2004 Spanish general election explained

Election Name:2004 Spanish general election
Country:Spain
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2000 Spanish general election
Previous Year:2000
Next Election:2008 Spanish general election
Next Year:2008
Seats For Election:All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 259) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election
Registered:34,571,831 1.8%
Turnout:26,155,436 (75.7%)
7.0 pp
Election Date:14 March 2004
Leader1:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Party1:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Leader Since1:22 July 2000
Leaders Seat1:Madrid
Last Election1:125 seats, 34.2%
Seats1:164
Seat Change1:39
Popular Vote1:11,026,163
Percentage1:42.6%
Swing1:8.3 pp
Leader2:Mariano Rajoy
Party2:People's Party (Spain)
Leader Since2:2 September 2003
Leaders Seat2:Madrid
Last Election2:183 seats, 44.5%
Seats2:148
Seat Change2:35
Popular Vote2:9,763,144
Percentage2:37.7%
Swing2:6.8 pp
Leader3:Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida
Leaders Seat3:Barcelona
Leader Since3:24 January 2004
Party3:Convergence and Union
Last Election3:15 seats, 4.2%
Seats3:10
Seat Change3:5
Popular Vote3:835,471
Percentage3:3.2%
Swing3:1.0 pp
Leader4:Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira
Party4:Republican Left of Catalonia
Leader Since4:2 February 2004
Leaders Seat4:Barcelona
Last Election4:1 seat, 0.8%
Seats4:8
Seat Change4:7
Popular Vote4:652,196
Percentage4:2.5%
Swing4:1.7 pp
Leader5:Josu Erkoreka
Party5:Basque Nationalist Party
Leader Since5:2004
Leaders Seat5:Biscay
Last Election5:7 seats, 1.5%
Seats5:7
Seat Change5:0
Popular Vote5:420,980
Percentage5:1.6%
Swing5:0.1 pp
Leader6:Gaspar Llamazares
Party6:United Left (Spain)
Leader Since6:29 October 2000
Leaders Seat6:Madrid
Last Election6:9 seats, 6.0%
Seats6:5
Seat Change6:4
Popular Vote6:1,284,081
Percentage6:5.0%
Swing6:1.0 pp
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister after election
Before Election:José María Aznar
Before Party:People's Party (Spain)
After Election:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
After Party:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

The 2004 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 14 March 2004, to elect the 8th of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 259 seats in the Senate.

The electoral outcome was heavily influenced by the aftermath of the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, as a result of which all parties suspended their electoral campaigns.[1] For two days following the attacks, the People's Party (PP) government kept blaming the terrorist organization ETA for the bombings, even in spite of mounting evidence suggesting the involvement of Islamist groups. The government was accused of misinformation, as an Islamist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in the Iraq War, which had been highly unpopular among the public.[2] [3]

The election result was described by some media as an "unprecedented electoral upset". The perceived abuse of the PP's absolute majority throughout the legislature, with a focus on Spain's involvement in Iraq, was said to have helped fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with the government's mismanagement on the bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen.[4] [5] At 11 million votes and 42.6%, the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) increased by 3.1 million its 2000 result, securing 164 seats—a net gain of 39. In contrast, the PP, which opinion polls earlier in the year had predicted would secure a diminished but still commanding victory, lost 35 seats and 7 percentage points, resulting in the worst defeat for a sitting government in Spain up to that point since 1982. The 75.7% turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy, with no subsequent general election having exceeded such a figure. The number of votes cast, at 26.1 million votes, remained the highest figure in gross terms for any Spanish general election until the April 2019 election.[6] [7]

The day after the election, Zapatero announced his will to form a minority PSOE government, supported by other parties in a confidence and supply basis. Two minor left-wing parties, Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and United Left (IU), immediately announced their intention to support Zapatero's government. On 16 April 2004, Zapatero was elected as new prime minister by an outright majority of the new Congress, with 183 out of 350 members voting for him, being sworn in the next day.[8]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[9] [10] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[11]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[12] [13] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[14]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[15]

SeatsConstituencies
35Madrid
31Barcelona
16Valencia
12Seville
11Alicante
10Málaga
9A Coruña, Biscay, Cádiz, Murcia
8Asturias, Balearic Islands, Las Palmas
7Córdoba, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6Badajoz, Girona, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona
5Almería, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, León, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, IbizaFormentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[16] [17]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[18] The previous election was held on 12 March 2000, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 12 March 2004. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 17 February 2004, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 11 April 2004.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[19] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

On 9 January 2004, it was announced that the general election would be held in March,[20] [21] with the election date being agreed with Andalusian president Manuel Chaves to make it being held concurrently with the 2004 Andalusian regional election.[22]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 20 January 2004 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 14 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 2 April.[15]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[23] [24]

Parliamentary composition in January 2004[25]
Congress of Deputies
GroupsPartiesDeputies
SeatsTotal
People's Parliamentary Group in the CongressPP180183
UPN3
Socialist Parliamentary GroupPSOE107124
PSC17
Catalan Parliamentary Group
(Convergence and Union)
CDC1115
UDC4
United Left's Federal Parliamentary GroupIU88
Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV)EAJ/PNV77
Canarian Coalition's Parliamentary GroupAIC24
ICAN2
Mixed Parliamentary GroupBNG39
PA1
ERC1
ICV1
EA1
CHA1
INDEP1
Parliamentary composition in January 2004[26]
Senate
GroupsPartiesSenators
SeatsTotal
People's Parliamentary Group in the SenatePP147150
UPN3
Socialist Parliamentary GroupPSOE6767
Catalan Agreement of Progress
Parliamentary Group
PSC912
ERC2
ICV1
Convergence and Union's
Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate
CDC710
UDC3
Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary GroupEAJ/PNV77
Canarian Coalition Senators' Parliamentary GroupAIC26
ICAN2
AHI1
AM1
Mixed Parliamentary GroupIU37
BNG1
PAR1
PIL1
INDEP1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[27]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

CandidacyParties and
alliances
Leading candidateIdeologyPrevious result
Votes (%)
PPMariano RajoyConservatism
Christian democracy
44.52%[28]
[29]
[30]
PSOEJosé Luis Rodríguez ZapateroSocial democracy34.17%[31]
[32]
[33]
CiUJosep Antoni Duran i LleidaCatalan nationalism
Centrism
4.19%[34]
[35]
IUGaspar LlamazaresSocialism
Communism
5.96%[36]
EAJ/PNVJosu ErkorekaBasque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism
1.50%[37]
[38]
CCPaulino RiveroRegionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
1.07%
BNGFrancisco RodríguezGalician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism
1.32%
PAJosé Antonio GonzálezAndalusian nationalism
Social democracy
0.89%
ERCJosep-Lluís Carod-RoviraCatalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy
0.84%[39]
[40]
[41]
EABegoña LasagabasterBasque nationalism
Social democracy
0.37%
[42]
[43]
CHAJosé Antonio LabordetaAragonese nationalism
Eco-socialism
0.33%
NaBaiUxue BarkosBasque nationalism
Social democracy
0.09%[44]
[45]
[46]
PSC–ERC–
ICV–EUiA
Mercedes ArozCatalanism
Social democracy
Eco-socialism
[47]

The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) agreed to continue with the Catalan Agreement of Progress alliance for the Senate with the inclusion of United and Alternative Left (EUiA).[47] In the Balearic Islands, PSM–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN), United Left of the Balearic Islands (EUIB), The Greens of the Balearic Islands (EVIB) and ERC formed the Progressives for the Balearic Islands alliance.[48] A proposal for an all-left electoral alliance for the Senate in the Valencian Community, comprising the PSOE, United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) and the Valencian Nationalist Bloc (BNV) was ultimately discarded.[49] [50] [51]

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or allianceOriginal sloganEnglish translation
PP« Juntos vamos a más »"Together we go for more"[52]
PSOE« Merecemos una España mejor »"We deserve a better Spain"[53]
CiU« Duran per Catalunya: sentit comú »"Duran for Catalonia: common sense"[54] [55] [56]
IU« Con tu voto, es posible. Palabra »"With your vote, it is possible. Promise"[57]
EAJ/PNV« Tú tienes la palabra »
« Tu voz es importante en Madrid »
"You have the word"
"Your voice is important in Madrid"
[58]
CC« Gana Canarias, ganas tú »"The Canaries win, you win"[59]
BNG« Dálle un Sí a Galiza »"Give a Yes to Galicia"
PA« Andalucía es nuestro trabajo »"Andalusia is our job"[60]
ERC« Parlant la gent s'entén »"People understand [each other] by talking"[61]
CHA« Labordeta, gente como tú »"Labordeta, people like you"
NaBai« Orain da geroa! »
« ¡Ahora es el futuro
»"The future is now!"[62]

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election.

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)111,026,163 42.59 +8.42164 +39
People's Party (PP)9,763,144 37.71 –6.81148 –35
United Left (IU)21,284,081 4.96 –0.935 –4
Convergence and Union (CiU)835,471 3.23 –0.9610 –5
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)652,196 2.52 +1.688 +7
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)3420,980 1.63 +0.137 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)235,221 0.91 –0.163 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)208,688 0.81 –0.512 –1
Andalusian Party (PA)181,868 0.70 –0.190 –1
Aragonese Union (CHA)94,252 0.36 +0.031 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)380,905 0.31 –0.061 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)68,027 0.26 +0.160 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)37,499 0.14 +0.040 ±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)30,528 0.12 New0 ±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)461,045 0.24 +0.151 +1
Valencian Nationalist BlocGreen Left (Bloc–EV)40,759 0.16 –0.090 ±0
Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)540,289 0.16 –0.060 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)40,208 0.16 New0 ±0
AralarStand up (Aralar–Zutik)38,560 0.15 New0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)36,540 0.14 –0.030 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)34,101 0.13 +0.030 ±0
Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)24,127 0.09 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)21,758 0.08 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM)19,600 0.08 –0.010 ±0
Republican Left (IR)16,993 0.07 New0 ±0
Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN)16,918 0.07 New0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)16,699 0.06 New0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes)15,220 0.06 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM)7,074 0.03 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of Asturias (Verdes)5,013 0.02 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of Extremadura (LV)3,133 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
National Democracy (DN)15,180 0.06 New0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)14,160 0.05 –0.130 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)12,979 0.05 –0.010 ±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)12,749 0.05 –0.040 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)612,266 0.05 +0.020 ±0
Majorcan Union (UM)10,558 0.04 ±0.000 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)10,311 0.04 –0.020 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)8,866 0.03 –0.050 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)8,003 0.03 –0.020 ±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR)6,768 0.03 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)5,677 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN)5,573 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)4,589 0.02 New0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS)4,292 0.02 –0.010 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)4,231 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)4,092 0.02 New0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU)3,916 0.02 ±0.000 ±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO)3,124 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES)2,934 0.01 New0 ±0
Andalusia Assembly (A)2,930 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa)2,715 0.01 New0 ±0
European Green Group (GVE)2,662 0.01 New0 ±0
Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL)2,421 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)2,332 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)2,300 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Galician People's Front (FPG)2,257 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Galician Coalition (CG)2,235 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN)2,215 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE)2,115 0.01 New0 ±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)2,111 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE)2,082 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA)1,970 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa)1,871 0.01 New0 ±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)1,836 0.01 –0.040 ±0
Carlist Party (PC)1,813 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR)1,561 0.01 New0 ±0
Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC)1,431 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL)1,322 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP)1,302 0.01 New0 ±0
Independent Social Group (ASI)1,237 0.00 New0 ±0
Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV)1,096 0.00 New0 ±0
Republican Party (PRF)1,051 0.00 New0 ±0
Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC)957 0.00 New0 ±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN)923 0.00 New0 ±0
Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ)901 0.00 New0 ±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)892 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Asturian Left (IAS)854 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)807 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)798 0.00 New0 ±0
Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA)757 0.00 –0.010 ±0
United Zamora (ZU)754 0.00 New0 ±0
Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM)751 0.00 New0 ±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))668 0.00 –0.010 ±0
Spanish Democratic Front (FDE)619 0.00 New0 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)601 0.00 New0 ±0
Andalusian Social Democratic Party (PSDA)583 0.00 New0 ±0
Nationalist Maga Alternative (AMAGA)468 0.00 New0 ±0
Balearic People's Union (UPB)411 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
European Nation State (N)410 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)407 0.00 New0 ±0
National Workers' Party (PNT)379 0.00 New0 ±0
Party of The People (LG)378 0.00 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)330 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
National Union (UN)318 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE)308 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
National Democratic Party of Spain (PDNE)232 0.00 New0 ±0
Spanish Absolute Honesty Political Group (GPHAE)52 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots407,795 1.58 ±0.00
Total25,891,299 350 ±0
Valid votes25,891,299 98.99 –0.33
Invalid votes264,137 1.01 +0.33
Votes cast / turnout26,155,436 75.66 +6.95
Abstentions8,416,395 24.34 –6.95
Registered voters34,571,831
Sources[63] [64]

Senate

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
People's Party (PP)26,639,965 37.92 –7.43102 –25
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)25,666,070 36.53 +10.1381 +28
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)125,664,516 36.53 +10.1381 +28
For our Land (PSOEPNC)1,554 0.00 New0 ±0
Catalan Agreement of Progress (PSCERCICVEUiA)6,087,158 8.66 +2.6612 +4
United Left (IU)2,857,366 4.07 –3.600 ±0
Convergence and Union (CiU)2,670,375 3.80 –0.734 –4
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)21,219,623 1.74 +0.126 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)750,251 1.07 –0.360 ±0
Andalusian Party (PA)487,558 0.69 –0.240 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)409,246 0.58 –0.133 –2
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)267,017 0.38 +0.300 ±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE)200,487 0.28 New0 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP)66,530 0.09 +0.010 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)2227,665 0.32 –0.090 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA)227,065 0.32 +0.020 ±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)3176,179 0.25 +0.210 ±0
Valencian Nationalist BlocGreen Left (Bloc–EV)135,872 0.19 +0.060 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)124,777 0.18 –0.020 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)92,564 0.13 +0.030 ±0
AralarStand up (Aralar–Zutik)92,118 0.13 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)85,877 0.12 +0.010 ±0
Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)474,842 0.11 –0.110 ±0
Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)73,843 0.11 New0 ±0
Yuntar Action (AY)67,356 0.10 New0 ±0
Burdened and Angry Citizens (CAyC)66,213 0.09 New0 ±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)64,987 0.09 New0 ±0
Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN)57,312 0.08 New0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes)56,672 0.08 –0.050 ±0
The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM)24,257 0.03 –0.010 ±0
The Greens of Asturias (Verdes)17,899 0.03 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of Extremadura (LV)10,948 0.02 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens–Left Forum (LV–FI)2,847 0.00 New0 ±0
The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes)721 0.00 –0.030 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)56,300 0.08 ±0.000 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)55,587 0.08 –0.120 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)49,495 0.07 –0.010 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)545,127 0.06 +0.020 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)41,992 0.06 –0.050 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV)35,476 0.05 New0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB)35,385 0.05 New0 ±0
Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP)30,557 0.04 New0 ±0
The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM)28,788 0.04 –0.050 ±0
Republican LeftSocialist Action Party (IR–PASOC)27,973 0.04 +0.020 ±0
Majorcan Union (UM)27,050 0.04 ±0.000 ±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)23,852 0.03 –0.020 ±0
National Democracy (DN)23,544 0.03 New0 ±0
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)22,688 0.03 +0.010 ±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV)22,656 0.03 –0.040 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA)19,413 0.03 New0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU)18,040 0.03 ±0.000 ±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN)16,946 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE)15,655 0.02 –0.010 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS)14,345 0.02 –0.010 ±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI))13,312 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000)13,150 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Galician People's Front (FPG)13,149 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL)11,457 0.02 ±0.000 –1
Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES)10,884 0.02 New0 ±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO)10,647 0.02 ±0.000 ±0
Carlist Party (PC)10,487 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL)10,434 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD)9,040 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE)8,673 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Andalusia Assembly (A)8,355 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)8,047 0.01 New0 ±0
Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN)7,807 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA)7,665 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
The Phalanx (FE)7,603 0.01 –0.050 ±0
Party of The People (LG)7,507 0.01 New0 ±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV)7,382 0.01 –0.070 ±0
Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL)7,362 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa)6,495 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE)6,171 0.01 New0 ±0
European Nation State (N)5,982 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC)5,526 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M)5,360 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)5,099 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV)5,078 0.01 New0 ±0
Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa)4,853 0.01 New0 ±0
Asturian Left (IAS)4,474 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Socialist Party of MenorcaNationalist Agreement (PSM–EN)4,242 0.01 New0 ±0
Republican Party (PRF)4,206 0.01 New0 ±0
Galician Coalition (CG)4,173 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA)3,356 0.00 New0 ±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV)3,342 0.00 New0 ±0
Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR)3,277 0.00 New0 ±0
Clean Hands Project (PML)3,179 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ)3,052 0.00 New0 ±0
United Zamora (ZU)2,992 0.00 New0 ±0
Party Association of Widows and Legal Wives (PAVIEL)2,950 0.00 –0.010 ±0
Progressives for Ibiza and Formentera (EUENEERC)2,876 0.00 New0 ±0
Independent Social Group (ASI)2,620 0.00 New0 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa)2,463 0.00 New0 ±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN)2,338 0.00 New0 ±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)2,155 0.00 New0 ±0
New Force (FN)2,096 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)1,904 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Natural Culture (CN)1,767 0.00 –0.010 ±0
The Republic (La República)1,686 0.00 New0 ±0
Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC)1,672 0.00 New0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB)1,640 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Immigrants with the Right to Equality and Obligations (INDIO)1,587 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr)1,297 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)1,142 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)1,074 0.00 New0 ±0
Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM)802 0.00 New0 ±0
European Green Group (GVE)795 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Initiative for La Palma (INPA)722 0.00 New0 ±0
National Workers' Party (PNT)508 0.00 New0 ±0
National Union (UN)505 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE)366 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
New Spanish Republicans (NRUP)220 0.00 New0 ±0
Cives (Cives)199 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Balearic People's Union (UPB)98 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Digital Citizens from Castelnou (CDC)79 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots679,816 2.67 –0.15
Total70,258,035 208 ±0
Valid votes25,426,107 97.09 –0.42
Invalid votes761,055 2.91 +0.42
Votes cast / turnout26,187,162 75.75 +6.92
Abstentions8,384,669 24.25 –6.92
Registered voters34,571,831
Sources[65]

Aftermath

See also: First government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.

Investiture
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE)
Ballot →16 April 2004
Required majority →176 out of 350
Absentees
Sources[66]

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. News: 11 March 2004 . Los partidos suspenden la campaña electoral . es . . 28 January 2019.
  2. News: 13 March 2004 . Protestas en las sedes del PP por los atentados del 11M . es . . 28 January 2019.
  3. News: 28 March 2003 . El 91% de los españoles rechaza la intervención militar en Irak, según el CIS . es . . 28 January 2019.
  4. News: 15 March 2004 . El voto de castigo dio la victoria al PSOE, según la prensa . es . El País . 28 January 2019.
  5. News: 16 March 2004 . Zapatero atribuye su victoria a las "ganas de cambio en España" y no al atentado del 11-M . es . El País . 28 January 2019.
  6. News: 15 March 2004 . El PSOE da el gran vuelco electoral . es . El País . 28 January 2019.
  7. News: 15 March 2004 . Zapatero vence con casi 11 millones de votos . es . El País . 28 January 2019.
  8. News: 16 April 2004 . Zapatero, investido presidente del Gobierno con mayoría absoluta . es . . 28 January 2019.
  9. .
  10. Web site: Sinopsis artículo 66 . Constitución española . . es . 12 September 2020 .,. summarizing .
  11. .
  12. .
  13. .
  14. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . Trinity College, Dublin . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . 22 July 2017 . 30 July 2017.
  15. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 17 . 20 January 2004 . 2115–2116 . 0212-033X . Real Decreto 100/2004, de 19 de enero, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones . es.
  16. .
  17. .
  18. .
  19. .
  20. News: 10 January 2004 . Aznar disolverá el Parlamento el día 19 y convocará elecciones para el 14 de marzo . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  21. News: 20 January 2004 . Aznar convoca las elecciones y advierte de que sería un riesgo votar al PSOE . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  22. News: 10 January 2004 . Chaves pacta con Aznar simultanear el 14 de marzo las elecciones andaluzas y generales . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  23. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  24. Web site: Composición del Senado 1977- . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  25. Web site: Grupos parlamentarios . es . . 7 December 2020.
  26. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977 . es . . 8 July 2020.
  27. .
  28. News: 2 September 2003 . Rajoy asume el legado de Aznar tras ser ratificado como candidato del PP a La Moncloa . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  29. News: 29 January 2004 . UV renuncia a sus siglas y Chiquillo irá en la lista del PP al Senado . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  30. News: 21 February 2017 . Juan José Imbroda candidato indiscutible . es . Melilla Hoy . 4 February 2020.
  31. News: 28 October 2002 . Zapatero: "Quitaré el poder a los poderosos y haré un país para todos" . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  32. News: 11 January 2004 . Los Verdes concurrirán con el PSOE a las elecciones generales . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  33. News: 27 January 2004 . Ciutadans pel Canvi se lamenta de no figurar en las listas del PSC a las generales . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  34. News: 30 November 2001 . Duran se afianza como cabeza de lista de CiU en las generales de 2004 . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  35. News: 25 January 2004 . Los partidos arrancan la precampaña como una reválida de las autonómicas . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  36. News: 22 December 2003 . IU cierra su etapa de división y reelige a Llamazares con el 76,5% de los votos . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  37. News: 27 January 2004 . PNV y EA concurrirán por separado a los comicios de marzo . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  38. News: 16 February 2004 . El sustituto probable de Anasagasti . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  39. News: 28 January 2004 . Carod-Rovira deja la Generalitat y se mantiene el tripartito en Cataluña . es . Cadena SER . 4 February 2020.
  40. News: 28 January 2004 . El líder de ERC buscará en las urnas el refrendo a sus gestiones ante ETA . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  41. News: 15 February 2004 . Carod desvincula su futuro del resultado de ERC en las elecciones legislativas . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  42. News: 15 January 2004 . Aralar ve difícil coligarse con EA para las elecciones . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  43. News: 25 January 2004 . Los partidos nacionalistas irán por separado a las elecciones generales . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  44. News: 24 December 2003 . PNV, EA y Aralar irán juntos a las elecciones generales en Navarra . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  45. News: 7 January 2004 . Una periodista encabezará la lista nacionalista navarra . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  46. News: 25 January 2004 . En Navarra sí, en Euskadi no . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  47. News: 23 January 2004 . Obstáculos en la Entesa . es . El País . 27 January 2019.
  48. News: 24 December 2003 . El PSM propone a Nanda Ramon para encabezar la lista al Congreso . es . Última Hora . 27 January 2019.
  49. News: 23 October 2003 . EU propone una lista conjunta de la izquierda para el Senado . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  50. News: 27 October 2003 . El Bloc propone una plataforma valencianista para las elecciones . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  51. News: 28 October 2003 . Pla estudiará la oferta de EU para ir en una lista conjunta al Senado . es . El País . 4 February 2020.
  52. News: 26 February 2004 . El PP mantiene el lema 'Juntos vamos a más' pese a coincidir con el eslogan de una caja andaluza . es . El Mundo . 24 January 2019.
  53. News: 12 February 2004 . El PSOE presenta su campaña para el 14-M bajo el lema 'Merecemos una España mejor' . es . El País . 24 January 2019.
  54. News: 26 February 2004 . CiU incorporà l'eslògan "Prou de fer mal a Catalunya" com a resposta a l'"afer Carod" . es . CCMA . 24 January 2019.
  55. News: 27 February 2004 . Duran garantiza que PP y PSOE 'sudarán' por el apoyo de CiU . es . El Mundo . 24 January 2019.
  56. News: 17 December 2015 . Los carteles de Convergència y de Unió para las elecciones generales desde 1982 . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 19 February 2019.
  57. Web site: 8 November 2011 . Los lemas que ganaron elecciones . es . ciudadanosencrisis.wordpress.com . Ciudadanos en crisis . 24 January 2019.
  58. News: 26 February 2004 . La campaña electoral arranca esta noche con el estreno de los líderes de los principales partidos . es . El Mundo . 25 January 2019.
  59. News: 26 February 2004 . Rajoy en Santiago y Zapatero en Madrid abren una campaña marcada por ETA . es . Cadena SER . 24 January 2019.
  60. News: 11 July 2003 . 'Andalucía es nuestro trabajo', nuevo lema electoral del PA . es . El País . 25 January 2019.
  61. News: 5 May 2014 . Del Fòrum a la consulta . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 24 January 2019.
  62. Web site: 17 November 2011 . Orain da GEROA . es . zabaltzen.net . Zabaltzen . 25 January 2019.
  63. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.
  64. Web site: Elecciones Generales 14 de marzo de 2004 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 21 October 2021.
  65. Web site: Elecciones al Senado 2004 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 24 September 2017.
  66. Web site: Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes . es . Historia Electoral.com . 28 September 2017.