2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit explained

Summit Name:G20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy
Country:United States
Venues:David L. Lawrence Convention Center,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
United States
Date:September 24–25, 2009
Participants:G20 + the Netherlands, Spain, NEPAD, ASEAN, the UN, the World Bank, the IMF, the WTO, APEC, and the FSF.
Follows:2009 G20 London summit
Precedes:2010 G20 Toronto summit

The 2009 G20 Pittsburgh Summit was the third meeting of the G20 heads of state and heads of government to discuss financial markets and the world economy. It was held on September 24 and September 25, 2009 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

History

The G20 is the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.[1]

The fall 2009 G20 summit was held at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, on September 24 - 25, 2009.[2] Announced shortly after the April 2009 G20 London summit, U.S. President Barack Obama volunteered to host this summit, initially planning to hold it in New York City and coordinating it with the opening of the United Nations General Assembly. Due to coordination issues, however, the Obama Administration announced a change of venue on May 28, 2009 to Pittsburgh in order to highlight the city's economic recovery following the collapse of the city's manufacturing sector during the latter half of the 20th century. In response to the Global credit crisis, a G20 summit in one year was proposed shortly after the London summit in April 2009.

Among the issues discussed was a proposal to radically reform the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[3] French President Nicolas Sarkozy also suggested that there would be an evaluation of measures already taken.[4]

Summit facilities

The primary venue of the summit was the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, which was at one point the largest Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-certified building in the world.[5] A working dinner for world leaders was held at the Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens, chosen to highlight its environmentally friendly features including an earth-sheltered welcome center and a Tropical Forest Conservatory described as the world's most energy efficient.[6] Other venues used around the city include The Andy Warhol Museum, the Pittsburgh High School for the Creative and Performing Arts and Rosemont, the working farm of Teresa Heinz Kerry.[6]

Preparations

In the weeks leading up to the conference, many measures were taken to prepare Pittsburgh for the conference. Many streets in Downtown Pittsburgh were re-paved and a pre-season National Hockey League hockey game for the Pittsburgh Penguins at nearby Mellon Arena was rescheduled. During the week of the G20, many streets were closed, and traffic patterns were adjusted. Many public schools, universities and nearby businesses were closed, canceling classes or working remotely for the duration of the conference. Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl also attempted to alleviate problems by meeting beforehand with some of the groups expected to protest during the event.[7]

Security

Thousands of protesters were expected during the week of the Summit, which was classified as a National Special Security Event. Security was coordinated by the United States Secret Service, working in conjunction with the Pittsburgh Police. It is estimated that 4,000 police officers were requested, and the city only had 900 police officers at the time of the event. The Pennsylvania State Police committed more than 1,000 officers for the downtown event, including SWAT, helicopter, mounted, undercover, bicycle and motorcycle officers. Allegheny County had 75 officers specifically trained by and embedded into the Pittsburgh Police Bureau for the event since June. New York City and Baltimore also committed some officers, as well as Pittsburgh suburbs. Some officers from Chicago traveled to assist, taking vacation days from their department. All officers, regardless of department, were under the command of the Secret Service for the event days.[8]

Chinook and Black Hawk helicopters, armored Humvees and crews of U.S. Army soldiers, as well as 10 25-foot boats with M240 machine guns from the Coast Guard, were on hand in the event of large-scale violent protests or a terrorist attack.[9]

Attendance

G20 leaders began gathering in Pittsburgh on September 24, 2009. On the evening of September 24, the leaders attended a reception at Phipps Conservatory in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.[10]

The Summit proper began on the morning of September 25 at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, downtown.

Core participants

The following participants of the Pittsburgh summit represented the core members of the G20,[11] which includes 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission.[12]

G20 members
Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
MemberRepresented byTitle
ArgentinaCristina Fernández de Kirchner[13] President
AustraliaKevin Rudd[14] Prime Minister
BrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva[15] President
CanadaStephen Harper[16] Prime Minister
ChinaHu Jintao[17] President
FranceNicolas Sarkozy[18] President
GermanyAngela Merkel[19] Chancellor
IndiaManmohan Singh[20] Prime Minister
IndonesiaSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono[21] President
ItalySilvio Berlusconi[22] Prime Minister
JapanYukio Hatoyama[23] Prime Minister
MexicoFelipe Calderón[24] President
RussiaDmitry Medvedev[25] President
Saudi ArabiaAbdullah bin Abdul Aziz[26] King
Jacob Zuma[27] President
South KoreaLee Myung-bak[28] President
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[29] Prime Minister
United KingdomGordon Brown[30]
United States Barack Obama[31] President
European CommissionJosé Manuel Barroso[32] President
European CouncilFredrik Reinfeldt[33] President
Invited states
StateRepresented byTitle
EthiopiaMeles ZenawiPrime Minister
NetherlandsJan Peter BalkenendePrime Minister
José Luis Rodríguez ZapateroPrime Minister
ThailandAbhisit VejjajivaPrime Minister
International organisations
OrganisationRepresented byTitle
ASEANSurin Pitsuwan[34] Secretary General
Abhisit VejjajivaChairman[35]
Financial Stability ForumMario DraghiChairman
International Monetary FundDominique Strauss-KahnManaging Director
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Chairman
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentJosé Ángel GurríaSecretary General
United NationsBan Ki-moonSecretary General
Robert ZoellickPresident
Pascal LamyDirector-General

Protests

After numerous denials of permits for groups such as Code Pink and Three Rivers Climate Convergence to assemble peaceful demonstrations, the ACLU of Pennsylvania successfully sued to force the city of Pittsburgh to allow demonstrations around the G20 Summit.[36] [37]

Participants in the protests surrounding the summit included peace, environmental, labor and social justice organizations.[38]

The first of the alternate events was a Peoples' Summit, involving an all-day session of speakers, panels and workshops on September 19, the Saturday before the G20 Summit, drawing about 500 participants, and continuing on Monday and Tuesday evenings, each drawing between 100 and 200. The Peoples' Summit included outright opponents of the G20 (such as radical historian Howard Zinn, who addressed the gathering via special video) as well as some who hoped to influence it in what they considered to be "progressive" directions. The Pittsburgh City Council proclaimed "that the Council of the City of Pittsburgh does hereby commend the Peoples' Summit, all associated institutions and organizations, and the citizen volunteers who worked tirelessly to make it a success. Their outstanding efforts are certain to create a greater understanding about the challenges we face, the solutions we should explore and the social dialogue that is necessary for the realization of a better world. Furthermore, the citizens of our region are encouraged to seize the opportunity to participate in this significant and historic event." The Peoples' Summit itself advanced some of the themes that surfaced in protests when the G20 Summit actually met: "We envision a world in which basic rights—freedom of expression, freedom of thought and religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—are enjoyed by all people. This is not the reality of our world today. Yet, in our diversity and plurality of orientations, inspired by mutual respect and the spirit of solidarity, we share the conviction that another world is possible."[39] [40] [41]

This was followed by a number of tent cities, demonstrations and other summits. There was also an alternative conference on Tuesday called the Freedom Conference 2009, stressing conservative grassroots solutions and free-market approaches.[42]

At around 10:15 a.m. on Wednesday, September 23, Greenpeace activists hung a banner, warning of the dangers of increased CO2 emissions, from the deck of the West End Bridge facing downtown Pittsburgh over the Ohio River.[43] While traffic was held up for a period, all eight activists were placed under arrest after surrendering peacefully.

On Thursday, September 24, the Pittsburgh G20 Resistance Project held a march and a day of direct action at Arsenal Park in the city's Lawrenceville neighborhood. Police fired pepper spray at a crowd of an estimated 500 demonstrators to disperse a protest march a few hours before the start of the Summit.[44] [45]

Police also used a Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) to remove protesters from an area after warning them several times to disperse. This was believed by city officials to be the first time that an LRAD had been used to disperse protesters within the United States. Since then, LRADs have been used to peacefully disperse crowds on several occasions.[44]

Later in the evening, another small crowd gathered in Schenley Plaza, as world leaders met that evening at the Phipps Conservatory nearby for a working dinner. Hundreds of police swarmed and encircled the peaceful crowd, which spilled over onto Forbes Avenue and Bigelow Boulevard near the Cathedral of Learning.[46] An estimated 300 riot police lined the sidewalk behind the William Pitt Union, with 200 more officers blocking Forbes Avenue nearby to contain the protesters. However, the crowd quickly grew to about 500 as nearby University of Pittsburgh students—evident by shouts of "Let's Go Pitt!" heard—curious about the sirens and police presence, joined the crowd. Police shot several rounds of pepper spray into the crowd. Nearby businesses along Forbes Avenue and Craig Street were also vandalized after the police attempted to break up the demonstration.[45] The University of Pittsburgh alerted students via text message that, "Conditions may be deteriorating in Oakland. Students are advised to remain near their residences."

The Pittsburgh G20 Resistance Project called for "Everywhere Protests" at various locations and businesses (mostly banks and large corporations) throughout the city Friday morning (September 25). These were not very large scale protests. Some protesters wore black and twirled hula hoops at Forbes Avenue and Atwood Street in the Oakland neighborhood. There was also a small gathering of protesters at a Starbucks Coffee on Centre Avenue in the city's East Liberty neighborhood as well.[47]

Yet Friday also saw massive actions involving a broad coalition headed by the pacifist-oriented Thomas Merton Center. As one speaker emphasized at the action's start, said, "I remind you, this is a peaceful, permitted march. We're confronting G20 policies, not police." This "Peoples' March" (linked in the minds of many with issues raised in the earlier Peoples' Summit) was punctuated by three rallies (following the route of the march, in Oakland, in downtown Pittsburgh on the steps of City Hall, and on Pittsburgh's North Side), with an estimated 5000 to 8000 participants. The demonstration was quite diverse, including religious and community activists, anarchists, socialists, environmentalists, human rights advocates, opponents of war, trade unionists, veterans, and others. The mood of the action tended to be uncompromisingly critical of the G20, of big corporations, and of capitalism as such. "We're rallying here just a few miles from where the corporate robber barons have settled down to divide up the planet, that group of bankers, financiers and political leaders who have wreaked havoc upon our world," proclaimed one of the speakers, urging listeners to "fight for another world, put people before profits." The crowd roared with approval, and others spoke in a similar vein, but the assembly was completely free from violence and arrests.[48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]

Much of the news media tended to minimize peaceful protests, however, and gave greater attention to arrests. These included controversial police actions of Friday evening, after the G20 Summit and the organized protests had ended. Taking place in Schenley Plaza and at the nearby University of Pittsburgh campus, they involved more sweeping arrests, and more charges of police violence, than had been the case the night before.

According to police accounts, about 4,500 people participated in protests throughout the city, with 190 arrests being made.[54] Approximately $50,000 worth of damage was caused to area businesses, with $15,000 worth being attributed to one individual, David Japenga of California, accused of breaking 20 windows and doors in Oakland on Thursday night.[55]

New York City activist Elliott "Smokey" Madison used Twitter to report an order to disperse message from the Pittsburgh police during the protests. Police raided Madison's hotel room, and one week later Madison's New York home, Tortuga House, was raided by FBI agents. Police claim Madison and a co-defendant used computers and a radio scanner to track police movements and then passed on that information to protesters using cell phones and the social networking site Twitter. Madison was charged with hindering apprehension or prosecution, criminal use of a communication facility, and possession of instruments of crime. All protesters that were arrested were processed and held at the State Correctional Institution - Pittsburgh.[56] [57] [58]

Response

Dozens of University of Pittsburgh students who say they were wrongfully arrested and subjected to heavy-handed police tactics during the G20 meeting called for an investigation into the police actions.[37] [59] [60]

Outcome

One of the first major announcements to come out of the meeting was that the group will become the new permanent council for international economic cooperation. This means that the much larger G20 meeting will essentially replace the smaller G8, which will continue to meet on major security issues but will carry reduced influence. This decision will help to include major developing nations  - such as China, India and Brazil  - which were originally not included in the G8.[61]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028), 19 October 2010, retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders' summit communiqué," ¶50 September 29, 2009, retrieved 2011-04-07; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation. We have asked our representatives to report back at the next meeting with recommendations on how to maximize the effectiveness of our cooperation. We agreed to have a G-20 Summit in Canada in June 2010, and in Korea in November 2010. We expect to meet annually thereafter, and will meet in France in 2011.
  2. News: Pittsburgh To Host Next G20 Summit . May 28, 2009 . . August 6, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090701235412/http://kdka.com/politics/G20.summit.Pittsburgh.2.1022570.html . July 1, 2009 .
  3. News: Brown's assignment for next G20 meeting: a blueprint for IMF reform. Morris, Nigel. Grice, Andrew. April 4, 2009. The Independent. August 6, 2009. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20090408170729/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/browns-assignment-for-next-g20-meeting-a-blueprint-for-imf-reform-1662232.html. April 8, 2009.
  4. News: New G20 summit in September in New York: Sarkozy. April 3, 2009. Economic Times. August 6, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090412170435/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/International-Business/New-G20-summit-in-September-in-New-York-Sarkozy/articleshow/4352506.cms. April 12, 2009.
  5. Web site: David L. Lawrence Convention Center. . David L. Lawrence Convention Center . September 25, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100118101936/http://www.pittsburghcc.com/cc/ . January 18, 2010 .
  6. News: White House chooses G20 venues around Pittsburgh. August 3, 2009. Pittsburgh Business Times. August 6, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090807113120/http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/stories/2009/08/03/daily2.html. August 7, 2009.
  7. News: G-20 police planning a puzzle for Pittsburgh chief. Mandak. Joe. July 30, 2009. Associated Press. August 6, 2009.
  8. News: 1,000 state police on the way for G20 summit. . Sherman, Jerome L. . Lord, Rich . August 26, 2009 . . September 22, 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091755/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09238/993205-482.stm . September 27, 2011 .
  9. News: Robin . Acton . Public urged not to worry at sight of helicopters, gunboats, Humvees . September 24, 2009 . . September 25, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090927100255/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/pittsburgh/s_644620.html . September 27, 2009 .
  10. News: Smiling in the rain, Obamas host gala at Phipps.. Carpenter. Mackenzie. September 25, 2009. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090928112644/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09268/1000718-482.stm. September 28, 2009.
  11. Andrews, Edmund L. "Global Economic Forum to Expand Permanently," New York Times. September 24, 2009.
  12. Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Brookings. March 27, 2009; "core" members (G20 Toronto, official site)
  13. University of Toronto, G20 Information Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-15; Argentina (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  14. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Australia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  15. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Brazil (U Toronto site); Brazil (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  16. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; Canada (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  17. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-16; China (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  18. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; France (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  19. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Merkel (U Toronto site); Germany (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  20. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; India (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  21. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Indonesia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  22. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-17; Italy (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  23. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Japan (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  24. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Mexico (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  25. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Russia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  26. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-18; Saudi Arabia (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  27. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; South Africa (G20 official site)
  28. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; South Korea (G20 Pittsburgh, official site) .
  29. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; Turkey (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  30. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; United Kingdom (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  31. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; Obama (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  32. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-20; Barroso (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  33. G20 Centre, "Plans for the Fourth G20 Summit: Co-chaired by Canada and Korea in Ontario, Canada, June 2010," pp. 14-19; European Council (G20 Pittsburgh, official site)
  34. Rana, Pradumna B. "How can Asia strengthen its voice at G-20?" Korea Times. July 6, 2010; excerpt, "Under the present G-20 practice of inviting representatives of regional groupings, the ASEAN chair and the ASEAN secretary general participated at the London, Pittsburgh, and Toronto summits;"
  35. Itiporn Lakarnchua. "PM to assert Thailand, ASEAN determinations to international community during G-20," National News Bureau of Thailand. 21 September 2009; excerpt, Thai Prime Minister "... representing the ASEAN as Thailand is currently heading the regional organization."
  36. Web site: Code Pink vs US Secret Service . 2009-09-11 . ACLU Pennsylvania . 5 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091003025435/http://www.aclupa.org/legal/legaldocket/g20case.htm . 3 October 2009 .
  37. Web site: Fighting for Free Speech at the G20 in Pittsburgh . 2009-09-24 . ACLU Pennsylvania . 5 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091002095521/http://blog.aclu.org/2009/09/24/fighting-for-free-speech-at-the-g20-in-pittsburgh/ . 2 October 2009 .
  38. Web site: Action at the G-20 Summit. Thomas Merton Center. 23 August 2009 . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090813084555/http://www.thomasmertoncenter.org/g20action.htm. 13 August 2009.
  39. Web site: For The People: www.peoplessummit.com . www.peoplessummit.com . 15 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20010905111526/http://www.peoplessummit.com/ . 5 September 2001 .
  40. News: Post-Gazette Video . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100522055427/http://www.post-gazette.com/multimedia/default.asp?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipid=4356576 . 2010-05-22 .
  41. Web site: Focus on the Global South - 500 Gather for Summit of the People ahead of Pittsburgh G 20 Meet . 2011-05-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090303/http://focusweb.org/500-gather-for-smmit-of-the-people-ahead-of-pittsburgh-g-20-meet.html?Itemid=1 . 2011-06-06 .
  42. News: Groups organize alternative in Oakland to economic summit. Prine. Carl. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. August 27, 2009. September 22, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090829145931/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/pittsburgh/s_640277.html. August 29, 2009.
  43. News: Eight Arrested After West End Bridge Demonstration. . September 23, 2009 . . September 25, 2009 . https://archive.today/20090927010806/http://kdka.com/local/West.End.Bridge.2.1202586.html . dead . September 27, 2009 .
  44. News: Protesters Are Met by Tear Gas at G-20 Conference.. Urbina. Ian. September 24, 2009. The New York Times. September 25, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20110714175036/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/us/25pittsburgh.html. July 14, 2011. live.
  45. News: Protesters clash with police throughout day, night.. Roddy. Dennis B.. September 25, 2009. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090928083606/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09268/1000737-482.stm. September 28, 2009.
  46. News: 40 arrested in clash with police in Oakland. Balingit, Moriah. Nereim, Vivian. September 26, 2009. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 26, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090930083724/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09269/1001054-100.stm. September 30, 2009.
  47. News: Oakland Protesters Hula; No Large Actions On G-20 'Everywhere Protest'.. September 25, 2009. WTAE-TV. September 25, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090926171957/http://www.thepittsburghchannel.com/news/21113974/detail.html. September 26, 2009.
  48. News: "Peoples' March" against G-2p Politics . . May 25, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120427021612/http://community.post-gazette.com/media/p/219318.aspx . April 27, 2012 .
  49. News: G-20 protesters hold peaceful march from Oakland to North Side. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 25, 2011. September 25, 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101111043359/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09268/1000756-482.stm. November 11, 2010.
  50. News: Massive 'Peoples' March' Touches Oakland, Downtown, North Side . . September 25, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111005172721/http://www.wtae.com/news/21114242/detail.html . 2011-10-05 . May 12, 2013.
  51. News: Thousands Hold Peaceful March at G-20 Summit. The New York Times. May 25, 2011. Ian. Urbina. September 26, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051034/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/world/26pittsburgh.html. August 11, 2011.
  52. News: Thousands protest at G20 . May 12, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150706194837/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SePqkkSTto&NR=1&feature=fvwp . July 6, 2015 .
  53. News: Ashley Smith Speech at The Peoples March Against the G20 . May 12, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150709105141/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfE9NjvflAc . July 9, 2015 .
  54. News: Groups upset over G-20 arrests plan rally. . October 1, 2009 . . October 2, 2009 .
  55. News: G-20 Summit vandal found guilty of all charges. August 26, 2010. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 26, 2010.
  56. Web site: Twitter Crackdown: NYC Activist Arrested for Using Social Networking Site during G-20 Protest in Pittsburgh . 2009-10-06 . . 1 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091109023023/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/6/twitter_crackdown_nyc_activist_arrested_for . 9 November 2009 . live .
  57. News: Man Arrested for Twittering Goes to Court, EFF Has the Documents . 2009-10-05 . . 1 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091126174508/http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/10/man-arrested-twittering-goes-court-eff-has-documen . 26 November 2009 . live .
  58. News: Watch What You Tweet . 2009-10-06 . Amy Goodman . Amy Goodman . . 1 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091129083005/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20091006_watch_what_you_tweet/?ln . 29 November 2009 . live .
  59. Web site: Pitt's ACLU student group hosts post-G-20 speak-out . 2009-09-30 . Eva Bugos . . 5 October 2009 .
  60. Web site: Pittsburgh Police Challenged over Use of Sound Cannons During G-20 and for Wrongfully Arresting Dozens of University of Pittsburgh Students . October 2, 2009 . . 5 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091005030259/http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/2/pittsburgh_police_challenged_over_use_of . 5 October 2009 . live .
  61. News: Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council. September 24, 2009. CNN. September 25, 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090928053524/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/. September 28, 2009.

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