2012 Mexican general election explained

Country:Mexico
Election Date:1 July 2012
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:Presidential election
Type:presidential
Previous Election:2006 Mexican general election
Previous Year:2006
Next Election:2018 Mexican general election
Next Year:2018
Turnout:63.08% (4.53pp)
Image1:Atlacomulco, Estado de México. Emitiendo el voto. (7552418636) (cropped).jpg
Nominee1:Enrique Peña Nieto
Party1:Institutional Revolutionary Party
Alliance1:Commitment to Mexico
Popular Vote1:19,158,592
Percentage1:39.17%
Nominee2:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Party2:Party of the Democratic Revolution
Alliance2:Progressive Movement (Mexico)
Popular Vote2:15,848,827
Percentage2:32.41%
Image3:Josefina Vázquez Mota (cropped).png
Nominee3:Josefina Vázquez Mota
Party3:National Action Party (Mexico)
Popular Vote3:12,732,630
Percentage3:26.03%
President
Before Election:Felipe Calderón
Before Party:National Action Party (Mexico)
After Election:Enrique Peña Nieto
After Party:Institutional Revolutionary Party
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:Senate
Seats For Election:All 128 seats in the Senate of the Republic
Majority Seats:65
Previous Election:2006
Next Election:2018
Noleader:yes
Party1:Institutional Revolutionary Party
Percentage1:33.00
Seats1:52
Last Election1:33
Party2:National Action Party (Mexico)
Percentage2:27.87
Seats2:38
Last Election2:52
Party3:Party of the Democratic Revolution
Percentage3:19.69
Seats3:22
Last Election3:26
Party4:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico
Percentage4:6.06
Seats4:9
Last Election4:6
Party5:Labor Party (Mexico)
Percentage5:4.92
Seats5:4
Last Election5:4
Party6:Citizens' Movement (Mexico)
Percentage6:4.26
Seats6:2
Last Election6:6
Party7:New Alliance Party (Mexico)
Percentage7:3.91
Seats7:1
Last Election7:1
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:Chamber of Deputies
Seats For Election:All 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
Majority Seats:251
Previous Election:2009
Next Election:2015
Noleader:yes
Party1:Institutional Revolutionary Party
Percentage1:33.57
Seats1:207
Last Election1:237
Party2:National Action Party (Mexico)
Percentage2:27.26
Seats2:114
Last Election2:143
Party3:Party of the Democratic Revolution
Percentage3:19.34
Seats3:100
Last Election3:71
Party4:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico
Percentage4:6.42
Seats4:34
Last Election4:21
Party5:Labor Party (Mexico)
Percentage5:4.83
Seats5:19
Last Election5:13
Party6:New Alliance Party (Mexico)
Percentage6:4.29
Seats6:10
Last Election6:9
Party7:Citizens' Movement (Mexico)
Percentage7:4.21
Seats7:16
Last Election7:6
Map:Elecciones legislativas de México de 2012 por distrito federal.svg

General elections were held in Mexico on Sunday, 1 July 2012. Voters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic to serve a six-year term, replacing Felipe Calderón, 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 128 members of the Mexican Senate.

Several local ballots were held on the same day, including the election of a new Head of Government and new Legislative Assembly of the Federal District, gubernatorial elections in six states (Chiapas, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Morelos, Tabasco and Yucatán) and municipal and local congressional elections several states.

Electoral reform

In December 2009, president Felipe Calderón attempted to pass a bill aimed at reducing the number of legislators in both chambers and another mechanism for the presidential election, which did not pass. If approved, the following reforms would have been implemented:

Presidential candidates

The following are individuals who have either formally announced that they are running for president in 2012, or have formed an exploratory committee for a possible presidential run in 2012.

National Action Party (PAN) Nomination

Nominee:

Other pre-candidates:

Pre-candidates who withdrew from contest

On 5 February, Josefina Vázquez Mota was announced as PAN presidential candidate following her victory in the internal selection process.[15] Vázquez Mota defeated Ernesto Cordero, who was considered to be favored by President Felipe Calderón, by an approximately 55% to 38% margin.

As coordinator of the PAN's parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies, Vázquez Mota's support among fellow deputies was partially credited for her victory.[16] Her victory made her the first woman nominated for president by a major party in Mexico.[17]

CandidateVotes%
Josefina Vázquez Mota264,50353.9%
Ernesto Cordero190,72238.9%
Santiago Creel29,8706.1%
Note: Results represent vote with 96% of ballots counted[18]

Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) Nomination

Nominee:

Pre-candidates:

Other pre-candidates:

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Nomination

Nominee:

Pre-candidates:

New Alliance Party (PNA) Nomination

Nominee:

Opinion polls

DatePolling companyVázquez Mota
(PAN)		Peña Nieto
(PRI-PVEM)		López Obrador
(PRD-MC-PT)		Quadri
(PANAL)		Remarks
November 2011Reforma[27] 25.0%49.0%26.0%–Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
Covarrubias y Asociados[28] 12.6%56.3%31%–
February 2012Grupo Impacto Inteligente 360º[29] 34.4%47.4%18.2%–
Consulta Mitofsky[30] 29.5%48.5%21.0%1.0%
Buendía & Laredo[31] 32.0%48.0%20.0%0.0%
Covarrubias y Asociados[32] 27.2%42.3%30.2%0.3%
Ipsos/Bimsa[33] 30%45%25%0.0%
March 2012Uno TV/María de las Heras27.4%44.0%27.4%1.2%
32.6%44.9%22.5%–PANAL's vote share not shown
Reforma[34] 32.0%45.0%22.0%1.0%
April 2012Uno TV/María de las Heras[35] 30.6%38.9%29.2%1.3%Carried out between 24 and 27 March
OEM-Parametría25%51%23%1.0%
BGC-Excélsior29%50%20%1.0%Carried out between 9 and 12 April
GEA/ISA-Milenio27.9%48.5%22.7%0.9%
El Universal/Buendía & Laredo22.9%54.3%21.4%1.4%
Consulta Mitofsky26.9%50.1%22.3%0.7%
Covarrubias y Asociados[36] 22.0%42.0%24.0%1.0%Published on 23 April
BGC-Excelsior[37] 28.0%47.0%23.0%2.0%Carried out between 19 and 25 April
OEM-Parametría[38] 26.0%49.0%24.0%1.0%Published on 30 April
May 2012GEA/ISA-Milenio[39] 26.1%51.2%21.1%1.6%Published on 1 May
Consulta Mitofsky[40] 28.0%48.0%23.0%1.0%
El Sol de México/Parametría[41] 26.0%49.0%24.0%1%One week before the candidates' debate
El Universal/Buendía & Laredo[42] 22.9%54.3%21.4%1.4%Before the candidates' debate
GEA/ISA-Milenio[43] 27.6%49.1%21.9%1.4%
El Universal[44] 22.0%36.3%23.4%9.5%After the candidates' debate
Uno TV/María de la Heras[45] 17.98%16.85%31.46%17.98%
El Universal/Buendía & Laredo[46] 23.1%49.6%24.8%2.1%
Covarrubias y Asociados[47] 26.0%40.0%30.0%4%
Uno TV/María de las Heras[48] 26.0%39.0%31.0%4.0%
June 2012Reforma[49] 23%38%34%5%
Mitofsky[50] 20.8%35.8%24.0%1.6%
Berumen y asociados[51] 20.7%30.9%31.8%Not shownGross preference
BGC-Excelsior[52] 28%42%28%2%
Berumen y asociados[53] 18%33.4%27.3%1.5%Gross preference
The share of the undefined vote has been excluded from these polls

Allegations of media bias and Yo Soy 132 student protests

See main article: Yo Soy 132. Mass protests have taken place in Mexico City against alleged bias towards PRI and Peña Nieto in the print and television media, particularly Televisa.[54]

The movement Yo Soy 132 ("I am 132") formed in response to this perceived bias, with initial focus on Peña Nieto as the flagship of "corruption, tyranny and authoritarianism".[55] On 11 May 2012, Peña Nieto visited Universidad Iberoamericana and was received with scorn.[56] Both printed and televised media reported this as a minor mishap, called the students intolerant, and claimed that they had been paid by leftist organizations. In response, 131 students identified themselves on a YouTube video by their university IDs and stated that their actions were independent. This caused a ripple effect as many tweeted "I'm the 132nd student" in solidarity. Mass protests organized by public and private university students then took place across the country. The movement successfully demanded that, unlike the first debate, the second presidential debate be broadcast on national television, and has proposed a third debate to cover a broader scope of issues.[57] [58]

Claims of hacking

In a 31 March 2016 article published by Bloomberg Business Week, a Colombian hacker named Andrés Sepúlveda claimed to have been paid US$600,000 by the PRI for hacking files (including phone calls, e-mails, and strategies) pertaining to the respective political campaigns of Peña Nieto's rivals, and also to manipulate social media to create fake news against his opponents with 30,000 fake Twitter accounts, creating fake trending topics and the perception of public enthusiasm toward Peña Nieto's campaign. On election day, Sepúlveda claimed to have been watching a live feed from Bogotá, Colombia and destroyed evidence right after Peña Nieto was declared winner. He said he was helped by a team of six hackers, which he led. The hacker is serving a 10-year prison sentence in Colombia for hacking crime, in favor of the election campaign of Óscar Iván Zuluaga.[59]

Results

Recount

Following the elections, López Obrador demanded a full recount, claiming there had been widespread irregularities.[60] The Federal Electoral Institute subsequently announced that there would be a partial recount, with presidential ballots from 78,012 of the 143,132 polling stations to be recounted, whilst ballots for the Congressional elections would be re-examined at two-thirds of polling stations.[60] On 6 July after a partial recount of approximately 50% of the votes, the Federal Electoral Institute declared they had found anomalies but that Nieto still had majority and was confirmed as the winner with 38.2% of the popular vote.[61] which officially has until 6 September to announce a winner.[60]

Request to invalidate election

On 12 July, López Obrador presented his formal complaint to invalidate the election to the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (TEPJF) on grounds of violation of constitutional article 41 which states that the elections must be free and authentic and with equal benefits for all competing parties.[62] Alleging that the Mexican media had treated them with inequality in relation to Peña Nieto and presenting the numerous evidence of paraphernalia used to buy votes for the PRI as well as pre-marked ballots and notarized witness statements of people who sold their votes to the PRI.[63] The complaint also pointed towards the PRI's campaign going over budget an alleged 1000% over the established allowed budget by the Federal Electoral Institute which is of 336 million Mexican pesos.[64] On July 18 López Obrador accused Peña Nieto of using illicit funds and money laundering to finance his campaign.[65] After presenting new audio evidence regarding the PRI's use of Monex cards, López Obrador commented that it would be better if the Electoral Tribunal invalidated the election and move in an interim President than to violate the constitution and acting in an "anti-democratic" way. He said that if the Electoral Tribunal does not invalidate the election, Mexico will be governed by a "gang of evildoers".[66]

On 30 August 2012, the TEPJF, Mexico's highest election-law court rejected the allegations of fraud after they concluded that there was "insufficient evidence of wrongdoing."[67]

Post-electoral protests and claims of fraud

After the preliminary results of the Federal Electoral Institute announced Enrique Peña Nieto as virtual President-elect, several student protests led by the youth movement Yo Soy 132 and independent citizen movements broke out throughout the country claiming the forced imposition of a President and electoral fraud,[68] [69] [70] [71] as evidence of an alleged fraud surfaced and pointed towards the PRI buying votes by providing voting citizens with store credit cards of Mexican supermarket chain Soriana.[72] [73] Mexico's Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) confirmed in January 2013 that Peña Nieto's party spent $5.2 million in electronic cards throughout the whole campaign. Opposition parties complained that this represented a form of illicit funding, but the IFE claimed the contrary. The PRI party claimed that the electronic cards were intended for party personnel, but this method rose suspicions because some of the money was transacted through "several shadowy companies instead of being disbursed directly from party coffers."[74] This also increased the suspicions that the PRI had received illegal donations from corporations (given that this move is prohibited under law). The IFE stated on 24 January 2013 and ruled by 5–4 votes that the fundings were not violating the law, but opposition parties and critics believe that the IFE did not thoroughly investigate the origins of the money.[74]

Further alleged evidence arose as pictures of ballots already marked in favor of the PRI, with the logo of the party printed over the marking, have been shared widely over online social networks,[75] and there have also been numerous videos and photos of that show the irregularities between local ballot boxes and the official result of those ballot boxes.[76] More allegations appeared as videos showing protection of local police patrols protecting supposed "Mapaches". Following a request from Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the Federal Electoral Institute agreed to recount more than half of the ballots cast in the presidential election. It later reconfirmed the original result.[77] The result was endorsed by Barack Obama, the president of the United States, and by the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who backed López Obrador in a similar dispute in 2006.[77]

On 7 July, a national protest in opposition of Enrique Peña Nieto was organized through online social networks, and demonstrations occurred in several cities. The protest in Mexico City was billed as a "mega-march", but the number of demonstrators equalled only around half the number which attended anti-PRI demonstrations held prior to the election.[77] Statements from the Yo Soy 132 student movement formally uninvolved themselves from the protest cautioning against violent results; alleging that it may have been organized by a similarly named movement linked to the PRI.[78] Despite the statement the protests effectively took place in 37 cities in Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Europe[79] with no incidents of violence or known involvement of the PRI. Though in Xalapa, Veracruz a man identified as Juan Pablo Frianzoni, presumed member of the youth PRI group "Juventud Dinamica"; threw chairs at the protesters and then pointed a handgun at them from his balcony. Frianzoni was then apprehended by Police officers who were standing by the protest.[80] Televisa did not broadcast the National protests, and instead presented a live broadcast of Eugenio Derbez and Alessandra Rosaldo's wedding which was interrupted due to "technical difficulties" when loud protest chants became audible outside of the event.[81] Derbez however stated that he was in support of the protests, and though he regrets them happening on the day of his wedding; he said he will cherish the memory.[82]

As of 15 July[83] protests and further acts of civil resistance against Peña Nieto and Televisa continue around the country.[84] On 27 July protesters set up a 24-hour blockade around the main Televisa studios in Chapultepec, Mexico City.[85] On August 30 several protesters gathered outside the offices of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary as the Magistrates declared that the claims made by the left-wing coalition were "unfounded" and were therefore rejected.[86]

On 1 December 2012, as Peña Nieto was being sworn in as President, protesters rioted outside of the national palace and clashed with Federal Police forces, in an event that has been labeled by the media as the 1DMX,[87] [88] [89] [90] while vandalizing hotel structures and setting fires around Mexico City. More than 90 protesters were arrested and several were injured. Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard blamed anarchist groups for causing the violent outcomes.[91]

Further reading

External links

Official candidate websites

National Action Party
Party of the Democratic Revolution
Institutional Revolutionary Party

Notes and References

  1. News: Mexico state votes signal tough 2012 election race . Reuters . 5 July 2010.
  2. Web site: IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Mexico.
  3. (6 September 2011) "Mexican Congresswoman Enters Presidential Contest, Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved 27 September 2011
  4. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/791413.html "Se despide Vázquez Mota de San Lázaro"
  5. (26 May 2011) "Mexico's Cordero takes aim at presidency", Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  6. (9 September 2011) "Mexican Finance Minister Quits to Seek Presidency", The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  7. (12 July 2011) "Santiago Creel madruga: arranca carrera a Los Pinos, Excélsior. Retrieved 6 September 2011
  8. Simonnet, Carole (12 July 2011) "Aaarrancan... Pide Santiago Creel licencia", Reforma. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  9. (21 July 2011) "Lozano se baja de la carrera presidencial", Milenio. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  10. (21 July 2011) "Descarta Lozano ser gallo panista", Reforma. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  11. (29 August 2011) "Lujambio declina su aspiración presidencial por el PAN", Excelsior. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  12. (29 August 2011) "Declina Lujambio aspiración a ser candidato del PAN para 2012", Milenio. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  13. (22 September 2011) "Emilio González deja su búsqueda por la candidatura presidencial de Acción Nacional", Excelsior. Retrieved 22 September 2011
  14. (22 September 2011) "Declina Emilio aspiración a 2012"
  15. (5 February 2012) "Alcanza Vázquez Mota 55 por ciento de los votos: Espina", PAN.org. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  16. Web site: 2012-02-06 . Josefina Vázquez Mota, la mujer que aspira a la presidencia de México . 2024-06-24 . BBC News Mundo . es.
  17. News: O'Neil . Shannon K. . 2012-02-08 . Vázquez Mota and the 2012 Mexican Election . 2024-06-24 . Foreign Affairs . en-US . 0015-7120.
  18. Web site: Saldierna . Georgina . Méndez . Enrique . 2012-02-06 . La Jornada: Josefina Vázquez Mota, primera abanderada de AN a la Presidencia . 2024-06-24 . www.jornada.com.mx . es-MX.
  19. (19 August 2011) "Acepta AMLO encuesta para definir candidatura presidencial", Excélsior. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  20. (25 July 2011) "Prepara AMLO su arranque presidencial", Reforma. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  21. (15 November 2011) "Mexico – A Familiar Candidate", The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  22. (15 November 2011) "Lopez Obrador gets presidential nod from Mexico's left". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  23. (20 September 2011) "Mexico's Enrique Pena Nieto confirms election ambitions", BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2011
  24. (21 September 2010) "Mexico's 2012 Presidential Favorite Announces Candidacy", Fox News Latino. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  25. (22 November 2011) "Mexico senator won’t seek PRI’s presidential nomination, clearing way for Pena Nieto" . The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2011
  26. (22 November 2011) "Mexican senator drops bid for PRI nomination" . Fox News Latino. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  27. Web site: Competencia general a Noviembre de 2011 . 29 April 2012 . es . 9 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120509122502/http://www.eleccion2012mexico.com/estadisticas/reforma/noviembre-2011 . dead .
  28. Web site: Peña encabeza la encuesta encargada por López Obrador . 29 April 2012 . Everdy M. Luis . Spanish . Los datos de la referencia son la preferencia bruta.- PAN: 11%, PRI-PVEM: 49%, PRD-PT-MC: 27%, indecisos/no sabe/no contesto: 13%; de allí se desprende, si se quitan los indecisos para obtener la preferencia efectiva, que el PAN tiene 12.6%, PRI-PVEM: 56.3, PRD-PT-MC: 31% --> . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111127054700/http://www.adnpolitico.com/encuestas/2011/11/18/el-aspirante-del-pri-supera-a-lopez-obrador-en-22-puntos . 27 November 2011 .
  29. Web site: Tendencia electoral rumbo al final de la veda electoral . 29 April 2012 .
  30. Web site: Así van... Elección presidencial 2012 en México: Febrero 2012 . 29 April 2012 . es . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324022155/http://consulta.mx/web/images/eleccionesmexicopdf/asivan.pdf . 2012-03-24 .
  31. Web site: Panorama electoral: Encuesta nacional / Febrero 2012 . es . 29 April 2012 .
  32. Web site: Peña Nieto, líder; AMLO y Josefina empatados en segundo lugar: Covarrubias . 29 April 2012 . SDPnoticias.com . 20 February 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120222212849/http://www.sdpnoticias.com/nota/307227/Pena_Nieto_lider_AMLO_y_Josefina_empatados_en_segundo_lugar_Covarrubias . 22 February 2012 .
  33. Web site: Remonta Obrador 5 puntos; Peña sigue arriba y Josefina en segundo . 29 April 2012 . Diario TV . 9 March 2012 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20190822121407/https://diario.mx/ . 22 August 2019 . dead .
  34. Web site: Encuestas Públicas: Rumbo al 1 de julio . 29 April 2012 . es .
  35. Web site: Encuesta Uno TV / María de las Heras 7/7 . 6 May 2012 . Uno TV . April 2012 . es . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120504111216/http://msn.unotv.com/portal/unotv/elecciones/cifras/nuestra-encuesta/nuestra-encuesta-uno-noticias-7-7.html . 4 May 2012 .
  36. Web site: Elecciones 2012 – Presidencial – Covarrubias y Asociados (23-04-2012) . 6 May 2012 . Opina México . 24 April 2012 . es . 15 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915233154/http://www.opinamexico.org/Elecciones-2012---Presidencial---Covarrubias-y-Asociados-23-04-2012-2012-04-24.html . dead .
  37. Web site: A dos meses de la elección, Peña Nieto sigue encabezando preferencias . 6 May 2012 . es . . 1 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221519/http://colorelectoral.excelsior.com.mx/nota/q/830478 . 7 May 2012 .
  38. Web site: Encuesta de Parametría . 6 May 2012 . Organización Editorial Mexicana (OEM) . 30 April 2012 . es . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191830/http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldelcentro/notas/n2524548.htm . dead .
  39. Web site: A dos meses de la elección, Peña Nieto sigue encabezando preferencias . https://archive.today/20120630082042/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/83fcdd0d318873ce1584f9d33c32bd57 . dead . 30 June 2012 . 6 May 2012 . Milenio . Grupo Multimedios . 1 May 2012 . es .
  40. Web site: Preferencias ciudadanas No. 20 – May 01, 2012 . 6 May 2012 . es . Consulta Mitofsky . 1 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120522124438/http://consulta.mx/web/images/eleccionesmexicopdf/13_Variables_abril_4.pdf . 22 May 2012 .
  41. Web site: Encuesta Parametría-El Sol de México. Debate presidencial . 9 May 2012 . Organización Editorial Mexicana . es . 17 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200617142035/http://www.parametria.com.mx/DetalleEstudio.php?E=4366 . dead .
  42. Web site: Josefina recupera terreno; Peña mantiene ventaja . es . 6 May 2012 . El Universal . El Universal Compañia Periodística Nacional S.A. de C.V. . 6 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120510024740/http://redpolitica.mx/encuestas/josefina-recupera-terreno-en-preferencias-electorales . 10 May 2012 .
  43. Web site: Encuesta de seguimiento diario Milenio GEA/ISA . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120609190104/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/ba3affde584f0c18a954d6a77766851a . dead . 9 June 2012 . es . 6 May 2012 . Milenio . Grupo Multimedios . 6 May 2012 .
  44. Web site: Peña sigue adelante; AMLO sería segundo . 9 May 2012 . es . Red Política . 7 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120511225813/http://redpolitica.mx/ruta-electoral/pena-sigue-adelante-amlo-%20%20seria-segundo-encuesta . 11 May 2012 .
  45. Web site: De las Heras presenta datos tras panel de debate . 10 May 2012 . es . UNO noticias . 7 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120627073713/http://www.unonoticias.com/DS/349627/w-De-las-Heras-presenta-datos-tras-panel-de-debate.html . 27 June 2012 . dead .
  46. (14 May 2012)"Rebasa AMLO a Vázquez Mota; Peña conserva ventaja" (in Spanish).Retrieved 22 May 2012
  47. (20 May 2012)title=Se cierra la elección. Peña Nieto líder. AMLO se acerca. JVM se estanca" (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 May 2012
  48. (22 May 2012)"Amlo a 8 puntos de Peña. Encuesta María de las Heras"(in Spanish). Retrieved 22 May 2012
  49. (31 May 2012) "EPN y AMLO empatados; JVM se desploma: Reforma" (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  50. Web site: Elección 2012 En México... Preferencias Ciudadanas (05/Jun/2012) . 8 June 2012 . es . Consulta Mitofsky . 1 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120604061934/http://consulta.mx/web/index.php/estudios/elecciones-mexico/500-eleccion-2012-en-mexico-variables-fundamentales-para-seguir-el-proceso-electoral . 4 June 2012 .
  51. Web site: Encuesta Nacional de Preferencias Electorales (12/June/2012) . 12 June 2012 . es . Observatorio Universitario Electoral . 12 June 2012 .
  52. Web site: Última encuesta presidencial BGC-Excélsior(junio): Peña Nieto 42%, López Obrador 28%, Vázquez Mota 28% y Quadri 2% . 2012-06-21 . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215331/http://www.infoeleccionesmexico.com/noticia-resultados-encuesta-bgc-excelsior-junio-185.html . dead .
  53. Web site: Berumen detalla encuesta: AMLO 6 puntos abajo de Peña Nieto (22/June/2012) . 23 June 2012 . es . adnpolitico . 22 June 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120624235712/http://www.adnpolitico.com/2012/2012/06/22/berumen-y-el-oue-presentan-resultados-completos-de-su-encuesta . 24 June 2012 .
  54. Web site: Mexico students protest alleged media bias.
  55. Web site: Seguirá "Yo soy 132" con bandera anti Peña Nieto. La Razón. 4 March 2016. 1 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061435/http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article124227 . 4 March 2016. dead .
  56. Web site: Sexenio . 2012-06-01 . 2012-06-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120607195806/http://www.sexenio.com.mx/articulo.php?id=15175 . dead .
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  58. Web site: TV Azteca también cede: El debate irá por Canal 13 | el Influyente . https://archive.today/20130122035740/http://www.elinfluyente.com/tv-azteca-tambien-cede-el-debate-ira-por-canal-13/ . 22 January 2013 . dead.
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  82. Web site: Eugenio Derbez toma con humor protestas en boda, muestra apoyo a #YoSoy132 con foto SDP Noticias . 2012-07-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120710225224/http://sdpnoticias.com/nota/348757/Eugenio_Derbez_toma_con_humor_protestas_en_boda_muestra_apoyo_a_YoSoy132_con_foto . 2012-07-10 . dead .
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  88. Web site: Las huellas psicológicas de las detenciones arbitrarias del #1DMX - Proceso. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160912092731/http://www.proceso.com.mx/389556/las-huellas-psicologicas-de-las-detenciones-arbitrarias-del-1dmx. 2016-09-12.
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  91. News: Enrique Peña Nieto Takes Office as Mexico's President . The New York Times . Randal C. . Archibold . Karla . Zabludovsky . 1 December 2012.

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