1st Filipino Infantry Regiment explained

Unit Name:1st Filipino Infantry Regiment
Dates:4 March 1942[1] – 10 April 1946
Allegiance: United States
Type:Infantry
Size:Regiment
Motto:"Laging Una" (Always First)
March:"On to Bataan"[2]
Battles:World War II
Decorations:
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
Battle Honours Label:Campaign streamers
Battle Honours:
  • New Guinea
  • Leyte
  • Southern Philippines
Disbanded:1952[7]
Commander1:Colonel Robert H. Offley[8] [9]
Colonel William Robert Hamby
Commander1 Label:Regiment Commander
Identification Symbol Label:Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
Identification Symbol 2 Label:Distinctive Unit Insignia

The 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment was a segregated[10] [11] United States Army infantry regiment made up of Filipino Americans from the continental United States and a few veterans of the Battle of the Philippines that saw combat during World War II. It was formed and activated at Camp San Luis Obispo, California, under the auspices of the California National Guard. Originally created as a battalion, it was declared a regiment on 13 July 1942. Deployed initially to New Guinea in 1944, it became a source of manpower for special forces and units that would serve in occupied territories. In 1945, it deployed to the Philippines, where it first saw combat as a unit. After major combat operations, it remained in the Philippines until it returned to California and was deactivated in 1946 at Camp Stoneman.

Background

See also: History of Filipino Americans. In 1898, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States and, after a conflict between Philippine independence forces and the United States, Filipinos were allowed to immigrate freely to the United States as U.S. nationals.[12] Most immigrants chose to settle in the Territory of Hawaii and the West coast.[13] In 1934, U.S. policy changed, and their status as nationals was revoked.[14] [15]

In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, while other Japanese forces attacked the Philippines.[16] Filipino Americans, like other Americans, attempted to volunteer for military service, but were not allowed to enlist since they were neither citizens nor resident aliens.[17] [18] Following a change in legislation it was announced on 3 January 1942, the day after Manila fell,[19] [20] that Filipinos would be permitted to volunteer, and could be drafted, for military service; in California, almost half of the male Filipino American population enlisted.[21] Some who volunteered to serve were refused due to their age; other older volunteers were refused due to the need for agricultural labor.[22] Filipinos were strongly encouraged to volunteer for the Regiment, and only those who did so were assigned to it.[23] Those who did not volunteer to serve in the Regiment served in regular (white) units in various theaters of operation. One example was PFC Ramon S. Subejano, who was awarded the Silver Star for actions in Germany.[24]

History

Stateside

Constituted in March 1942,[25] the 1st Filipino Infantry Battalion was activated in April at Camp San Luis Obispo,[26] to liberate the Philippines. Colonel Robert Offley was selected as the unit's commanding officer, as he spoke Tagalog and had spent time on Mindoro in his youth. During the following months, Filipino Americans continued to volunteer, and the unit grew. Philippine Army personnel who were in the United States and Filipino military personnel who had escaped the fall of the Philippines[27] and were recuperating in the United States were also instructed to report to the unit.[28] On July 13, 1942, the battalion was elevated to a regiment at the California Rodeo Grounds in Salinas, California.[29] The Regiment was made up of three battalions, each consisting of a headquarters company and four infantry companies. The Regiment had a separate regimental headquarters company, a service company, an anti-tank company, a medical detachment, and a band.[30] Members of this regiment were notably issued bolo knives in place of rifles.[31]

The Regiment continued to train and grow, leading to the activation of the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment at Fort Ord in November 1942. The 2nd Regiment was assigned to Camp Cooke and the 1st to Camp Beale. Eventually, more than 7,000 soldiers would be assigned to the Filipino Infantry Regiments.[32] [33] While at Camp Beale, there was a mass naturalization ceremony of 1,200 soldiers of the Regiment.[34] [35] As members of the armed forces they were able to become citizens;[36] in 1924 naturalization of Filipino Americans had been barred, as it was determined that only aliens could be naturalized and Filipinos at the time were nationals.[37] In November 1943, it paraded through Los Angeles, with Carlos Bulosan, the influential Filipino author of America Is in the Heart, there to witness it.[38]

Members of the Regiment faced discrimination during this period. The anti-miscegenation laws in California meant that the soldiers were banned from marrying non-Filipino women; those soldiers who wished to marry in this way were transported to Gallup, New Mexico,[39] as New Mexico had repealed its anti-miscegenation law after the Civil War.[40] Soldiers of the Regiment faced discrimination in Marysville while visiting from neighboring Camp Beale, as the local businesses refused to serve Filipinos.[41] [42] This was later remedied by the Regiment's commander, who informed the Chamber of Commerce that they were failing to cooperate with the Army, at which point they changed their business practices. Further instances of discrimination against soldiers of the Regiment were also reported in Sacramento and San Francisco, where they were mistaken for Japanese Americans.[43]

Deployment

In April 1944, the Regiment departed California aboard the USS General John Pope for Oro Bay, New Guinea.[44] [45] On the way to New Guinea, the Regiment spent part of June in Australia.[46] Upon arriving at Oro Bay, it was assigned to the 31st Infantry Division, 8th Army to provide area security and continue training. Some soldiers were then assigned to the Alamo Scouts,[47] the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion,[48] and to the Philippine Regional Section of Allied Intelligence Bureau.[49] One example was Second Lieutenant Rafael Ileto, a future Vice Chief of Staff in the Philippines, who led a team in the Alamo Scouts.[50] Due to the reassignment of these soldiers, both Filipino Infantry Regiments became smaller than authorized. In response, the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment was disbanded and used to bring the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment to 125% of its standard allocated size. The remaining soldiers of the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment who did not join the Regiment formed the 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate). During its time at Oro Bay, the Regiment was reinforced with Filipinos from Hawaii. These men had not been able to enlist in the Army until 1943 as the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association had successfully argued that their labor was needed in the sugar industry.[51]

In February 1945, the Regiment was sent to Leyte and was assigned to the Americal Division,[52] [53] 10th Corps.[54] It would later be reassigned back to the 8th Army, in May 1945, along with the Americal Division. Finally, in the Philippines, it conducted "mopping up"[55] operations on Leyte,[56] [57] Samar,[58] and other islands in the Visayan islands group. In addition, some of the companies of the Regiment provided security for 8th Army General Headquarters, Far East Air Force, two airstrips at Tanauan and Tacloban, and Seventh Fleet Headquarters.[59] Other soldiers would also participate in the Luzon Campaign, fighting on the Bataan Peninsula, and the recapture of former Fort Mills; the Regiment was not awarded formal campaign participation for these individual actions.

Post-combat

By August 1945, operations came to a close due to the Japanese Emperor's decision to end the war following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[60] Soldiers of the Regiment who had been detached to the Alamo Scouts, 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and other units were reassigned back to it.[61] During the period between the close of operations and their return to the United States, and without the Imperial Japanese Army to fight, the men of the Regiment clashed with soldiers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary over differences in pay, culture and local women. Others married women under the War Brides Act,[62] which allowed spouses and adopted children of United States military personnel to enter the U.S.[63] For these newly married couples, a "tent city" was established by Colonel William Hamby, who had succeeded Offley as the Regiment Commander. Many younger soldiers connected to a culture to which they had previously only had a distant relationship, learning language and customs that were not used or practiced in the United States.

Soldiers of the Regiment who did either not qualify to return to the U.S., either due to having insufficient service points[64] or their being otherwise ineligible, and those who chose to remain in the Philippines, were transferred to 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate) in Quezon City. Returning to the United States aboard the USS General Calan on 8 April 1946, the rest of the Regiment was sent to Camp Stoneman, near Pittsburgh, California, where it was deactivated on 10 April 1946.

Legacy

See also: Military history of Asian Americans. During the war the efforts of Filipino and American defenders during the Battle of Bataan were widely covered by the press, as were the actions of the 100th and 442nd Infantry.[65] After the war, the efforts of the 442nd continued to be lauded,[66] with the 1951 film Go for Broke! portraying their endeavors.[67] By contrast, the activities of the Filipino Infantry Regiment and her sister units were largely unpublicized; it was not until the documentaries Unsung Heroes and An UnTold Triumph that any significant visual media covered the history of the Regiment.[68] [69] In 1984 an association of veterans of the Regiment erected a marker in Salinas in honor of their former unit.[70]

The War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946,[71] continued to apply until the end of 1953, allowing veterans of the Regiment, and other Filipino American veterans, to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancées, wives, and children. In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides.[72] These new Filipino American families formed a second generation of Filipino Americans, significantly expanding the Filipino American community.

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: California's Filipino Infantry . Alex S. . Fabros . . California State Military Department . 10 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110613090844/http://www.militarymuseum.org/Filipino.html. 13 June 2011 . live.
  2. Revilla . Linda A. . 1996 . "Pineapples," "Hawayanos," and "Loyal Americans": Local Boys in the First Filipino Infantry Regiment, US Army . Social Process in Hawai'i . 37 . 57–73 . University of Hawai`i at Manoa . 10 May 2011 .
  3. News: New Film Depicts Filipino Regiments' Exploits . Scott . Ishikawa . . 30 November 2001 . 10 May 2011 . Soldiers of the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments also participated in bloody combat and mop-up operations in New Guinea, Leyte, Samar, Luzon and the southern Philippines..
  4. Book: McKibben, Carol Lynn . Seaside . Seaside History Project . 2009 . Arcadia Publishing . . 978-0-7385-6981-9 . 39 . 24 May 2011 . The 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments trained at Fort Ord, after which they distinguished themselves in the Battle of Leyte and on the Bataan Peninsula. .
  5. Book: Frank, Sarah . Filipinos in America . 2005 . Lerner Publications . . 978-0-8225-4873-7 . 40 . registration . 8 June 2011 . Members of the first and second regiments also served in the parachute-naval assault to recapture the island of Corregidor in 1944 .
  6. Book: Crouchett, Lorraine Jacobs . Filipinos in California: from the days of the galleons to the present . 1983 . Downey Place Publishing House, Inc. . El Cerrito, California . 978-0-910823-00-5 . 54 . 6 September 2011.
  7. Web site: Statement of Service . 1 May 2011 . Center of Military History . United States Army . 24 May 2011 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125923/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/filipino_regt/sos/01filrgt.htm . dead .
    Web site: Statement of Service . . 10 May 2011 . United States Army . Center of Military History . 17 October 2014 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125919/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/filipino_regt/chron/01filrgtcchron.htm . dead .
  8. Web site: 1st Filipino Infantry and 2nd Filipino Infantry in Bataan, Philippines. . 1943 . CriticalPast.com . 8 June 2011 . First Commander of the 1st Filipino Infantry, Colonel Robert H Offley. .
  9. Book: Frank, Sarah . Filipinos in America . 2005 . Lerner Publications . . 978-0-8225-4873-7 . 37 . registration . Robert H. Offley Filipino. . 8 June 2011 .
  10. Book: Espiritu, Yen Le . Filipino American lives . 1995 . . . 978-1-56639-317-1 . 17 . 12 May 2011.
  11. Book: McNaughton, James C. . Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II . 2006 . Department of the Army . Washington, D.C. . 0-16-072957-2 . 87 . 26 May 2011 . The War Department already had several long-serving segregated units for African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Filipinos and established several more during 1942. The Office of War information saw propaganda value in having combat units of different nationalities. Thus during 1942 the War Department organized the 1st Filipino infantry in California and battalion-size units of Norwegians, Austrians, and Greeks. .
  12. Book: Ueda, Reed . A Companion to American Immigration . 2006 . Wiley-Blackwell . Malden, Massachusetts . 978-0-631-22843-1 . 15 . 10 May 2011.
  13. Book: Powell, John . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . 2005 . Infobase Publishing . New York, New York . 978-0-8160-4658-4 . 97 . 10 May 2011.
  14. Web site: Filipino Immigration. Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation. 10 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110903123921/http://www.aiisf.org/pdf/aiisf_sfChron_filipino.pdf. 3 September 2011. dead. dmy-all.
  15. Web site: Fight for Democracy: An Educator's Resource Guide . Eftihia Danellis . Ann Du . National Center for the Preservation of Democracy . 18 May 2011 . However, in 1934, they were reclassified as "aliens"..
  16. Web site: Philippine Islands . 3 October 2003 . . . 10 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005633/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm. 23 May 2011 . live.
  17. Book: Robert Barkan, Elliot . A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage . 1999 . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport, Connecticut . 978-0-313-29961-2 . 210 . registration . filipino Americans World War II enlist reject. . 10 May 2011.
  18. Book: Frank, Sarah . Filipinos in America . 2005 . Lerner Publications . . 978-0-8225-4873-7 . 37 . registration . Filipinos world war II. . 10 May 2011.
  19. Web site: Key Events in the Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Miller Center of Public Affairs . . 10 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110523162037/http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/fdroosevelt . 23 May 2011 . dead . dmy-all .
  20. Book: Bradford, James C. . Atlas of American Military History . 2003 . Oxford University Press US . New York, New York . 978-0-19-521661-5 . 132 . 19 July 2011.
  21. Book: Goggans, Jan . The Pacific region . Aaron DiFranco . 2004 . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport, Connecticut . 978-0-313-33043-8 . 137 . 2 September 2011 .
  22. Perez . Frank Ramos . Perez . Leatrice Bantillo . 1994 . The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County . The San Joaquin Historian . 8 . 4 . 3–18 . The San Joaquin County Historical Society . 10 May 2011 . In San Joaquin County many Filipinos who volunteered for military service were rejected because of their age and/or the need for them to continue to work in the fields harvesting the crops to feed the armed forces. . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094029/http://www.sanjoaquinhistory.org/documents/HistorianNS8-4.pdf . dead .
  23. Book: Sisson, Richard . The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia . Christian K. Zacher . Andrew Robert Lee Cayton . 2007 . Indiana University Press . Bloomington, Indiana . 978-0-253-34886-9 . 257–258 (1890 total) . 10 June 2011.
  24. Web site: Remembering Ramon Subejano, A One Man Army . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716193531/http://www.taxi-usa.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2008-12.pdf . dead . 2011-07-16 . Al Livingston . December 2008 . Carriage News . taxi-usa.com . 3 August 2011 .
  25. The reference Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila (España-Maram, 2006) used the word "Formed". By Army terminology this is incorrect. Per Army Regulation 220-5 the correct term is "Constituted". The article has been edited to reflect that.
  26. Book: España-Maram, Linda . Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila . 2006 . Columbia University Press . New York . 978-0-231-11593-3 . 152 . 12 May 2011.
  27. Book: Cave, Dorothy . Beyond Courage: One Regiment Against Japan, 1941–1945 . 2006 . Sunstone Press . . 978-0-86534-559-1 . 91 . 12 May 2011.
  28. Web site: Fort Ord . California Military Museum . California State Military Department . 25 May 2011 . Another unit of interest, the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, was activated in April and eventually included a few veterans of fighting on Bataan that had been wounded, evacuated, and returned to duty in the United States. . https://web.archive.org/web/20140319083031/http://www.militarymuseum.org/FtOrd.html . 19 March 2014 .
  30. Web site: 1st Filipino Infantry . 1943 . Camp Roberts Trainer . United States Army . 2 August 2011 . 19 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010824/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/filipino_regt/1stFilipinoInf.pdf . dead .
  31. Book: Gregory . Jim . World War II Arroyo Grande . 2016 . Arcadia Publishing . 978-1-4671-1958-0 . 123 . en.
  32. Web site: An Untold Triumph: The Story of the 1st & 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, U.S. Army . 30 January 2003 . Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program . Smithsonian Institution . 7 June 2011 . An Untold Triumph captures the never-been-told story of how the U.S. Army’s World War II 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, made up of more than 7,000 immigrants and sons of immigrants, played a vital role in General Douglas MacArthur’s covert plan to retake the Philippines. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110811143936/http://apanews.si.edu/2003/01/30/an-untold-triumph-the-story-of-the-1st-2nd-filipino-infantry-regiments-u-s-army/ . 11 August 2011 . dmy-all .
  33. Book: Chen, Edith Wen-Chu . Teaching About Asian Pacific Americans: Effective activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities . Glenn Omatsu . Emily Porcincula Lawsin . Joseph A. Galura . 2006 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 978-0-7425-5338-5 . 29–30 (316 total) . 11 June 2011.
  34. Web site: World War Two 1st Filipino Infantry . 2008 . Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program . . 16 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110816043419/http://filam.si.edu/curriculum/u3-part-06a.html . 16 August 2011 . dmy-all .
  35. Book: Starr, Kevin . Golden Dreams: California in an Age of Abundance, 1950–1963 . 2009 . Oxford University Press . New York, NY . 978-0-19-515377-4 . 452 . 16 May 2011.
  36. Web site: Selected Dates and Events of Asian Pacific American History . Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs . State of Washington . 16 May 2011 . As members of the armed forces, Filipinos are allowed to become U.S. citizens. 1,200 Filipino soldiers stand proudly in "V" formation at Camp Beale as citizenship is conferred on them. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110520194305/http://www.capaa.wa.gov/data/timeline.shtml . 20 May 2011 . dead . dmy-all .
    • Web site: Asian Americans . History World International . 16 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110527055848/http://history-world.org/asian_americans.htm . 27 May 2011 . dead .
    • Book: Posadas, Barbara Mercedes . The Filipino Americans . 1999 . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport, Connecticut . 978-0-313-29742-7 . 23 . registration . 21 May 2011 . Thus, although all children born in the United States to Filipino immigrants were U.S. citizens, before World War II, no matter how many years Philippine-born Filipinos had lived in the United States, they were ineligible for naturalization, and, therefore, could not vote, or be absolutely sure of their future status and security. .
    • Book: Holmquist, June D. . They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups . 2003 . Minnesota Historical Society Press . St. Paul, Minnesota . 978-0-87351-231-2 . 547 . 8 June 2011 .
    • M. Licudine v. D. Winter . JR . 1086 . p. 5 . U.S. District Court for D.C. . 2008 . https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2008cv1086-17 . "[f]rom the time the United States obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted independence to the islands in 1946, [the United States] Congress classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens, as non-citizen United States nationals, and as aliens, but never as United States citizens.". 8 June 2011 .
  38. News: "The Day of Infamy" SD's Unsung Heroes of World War II . Dr. Riz A. Oade . Asian Journal . 21 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110811222002/http://asianjournalusa.com/the-day-of-infamy-sds-unsung-heroes-of-world-war-ii-p706-80.htm . 11 August 2011 . dmy-all .
  39. Web site: My Funny Valentine: A Battle In The Filipino American Civil Rights Movement . Alex S. Fabros Jr. . 1995 . AAS 456 . . 18 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154203/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~gonzo1/files/456/456_READER_2004S.pdf . 6 June 2011 . dead .
  40. Book: Pascoe, Peggy . What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America . 2009 . Oxford University Press US . New York, New York . 978-0-19-509463-3 . 40 . 7 June 2011.
  41. Book: Takaki, Ronald T. . Strangers From a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans . CHAPTER 10: THE WATERSHED OF WORLD WAR II : DEMOCRACY AND RACE . 1998 . Little, Brown . 978-0-316-83130-7. http://www.esubjects.com/curric/general/world_history/unit_two/pdf/StrangersfromaDifferentShore.pdf . 2 March 2013 .
  42. Web site: Letters from Readers: The Filipinos Do Not Understand . A Filipino Wife . AAS 456 . . 18 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154203/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~gonzo1/files/456/456_READER_2004S.pdf . 6 June 2011 . dead .
  43. Book: Baldoz, Rick . The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946 . 2011 . NYU Press . New York . 978-0-8147-9109-7 . 214 . 7 June 2011.
  44. Web site: USS General John Pope (AP-110) . Naval History Division . . 18 May 2011.
  45. Web site: Disposition Form . Adjutant General's Office . 20 September 1948 . . . 5 August 2011 . 19 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121019011317/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/StatusofUnit_opt.pdf . dead .
  46. Web site: 1st Filipino Regiment . 10 May 2011 . Center of Military History . United States Army . 31 August 2011 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125919/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/filipino_regt/chron/01filrgtcchron.htm . dead .
  47. Book: Rottman, Gordon . The Cabanatuan Prison Raid: The Philippines 1945 . Mariusz Kozik, Howard Gerrard . 2009 . Osprey Publishing . . 978-1-84603-399-5 . 15 . 18 May 2011 . Many were paratroopers or from the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, a US Army unit organized in the States..
  48. Book: Rottman. Gordon L.. Anderson. Duncan. US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theater 1941–45: Scouts, Raiders, Rangers and Reconnaissance Units. 20 August 2013. Bloomsbury Publishing. 978-1-4728-0524-9. 78–85.
  49. Book: Hogan Jr., David W. . 1992 . U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II . Chapter 4: Special Operations in the Pacific . http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/70-42/70-424.html . Washington, D.C. . Department of the Army . 64–96 . 316829618 . 9781410216908 . 27 September 2014 . From Filipino regiments stationed in the United States Whitney selected about 400 men, who received training in communications, intelligence, and sabotage and formed parties to penetrate the Philippines. . 23 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200823010210/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/70-42/70-42c.htm/ . dead .
  50. Ileto . Reynaldo Clemena . 2005 . Philippine Wars and the Politics of Memory . Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique . 13 . 1 . 215–235 . Duke University Press . 10.1215/10679847-13-1-215 . 143843851 . 1067-9847 . 8 June 2011 . So as we were group up, I got to know that my father, Rafael Ileto, had gone to West Point in 1940 and that he had been an officer in the first Filipino infantry regiment that was sent to liberate the Philippines from Japanese rule..
    Book: Alexander, Larry . Shadows in the Jungle: The Alamo Scouts Behind Japanese Lines in World War II . 2010 . Penguin . London, England . 978-0-451-22913-7 . 235 . 8 June 2011.
  51. Book: Baldoz, Rick . The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946 . 2011 . NYU Press . New York . 978-0-8147-9109-7 . 212 . 7 June 2011.
  52. Web site: Americal Division Order of Battle . https://web.archive.org/web/20061206193812/http://www.americal.org/oob-wwat.shtml . 2006-12-06 . Captain Francis D. Cronin . 1951 . Americal Division Veterans Association . 24 May 2011.
  53. Book: Smith, Robert Ross . Triumph in the Philippines . 1963 . Government Printing Office . Washington, D.C. . 9780160899539. 437 . 24 May 2011 . Reinforced by elements of the 1st Filipino Infantry, U.S. Army, the 182ds battalion overran organized resistance on northwest Samar by 1 March, and on the 4th of the month relinquished responsibility for patrolling in the region to the 1st Filipino Infantry and attached guerrillas. .
  54. Book: Cannon, M. Hamlin . Leyte: The Return to the Philippines . 1993 . Government Printing Office . Washington, D.C. . 365 . 25 May 2011 . In the X Corps phase, the island of Samar was cleared of Japanese troops. The Americal Division, advance elements of which arrived on 24 January, extensively patrolled both the islands of Leyte and Samar. During the Eighth Army Area Command phase, the constant searching out of isolated groups of enemy soldiers continued. In addition to the Americal Division, the Regiment patrolled Leyte. On 8 May, the control of the Eighth Army over the area came to an end..
  55. Web site: Fight for Democracy: An Educator's Resource Guide . Eftihia Danellis . Ann Du . National Center for the Preservation of Democracy . 24 May 2011 . Assigned to the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Domingo came ashore on Leyte Island in the Philippines. His unit had been assigned the dangerous task of "mopping up" enemy soldiers who refused to surrender at all costs..
  56. Web site: Chapter XXII: Leyte is Liberated . M. Hamilin Cannon . 1993 . Leyte: The Return to the Philippines . ibiblio.org . 24 May 2011 . In addition to the Americal Division, the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment patrolled Leyte. .
  57. Book: Merriam, Ray . World War II Journal . 1999 . Merriam Press . Bennington, Vermont . 978-1-57638-164-9 . 27 . 24 May 2011 . Additional American units were called into the battle of Leyte: the 32nd Infantry Division, the 77th and 37th Infantry Divisions, the Americal Division, the 11th Airborne Division, the 112th Cavalry Regiment Combat Team, the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 20th Armored Group, and the 1st Filipino Infantry. .
  58. Book: Bell, Walter F. Bell . Philippines in World War Two, 1941–1945 . 1999 . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport, Connecticut . 978-0-313-30614-3 . 74 . 24 May 2011 . "On Samar, elements of Americal Division and 1st Filipino Infantry clear Mauro area..
  59. Web site: History of the US Army's 1st Filipino Regiment and 2D Filipino Battalion (Separate) . . 31 August 2011 . . United States Army . 24 May 2011 . 7 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707125222/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/filipino_regt/filipino_regt.html . dead .
  60. Web site: Japan Capitulates, August – September 1945 . Naval History & Heritage Command . . 3 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711211934/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/japansur/japansur.htm. 11 July 2011 . live.
  61. Web site: The Philippine Airborne . 29 March 2011 . The Corregidor Historic Society . 25 May 2011 . Shortly after the mission, the 5217th, now the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, was sent to Manila, where Walter and his cadre were returned to the 503d PRCT. Shortly thereafter, in August 1945, the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion was disbanded and the men reassigned. .
  62. Book: Mabalon, Dawn B. . Filipinos in Stockton . Rico Reyes . Filipino American National Historical Society, Little Manila Foundation . Filipino American National Historical Society . 2008 . Arcadia Publishing . San Francisco, California . 978-0-7385-5624-6 . 8 . 25 May 2011 . The 1945 War Brides Act enabled these veterans to bring back war brides from the Philippines, and the 1946 Luce-Cullar Act gave all Filipinos the right to naturalize. .
  63. Caroline Chung . Simpson . 1998 . "Out of an Obscure Place": Japanese War Brides and Cultural Pluralism in the 1950s . Differences . 10 . 3 . 47–81 . Brown University . 10.1215/10407391-10-3-47 . 248684907 . 1040-7391 . 7 June 2011 .
  64. Web site: The Philippine Army World War II . 2 July 2010 . Waiting Room USA . Sirzib Publishing Inc. . 10 June 2011 . 25 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052211/http://www.waitingroomusa.com/2010/07/the-philippine-army-world-war-ii/ . dead .
  65. Book: Sucheng Chan. Asian Americans: an interpretive history. registration. 1991. Twayne. 978-0-8057-8437-4 .
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  70. Web site: The First and Second Filipino Infantry Regiments U.S. Army . Andrew Ruppenstien . Manny Santos . 21 January 2010 . Historic Marker Database . 8 June 2011 . Personnel won more than 50,000 decorations, awards, medals, ribbons, certificates, commendations and citations. .
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