agreements were signed by parties prior to the election:
The decision to have an early election was read as influential over the issue of an attack on Iran. A victory for Likud could bolster the case for an armed strike;[32] however, it was also risky during an election. It would, however, be an election issue.[33]
Likud's Netanyahu said that in a new government he would seek to have as large and stable a governing coalition as possible in order to "deal with the great challenges that we will face". He also said that his other priority would be to tackle the still high levels of crime. "We know that there has been a reduction of 30% in the incidence of murder, but these cases are brutal and underline our acknowledged need to battle these occurrences full force." He said that Internal Security Minister Yitzhak Aharonovitch and Police Commissioner Yohanan Danino were tasked with compiling a report into the 37 murders in 2012, in comparison to 52 in 2011, and said he was confident in curbing the trend.[34]
Campaign issues, particularly in regards to attacking the Netanyahu government, are expected to be Netanyahu's relationship with U.S. President Barack Obama over Israel-Iran relations in light of the controversy over the Iranian nuclear programme, the stalling of the Israel-Palestinian peace process, the 2011 Israeli social justice protests and the aforementioned Tal law.[35]
See main article: Likud Yisrael Beiteinu. On 25 October 2012, Prime Minister and Likud chairman Benjamin Netanyahu and Yisrael Beiteinu chairman Avigdor Lieberman announced that Yisrael Beiteinu and Likud would present a common list (without merging) in the 2013 general elections."A joining of forces will give us the strength to defend Israel from military threats, and the strength to spearhead social and economic changes in the country", Netanyahu said.[36] "In view of the challenges we're facing, we need responsibility on a national level ... We're providing a true alternative, and an opportunity for the citizens to stabilize leadership and government", Lieberman said.
See main article: Operation Pillar of Defense. In November 2012, following Gaza militants rocket and mortar fire at Israeli towns and villages and attacks committed against Israeli soldiers stationed near the border with the Gaza Strip,[37] [38] [39] [40] the Israeli political leadership ordered the IDF to launch Operation Pillar of Defense, during which the IAF conducted a series of air strikes against militant targets of the Hamas and against the organization's leaders, including the head of the organization's military wing Ahmed Jabari, who was assassinated while he was driving his car in Gaza City. As a result, Hamas responded by firing rockets and mortars at various localities in Israel, especially in the southern Israel region, but also in addition, for the first time in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, managed to shoot rockets at Israel's biggest metropolitan area in the central region of Israel.
The operation in the Gaza Strip gained the support of most parties, including various opposition parties. However, some parties, including Meretz, Hadash, and all Israeli Arab parties, expressed their strong opposition to the operation. Some left-wing figures stated that the operation was actually an "Election War" aimed at putting aside socio-economic issues and replacing them with a defense agenda, and claimed that the operation would not help Israel in the long term.[41] [42]
After the Israeli government signed the ceasefire agreement with Hamas, a number of figures in the Israeli right-wing political spectrum, including Naftali Bennett and Aryeh Eldad, criticized the government's decision.[43] [44] During the operation and the shelling of southern Israel, various parties declared that they would suspend their political campaign until the operation would end—among them the Likud Party[45] and the opposition parties Kadima and the Labor party.[46]
On 26 November, Independence leader Ehud Barak announced that he would retire from politics after the next Minister of Defense was appointed,[47] and that the party's political campaign was suspended.[48] Subsequently, Shalom Simhon became the chairman of the party, but on 6 December, he announced that he was retiring from politics and that Independence was pulling out of the elections.
See main article: United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 and E1 (Jerusalem). In the General Assembly of the United Nations held on 29 November 2012, the 67th session adopted a resolution that upgraded Palestine to non-member observer state status at the United Nations.[49] The new status equates Palestine's with that of the Holy See.[50] In response, the inner cabinet approved the building of housing units in area E1, connecting Jerusalem and Ma'aleh Adumim.[51] [52]
The ultra-orthodox parties Shas and United Torah Judaism had men-only party lists, based on their belief that women in the Knesset would violate modesty laws. Because of this, the Central Elections Committee received petitions in December 2012 to disqualify both parties for being discriminatory. Likewise, the Otzma LeYisrael party, headed by Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari, has come under scrutiny due to its alleged denial of Israel as both a Jewish and democratic state. On 20 December, the Committee declared it would not ban any of those parties.[53]
On 19 December, the Committee voted to disqualify the Israeli Arab MK Haneen Zoabi from being re-elected on grounds of "supporting terrorism and rejecting Israel as a Jewish and democratic state".[54] However, the ban was later overturned by the Supreme Court.[55]
The National Election Commission announced that 34 parties had filed to run, and the election is expected to cost 250 million shekels.[56] [57]
The parties listed below are ordered by the number of seats each of these parties eventually received in the 2013 Israeli legislative elections:
See main article: Likud leadership election, 2012 and Likud Yisrael Beiteinu.
| Likud leadership election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Netanyahu | Feiglin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 76.8% (48,490) | 23.2% (14,660) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The "Likud Yisrael Beiteinu" List | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
During the election day Netanyahu repeatedly attempted to spur the Likud members to come to the polls and vote,[60] nevertheless the turnout remained low. As a result, and due to various many failures at the opening of polling stations across Israel, the voting time was extended by two hours in some places.[61] Nevertheless, at the end of the day the voter turnout was 50% of the total eligible voters. Despite Netanyahu's fears of a low voter turnout, the vast majority of voters supported him, while Moshe Feiglin gained relatively low support.[62]
In early May, Netanyahu's attempts to head the Likud central committee were dealt blow as party members called for a secret ballot, which was seen as an hindrance to him in beating out Danny Danon.[24] Popular Communications and Welfare & Social Services Minister and Likud MK Moshe Kahlon declared he will not contest the upcoming election. The decision was considered surprising, with Likud officials speculating that Kahlon was passed over by Netanyahu for the post of Minister of Finance.[63]
On 25 October 2012, Prime Minister and Likud chairman Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister and Yisrael Beiteinu chairman Avigdor Lieberman announced the unification of their two parties which would run as a single bloc for the upcoming election.[64] The new party will be called Likud Beiteinu ("The Likud Is Our Home"),[65] with Netanyahu number one on the list followed by Lieberman as number two.[66] [67]
The results of the Likud primaries indicated the absence of prominent Likud members currently serving as ministers from the top positions in the new Likud list (namely, Benny Begin, Michael Eitan, Dan Meridor and Avi Dichter), and on the other hand the entry of two other politicians who were positioned in top positions in the new Likud list - Tzachi Hanegbi (who left the Kadima party and joined the Likud party), and Moshe Feiglin, who is considered a political hardliner with a unique political perspective that emphasizes policies that reflect Israel's Jewish identity.
On 14 December Avigdor Lieberman resigned as the Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister and as Deputy Prime Minister following an indictment for fraud.[68]
| The Yesh Atid list | ||
Due to the ethical conflict between Lapid's functioning as a journalist and his political aspirations, Lapid informed Channel 2's CEO that he would resign six months before entering politics.[71] Lapid's commitment did not stop the Knesset legislation proceedings aimed at preventing the influx of Israeli journalists running for a position in the Knesset during their first year after they ended their journalist careers.[72]
Despite Lapid's denials about going into politics and in light of his obligations to end his journalism career long before that, Lapid officially announced in early January 2012 that he was leaving his journalism career in order to enter politics and that he would lead a new party.[73] [74] Lapid continued to write his weekly column in Yediot Aharonot until the elections were officially announced.
Lapid ultimately decided to name his party Yesh Atid.[75] His father's (Tommy Lapid) secular movement party Shinui used the election symbol 'yesh'. The party will have to submit a list of 100 founders and will be capped at raising 13.5 million shekels during this election cycle.[76]
See main article: 2011 Israeli Labor Party leadership election.
| Israeli Labor Party leadership election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yachimovich | Peretz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 54.2% (22,257) | 45.8% (18,822) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Labor Party list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At the start of 2011, Labor leader Ehud Barak began to face dissent from his party over its presence in the coalition. On 17 January 2011, disillusionment with Barak, over his support for coalition policies, especially regarding the peace process, led to his resignation from the Labor Party with four other Knesset members to establish a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" party named Independence.[77] Following this move, all Labor Party government ministers resigned. Splitting the Labour Party enabled Barak to keep a faction of Labour MKs loyal to him within Netanyahu's coalition, preventing the departure of all 13 Labour MKs from the coalition. Due to the split, the party remained without a chairman for a while and was even regarded in the public and the media as a party in demise. However, Barak's departure led to increased interest in the party, particularly since the remaining members began campaigning to win the position of party chairman.[78]
In the first round of voting, which was held on 12 September 2011, MK Shelly Yacimovich managed to get first position, narrowly defeating runner-up Amir Peretz. In the third and fourth places were Isaac Herzog and Amram Mitzna.[79] Since no candidate topped the 40% threshold required, a second round was held a week later on 21 September 2011, in which Yachimovich was able to beat Peretz in a gap of about 10%.[80] [81]
Yachimovich's victory, which placed the emphasis of the party on social values rather than issues of national security, brought a renewed interest in the party following the 2011 social protest and as a result, many polls predicted that the party might win nearly 20 seats,[82] which would make the party become the second largest party after Likud on the account of Kadima. Down the road, and especially after Yair Lapid declared that he would enter politics, Yachimovich's popularity and the popularity of the party were slightly moderated.[83] In January 2012 the party got a lot of media attention after Noam Shalit (father of Gilad Shalit) and former head of the Unit of International Crime Investigations Moshe Mizrahi both announced that they would be joining the party.[84] [85]
| The Jewish Home leadership election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bennett | Orlev | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 67.1% (23,645) | 32.7% (11,501) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Jewish Home List | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The primaries were held on 6 November 2012 for the position of the party's chairman. Naftali Bennett was elected as the chairman with 67.1% of the votes. Zevulun Orlev, who was second with 32.7% of the votes, declared that he would end his political career following his defeat.[93]
| The Shas list | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| The UTJ list | |||||||||||||||||||||
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In 2012, a split occurred among the Lithuanian Haredi public, as a group within the Degel HaTorah party which regards itself as the successor of Rabbi Elazar Shach and affiliated with Rabbi Shmuel Auerbach, felt that it is not represented by the party. After it was announced that early elections would be held, a group of people associated with Rabbi Auerbach registered a new party under the name Netzah. After Menachem Carmel, who is affiliated with this group, did not win the third position in the United Torah Judaism list, it was officially announced that the "Netzah" would be running in the 2013 Israeli legislative election.
| The "Hatnua" List | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Immediately after the establishment of Hatnua party, seven Knesset members from the Kadima (Meir Shitrit, Yoel Hasson, Shlomo Molla, Robert Tiviaev, Majalli Wahabi, Rachel Adato and Orit Zuaretz) announced that they have left the Kadima party and joined Livni's party. On 1 December, it was announced that the Former Labor chairman Amram Mitzna joined Livni's party.[100]
| Primaries for the leadership of Meretz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gal-On | Gilon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 60.6% (506) | 36.6% (306) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Meretz List | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The primaries were held on 7 February 2012 for the position of the party's chairman.[104] Zehava Gal-On was elected as the chairman with 60.6% of the votes. Ilan Gilon was second with 36.6% of the votes, and Uri Ofir was third with 2.8% of the votes.
Primaries were held on 11 November 2012 for the party list for the upcoming elections. The party list is as follows (in order): Zehava Gal-On, Ilan Gilon, Nitzan Horowitz, Michal Rozin, Issawi Frej, Tamar Zandberg, Avshalom Vilan, Mossi Raz, Yifat Solel and Uri Zaki.[105]
Haaretz endorsed Meretz for the 2013 election, and gave honorable mention to Tzipi Livni's Hatnua.[106]
United Arab List–Ta'al is an alliance of the two Arab parties United Arab List (Ra'am) and Ta'al which was first formed prior to the 2006 Israeli legislative elections. The party list is as follows (in order): Ibrahim Sarsur (party chairman), Ahmed Tibi, Masud Ghnaim, Taleb Abu Arar, Taleb el-Sana, Muhammad Cnaan.
| The Hadash list | |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
The party delegates also voted to decline the proposal to reserve a certain number of seats in the list for female representatives (79% were against this proposal).
The party list is as follows (in order): Jamal Zahalka (party chairman), Haneen Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, Juma Azbargh, and Abed Fukra. In December 2012, it was announced that the Central Elections Committee and a panel of Supreme Court judges would hold discussions on whether to disqualify Haneen Zoabi, as well as the Balad party, from the 2013 election. The request for her disqualification, submitted by MK Ofir Akunis (Likud) and which obtained the necessary number of signatures, stated that, "throughout her years in the Knesset, Zoabi has constantly undermined the State of Israel and has openly incited against the government, its institutions, and IDF soldiers". The request further alleged that Zoabi rejects Israel's existence as a Jewish and democratic state, which makes Knesset candidates eligible for disqualification.[107] Zoabi called the sponsors of the request fascists and said that "for whoever does not want citizens to have free elections, I am one of many targets ..."[108] After hearing the case, the Central Elections Committee disqualified Zoabi in a 19–9 vote.[109] The Israeli Supreme Court unanimously overturned the disqualification.[110]
See main article: Kadima leadership election, 2012.
| Kadima leadership election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mofaz | Livni | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 62.3% (23,987) | 37.7% (14,516) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Kadima list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mofaz won the election 62.3% to 37.7% with a turnout of approximately 40%.[115] Livni later resigned from her seat in Knesset complaining that Israel was sitting "on a volcano. The international clock is ticking and the existence of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state is in danger. For years, Israeli leaders have been burying their heads in the sand, occupying themselves with political exercises and spin and in that time the threat to Israel has only grown."[116]
| The Otzma LeYisrael list | |||||||||||||
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Following the negotiations between the National Union alliance and The Jewish Home party, MK Michael Ben-Ari, along with Baruch Marzel and Itamar Ben-Gvir (all Eretz Yisrael Shelanu members), announced that they do not plan to stay in such an alliance, and they would form an independent party. MK Aryeh Eldad from the Hatikva party decided also not to take part in the alliance.
On 13 November 2012, they announced that they formed a new joint list called Otzma LeYisrael.[117]
| The Am Shalem list | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
After Amsalem quit the Shas party, he established a new political movement called "Am Shalem" (a play of words on his last name), and announced that it would take part in the election.[118]
See main article: Opinion polling for the 2013 Israeli legislative election.
In 2013, during the elections to the Nineteenth Knesset, mentalist Lior Suchard was invited to predict the results of the elections about ten days before counting the votes. He wrote the results on a note enclosed in an envelope that was placed in a vault under strict guard at the Dizengoff Center in Tel Aviv throughout the days leading up to the election. After the counting of votes, it was revealed that Suchard had accurately predicted the results.[130] [131]
Election day was a public holiday. With few exceptions, voting centres were scheduled to be open from 7:00 until 22:00, whilst in communities with a population of less than 350, as well as in hospitals, prisons and detention centres, voting hours might start later and end earlier.[132] Voters who reside more than 20 kilometres from voting centres were eligible for free transport vouchers from the day before the election with the return ticket valid until the next day.[133] As of 11:00, 11.4% of voters had voted, an increase on the previous two elections.[134]
A total of 5,656,705 people were eligible to vote in the 10,132 polling stations in Israel and 96 overseas. The cost of the election was estimated to be around 1.5–2 billion NIS, with around 180 million NIS spent on campaigning, of which 59.4 million was spent by the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu alliance.[135]
See main article: Thirty-third government of Israel. After the election, Netanyahu, the previous prime minister and leader of the largest bloc, announced that he wished to form "as broad a coalition as possible" and that he was willing to work with Yesh Atid. Labour chairwoman Shelly Yachimovich said she had made contacts with the aim of forming a centre-left coalition excluding Likud Yisrael Beitenu. Lapid, leader of Yesh Atid, announced that he would not join a coalition aimed at preventing Netanyahu from forming a new government. He also said that he would only join a government committed to reviving the peace process and to reforming the Tal Law.[136]
Several days after the election, domestic media reported that Netanyahu's former chief of staff Natan Eshel would be involved in the negotiations. This move was criticised since Eshel had been involved in a sexual harassment scandal the year before, which resulted in him being banned from public service. Yesh Atid announced that it would not meet with Eshel under any circumstances.[137]
In consultation meetings with President Shimon Peres, six parties representing 82 MKs (Likud Yisrael Beiteinu, Yesh Atid, The Jewish Home, Shas, United Torah Judaism, and Kadima) recommended that Netanyahu be asked to form a government, whilst the Labor Party, Hatnua, Meretz, Hadash, and the two Arab parties (38 MKs) did not recommend anyone.[138] On 2 February, Peres formally tasked Netanyahu with forming a government.[139]
| Likud Yisrael Beiteinu | Benjamin Netanyahu | 31 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| Yesh Atid | Yair Lapid | 19 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| Israeli Labor Party | Shelly Yachimovich | 15 | No one | |
| The Jewish Home | Naftali Bennett | 12 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| Shas | Eli Yishai | 11 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| UTJ | Yaakov Litzman | 7 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| Meretz | Zehava Gal-On | 6 | No one | |
| Ra'am | Ibrahim Sarsur | 4 | No one | |
| Hadash | Mohammad Barakeh | 4 | No one | |
| Balad | Jamal Zahalka | 3 | No one | |
| Kadima | Shaul Mofaz | 2 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| 82 | Benjamin Netanyahu | |||
| 38 | No one |
On 19 February Netanyahu reached a coalition deal with Tzipi Livni, in which Hatnua agreed to join the coalition and Livni would be named as Justice Minister, placing her in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians. This was Netanyahu's first coalition deal. Likud Yisrael Beiteinu and Hatnua together controlled 37 seats, 24 short of the 61 needed to form a government.[140] The Jewish Home issued a statement criticizing the coalition and saying that Livni's inclusion made the Bennett-led party less likely to join.[141]
Yesh Atid and The Jewish Home announced a pact that neither would join the government without the other. This prevented Netanyahu from forming a coalition with only one of those parties along with the Haredi parties (Shas and United Torah Judaism), though Yesh Atid's Lapid was quoted as saying he would not join a government with the Haredim[142] and such a scenario was considered unlikely given Yesh Atid's platform of ending Haredi exemptions from military service and personal animosities between the parties' leaders.[143] On 25 February Likud announced that it had invited Yesh Atid and The Jewish Home to join the government. Netanyahu needed the support of both parties to have enough support to form a government.
By 5 March, Shas and UTJ had reportedly been informed they would not be joining the government. Yesh Atid began demanding more policy changes for the next government: public transportation on the Sabbath, an easier process for conversion to Judaism, and changes to the Chief Rabbinate.[144]
A coalition of Likud Yisrael Beiteinu, Yesh Atid, The Jewish Home, and Hatnua was announced on 14 March 2013.[145] This coalition won a vote of confidence in the Knesset on 18 March, and was sworn in later that day.
