2009 New York's 23rd congressional district special election explained

Election Name:2009 New York's 23rd congressional district special election
Country:New York
Flag Image:Flag of New York (1909–2020).svg
Type:by-election
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New York#District 23
Previous Year:2008
Next Election:2010 United States House of Representatives elections in New York#District 23
Next Year:2010
Image1:File:Bill Owens, official portrait, 111th Congress (cropped).jpg
Nominee1:Bill Owens
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Alliance1:Working Families Party
Popular Vote1:73,137
Percentage1:48.3%
Nominee2:Doug Hoffman
Party2:Conservative Party of New York State
Popular Vote2:69,553
Percentage2:46.0%
Image3:File:Scozzafava.jpg
Nominee3:Dede Scozzafava
(withdrawn)
Party3:Republican Party (United States)
Alliance3:Independence Party of New York
Popular Vote3:8,582
Percentage3:5.7%
U.S. Representative
Before Election:John M. McHugh
Before Party:Republican Party (United States)
After Election:Bill Owens
After Party:Democratic Party (United States)
Map Size:200px

The 2009 special election for New York's 23rd congressional district was held on November 3, 2009, to select the successor to Republican John M. McHugh. McHugh was nominated to become United States Secretary of the Army on June 2, 2009, and resigned as representative of New York's 23rd congressional district on September 21, 2009, after being confirmed by the Senate.[1] [2]

The Democratic Party and the Working Families Party nominated businessman and attorney Bill Owens, and the Conservative Party of New York nominated businessman and accountant Doug Hoffman. The Republican Party and Independence Party nominated State Assembly member Dede Scozzafava, who withdrew from the race three days before the election[3] and endorsed Owens.[4] On Election Day, Owens defeated Hoffman.[5]

The 2009 special election received significant national attention, and was alternately described as "a referendum on President Barack Obama" and "a fight over the identity of the Republican Party."[6] [7] The race was also noteworthy due to the Tea Party movement influence on its outcome,[8] [9] and for its impact on same-sex marriage legislation in New York.[10] [11] [12]

Background

See also: New York's 23rd congressional district. New York's 23rd congressional district had historically been one of the most Republican districts in the United States. The district's seat had been in Republican hands since 1873.[13] The far northern portion of the district—including the largest city, Watertown—had not been represented by a Democrat since the 1850s. In parts of the district, the last non-Republican to represent the district had been a Whig.[14] McHugh was first elected in 1992, and was reelected eight times with over 60% of the vote, including running unopposed in 2002.

Although McHugh was consistently elected with over 60% of the vote, in recent years the district had been more competitive in United States presidential elections. George W. Bush narrowly carried the district in both 2004 against John Kerry, 51%–47%. However, Gore narrowly defeated Bush in what was then the 24th district in 2000,[15] repeating Bill Clinton's victory there in 1996. Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the district 52%–47% in 2008.[16]

Democrats had also recently done well in the district at the state level. In a 2008 special election for New York's 48th State Senate district (which is coextensive with the northwestern portion of the 23rd congressional district and includes Watertown), Democratic Assemblyman Darrel Aubertine defeated heavily favored Republican Assemblyman Will Barclay. Aubertine became the first Democrat to represent what is now the 48th Senate district in over a century.[17]

On September 29, 2009, New York Governor David Paterson issued a proclamation setting the special election to fill the vacancy for November 3, 2009, to coincide with the 2009 general election.[18] [19] New York law does not provide for a primary election in cases of a special election for a vacant House seat. Instead, each party's nominee is chosen by that party's county leaders within the district.

Candidates

Republican Party

Seven Republicans announced their intentions to run.[20] Three other Republicans[21] [22] were considered potential candidates, but declined to run.

Assemblymember Dede Scozzafava was designated as the Republican nominee. On October 31, 2009, Scozzafava suspended her campaign[23] and, on November 1, 2009, endorsed the Democratic candidate for the seat.[24]

Democratic Party

State Senator Darrel Aubertine, who represents most of the northern portion of the congressional district, was the most widely rumored potential Democratic candidate, but he declined.[25] State Senator David Valesky, who represents most of the southern portion of the congressional district, initially said he was interested in running, but later decided against it.[26] [27] Also declining to run was assemblywoman Addie Jenne Russell, whose district includes Watertown.

The chair of the New York Democratic Party stated that Scozzafava's husband had spoken with key local Democrats about the possibility of her switching to the Democratic Party before running for the seat.[28]

The party eventually selected Bill Owens, a military veteran and attorney from Plattsburgh.[29]

Conservative Party

The Conservative Party chose Doug Hoffman as its nominee after three other potential candidates said they would support him,[30] even though Hoffman did not live in the district.[31] The Conservative Party declined to support the Republican Party's nomination of pro-choice, pro-same-sex-marriage, pro-union Assemblymember Dede Scozzafava, who Conservative Party Chairman Mike Long described as a "nice lady who is too liberal."[32]

Hoffman had previously sought the Republican nomination. In July, when Scozzafava was nominated instead, Hoffman offered to help her. His email to her read: "Hi Dede, Congratulations and the best of luck in your candidacy. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. Doug." Shortly thereafter, however, he contacted Conservative Party leaders, seeking support for his own candidacy. One Republican leader said that Hoffman, while seeking the Republican nomination, had "repeatedly" pledged to support the nominee.

Other parties

The chairman of the Independence Party of New York announced that the party would have cross-endorsed Aubertine had he run,[33] but with his decision not to run, the party instead backed Scozzafava.[34] After she suspended her campaign, the state chairman of the party endorsed Bill Owens, though several local chairmen instead endorsed Hoffman.[35] Scozzafava remained on the ballot on the Independence Party line (as well as the Republican line).

The Working Families Party backed Owens. Under New York's fusion rule, Owens's votes on the Democratic line and on the Working Families line were combined into a single total.

Campaign

The race drew significant national attention because of the relatively large amount of support for a third-party candidate from the national conservative base. The Susan B. Anthony List embarked on a $100,000 independent expenditure campaign for Hoffman.[36] Many notable Republicans, including former Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin, Republican Governor Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota and former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, endorsed Hoffman rather than the Republican candidate because they deemed Scozzafava insufficiently conservative and ideologically indistinguishable from the Democrat.[37] [38] Scozzafava also drew strong opposition from the Tea Party movement, with national Tea Party leader Michael Johns saying that his opposition to Scozzafava "was the first time in my 25-year political and policy career that I ever opposed a Republican candidate."[39]

The Hoffman campaign ran television advertisements depicting Scozzafava and Owens as "two peas in a liberal pod."[40] Hoffman indicated support for tax cuts,[41] and support for criminalization of abortion, as well as opposition to same-sex marriage, the Obama health reform proposal,[42] card-check legislation,[43] and cap-and-trade legislation.[44]

Scozzafava's record in the New York State Assembly included votes in favor of same-sex marriage,[45] and she had also received an award from a Planned Parenthood affiliate in 2008.[46] [47] Scozzafava's political positions included support for "card check" legislation,[43] support for federal funding for abortion,[48] support for President Obama's 2009 stimulus package,[49] and a refusal to rule out support for health care reform that includes a "public option."[50] While Bill Owens did not favor public funding for abortion, he did support President Obama's 2009 stimulus package[49] and "card check" legislation.[43]

An October 1, 2009, poll by the Siena Research Institute put Hoffman in third place with 16% support, behind Scozzafava with 35% and Owens with 28%.[51] However, a Siena poll released two weeks later indicated that Owens led Scozzafava by four percentage points and Hoffman by 10%.[52] Polls taken a few days before the election showed Scozzafava's support collapsing; an October 31 poll showed Scozzafava trailing both Hoffman and Owens by 15% and 16%, respectively.[53]

Scozzafava suspended her campaign on October 31.[23] [54] In response to the Scozzafava withdrawal, the Republican National Committee (RNC), which had strongly backed Scozzafava's candidacy, issued a statement applauding her decision and announcing it was now supporting Hoffman. National Democrats immediately began a "vigorous effort" to convince Scozzafava to endorse Owens. On November 1, Scozzafava endorsed Democratic nominee Owens.[4]

Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, while having initially supported the GOP nominee,[55] remarked that he was "deeply upset" about her endorsement of Owens after Scozzafava's withdrawal from the race.[56] RNC Chairman Michael S. Steele questioned party leaders in upstate New York for using a committee process to select a congressional candidate. "Maybe you should have a primary the next time instead of having 11 guys in a room sit around and select your nominee," said Steele.[3] The New York Republican Party issued a statement saying Scozzafava's endorsement was a "betrayal" of the party and said "In contacting Scozzafava, the Obama White House has once again played its Chicago-style politics here in New York."[57]

On November 2, one day before the election, Siena released the results of a new poll showing Hoffman leading Owens 41% to 36%.[58] [59] Vice President Joe Biden appeared with Owens at a campaign rally in Watertown on November 3, while former U.S. Senator and 2008 presidential candidate Fred Thompson appeared with Hoffman.[60]

On Election Day, police were called to at least two polling sites in St. Lawrence County following "overzealous electioneering" by supporters of Hoffman.[61] Later, Hoffman accused the Democratic Party of "bringing in ACORN" and trying to "steal this election away from the 23rd district", asserting that a campaign volunteer's tires had been slashed.[62] Anton Troianovski of The Wall Street Journal later quoted Captain Michael Branch of the Plattsburgh City Police Department as saying "This was not a tire slashing—this was some guy who drove over a bottle and cut his tire."[63]

Polling

SourceDateDede ScozzafavaBill OwensDoug Hoffman
Siena Research Institute[64] [65] November 2, 20096%36%41%
Public Policy Polling[66] November 1, 200913%34%51%
Siena Research Institute[67] October 26–28, 200920%36%35%
Research 2000[68] October 26–28, 200921%33%32%
Neighborhood Research§[69] October 25–26, 200914%29%34%
Basswood Research‡[70] October 24–25, 200920%27%31%
Research 2000[71] October 19–21, 200930%35%23%
Siena Research Institute[72] October 11–13, 200929%33%23%
Siena Research Institute[73] September 29, 200935%28%16%
Basswood Research‡[74] September 17, 200920%17%17%
McLaughlin & Associates†[75] September 9, 200930%20%19%
† Poll commissioned by Conservative Party candidate Doug Hoffman
‡ Poll commissioned by the Club for Growth, which endorses Doug Hoffman
§ Poll commissioned by the Minuteman PAC, which endorses Doug Hoffman

Endorsements

Dede Scozzafava

Changes after withdrawal! No known change! Endorsed Owens! Endorsed Hoffman
Oswego County ATV Club[76] New York State United Teachers[77] House Minority Leader John Boehner[78]
The Wish List[79] Watertown Daily Times[80] Michael Steele, chairman of the Republican National Committee[81] [82]
State Senator Betty LittleFormer Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich[83] [84]
Assemblywomen Teresa SaywardRepresentative Jeb Hensarling, former Republican Study Committee Chair[85]
Assemblywoman Janet Duprey[86] New York State Young Republicans[87]
Assemblyman Jim Tedisco, former assembly minority leader[88] Assemblyman Will Barclay[89]
Assemblyman Robert Oaks[90] NRA Political Victory Fund[91]
John Faso, former assembly minority leader, 2002 comptroller candidate and 2006 gubernatorial candidate[92] Assemblyman David Townsend[93]
Daily Kos founder, Markos Moulitsas[94] Jeffrey Graham, mayor of Watertown[95]
US Senator Susan Collins[96]
Representative Ginny Brown-Waite
Former Representative Tom Reynolds, former chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee[97]
Representative Peter King

Doug Hoffman

Results and aftermath

On Election Day, Owens appeared to defeat Hoffman, with the margin of defeat initially reported as 49.0% to 45.5%. Although Hoffman initially conceded, an initial re-canvass resulted in a Hoffman gain of approximately 2,000 votes before military and absentee ballots were further factored in. Poll inspectors reported Mr. Hoffman had inadvertently received zero votes in four districts.[98]

With absentee ballots having yet to be tallied, the results of the election could not be officially certified by the State of New York, though Owens was sworn in based upon unofficial results.[99] Owens was seated in time to vote "yea" on the Affordable Health Care for America Act on November 7, 2009.[100]

Hoffman withdrew his concession on November 17, 2009.[101] On November 18, in a letter posted on his campaign website, Hoffman declared that "ACORN, the unions and Democratic Party...tampered with the ballots of voters in NY-23."[102] Jerry O. Eaton, Jefferson County Republican elections commissioner, called Hoffman's assertion "absolutely false".[103] On November 19, the Gouverneur Times alleged that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines."[104] John Conklin, director of public information for the NY State Board of Elections, stated that "the article...unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question."[105] Hoffman later retracted his accusations.

With the tallying of absentee-ballots near completion, on November 20, 2009, Owens' lead over Hoffman surpassed the total number of absentee ballots left, making it mathematically impossible for Hoffman to win.[104] On November 24, Hoffman ended his campaign, stating "...it is with a heavy heart that we declare this election over. We will formally end this election and not ask for a recount."[106] The final election results showed that Owens prevailed by a margin of 48.3% to 46%.[107]

Owens was later re-elected to Congress in 2010 and 2012.

A week after the 2009 election, Scozzafava was stripped of her Republican leadership position in the State Assembly. After Scozzafava's unsuccessful congressional campaign, she acknowledged that her name had begun being used as a verb: "scozzafavaed."[108] [109] Commentator Chris Good described the term as follows: "The gist, basically, is that if you're a moderate Republican and the conservative wing of the GOP sets out to get you, and does, you got Scozzafavaed."[110] In April 2010, Scozzafava announced that she would not run for re-election to the New York State Assembly in November 2010.[111] In January 2011, Scozzafava was appointed New York Deputy Secretary of State for Local Government by Democratic Governor Andrew M. Cuomo.[112]

Analysis

While some observers called the race "a referendum on President Barack Obama" and "a fight over the identity of the Republican Party",[6] [7] others saw "a victory for populist conservatism".[113] One commentator stated that "Hoffman's third-party candidacy is striking for how much it has galvanized the Republican Party's base."[114] According to one commentator, "[t]ea party conservatives see the GOP loss as a victory for conservativism over mere political party loyalty. They’re describing the defeat as a warning shot fired in defense of principle."[115] According to Marilyn Musgrave of Susan B. Anthony List, "Republican party leaders in Washington should take the message of the campaign and the election seriously, that the Party base should not be taken for granted."[115] Elected officials and observers opined that Scozzafava's showing in the congressional race affected the New York State Senate's December 2, 2009, vote against same-sex marriage legislation.[10] [11] [12]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Weiner, Mark (September 16, 2009). Rep. John McHugh is confirmed as Secretary of the Army . Syracuse Post-Standard.
  2. Web site: McHugh Becomes Secretary Of the Army, Resigns Congressional Seat. September 21, 2009. October 23, 2009. WWNY-TV. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120223081425/http://www.wwnytv.com/news/local/60012302.html. February 23, 2012.
  3. News: G.O.P. Moderate, Pressed by Right, Abandons Race . Adam Nagourney . Jeremy W. Peters . The New York Times. October 31, 2009 . November 19, 2009 . The Republican National Committee, which had strongly backed Scozzafava’s candidacy, issued a statement applauding her decision and announcing it was now supporting Hoffman. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130407234329/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/nyregion/01upstate.html . April 7, 2013 . live .
  4. News: Republican Dede Scozzafava urges friends to vote for Democrat Bill Owens after exiting NY-23 House race . Mike McAndrew . The Post-Standard . Syracuse, NY . November 1, 2009 . November 19, 2009 . One day after suspending her campaign, Republican Dede Scozzafava urged her supporters this afternoon in a private e-mail to vote for Democrat Bill Owens instead of Conservative Doug Hoffman for the 23rd Congressional District seat. . https://web.archive.org/web/20091104222738/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/11/republican_dede_scozzafava_urg.html . November 4, 2009 . live .
  5. News: Conservative Loses Upstate House Race in Blow to Right . . Jeremy W. . Peters . November 4, 2009 . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120618060801/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/nyregion/04district.html . June 18, 2012 . live .
  6. http://www.9wsyr.com/content/news/breakingnews/Hoffman-concedes-23rd-Congressional-race-to-Owens/krJ1b4A4oESpLUslAa_A9g.cspx Hoffman concedes 23rd Congressional race to Owens
  7. News: Conservative Loses Upstate House Race in Blow to Right. Peters. Jeremy W.. November 4, 2009. The New York Times. November 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20130612224001/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/nyregion/04district.html?_r=1&hp. June 12, 2013. live.
  8. News: Green grass-roots at University of Nebraska . . May 7, 2004 . December 21, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101011103108/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-03/politics/tea.party_1_tea-party-nation-independent-voters-two-major-parties?_s=PM:POLITICS . October 11, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  9. Web site: Patrik . Jonsson . Tea Party Express jubilant as Scozzafava exits in NY-23 . CSMonitor.com . October 31, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020123014/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/1031/tea-party-express-jubilant-as-scozzafava-exits-in-ny-23 . October 20, 2012 . live .
  10. Web site: Gay marriage not likely to come to Senate again soon. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091205191059/http://www.buffalonews.com/home/story/880990.html?imw=Y. December 5, 2009. November 25, 2009.
  11. News: N.Y. State Senate votes down gay marriage bill by wide margin . . Karl . Vick . December 3, 2009 . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103302/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/02/AR2009120203910.html . November 9, 2012 . live .
  12. News: Marriage for Gays on Agenda in New York . . Danny . Hakim . November 6, 2009 . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131114000102/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/nyregion/06marriage.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion . November 14, 2013 . live .
  13. Web site: District Detail: NY-23. Congressional Quarterly. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100121165059/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=district-2010-NY-23. January 21, 2010.
  14. Web site: The Amazing Political History of NY-23 . silver spring . June 6, 2009 . Swing State Project . November 5, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611123808/http://www.swingstateproject.com/diary/5072/amazing-political-history-of-ny23 . June 11, 2011 . live .
  15. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=2000&fips=36&f=1&off=0&elect=0&datatype=cd&def=1 New York 2000 presidential election results by district
  16. Web site: Rep. John M. McHugh . October 23, 2009 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091215060705/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=profile-000000000362 . December 15, 2009 .
  17. News: Aubertine wins Senate race in huge upset. Dwyer. Brian. February 27, 2008. Capital News 9. November 17, 2009. https://archive.today/20120707035356/http://capitalnews9.com/capital-region-news-12-content/headlines/?ArID=111313&SecID=33. July 7, 2012. live.
  18. After being notified of the vacancy, Paterson was legally required to issue a proclamation for a special election to be held between thirty and forty days thereafter, but New York law does not specify a timeframe within which such a proclamation must be issued. News: Gillibrand's House seat could be GOP opportunity. January 23, 2009. October 23, 2009. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208034528/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/23/special-election-for-gillibrands-house-seat-could-be-opportunity-for-gop/. December 8, 2014. live.
  19. Web site: NY-23: Election Day Is... Election Day. September 29, 2009. October 3, 2009. National Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20091105035739/http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2009/09/ny23_election_d.php. November 5, 2009. dead.
  20. Web site: Barclay won't run to replace McHugh. Watertown Daily Times. Jude. Seymour. July 7, 2009. October 23, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090709212555/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090707/NEWS03/307079954. July 9, 2009. live.
  21. http://www.newzjunky.com/news/0616griffo.htm State Senator Griffo No Longer Interested in McHugh's Seat
  22. Rubado, Meghan and Mark Weiner (July 6, 2009). Assemblyman Will Barclay says he won't run for John McHugh's Congressional seat . The Post-Standard. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
  23. Web site: Scozzafava suspends campaign. October 31, 2009. October 31, 2009. Watertown Daily Times. Jude. Seymour. https://web.archive.org/web/20091102084240/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091031/BLOGS09/910319996/BLOGS09. November 2, 2009. dead.
  24. Jonathan Martin & Charles Mahtesian (November 1, 2009) Scozzafava endorses opponent Winning Dede Scozzafava: How Democrats got her nod, Politico.com.
  25. Aubertine, Darrel (July 23, 2009). I'm Not Running for Congressional Seat. Press release via newzjunky.com. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  26. News: McHugh to Be Army Secretary, Special Election Looms . . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120910213922/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/house/mchugh-to-be-army-secretary-sp.html . September 10, 2012 . live .
  27. Delen Goldberg (June 5, 2009)David Valesky has no plans to run for NY's 23rd Congressional District seat, The Post-Standard
  28. Benjamin, Elizabeth. Democrats Fan The Flames Of Scozzafava's Tax Troubles . New York Daily News. July 22, 2009.
  29. Web site: NY-23: Who's Left?. July 23, 2009. October 24, 2009. Times Union. Irene Jay. Liu. https://web.archive.org/web/20090727004517/http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/17042/ny-23-whos-left/. July 27, 2009. live.
  30. Web site: Conservative Party will run Hoffman for Congress. August 7, 2009. October 24, 2009. Adirondack Daily Enterprise. E.J.. Conzola. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707084437/http://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/page/content.detail/id/507974.html?nav=5008. July 7, 2011. live.
  31. News: What Doug Hoffman's Loss Means to Conservatives . . Marc . Ambinder . November 4, 2009 . November 4, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061228/http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/11/04/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5517947.shtml . November 7, 2009 . live .
  32. Web site: New York Trading Down . Human Events . January 2, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120329134520/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=32991 . March 29, 2012 . dead .
  33. Web site: McHugh's Congressional Seat Sparks Debate. June 9, 2009. October 24, 2009. WWNY-TV. https://web.archive.org/web/20090802112504/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/will_the_race_to_succeed_john.html. August 2, 2009. live.
  34. Benjamin, Elizabeth (July 24, 2009). The Indys Try Again In NY-23, Go With Scozzafava . New York Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  35. Web site: NY-23: Independence Party Chairman Endorses Bill Owens. David Weigel. October 31, 2009. October 31, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091103094357/http://washingtonindependent.com/65984/ny-23-independence-party-chairman-endorses-bill-owens. November 3, 2009. dead.
  36. Web site: Independent Expenditures – SBA List . Opensecrets.org . May 30, 2012 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107003431/http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/indexpend.php?cycle=2010&cmte=C00332296 . November 7, 2012 . live .
  37. News: Palin: Ready to shake things up in New York . October 28, 2009 . Reuters. October 22, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091026105356/http://blogs.reuters.com/frontrow/2009/10/22/palin-ready-to-shake-things-up-in-new-york/ . October 26, 2009 .
  38. News: Conservatives emboldened by moves in New York. Hook. Janet. November 3, 2009. Los Angeles Times. November 3, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091105024954/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop-battles3-2009nov03,0,4452064.story. November 5, 2009. live.
  39. Web site: "Interview with National Tea Party Founder and Leader Michael Johns," About.com . Usconservatives.about.com . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121119044149/http://usconservatives.about.com/od/conservativepolitics101/a/Tea-Party-Leader-Michael-Johns.htm . November 19, 2012 . live .
  40. Web site: Drake . Bruce . Down the Stretch: Three-Way Race Heats Up in New York Special Election . Politicsdaily.com . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130328051142/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/10/27/down-the-stretch-three-way-race-heats-up-in-new-york-special-el/ . March 28, 2013 . live .
  41. Web site: Hoffman vows not to raise government tax take . Watertown Daily Times . September 1, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120223082826/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090901/NEWS03/309019965 . February 23, 2012 . live .
  42. Web site: Meet the 23rd Congressional District candidates: Doug Hoffman. syracuse.com. October 12, 2009. June 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602094527/http://blog.syracuse.com/politicalnotebook/2009/10/meet_the_23rd_congressional_di.html. June 2, 2019. live.
  43. Web site: Candidates for 23rd District split on labor issues . Watertown Daily Times . August 30, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120223082738/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090830/NEWS03/308309968 . February 23, 2012 . live .
  44. Web site: Acid rain amendment not in Senate cap-trade bill . Adirondack Daily Enterprise . October 13, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120226120644/http://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/page/content.detail/id/509115.html?nav=5008 . February 26, 2012 . live .
  45. Web site: . Siena College poll shows tight three-way race to fill seat of Rep. John McHugh in N.Y. 23 . syracuse.com . October 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121002130856/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/siena_college_poll_shows_tight.html . October 2, 2012 . live .
  46. Web site: Malkin . Michelle . Calling them out: NRCC, RNC & Gingrich back Margaret Sanger Award winner . Michelle Malkin . October 16, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121123230055/http://michellemalkin.com/2009/10/16/calling-them-out-nrcc-rnc-gingrich-back-margaret-sanger-award-winner/ . November 23, 2012 . live .
  47. Web site: Dede Scozzafava Is No GOP Moderate | Conservative News, Views & Books . Humanevents.com . November 14, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100121202717/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=34422 . January 21, 2010 . dead .
  48. Web site: Congressional candidates address health-care issues at forum » Local News . Press-Republican . October 4, 2009 . November 27, 2012.
  49. Web site: Harding. Robert . NY-23: Bill Owens On (Some Of) The Issues . . October 4, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100106232524/http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2009/10/4/789091/-NY-23:-Bill-Owens-On-(Some-Of)-The-Issues . January 6, 2010 . live .
  50. Web site: Public option skirted in race . Watertown Daily Times . October 11, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120223082811/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091011/NEWS02/310119929 . February 23, 2012 . live .
  51. Web site: Democrat surging in House race. Irene Jay . Liu. October 16, 2009. Times Union.
  52. Web site: Siena poll: Bill Owens surges past Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 congressional race. Mark. Weiner. October 15, 2009. syracuse.com. June 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602094511/https://www.syracuse.com/news/2009/10/siena_poll_bill_owens_surges_p.html. June 2, 2019. live.
  53. Web site: Under pressure, GOP assemblywoman suspends campaign. October 31, 2009. Newsday. June 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602094506/https://www.newsday.com/news/region-state/under-pressure-gop-assemblywoman-suspends-campaign-1.1558674. June 2, 2019. live.
  54. News: Under pressure, GOP assemblywoman suspends campaign. November 1, 2009. Madore, James T.. October 31, 2009. Newsday. https://web.archive.org/web/20091104012923/http://www.newsday.com/news/region-state/under-pressure-gop-assemblywoman-suspends-campaign-1.1558674. November 4, 2009. live.
  55. News: Newt Gingrich endorses Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 House race . Mark . Weiner . The Post-Standard . Advance Publications Inc. . Syracuse, NY . October 16, 2009 . May 20, 2010 . In a major coup for her campaign, Republican Dede Scozzafava today will pick up the endorsement of Newt Gingrich... . https://web.archive.org/web/20100201200612/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/newt_gingrich_endorses_dede_sc.html . February 1, 2010 . live .
  56. Web site: Gingrich 'Deeply Upset' That Scozzafava Endorsed Democrat After He'd Supported Her . Eric Kleefeld . November 2, 2009 . Talking Points Memo . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091105035630/http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/11/gingrich-deeply-upset-that-scozzafava-endorsed-democrat-after-hed-supported-her.php . November 5, 2009 . live .
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  58. Web site: Polls: Hoffman leads in New York 23. Josh. Kraushaar. Politico. June 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20111213120625/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1109/29025.html. December 13, 2011. live.
  59. Hoffman Leads Owens 41-36%; Undecided up to 18%. Siena Research Institute. November 2, 2009. November 19, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091122093944/http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/Parents_and_Community/Community_Page/SRI/SNY_Poll/23rd%20CD%20SNY%20Poll%20Release%204%20--%20FINAL.pdf. November 22, 2009. live.
  60. News: Stars shine on once-obscure upstate NY campaign. November 2, 2009. November 2, 2009. Associated Press. Valerie. Bauman. https://web.archive.org/web/20091107143111/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j0VibvgMRn4zDGTwEZjej-eRI1swD9BNL9702. November 7, 2009. dead.
  61. News: Police Called To NY-23 Polling Sites (Updated). November 3, 2009. November 3, 2009. Daily News. Elizabeth. Benjamin. Elizabeth Benjamin (journalist). https://web.archive.org/web/20091106102700/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2009/11/police-called-to-ny-23-polling.html. November 6, 2009. live.
  62. Web site: NY-23: [UPDATE] Hoffman Accuses Democrats of 'Stealing the Election']. November 3, 2009. November 3, 2009. David. Weigel. Dave Weigel. The Washington Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20091106014253/http://washingtonindependent.com/66380/ny-23-hoffman-accuses-democrats-of-stealing-the-election. November 6, 2009. dead.
  63. News: Troianovski. Anton. Anton Troianovski. November 3, 2009. A Flat Tire Leads to Accusations in NY-23 Race. The Wall Street Journal. live. registration. November 3, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091107065315/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/11/03/a-flat-tire-leads-to-accusations-in-ny-23-race/. November 7, 2009.
  64. Hoffman Leads Owens 41-36%; Undecided up to 18% . Siena Research Institute . November 2, 2009 . April 1, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063423/http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/Parents_and_Community/Community_Page/SRI/SNY_Poll/23rd%20CD%20SNY%20Poll%20Release%204%20--%20FINAL.pdf . May 28, 2010 . live .
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  66. Hoffman primed for dominant victory . Public Policy Polling . November 1, 2009 . April 1, 2010 .
  67. Web site: Poll: Dem and Conservative in Tight Race for NY-23, GOPer in Third. October 31, 2009. Talking Points Memo. October 31, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091103082944/http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/10/poll-dem-and-conservative-in-tight-race-for-ny-23-goper-in-third.php. November 3, 2009. live.
  68. Web site: Daily Kos/Research 2000 NY-23 Poll. October 29, 2009. Daily Kos. https://web.archive.org/web/20091101193022/http://www.dailykos.com/statepoll/2009/10/28/NY/408. November 1, 2009. dead.
  69. Web site: Conservative Pollster Puts Hoffman Ahead In NY-23. October 27, 2009. October 27, 2009. Talking Points Memo. Eric. Kleefeld. https://web.archive.org/web/20091030002724/http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/10/conservative-pollster-puts-hoffman-ahead-in-ny-23.php. October 30, 2009. live.
  70. Web site: CFG Poll: Hoffman Leading in NY-23 . October 26, 2009 . October 27, 2009 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091031041323/http://www.clubforgrowth.org//2009//10//cfg_poll_hoffman_leading_in_ny.php . October 31, 2009 .
  71. Web site: NY-23: Democrat Leads Way In Special Election. October 23, 2009. October 27, 2009. Daily Kos. Steve. Singiser. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607230448/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/10/23/796030/-NY-23:-Democrat-Leads-Way-In-Special-Election. June 7, 2011. live.
  72. Web site: Siena New York 23rd Congressional District Poll: Owens Leads Scozzafava by 4 & Hoffman by 10 Points. October 15, 2009. October 27, 2009. Siena Research Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20091025002403/http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/Parents_and_Community/Community_Page/SRI/SNY_Poll/23rd%20CD%20SNY%20Poll%20Release%202%20--%20Final.pdf. October 25, 2009. dead.
  73. Web site: Siena New York 23rd Congressional District Poll: Scozzafava Has Early 7-Point Lead in Tight 3-Way Race. October 1, 2009. October 27, 2009. Siena Research Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20110808194223/http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/Parents_and_Community/Community_Page/SRI/SNY_Poll/23rd%20CD%20SNY%20Poll%20Release%201%20--%20final.pdf. August 8, 2011. dead.
  74. Web site: New Poll Shows Statistical Three Way Tie in NY-23 Special Election. https://web.archive.org/web/20201122193301/http://doughoffmanforcongress.com/files/club4growth_poll.pdf. dead. November 22, 2020. September 24, 2009. October 27, 2009. Club for Growth.
  75. Web site: McLaughlin & Associates recently conducted a survey of 300 likely special election voters in New York Congressional District 23.. October 27, 2009. McLaughlin & Associates. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716221615/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/wdt_repository/editorial_files/mcla_district23_survey.pdf. July 16, 2011. dead.
  76. Web site: Scozzafava Endorsed by ATV Club . October 27, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090930222638/http://www.gouverneurtimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6594:scozzafava-endorsed-by-atv-club&catid=60:st-lawrence-news&Itemid=175 . September 30, 2009.
  77. Web site: NYSUT endorses Scozzafava. October 13, 2009. October 27, 2009. Times Union. Rick. Karlin. https://web.archive.org/web/20091020013823/http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/18965/nysut-endorses-scozzafava/. October 20, 2009. live.
  78. Web site: Boehner will push Scozzafava for House Armed Services post if elected . September 17, 2009 . October 27, 2009 . Watertown Daily Times . Jude . Seymour . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091025162935/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090917/NEWS09/909179997 . October 25, 2009.
  79. Web site: The WISH List. October 27, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100324140721/http://www.thewishlist.org/. March 24, 2010. dead.
  80. http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091101/OPINION01/311019918/-1/OPINION A Changed Race: Owens is best-equipped to represent NNY
  81. Web site: Steele Still On Board With Scozzafava . The Atlantic Politics Channel . October 28, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120928064237/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/10/steele-still-on-board-with-scozzafava/29189/ . September 28, 2012 . live.
  82. News: G.O.P. Moderate, Pressed by Right, Abandons Race . . Adam . Nagourney . Jeremy W. . Peters . November 1, 2009 . May 20, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130407234329/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/nyregion/01upstate.html . April 7, 2013 . live.
  83. Web site: Newt Gingrich endorses Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 House race. October 16, 2009. October 27, 2009. The Post-Standard. Mark. Weiner. https://web.archive.org/web/20091019090009/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/newt_gingrich_endorses_dede_sc.html. October 19, 2009. live.
  84. Web site: Meredith Jessup . Blog: Meredith Jessup: NY-23: Gingrich Tweets Support for Hoffman . Townhall.com . October 31, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100218063257/http://townhall.com/blog/g/0358a6d5-7c33-48a9-8361-afd9905c936f . February 18, 2010 . dead.
  85. Web site: N.Y. special-election endorsements places Republicans in tough position. October 30, 2009. April 26, 2020. The Hill. Aaron. Blake. Molly K.. Hooper. https://web.archive.org/web/20091101061348/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/65545-ny-special-election-endorsements-place-republicans-in-tough-position. Nov 1, 2009. live.
  86. Web site: North Country Leaders Endorse Dede . October 27, 2009 . The Gouverneur Times . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110711120444/http://www.gouverneurtimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6668:north-country-leaders-endorse-dede&catid=60:st-lawrence-news&Itemid=175 . July 11, 2011.
  87. Web site: NYSYR Endorse Hoffman for Congress – Krogh: Scozzafava shows pettiness in her choice to support Democrat. November 1, 2009. November 1, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100308000153/http://www.nysyr.us/?p=258. March 8, 2010. live.
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  89. Web site: Barclay Disappointed in Scozzafava's Actions . Newzjunky.com . November 1, 2009 . November 27, 2012 .
  90. Web site: Scozzafava Endorsed by Oswego County Leaders. https://archive.today/20130130104708/http://www.newzjunky.com/news/0930scozzafava_oswego.htm. dead. January 30, 2013. September 30, 2009. October 27, 2009. newzjunky.com .
  91. Web site: NRA endorses Scozzafava. October 7, 2009. October 27, 2009. Times Union. Casey. Seiler. https://web.archive.org/web/20091212160938/http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/18832/nra-endorses-scozzafava/. December 12, 2009. live. Dear Assemblywoman Scozzafava, On behalf of our four million members, the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund is proud to endorse your candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives in the special election in New York’s 23rd congressional district..
  92. Vielkind, Jimmy (October 30, 2009). In the NY-23 Race, Conservatives Scare the Would-Be Moderates Away .
  93. Web site: Townsend Surprised by Scozzafava's Move . Newzjunky.com . October 31, 2009 . November 27, 2012 .
  94. Web site: Kos Endorses a Republican. October 2, 2009. October 27, 2009. CQ Politics. Bill. Pascoe. https://web.archive.org/web/20091008114026/http://blogs.cqpolitics.com/in_the_right/2009/10/kos-endorses-a-republican.html. October 8, 2009. dead.
  95. Graham, Jeff (November 2, 2009). Hoffman for Congress . Mayor Graham's View. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  96. Web site: Collins stumps for GOP hopeful. October 25, 2009. October 27, 2009. Watertown Daily Times. Martha. Ellen. https://web.archive.org/web/20091029074515/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091025/NEWS05/310259926. October 29, 2009. live.
  97. Web site: Dan . Update: Exclusive: How The NRCC Bungled NY – 23 . Riehl World View . October 28, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120223234134/http://www.riehlworldview.com/carnivorous_conservative/2009/10/how-the-nrcc-bungled-ny-23.html . February 23, 2012 . dead.
  98. News: Vote: Hoffman closes in on Owens . Jude . Seymour . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, NY . November 13, 2009 . November 17, 2009 . Sean M. Hennessey, Jefferson County Democratic elections commissioner, said poll inspectors in four districts reported Mr. Hoffman had received zero votes after inadvertently reading the wrong line of the poll system's printout. . https://web.archive.org/web/20091116064659/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091113/NEWS03/311139951 . November 16, 2009 . live .
  99. News: Madsen. Nancy. Owens takes election. November 4, 2009. November 4, 2009. Watertown Daily Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20091107064544/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091104/NEWS03/311049975. November 7, 2009. dead.
  100. Web site: Roll Call Vote on H.R. 3962 . Clerk.house.gov . November 7, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110505042426/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll887.xml . May 5, 2011 . live .
  101. Web site: Rudin . Ken . Hoffman 'Unconcedes' In New York 23; Absentee Count Begins Today : It's All Politics . . November 16, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121118192201/http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/11/hoffman_unconcedes_in_new_york.html . November 18, 2012 . live .
  102. Web site: Stop Another Stolen Election! . Doug Hoffman . November 18, 2009 . November 19, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091120091939/http://www.doughoffmanforcongress.com/stolenelection.html . November 20, 2009 . dead .
  103. News: Hoffman: ACORN, unions, Dems tampered with NY-23 election . Jude . Seymour . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, NY . November 19, 2009 . November 19, 2009 . Mr. Hoffman trails Rep. William L. Owens, D-Plattsburgh, by 2,832 votes after 42.6 percent of absentee ballots districtwide were reported Wednesday. . https://web.archive.org/web/20091121165821/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091118/BLOGS09/911189972 . November 21, 2009 . live .
  104. News: Hoffman lacks votes to catch Owens . Jude Seymour . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, NY . November 20, 2009 . November 20, 2009 . As Mr. Owens' victory became certain, the Gouverneur Times alleged Thursday that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines." . https://web.archive.org/web/20091123064403/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091120/NEWS03/311209950 . November 23, 2009 . dead .
  105. News: State elections official: Gouverneur Times is "full of inaccurate information" . Jude Seymour . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, NY . November 20, 2009 . November 20, 2009 . John Conklin, the board's director of public information said: "There was no virus in the voting machines on Election Day in the 23rd District or anywhere else. The article is full of inaccurate information and unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question." . https://web.archive.org/web/20091231162302/http://watertowndailytimes.com/section/blogs09 . December 31, 2009 . dead .
  106. News: Doug Hoffman: 'Full speed ahead to 2010' . . Eugene . Kiely . November 24, 2009 . January 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101109102750/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2009/11/620002786/1 . November 9, 2010 . live .
  107. Web site: Special election results certified . Watertown Daily Times . December 16, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716223932/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091216/NEWS03/312169963 . July 16, 2011 . dead .
  108. Web site: Rachel . Slajda . Scozzafava: 'My Name's A Verb Now' . Talking Points Memo . November 10, 2009 . May 12, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110305013110/http://tpmlivewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/11/scozzafava-my-names-a-verb-now.php . March 5, 2011 .
  109. News: Horowitz. Jason. 'My name's a verb now': Dede Scozzafava sadder, wiser after bruising political race. November 1, 2011. Watertown Daily Times. November 15, 2009. The Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20120322012123/http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091115/CURR04/311159984/. March 22, 2012. live.
  110. Web site: A New Term: Scozzafavaed - Chris Good - Politics . . November 6, 2009 . May 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121023172318/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/11/a-new-term-scozzafavaed/29778/ . October 23, 2012 . live .
  111. Web site: Eric . Kleefeld . Former NY-23 GOP Nominee Dede Scozzafava To Retire From New York State Legislature . Talking Points Memo . April 21, 2010 . January 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319175505/http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/04/former-ny-23-gop-nominee-dede-scozzafava-to-retire-from-new-york-state-legislature.php . March 19, 2012 . live .
  112. Governor Cuomo Announces Appointments and Nominations . Governor.ny.gov . January 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110107171234/http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/010511appointments . January 7, 2011 . live .
  113. Web site: Elites overlook power of populists . Craig Shirley . . November 6, 2009 . November 6, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091109014937/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1109/29234.html . November 9, 2009 . live .
  114. Web site: Peters . Jeremy W. . Republicans work to defeat one of their own - National . NewsObserver.com . October 27, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091029015559/http://www.newsobserver.com/politics/story/159785.html . October 29, 2009 .
  115. Web site: John Tomasic . Musgrave to GOP: 'Don't just assume we're yours' . The Colorado Independent . November 4, 2009 . November 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120820223745/http://coloradoindependent.com/41530/musgrave-to-gop-%E2%80%98dont-just-assume-were-yours%E2%80%99 . August 20, 2012 . live .

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