2006 Wisconsin Referendum 1 Explained

Referendum 1
Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized in this state.
Yes:1,264,310
No:862,924
Total:2,183,155
Electorate:4,256,721
Turnoutpct:49.97
Notes:Sources: [1] [2] [3]
Mapcaption:Yes NoOther

Wisconsin Referendum 1 of 2006 was a referendum on an amendment to the Wisconsin Constitution that would invalidate same-sex marriages or any substantially similar legal status. The referendum was approved by 59% of voters during the general elections in November 2006. All counties in the state voted for the amendment except Dane County (home of the state capital, Madison, and the University of Wisconsin), which opposed it. The constitutional amendment created by Referendum 1 has been effectively nullified since June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional.[4]

Amendment

The text of the adopted amendment, which became Article XIII, Section 13 of the state constitution, reads:

As required by the constitution, the amendment was approved by both houses of the legislature, in two consecutive sessions. The legislative history of the amendment is as follows:

CountyYesNoTotal Votes
%%
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Adamsbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,142bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 65.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,741bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 34.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,883
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Ashlandbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,566bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,392bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,958
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Barronbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,958bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,962bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,920
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Bayfieldbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,132bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 57.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,010bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 42.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,142
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Brownbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 55,780bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 60.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36,305bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 39.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 92,085
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Buffalobgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,428bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 64.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,921bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 35.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,349
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Burnettbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,418bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 72.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,686bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 27.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,104
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Calumetbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,338bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 69.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,986bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 19,324
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Chippewabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,993bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 65.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,408bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 34.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 21,401
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Clarkbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,737bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 69.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,436bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 11,173
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Columbiabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,023bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,866bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 21,889
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Crawfordbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,980bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 62.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,427bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,407
bgcolor=#FEA align="center" Danebgcolor=#FEA align="center" 70,377bgcolor=#FEA align="center" 33.1%bgcolor=#FEA align="center" 142,491bgcolor=#FEA align="center" 66.9%bgcolor=#FEA align="center" 212,868
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Dodgebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 22,552bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 73.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,154bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 26.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30,706
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Doorbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,412bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,790bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 14,202
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Douglasbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,316bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,241bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,557
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Dunnbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,520bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 58.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,939bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 41.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 14,459
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Eau Clairebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 19,595bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 51.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 18,297bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 48.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37,892
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Florencebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,515bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 75.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 481bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 24.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,996
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Fond du Lacbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 25,745bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 11,731bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37,476
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Forestbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,407bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 67.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,180bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,587
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Grantbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,546bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 62.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,321bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 16,867
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Greenbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,074bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 54.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,011bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 45.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,085
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Green Lakebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,850bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 74.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,051bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 26.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,901
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Iowabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,553bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 50.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,424bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 49.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,977
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Ironbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,743bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 65.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 935bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 34.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,678
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Jacksonbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,418bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,504bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,922
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Jeffersonbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 19,918bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 65.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,687bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 34.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30,605
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Juneaubgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,717bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,625bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,342
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Kenoshabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 29,676bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 20,490bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 50,166
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Kewauneebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,450bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 72.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,399bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 27.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,849
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" La Crossebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 21,327bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 50.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 21,175bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 49.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 42,502
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Lafayettebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,624bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 62.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,149bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,773
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Langladebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,856bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,724bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,580
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Lincolnbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,129bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 66.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,661bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,790
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Manitowocbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 22,442bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 70.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,572bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 29.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32,014
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Marathonbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31,675bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 65.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 17,054bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 35.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 48,729
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Marinettebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 12,192bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 72.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,554bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 27.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 16,746
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Marquettebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,152bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 67.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,003bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,155
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Menomineebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 507bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 53.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 448bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 46.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 955
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Milwaukeebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 172,548bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 55.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 141,453bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 45.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 314,001
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Monroebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,871bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 66.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,525bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,396
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Ocontobgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,222bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 71.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,165bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 28.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 14,387
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Oneidabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,356bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,478bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,834
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Outagamiebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 42,849bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 62.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 25,631bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68,480
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Ozaukeebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 25,914bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 14,916bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40,830
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Pepinbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,106bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 70.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 889bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 29.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,995
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Piercebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 8,350bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 59.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,673bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 40.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 14,023
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Polkbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,619bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 69.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,733bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,352
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Portagebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,409bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 53.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,285bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 46.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 28,694
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Pricebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,944bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,259bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,203
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Racinebgcolor=#ACF align="center" 43,869bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 24,868bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68,737
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Richlandbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,939bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 61.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,454bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 38.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,393
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Rockbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30,220bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 55.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 24,087bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 44.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 54,307
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Ruskbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,848bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 66.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 1,916bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,764
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" St. Croixbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 16,668bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,749bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 26,417
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Saukbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 12,394bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 57.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,310bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 42.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 21,704
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Sawyerbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,245bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 67.1%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,082bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32.9%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,327
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Shawanobgcolor=#ACF align="center" 11,333bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 72.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,279bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 27.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 15,612
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Sheboyganbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32,908bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 70.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,895bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 29.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 46,803
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Taylorbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,741bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 66.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,414bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 7,155
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Trempealeaubgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,996bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 63.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,466bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 36.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,462
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Vernonbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,253bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 61.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,901bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 38.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,154
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Vilasbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,386bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 61.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 3,953bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 38.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 10,339
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Walworthbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 20,501bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 61.8%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 12,652bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 38.2%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33,153
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Washburnbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 4,465bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,097bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 32.0%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,562
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Washingtonbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 38,759bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 73.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,804bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 26.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 52,563
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Waukeshabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 118,736bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 55,165bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 173,901
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Waupacabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 13,281bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 69.6%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 5,810bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 30.4%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 19,091
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Wausharabgcolor=#ACF align="center" 6,168bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 68.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 2,833bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 31.5%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,001
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Winnebagobgcolor=#ACF align="center" 37,188bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 57.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 27,228bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 42.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 64,416
bgcolor=#ACF align="center" Woodbgcolor=#ACF align="center" 19,441bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 66.7%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 9,723bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 33.3%bgcolor=#ACF align="center" 29,164
Totals1,264,31059.4%862,92440.6%2,127,234
Source:

Effects

The amendment, which took effect on November 7, 2006, constitutionally banned same-sex marriages, which were never recognized by the state and was statutorily banned since 1979, and civil unions or civil union equivalents, which were never recognized by the state. Wisconsin became the 21st US state to ban same-sex marriage in its constitution and 14th US state to ban civil unions or civil union equivalents in its constitution. This preempted the state judiciary from requiring the state to legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents and preempted the Wisconsin Legislature from enacting a statute legalizing same-sex marriages or civil unions or civil union equivalents. Domestic partnerships in Wisconsin, legal statewide for state employees only and 1 county and 3 municipalities at the time, were unaffected by the amendment. In 2009, Wisconsin would enact statewide domestic partnerships for everyone, which would later be repealed in 2018.

Legal challenge

In April 2009 the Wisconsin Supreme Court was asked in McConkey v. Van Hollen to rule on whether the 2006 Referendum 1 was constitutional. William McConkey, a political science instructor, claimed that the measure violated the state's constitution because it proposed more than one question in a single ballot proposal, which is impermissible under Wisconsin law.[8] [9] [10] On June 30, 2010, the Court ruled that the amendment referendum question was permissible and thus the amendment had been properly passed.[11] [12] However, on June 6, 2014 the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin overturned all bans on same-sex marriage in the state.[13] On October 6, 2014, same sex marriage was legalized in Wisconsin.

Pre-decision opinion polls

Date of opinion pollConducted bySample sizeIn favorAgainstUndecidedMarginMargin of ErrorSource
October 2006 ? 44% ? 7% pro ? [14]
September 2006 ? 39% ? 14% pro ? [15]

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://whs.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_6710db16-6afc-46b6-88cc-98dccecd4792/ 2006-11-07_FallElection_Referendum_CountyReturns
  2. https://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/documents/General%20Election%20Voter%20Registration%20and%20Absentee%20Statistics%201984-2022.xlsx General Election Voter Registration and Absentee Statistics 1984-2022.xlsx
  3. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/ballot.measures/ CNN.com Election 2006 - Ballot Measures
  4. Web site: U.S. 21st country to allow same-sex marriage nationwide. June 26, 2015. CNN.
  5. Assembly Joint Resolution 66, Journal of the Wisconsin Senate, March 11, 2004, p. 717. The final vote was taken shortly after midnight on March 12.
  6. Senate Joint Resolution 53, Journal of the Wisconsin Senate, Dec. 6, 2005, p. 488.
  7. http://elections.state.wi.us/docview.asp?docid=10049&locid=47 Canvass Summary
  8. http://www.wkbt.com/Global/story.asp?S=10156939&nav=menu239_2 Wisconsin amendment supreme court
  9. Christopher Magnum, Wis. "Supreme Court Hears Gay Marriage Case", Advocate.com, Nov. 3, 2009.
  10. Patrick Marley, "State Supreme Court hears arguments on gay marriage amendment", The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Nov. 3, 2009.
  11. Web site: Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds gay marriage ban . 6abc . . October 1, 2023 . June 30, 2010.
  12. News: Foley . Ryan J. . Wisconsin Supreme Court unanimously upholds gay marriage ban . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20220713145244/https://madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/wisconsin-supreme-court-unanimously-upholds-gay-marriage-ban/article_b8006134-8442-11df-b57d-001cc4c03286.html . July 13, 2022 . October 1, 2023 . Madison.com . . . June 30, 2010.
  13. Web site: Wisconsin's same-sex marriage ban struck down. 2014-06-06.
  14. https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/ballot-measure-update Ballot Measure Update
  15. https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/2006-ballot-measures-a-national-scorecard 2006 Ballot Measures: A National Scorecard

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "2006 Wisconsin Referendum 1".

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