Methoxphenidine Explained

Methoxphenidine (methoxydiphenidine, 2-MeO-Diphenidine, MXP) is a dissociative of the diarylethylamine class that has been sold online as a designer drug.[1] [2] Methoxphenidine was first reported in a 1989 patent where it was tested as a treatment for neurotoxic injury.[3] Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines methoxphenidine and the related compound diphenidine became available on the gray market, where it has been encountered as a powder and in tablet form.[4] Though diphenidine possesses higher affinity for the NMDA receptor, anecdotal reports suggest methoxphenidine has greater oral potency.[1] Of the three isomeric anisyl-substituents methoxphenidine has affinity for the NMDA receptor that is higher than 4-MeO-Diphenidine but lower than 3-MeO-Diphenidine,[3] [5] a structure–activity relationship shared by the arylcyclohexylamines.[6]

Side effects

Acute methoxphenidine intoxication has been reported to produce confusion, hypertension, and tachycardia that was responsive to treatment with intravenous lorazepam,[7] [8] methoxphenidine has also been associated with three published fatalities[9] and one case of impaired driving.[10]

Psychotic episodes have also been reported, including a murder in June 2014.[11]

Legal status

As of October 2015 MXP is a controlled substance in China.[12]

MXP is also banned in Sweden.[13]

In Canada, MT-45 and its analogues were made Schedule I controlled substances, which includes DPD in its structural group.[14] Possession without legal authority can result in maximum seven years imprisonment. Further, Health Canada amended the Food and Drug Regulations in May, 2016 to classify explicitly DPD as a restricted drug. Only those with a law enforcement agency, person with an exemption permit or institutions with Minister's authorization may possess the drug.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Morris H, Wallach J . From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs . Drug Testing and Analysis . 6 . 7–8 . 614–632 . July–August 2014 . 24678061 . 10.1002/dta.1620 .
  2. Van Hout MC, Hearne E . "Word of mouse": indigenous harm reduction and online consumerism of the synthetic compound methoxphenidine . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs . 47 . 1 . 30–41 . January–March 2015 . 25715070 . 10.1080/02791072.2014.974002 . 6204908 .
  3. 1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury . EP . 0346791 . Gray NM, Cheng BK . GD Searle LLC . 6 April 1994 .
  4. McLaughlin G, Morris N, Kavanagh PV, Power JD, O'Brien J, Talbot B, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Hoang K, Morris H, Brandt SD . 6 . Test purchase, synthesis, and characterization of 2-methoxydiphenidine (MXP) and differentiation from its meta- and para-substituted isomers . Drug Testing and Analysis . 8 . 1 . 98–109 . January 2016 . 25873326 . 10.1002/dta.1800 . 2021-05-31 . live . 33626099 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200309182524/http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/3276/1/DTA-15-0028.R1.pdf . 2020-03-09 .
  5. Sahai MA, Davidson C, Dutta N, Opacka-Juffry J . Mechanistic Insights into the Stimulant Properties of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and Their Discrimination by the Dopamine Transporter-In Silico and In Vitro Exploration of Dissociative Diarylethylamines . Brain Sciences . 8 . 4 . 63 . April 2018 . 29642450 . 5924399 . 10.3390/brainsci8040063 . free .
  6. Wallach J, Kang H, Colestock T, Morris H, Bortolotto ZA, Collingridge GL, Lodge D, Halberstadt AL, Brandt SD, Adejare A . 6 . Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues . PLOS ONE . 11 . 6 . e0157021 . June 2016 . 27314670 . 4912077 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0157021 . free . 2016PLoSO..1157021W .
  7. Hofer KE, Degrandi C, Müller DM, Zürrer-Härdi U, Wahl S, Rauber-Lüthy C, Ceschi A . Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine . Clinical Toxicology . 52 . 10 . 1288–1291 . December 2014 . 25350467 . 10.3109/15563650.2014.974264 . 2021-05-31 . live . 8513947 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210531150825/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/100067/1/Revision_complete%2520text_clean_LCLT-2014-0299_Methoxphenidine_not%2520for%2520review.pdf . 2021-05-31 .
  8. Helander A, Beck O, Bäckberg M . Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine . Clinical Toxicology . 53 . 5 . 446–453 . June 2015 . 25881797 . 10.3109/15563650.2015.1033630 . 5962038 .
  9. Elliott SP, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Morris H, Kavanagh PV . First reported fatalities associated with the 'research chemical' 2-methoxydiphenidine . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 39 . 4 . 287–293 . May 2015 . 25698777 . 10.1093/jat/bkv006 . free .
  10. Stachel N, Jacobsen-Bauer A, Skopp G . A methoxydiphenidine-impaired driver . International Journal of Legal Medicine . 130 . 2 . 405–409 . March 2016 . 26482953 . 10.1007/s00414-015-1280-5 . 6483817 .
  11. Web site: Man who killed mother believing her to be a witch sentenced to minimum of five years in jail . BBC News . 17 June 2016 . 31 May 2021 . 24 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824165934/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36556909 . live .
  12. Web site: 关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 . Notice on Issuing the Measures for the Listing and Control of Non-Medicinal Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances . China Food and Drug Administration . 27 September 2015 . Chinese . 1 October 2015 . 1 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222554/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html . dead .
  13. Web site: Fler ämnen föreslås bli klassade som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara . Folkhälsomyndigheten . 24 March 2015 . Swedish . 21 October 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014420/http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/mars/fler-amnen-foreslas-bli-klassade-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/ . live .
  14. Arsenault D . 1 June 2016 . Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18) . live . Canada Gazette . 150 . 11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203151/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-06-01/html/sor-dors106-eng.php . 2017-12-02 . 2016-11-17.

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