200 Madison Avenue Explained

200 Madison Avenue
Alternate Names:Tower Building, Astor Estate Building, Marshall Field Estate Building, International Combustion Engineering Tower
Completion Date:1926
Location:Manhattan, New York
Mapframe-Wikidata:yes
Coordinates:40.7489°N -73.9828°W
Floor Count:25
Start Date:1925
Architect:Warren and Wetmore
Main Contractor:Flintlock Company

200 Madison Avenue (also known as the Marshall Field Building, Astor Estate Building, International Combustion Building, and Tower Building) is a 25-story office building in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is along the west side of Madison Avenue between 35th and 36th Streets. Designed by Warren and Wetmore, it was built from 1925 to 1926.

200 Madison Avenue's facade is largely made of red brick with limestone trim, as well as window spandrels made of terracotta and cast iron. The ground story is made of limestone and contains entrances from Madison Avenue, 35th Street, and 36th Street. The building contains a setback above its ninth story. The T-shaped lobby is designed in a neo-Renaissance style, with a north–south arcade connecting 35th and 36th Streets, as well as an elevator lobby extending toward Madison Avenue. The lobby's ornate interior contains gilded decorations and various animal motifs. Due to zoning restrictions on the eastern part of the site, the lower stories originally served as an apartment hotel, while the smaller upper stories contained offices.

Since the 1910s, the Astor family had wanted to develop a commercial building on the site, but the plans were delayed for a decade due to opposition from J. P. Morgan Jr. and other local residents. 200 Madison Avenue was developed by a syndicate that included Texas entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones. The building was originally known for its largest tenants, Marshall Field and Company and International Combustion. The apartment hotel initially occupied the second through ninth floors, but it was unprofitable, closed in 1939, and was turned into office space, with tenants such as Amtorg Trading Corporation. The building was sold several times in the 20th century, including to a group representing Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos during the 1980s. George V. Comfort and the Loeb Realty and Development Corporation acquired 200 Madison Avenue in the 1990s, and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building's lobby as an official landmark in 2021.

Site

200 Madison Avenue occupies the eastern half of a city block in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, bounded by 35th Street on the south, Madison Avenue on the east, and 36th Street on the north; the city block extends westward to Fifth Avenue.[1] The building's land lot has a total area of ; it measures from north to south and from west to east.[2] The building occupies nearly its entire lot, with a frontage of on Madison Avenue, on 35th Street, and 220 feet on 36th Street.

200 Madison Avenue is close to the B. Altman and Company Building to the south, the Collectors Club of New York to the southeast, the Church of the Incarnation to the east, and the Morgan Library & Museum. In addition, the Gorham Building at 390 Fifth Avenue, the Tiffany and Company Building at 401 Fifth Avenue, and the Stewart & Company Building at 404 Fifth Avenue are each less than a block away to the west.[3]

Architecture

The building was designed by Warren and Wetmore.[4] It is 25 stories tall, measuring to its roof and to its pinnacle.[5]

Form and facade

The exterior of the building contains a granite water table. Above that, the first story is clad with limestone. On both 35th and 36th Streets, the entrances are within recessed openings and contain five brass doors each. The 35th Street entrance is also topped by a transom window. The lowest nine stories occupy the entire site.

The upper stories contain a facade of red brick with limestone trim. The Madison Avenue elevation of the facade is made almost entirely of brick, except at several places where there is limestone trim. On the 35th and 36th Street elevations, only the outermost bays of windows are made of brick. The remaining bays are separated horizontally by brick piers; within each bay, the windows on different floors are separated horizontally by black spandrels. The spandrels on the second and third stories are made of ornamental ironwork, splitting each bay into multi-part windows. The spandrels on higher stories are made of dull black terracotta and divide each bay into three windows. Robert A. M. Stern and the co-authors of his book New York 1930 wrote that the facades "hardly resulted in the 'Masterpiece of Modern Architecture' claimed by the Real Estate Record and Guide, but they responded sensitively to the residential scale and character of the Murray Hill district".

There is a setback on the eastern elevation above the ninth story, measuring deep. Behind this setback, the building tapers into a narrower tower.[6] [7] This is because the eastern portion of the site was formerly zoned to allow only residential use, while the western portion could also accommodate commercial use. The offices were above the ninth story which occupied only the western part of the site. The lowest nine stories (which occupied the whole site) were originally an apartment hotel.[8] The northern and southern elevations contain a setback above the eleventh or twelfth story.[9] [10] The restriction on the Madison Avenue portion of the site expired in 1940.[11] [12]

Interior

Originally, the building had of rentable space, making it the sixth-largest office building in the United States. At the extreme end of the 36th Street frontage is a pair of driveways, connecting to a loading dock with two freight elevators. An interior loading dock was uncommon in structures built around the same time.[13]

Lobby

The lobby is designed in a neo-Renaissance style,[14] [15] but it also contains details of Baroque and 18th-century English architecture. The main entrances are from 35th and 36th Streets, connected by a broad north–south arcade. At the center, a transverse corridor connects to the elevator lobby, which has ten elevators. This gives the lobby a roughly T-shaped plan. Because of the topography of the area, the 36th Street entrance is higher than the 35th Street entrance. As a result, the north–south arcade is one story high at its north end and two stories high at its south end; the corridor has three sets of three marble steps. Originally, the Madison Avenue entrance led to a separate lobby for the hotel rooms, but it was connected to the elevator lobby when the hotel closed.

There are foyers just inside the 35th and 36th Street entrances. Both contain marble walls, a set of five doors to the arcade, and a black marble arch. The side walls of the 36th Street foyer contain brass-framed grilles, with a door on the western wall. The 36th Street foyer's marble arch is directly above the doors there, which are topped by two grilles and three gold panels. The side walls of the 35th Street foyer are trimmed with floral decorations, and the ceiling has neoclassical reliefs. There are transom windows above the doors in the 35th Street foyer. Just north of these doors, the foyer has a saucer-domed ceiling decorated with rosettes, followed by that foyer's marble arch. Below the saucer dome, the corners have decorative pendentives, while the side walls have lunette panels depicting animals. These include motifs of dodos, peacocks, and dragons.

The main arcade contains a patterned terrazzo floor, made of yellow and pink tiles. The tiles are rhombus-shaped and are laid in a chevron pattern. The main section of the floor is surrounded by a patterned marble border made of dark yellow Siena, pink Verona, and Bois Jourdan marble. The outermost section of the floor is made of blue marble. The side walls are also made of pink marble above a black baseboard. Each wall is separated at regular intervals by yellow-marble pilasters. The capitals of each pilaster contain moldings of lion heads, which support round arches on the ceiling. Between these lions' heads are medallions that symbolize horses, sheep, and rams. The eastern wall contains two tenant directories and two brass doors, to the north of the elevator hall. The center of the western wall (facing the elevator hall) includes a brass door to the freight loading dock, which is flanked by black-marble panels and topped by a lunette with birds. There is a reception desk in front of this door. The barrel-vaulted ceiling is ornately decorated with circular and octagonal reliefs and medallions. There is a groin vault above the intersection of the arcade and the elevator lobby, with black marble pilasters at each corner. The elevator lobby is about wide, with similar floors to the arcade. Turnstiles are installed in front of the elevator lobby, restricting access to tenants and guests. The shallow barrel-vaulted ceiling contains a grid of rosettes within squares; the north and south edges of the ceiling contain gilded moldings, as well as friezes with peacocks. Below the friezes, the north and south walls contain elevator doors, as well as brass mailboxes resting atop marble sills. There are four elevators to the north and six to the south; their doors are made of brass, with vertically arranged motifs of arches and rosettes. Each set of elevator doors is surrounded by a black-marble frame. The elevator lobby leads east to a double brass door, above which is a gilded lunette panel.

Upper stories

Originally, the building contained an apartment hotel on its lower floors and offices on its upper floors.[16] The ground and second floors contained stores. There were also apartments on the second through ninth floors, extending about deep into the building from either side. The apartments on the eighth and ninth stories were double-story duplex units. There were about 56 units in total. Each of the lower stories occupies about .

The building had of rentable space after the apartment hotel was converted to offices. Some of the office tenants redecorated their spaces. Parts of the second through fourth stories were occupied by a Marshall Field's department store, which had its own elevator and staircases. The showroom of fashion firm Warner Brothers Co. contained 12 selling rooms, as well as offices for various departments and a foyer with green-and-peach walls.[17] The foyer of fashion firm Venus Foundations' office contained a blue-and-gray mural, a statue of the Venus de Milo, and a mirrored wall. Venus Foundations' offices also had a Pompeian-themed showroom and private sales offices.[18]

History

In the 19th century, the section of Madison Avenue in Murray Hill was largely a residential street inhabited by wealthy families. The Astor family owned eight houses at 200–214 Madison Avenue, on the western sidewalk between 35th and 36th Streets.[19] These houses were built around 1870 and were known as "Astor Row"; their residents had included Adrian Iselin and John Edward Parsons. The Astor family also owned ten adjacent lots, five each on 35th and 36th Streets.

Manhattan's Silk District, concentrated around the lower section of Park Avenue South in the 19th century, had moved northward to the intersection of Madison Avenue and 34th Street by the early 1920s.[20] During that time, the upper-class residences that had characterized the adjacent portion of Madison Avenue in the 19th century were being replaced with retail establishments.[21] The Astors supported the area's commercial development, but the financier J. P. Morgan Jr., who lived just northeast of the Astor houses, opposed the changes.[22] In 1916, a New York state court invalidated the Murray Hill Restrictive Agreement, an 1847 covenant restricting the development of non-residential buildings on Madison Avenue.[23] This prompted Morgan and a local community organization, the Murray Hill Association, to buy land in an effort to prevent commercial developments.

Development

Most of Midtown Manhattan was rezoned for commercial use as part of the 1916 Zoning Resolution, except for the section of Madison Avenue in Murray Hill. Accordingly, the New York City Board of Estimate initially did not allow William Waldorf Astor to build a commercial building on Madison Avenue between 35th and 36th Streets.[24] Despite Morgan's opposition, Astor still wished to erect the building. Astor had hired the firm of Peabody, Wilson & Brown to design a seven-story commercial building on the site, and he filed plans for the building in December 1917. Though the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals approved the building in May 1918,[25] [26] the Board of Estimate reversed the approval almost immediately.[27] Astor died in 1919, but the issue remained unresolved for five years afterward. The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court upheld the Board of Estimate's decision in 1922.[28] [29] This was overturned the next year by the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, which ruled that the Astors could indeed develop a commercial building on the site.[30] [31]

After the prolonged legal fight, the Board of Estimate voted to allow commercial development on the street in May 1924.[32] The city government's Corporation Counsel affirmed the Board of Estimate's decision the next month.[33] That December, a syndicate composed of Jesse H. Jones, Robert M. Catts, and Dwight P. Robinson & Co. acquired 17 dwellings on the west side of Madison Avenue between 35th and 36th Streets. The syndicate planned to build a 25-story building on the site, designed by Warren and Wetmore, for $11 million.[34] [35] [36] The syndicate had been planning the structure for several months but did not officially announce the plans until after they had consulted with Morgan.[37] Jesse H. Jones, the head of Houston Properties, had been a major real estate developer in the early 20th century, particularly in Houston, Texas.[38]

In March 1925, Warren and Wetmore filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings for a combined apartment hotel and office building on the site. Catts said the building had been designed to placate Morgan but did not elaborate. However, the building was to be recessed significantly above its ninth story. The same month, Stehli Silks leased two stories and a storefront, while Marshall Field and Company signed a lease for four stories.[39] The Flintlock Company, which was hired to build the skyscraper, acquired the site that April.[40] During construction, in October 1925, three construction workers died when a scaffold on the ninth story collapsed. The structure was completed in May 1926; it was initially known as the Tower Building, though it was also called the Marshall Field Building and the Astor Estate Building.

1920s to 1950s

Among the early tenants were Bachmann and Emmerich (which leased two stories shortly after the building opened),[41] as well as Champlain Silk Mills[42] and the Hudson Blue and Photo Print Company.[43] Jesse Jones had an office on the 11th story. International Combustion leased seven floors in the building in August 1926;[44] after the company moved into the building in January 1927, the structure was renamed the International Combustion Building.[45] The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that, with International Combustion's relocation to 200 Madison Avenue and the presence of engineering firms nearby, "the trend of the engineering profession would seem now to be definitively established along Madison Avenue". By the end of the 1920s, other commercial developments had arisen along the surrounding section of Madison Avenue.[46] During the 1930s, the building's tenants included upholstery manufacturers Collins and Aikman,[47] the Gotham Silk Hosiery Company,[48] and the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority.[49] Marshall Field also opened an additional showroom within the building in 1936,[50] and Berkey & Gay Furniture[51] and the American Enka Company also leased storefronts in the building.[52]

The apartment hotel at 200 Madison Avenue was financially unsuccessful and lasted for only a little more than a decade. It closed in 1939, and its lobby on Madison Avenue was connected with the office lobby between 35th and 36th Streets. Soviet trade group Amtorg Trading Corporation subsequently leased the nine stories within the former apartment hotel.[53] This made Amtorg one of the building's largest tenants, behind International Combustion (by then renamed Combustion Engineering), which occupied seven stories and parts of three others. Other large tenants included two Jewish advocacy groups,[54] the Copper Recovery Corporation,[55] the Kitty Kelly Corporation,[56] and the Frank A. Hall & Sons showroom.[57] By 1940, the New York Herald Tribune said there was a "brisk demand for space" at 200 Madison Avenue.[58]

The Continental Bank and Trust Company foreclosed on 200 Madison Avenue in September 1941[59] and subsequently acquired the property.[60] The Charles F. Noyes Company began managing leases in the building three years later. Amtorg left its offices on 200 Madison Avenue's lowest nine floors in 1950.[61] [62] Its space was taken up by firms such as the Simplicity Pattern Company, Aldens Inc., and Combustion Engineering, as well as publisher G. P. Putnam's Sons.[63] A group led by Harry Mabel purchased the building in September 1954 from the Madison Avenue–36th Street Corporation. At the time, the building was valued at $6.4 million and had an outstanding mortgage of $8.5 million.[64]

1960s to 1990s

Maurice Urdang & Associates sold 200 Madison Avenue in 1965 to a syndicate that included Harry Helmsley, Lawrence Wien, and George V. Comfort. The New York Times reported that the building had been "recently modernized" with new air-conditioning and elevator systems. In the 1960s and 1970s, the building also housed tenants such as the Houston Chemical Corporation,[65] mail-order company Aldens Inc.,[66] Oxford University Press,[67] and Partnership for New York City.[68] Joseph Bernstein and his brother Ralph Bernstein acquired 200 Madison Avenue in November 1983.[69] The acquisition cost $50 million.[70] [71] At some point in the 1980s, Helmsley sold his interest in the building's ownership.[72]

In 1986, a United States House of Representatives committee found that the Bernsteins had been working on behalf of Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos,[73] who had intended the building and several others as a gift for his wife Imelda.[74] The Washington Post reported that in coded cables between the Marcos family and their alleged "front" in Manhattan, Gliceria Tantoco, 200 Madison Avenue was referred to using the code word "Midtown Cement". Around that time, 200 Madison Avenue and three other buildings reportedly owned by the Marcoses were placed for sale.[75] After Marcos was forced out of office, the administration of his successor Corazon Aquino froze Marcos's assets within U.S. banking channels in March 1986.[76] [77] As a result, although the building incurred $1 million in taxes for the 1986–1987 fiscal year, the tax bills went unpaid.[78] After a U.S. circuit court ruled to block the sale of the Marcos properties in November 1986, the Aquino administration filed a lawsuit against the Marcos estate to obtain title to the buildings.[79] [80]

The Aquino administration attempted in early 1989 to sell the four Marcos properties to Morris Bailey for $398 million.[81] [82] That year, federal judge Pierre N. Leval was considering placing the building for sale at a foreclosure auction.[83] [84] The foreclosure auction was not scheduled for at least a year.[85] The land under the building was owned by Alexander DiLorenzo III, who was facing financial issues of his own after 87 people died in the Happy Land fire, which had occurred at another property he owned.[86] The deed to the building was conveyed to 200 Madison Associates LP, a Delaware corporation, in 1993.[87] The buyers paid $25 million, half of it in cash.[88] Afterward, George V. Comfort and the Loeb Realty and Development Corporation owned the building's fee, while DiLorenzo owned the land underneath it.[89] By then, the area was a hub for publishing companies. The Berkley Publishing Group occupied 200 Madison Avenue,[90] and Oxford University Press was moving across the street to the B. Altman Building, having occupied 200 Madison Avenue for over two decades. By 1995, the owners of the leasehold had also purchased the land for $16.7 million.[91]

2000s to present

By the 21st century, the building's tenants included apparel firm Philips-Van Heusen, clothing company Garan Incorporated, and charitable organization Surdna Foundation.[92] In addition, there were Roche Bobois and Starbucks stores at ground level.[93] In 2016, Jamestown L.P. bought a 49 percent stake in 200 Madison Avenue and 63 Madison Avenue. The purchase price indicated that the buildings were worth a combined $1.15 billion.[94] [95]

During the 2020s, the public ground-floor spaces and the amenity areas were renovated for $20 million. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building's lobby as a landmark in November 2021. Although the lobby was not as well known as some of Warren and Wetmore's other designs, such as Grand Central Terminal, it had been preserved in nearly its original condition, except for the connection that had been created between the hotel and office lobbies. Fitness brand TMPL opened a gym on the basement and ground floor in 2023.[96] [97]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NYCityMap . March 20, 2020 . NYC.gov . . February 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210219214900/http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ . live .
  2. Web site: 200 Madison Avenue, 10016 . September 8, 2020 . . June 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601225206/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/865/14 . live .
  3. 266–267.
  4. 590.
  5. Web site: 200 Madison Avenue . March 28, 2021 . Emporis . November 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127142149/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/115220/200-madison-avenue-new-york-city-ny-usa . dead .
  6. News: March 19, 1925 . Make Building Plan to Suit J. P. Morgan; Apartments to Face His Home in New 25-Story Structure in Madison Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420182035/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/03/19/archives/make-building-plan-to-suit-jp-morgan-apartments-to-face-his-home-in.html . live .
  7. News: March 19, 1925 . J. P. Morgan's Surrender at Last Explained: Real Estate News Plans Filed Yesterday for 26-Story Building on Astor Block on Madison Ave. Show Part Apartments . 27 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  8. News: June 27, 1926 . Texas Realty Owner Has Had Success In New York Field: Jesse Jones, Who Controls Houston Properties Corporation, Came Here From Houston Some 2 Years Ago . C2 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  9. News: Crane . Frank W. . September 14, 1941 . Murray Hill Foreclosure Recalls Astor's Fight to End Trade Ban: Zoning Restrictions on Madison Ave. Site Were Lifted After His Death, When Estate Sold Property for Present Building . RE1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  10. News: October 15, 1925 . 3 Workmen Die In Madison Av. Scaffold Crash: Collapse Hurls Trio From Ninth Floor of 25-Story Building Being Erected Over Residents' Protest; Fourth Leaps to Safety Grasps Wire as He Starts to Slip and Awaits Rescue; Guilders Cleared of Blame . 21 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  11. News: October 29, 1950 . Entire Floors Taken At 200 Madison Ave. . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171624/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/10/29/archives/entire-floors-taken-at-200-madison-ave.html . live .
  12. News: October 29, 1950 . Three Midtown Business Firms Expand Madison Ave. Offices . 1C . New York Herald Tribune . .
  13. News: Fowler . Glenn . June 7, 1965 . News of Realty: Deal on East Side; 200 Madison Ave. Building Acquired by Investors . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171621/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/07/archives/news-of-realty-deal-on-east-side-200-madison-ave-building-acquired.html . live .
  14. Web site: Chang . Sophia . November 10, 2021 . 200 Madison Avenue Lobby, Adorned With Peacocks And Lion Heads, Landmarked By City . April 20, 2022 . Gothamist . April 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220430005621/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/200-madison-avenue-lobby-adorned-peacocks-and-lion-heads-landmarked-city . live .
  15. Web site: Gannon . Devin . September 28, 2021 . One of Manhattan's most ornate office building lobbies is now a NYC landmark . April 20, 2022 . 6sqft . November 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211126012906/https://www.6sqft.com/one-of-midtowns-most-ornate-building-lobbies-could-become-a-nyc-landmark/ . live .
  16. March 19, 1925 . Realty News: Plans Filed For New Madison Avenue Structure: More Garment Firms Take Spacc . Women's Wear . 30 . 65 . 50, 55 . .
  17. October 23, 1947 . Warner Bros. Modern Newly Redecorated N. Y. Offices Ready: Unique Convertible Booths Utilized - Showroom Spacious and Luxurious . Women's Wear Daily . 75 . 81 . 43 . .
  18. June 10, 1948 . Corsets: New Venus Showroom In Smart Setting . Women's Wear Daily . 76 . 113 . 58 . .
  19. News: February 24, 1918 . Murray Hill Fight Enters New Phase; W.W. Astor Will Try to Erect Business Building Despite Morgan's Objection . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420182036/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/24/archives/murray-hill-fight-enters-new-phase-ww-astor-will-try-to-erect.html . live .
  20. News: November 23, 1924 . New Silk Trade Centre Forming at Madison Ave. and 34th Street . RE1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  21. News: March 25, 1928 . Business Changing Madison Avenue; Distinctive Trade and Financial Sections in Area North to Ninety-sixth Street . en-US . The New York Times . September 14, 2020 . 0362-4331 . August 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823115204/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/25/archives/business-changing-madison-avenue-distinctive-trade-and-financial.html . live .
  22. News: June 7, 1914 . Morgan and Others Fight to Save Murray Hill; Residents Form a Corporation to Oppose Encroachment of Commercial Structures on a Section for Years Noted as a Closely Restricted Locality of Fine Homes. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180530/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/06/07/archives/morgan-and-others-fight-to-save-murray-hill-residents-form-a.html . live .
  23. News: January 22, 1916 . Murray Hill Loses Restricton Appeal; Appellate Court Rules Against J.P. Morgan and Others on Building Covenant . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180527/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/01/22/archives/murray-hill-loses-restricton-appeal-appellate-court-rules-against.html . live .
  24. News: May 5, 1917 . Astor Not in Trade Zone; William Waldorf's Madison Avenue Property Restricted to Dwellings. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420175020/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/05/archives/astor-not-in-trade-zone-william-waldorfs-madison-avenue-property.html . live .
  25. News: May 1, 1918 . Astor Wins Fight Over Zoning Rules; Board of Appeals Grants Permission for Business Building on Madison Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420175019/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/01/archives/astor-wins-fight-over-zoning-rules-board-of-appeals-grants.html . live .
  26. News: May 4, 1918 . Estimate Board Bars Astor Business Block: Reverses Action of Standards and Appeals Board, but Its Authority Is Disputed . 10 . New-York Tribune . .
  27. News: May 4, 1918 . Board of Estimate Against Astor Plan; Denies His Petition to Erect a Business Building in Madison Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420175021/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/04/archives/board-of-estimate-against-astor-plan-denies-his-petition-to-erect-a.html . live .
  28. News: February 25, 1922 . Astors Lose Fight Against Murray Hill: Appellate Division Refuses to Allow Business Improvement on Madison Avenue Block Front . 15 . New-York Tribune . .
  29. News: February 25, 1922 . Astor Estate Loses in Murray Hill Suit; J.P. Morgan and Other Residents Win Further Point inBusiness Block Fight . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180532/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/02/25/archives/astor-estate-loses-in-murray-hill-suit-jp-morgan-and-other.html . live .
  30. News: January 18, 1923 . Morgan Loses Fight for Murray Hill Residents: Astor Estate May Erect Business Building, Court of Appeals Decider . 1 . New-York Tribune . .
  31. News: January 18, 1923 . Business to Face Old Morgan Home; Court of Appeals Ends Long Suit by Lifting Restrictions on Madison Avenue Plot. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420175022/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/01/18/archives/business-to-face-old-morgan-home-court-of-appeals-ends-long-suit-by.html . live .
  32. News: May 10, 1924 . Open Way to Trade Near Morgan Home; Madison Avenue, Between 35th and 36th Streets, Is Voted a Business Street. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420164416/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/10/archives/open-way-to-trade-near-morgan-home-madison-avenue-between-35th-and.html . live .
  33. News: June 26, 1924 . City Backs Astor Against Morgan; Corporation Counsel Rules Madison Avenue Zoning Amendment Is Valid. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420175024/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/26/archives/city-backs-astor-against-morgan-corporation-counsel-rules-madison.html . live .
  34. News: December 17, 1924 . Skyscraper to Face J. P. Morgan's Home; Syndicate Will Erect a 25-Story Business Building on Madison Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180529/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/17/archives/skyscraper-to-face-jp-morgans-home-syndicate-will-erect-a-25story.html . live .
  35. News: December 18, 1924 . Newspaper Specials: Exclusive Dispatches in New York, Chicago, Philadel- phia, Detroit and Boston Papers . 13 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  36. December 17, 1924 . 25-Story Office Building For Madison Avenue . Women's Wear . 29 . 142 . 45 . .
  37. March 5, 1925 . New Quarters For Marshall Field And Stehli Silks: Both Firms Sign Lease In 25-Story Building To Be Erected North Of Altman's On Madison Avenue. . Women's Wear . 30 . 53 . 2 . .
  38. Book: Fenberg, Steven . Unprecedented Power: Jesse Jones, Capitalism, and the Common Good . Texas A & M University Press . 2011 . 978-1-60344-434-7 . College Station . 125–127 . August 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210813015903/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/2630 . August 13, 2021 . live . Project MUSE.
  39. News: March 5, 1925 . Marshall Field & Co. and Stelhi Silks Company Lease Madison Avenue Space . 33 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  40. News: April 29, 1925 . Astor Block Title Passes to Builders; Flintlock Co. Will Erect Monumental Structure on Madison Av. Site. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180531/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/04/29/archives/astor-block-title-passes-to-builders-flintlock-co-will-erect.html . live .
  41. March 31, 1926 . Silks: Bachmann, Emmerich To Take New Space . Women's Wear . 32 . 75 . 10 . .
  42. News: October 3, 1926 . Clothier to Pay High Rental for Broadway Space: Store and Part of Floor in New Paramount Building Leased for $1,000,000; Importer at 38th Street . C1 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  43. News: October 2, 1926 . Commercial Space Leased: W.L. Brann to Locate in the Madison Avenue Tower Building. . 33 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  44. News: August 26, 1926 . Large Space Leased In New Building On Madison Ave.: International Combustion Engineering Corp. Takes 80,000 Feet, Comprising 7 Floors; Other Rentals . 28 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  45. News: January 30, 1927 . Inter. Combustion in Fine New Home . 6 . The Philadelphia Inquirer . newspapers.com . April 20, 2022 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222230/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100140991/inter-combustion-in-fine-new-home/ . live .
  46. News: March 25, 1928 . Business Changing Madison Avenue; Distinctive Trade and Financial Sections in Area North to Ninety-sixth Street . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222231/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/03/25/archives/business-changing-madison-avenue-distinctive-trade-and-financial.html . live .
  47. News: October 25, 1932 . Larger Madison Av. Quarters Are Leased by Manufacturer . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222046/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/10/25/archives/larger-madison-av-quarters-are-leased-by-manufacturer.html . live .
  48. News: September 2, 1933 . Hosiery Firm Expands; Gotham Silk Co. Rents Madison Av. Floor -- Other Business Leases. . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222045/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/09/02/archives/hosiery-firm-expands-gotham-silk-co-rents-madison-av-floor-other.html . live .
  49. News: May 17, 1936 . Tunnel Authority Rents Space . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421000954/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/05/17/archives/tunnel-authority-rents-space.html . live .
  50. News: April 11, 1936 . Marshall Field to Open Fifth Show Room Here: 200 Madison Avenue Site to Start Business Wednesday . 22 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  51. News: December 16, 1938 . Furniture Firm Gets Madison Ave. Space; Grand Rapids Company Leases 30,000 Square Feet in No. 200 . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421000613/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/16/archives/furniture-firm-gets-madison-ave-space-grand-rapids-company-leases.html . live .
  52. News: December 31, 1928 . American Enka Corp. Moves to Madison Ave.: Will Leave Downtown Location; Stock Firm Moves to Broad St. Building . 27 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  53. News: July 12, 1939 . Soviet Trade Unit to Leave 5th Ave.; Amtorg Leases Nine Floors in the Combustion Building at 210 Madison Avenue . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420182152/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/07/12/archives/soviet-trade-unit-to-leave-5th-ave-amtorg-leases-nine-floors-in-the.html . live .
  54. News: February 22, 1939 . Big Units Rented by Organizations; Two Jewish Welfare Groups Take 17,500 Square Feet in 200 Madison Ave . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222230/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/02/22/archives/big-units-rented-by-organizations-two-jewish-welfare-groups-take.html . live .
  55. News: June 9, 1942 . 42,000 Feet Leased in 200 Madison Ave.; Copper Recovery Corporation Takes Entire Floor . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421000615/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/06/09/archives/42000-feet-leased-in-200-madison-ave-copper-recovery-corporation.html . live .
  56. News: August 4, 1943 . Shoe Firm Expands: Kitty Kelly Corp. Gets 2 Floors in 200 Madison Avenue . 31 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  57. News: March 3, 1942 . Move Showroom to Madison Ave.; Frank A. Hall & Sons Take Part of Floor in Combustion Engineering Building . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421000955/https://www.nytimes.com/1942/03/03/archives/move-showroom-to-madison-ave-frank-a-hall-sons-take-part-of-floor.html . live .
  58. News: April 28, 1940 . Makes Analysis Of Forgiveness Of Indebtment': Controller of Harmon Co. Clarifies the Voluntary Adjustment of Principal New York Home of Many Important Concerns . C6 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  59. News: September 14, 1941 . Jacob Sincoff Acquires 46-Acre Danbury Estate . C11 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  60. News: September 24, 1941 . Big Midtown Building Is Sold in Foreclosure . 36 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  61. News: July 7, 1950 . Amtorg Rents Smaller Quarters, Ships Files to Russian Embassy; Soviet Purchasing Agency Moving From 9 Floors on Madison Ave. to 1 on West 37th St. as Business Shrinks Trade With U.S. Has Shrunk . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421173128/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/07/07/archives/amtorg-rents-smaller-quarters-ships-files-to-russian-embassy-soviet.html . live .
  62. News: July 7, 1950 . Amtorg Taking Smaller Office; Business Is Off: Soviet Agency's War-Time Staff of 700 Is Now 30; Trade Drops 92 Million . 8 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  63. News: December 28, 1950 . Publishers Lease Madison Ave. Space . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171625/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/28/archives/publishers-lease-madison-ave-space.html . live .
  64. News: September 28, 1954 . 200 Madison Av. Acquired By Harry Mabel Syndicate . 33 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  65. News: June 28, 1960 . Floor Lease Is Taken; Chemical Concern Gets Space at 200 Madison Ave. . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171626/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/28/archives/floor-lease-is-taken-chemical-concern-gets-space-at-200-madison-ave.html . live .
  66. News: February 16, 1965 . Floor Is Leased at 200 Madison; Aldens of Chicago to Occupy 29,000 Square Feet . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171622/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/16/archives/floor-is-leased-at-200-madison-aldens-of-chicago-to-occupy-29000.html . live .
  67. News: Fowler . Glenn . December 27, 1965 . News of Realty: Lease by Oxford; University Press Is Going to Madison Ave. Building . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171622/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/27/archives/news-of-realty-lease-by-oxford-university-press-is-going-to-madison.html . live .
  68. News: Gray . Christopher . April 23, 1989 . Streetscapes: The Chamber of Commerce Building; New Owner for a 1902 Landmark . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421171626/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/23/realestate/streetscapes-the-chamber-of-commerce-building-new-owner-for-a-1902-landmark.html . live .
  69. News: January 24, 1986 . Lawyer: Marcos Ownership Implied . 16 . Newsday . newspapers.com . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182252/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187001/lawyer-marcos-ownership-implied/ . live .
  70. Book: Manapat, Ricardo . Some are smarter than others: the history of Marcos' crony capitalism . 1991 . Aletheia Publications . 978-9719128700 . 28428684.
  71. News: Russakoff . Dale . March 30, 1986 . The Philippines: Anatomy of a Looting . en-US . Washington Post . October 15, 2021 . 0190-8286 . August 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200825214557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/30/the-philippines-anatomy-of-a-looting/620251dc-cffe-46f3-be40-a248f501882c/ . live .
  72. Grant . Peter . September 4, 1990 . After Leona: A Bleak Helmsley-Spear Future . Crain's New York Business . 5 . 36 . 1 . .
  73. News: Gerth . Jeff . January 16, 1986 . U.S. Panel Links a Banker to Marcos . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183252/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/16/world/us-panel-links-a-banker-to-marcos.html . live .
  74. News: Gerth . Jeff . January 30, 1986 . 4 New York Buildings Called Marcos Gifts to Wife . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183253/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/world/4-new-york-buildings-called-marcos-gifts-to-wife.html . live .
  75. News: Gerth . Jeff . 1986-02-22 . 4 New York Buildings Linked to Marcos Up for Sale . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-27 . 0362-4331.
  76. News: . Marcos' NY Properties Frozen By State Court at Aquino Behest . Neill S. . Rosenfeld . 4 Mar 1986 . 5 . Newsday. 2574-5298.
  77. News: Pace . Eric . Marcos Holdings Frozen by Judge . March 4, 1986 . The New York Times . April 29, 2020 . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524184057/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/world/marcos-holdings-frozen-by-judge.html . May 24, 2015 . live.
  78. News: May 19, 1987 . Court Widens Discrimination Ban . 9, 27 . Newsday . newspapers.com . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182252/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187704/court-widens-discrimination-ban/ . live .
  79. News: 1986-12-30 . Manila Seeks Possession of 4 Manhattan Buildings . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-27 . 0362-4331.
  80. News: 30 Dec 1986 . Manila Sues for Title to Marcos' N.Y. Properties . 5 . Los Angeles Times . .
  81. Grant . Peter . 1 May 1989 . New Twists in Battle for Marcos' Spoils . Crain's New York Business . 5 . 18 . 23 . .
  82. News: Barsky . Neil . 22 Feb 1989 . Philippines Sets Sale of Buildings Marcos Owned . 1 . Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
  83. News: August 20, 1989 . Marcos Holdings Shedding Web of Intrigue . en-US . The New York Times . live . April 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200427070252/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/20/realestate/marcos-holdings-shedding-web-of-intrigue.html . April 27, 2020 . 0362-4331.
  84. News: Selvin . Barbara . October 12, 1989 . Bankruptcy in Curacao Muddles Marcos Parcels . 57 . Newsday . newspapers.com . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182253/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187633/bankruptcy-in-curacao-muddles-marcos/ . live .
  85. News: Dunlap . David W. . December 21, 1990 . Partnership Ends Feud Over Marcos Property . en-US . The New York Times . April 20, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222229/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/21/nyregion/partnership-ends-feud-over-marcos-property.html . live .
  86. Grant . Peter . September 3, 1990 . DiLorenzo's Empire on Skids . Crain's New York Business . 6 . 36 . 1 . .
  87. Web site: June 15, 1993 . Deed; Grantor: Ba Properties Inc; Grantee: 200 Madison Associates LP . January 1, 2021 . New York City Department of Finance; Office of the City Register . June 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601225206/https://a836-acris.nyc.gov/DS/DocumentSearch/DocumentImageView?doc_id=FT_1930000434793 . live .
  88. News: Deutsch . Claudia H. . January 30, 1994 . Commercial Property: Purchasing Rather Than Renting; A Belief in Recovery Jogs Both Buyers and Banks . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183250/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/30/realestate/commercial-property-purchasing-rather-than-renting-belief-recovery-jogs-both.html . live .
  89. News: Dunlap . David W. . January 2, 1994 . The B. Altman Building Goes Bookish . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183254/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/02/realestate/the-b-altman-building-goes-bookish.html . live .
  90. News: Lueck . Thomas J. . July 11, 1993 . Commercial Property: The Flatiron Building; Charm and Favorable Rents Nail Publishers Down . en-US . The New York Times . April 21, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183251/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/realestate/commercial-property-flatiron-building-charm-favorable-rents-nail-publishers-down.html . live .
  91. News: Slatin . Peter . July 16, 1995 . When It Can Pay to Own the Ground Underneath: There are advantages to controlling both buildings and land. . R11 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  92. Web site: March 13, 2019 . 200 Madison Avenue | TRD Research . April 21, 2022 . TRD Research | Published by The Real Deal . September 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917221137/https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/200-madison-avenue/ . live .
  93. Web site: February 19, 2022 . George Comfort & Sons welcomes Spectorgroup to 200 Madison Avenue . April 21, 2022 . Real Estate Weekly . May 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220528040639/https://rew-online.com/george-comfort-sons-welcomes-spectorgroup-to-200-madison-avenue/ . live .
  94. News: Grant . Peter . February 8, 2016 . Manhattan Midtown South Office Towers Attract Big Investment . en-US . Wall Street Journal . April 21, 2022 . 0099-9660 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182312/https://www.wsj.com/articles/manhattan-midtown-south-office-towers-attract-big-investment-1454895201 . live .
  95. Web site: February 8, 2016 . Jamestown buys 49% stake in 63 Madison, 200 Madison . April 21, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182252/https://therealdeal.com/2016/02/08/jamestown-to-buy-49-stake-in-63-madison-200-madison/ . live .
  96. Web site: Walter-Warner . Holden . Garage Parks Atop Manhattan’s Largest Retail Leases of 2023 . The Real Deal . December 15, 2023 . February 9, 2024.
  97. Web site: Fitness Brand TMPL to Establish Midtown Manhattan Flagship at 200 Madison Ave. . Connect CRE . March 7, 2023 . February 9, 2024.

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