Orders of magnitude (area) explained

This page is a progressive and labelled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

to square metres

List of orders of magnitude for area to square metres!Factor (m²)!Multiple!Value!Item

		2.6 m^2	Planck area, (G \hbar)/(c ^{3}) ^[1]
	1 square quectometre
	1 square rontometre
		100 rm^2	1 shed^[2]
	1 square yoctometre (ym^2)	1 ym^2
		100,000 ym^2	1 femtobarn^[3]
10^−42	1 square zeptometre (zm^2)	1 zm^2
10^−36	1 square attometre (am^2)	1 am^2
10^−30	1 square femtometre (fm^2)	1 fm^2
10^−29		66.52 fm^2	Thomson cross-section of the electron^[4]
10^−28		100 fm^2	1 barn, roughly the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus^[5]
10^−24	1 square picometre (pm^2)	1 pm^2
10^−20	1 square angstrom (Å^2)	10,000 pm^2
10^−19		100,000 pm^2	Area of a lipid bilayer, per molecule^[6]
		75,000–260,000 pm^2	Surface area of the 20 standard amino acids^[7]
10^−18	1 square nanometre (nm^2)	1 nm^2
10^−16		100 nm^2	Globular proteins: solvent-accessible surface area of a typical globular protein, having a typical molecular mass of ~35000 u (quite variable)^[8]
10^−14		17,000 nm^2	Cross-sectional area of a nuclear pore complex in vertebrates^[9]
10^−12	1 square micrometre (μm^2)	6 μm^2	Surface area of an E. coli bacterium^[10]
10^−10		100 μm^2	Surface area of a red blood cell^[11]
10^−9		6,000–110,000 μm^2	Range of common LCD screen pixel sizes^[12]
		7,000 μm^2	Area of a dot printed using 300 dots per inch resolution^[13]
		8,000 μm^2	Cross-sectional area of a straight human hair that is 100 μm^[14] in diameter^[15]

10⁻⁸ to 10⁻¹ square metres

List of orders of magnitude for areas 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻¹ square metres!Factor (m²)!Multiple!Value!Item

10^−8		55,000 μm^2	Size of a pixel on a typical modern computer display
10^−7		2-400,000 μm^2	Cross-sectional area of a mechanical pencil lead (0.5-0.7 mm in diameter)^[16]
10^−6	1 square millimetre (mm^2)	1–2 mm^2	Area of a human fovea^[17]
		2 mm^2	Area of the head of a pin
10^−5		30–50 mm^2	Area of a 6–8 mm hole punched in a piece of paper by a hole punch^[18]
10^−4	1 square centimetre (cm^2)	290 mm^2	Area of one side of a U.S. penny^[19] ^[20]
		500 mm^2	Area of a typical postage stamp
10^−3		1,100 mm^2	Area of a human retina^[21]
		4,600 mm^2	Area of the face of a credit card^[22]
		4,800 mm^2	Largest side of a cigarette box
10^−2	1 square decimetre (dm^2)	10,000 mm^2	Index card (3 × 5 inches)^[23]
		60,000 mm^2	American letter paper (11 × 8.5 inches, "A" size)
		62,370 mm^2	International A4 paper (210 × 297 mm)
		92,903 mm^2	1 square foot^[24]
10^−1		125,000 mm^2	International A3 paper (297 × 420 mm)
		180,000 mm^2	Surface area of a basketball (diameter 24 cm)^[25] ^[26]
		250,000 mm^2	International A2 paper (420 × 594 mm)
		500,000 mm^2	International A1 paper (594 × 841 mm)

10⁰ to 10⁷ square metres

List of orders of magnitude for areas 10⁰ to 10⁷ square metres.!Factor (m²)!Multiple!Value!Item

10^0	1 square metre	1 m^2	International A0 paper (841 × 1189 mm)
		1.73 m^2	A number commonly used as the average body surface area of a human^[27]
		1–4 m^2	Area of the top of an office desk
10^1		10–20 m^2	A parking space
		70 m^2	Approximate surface area of a human lung^[28]
10^2	1 square decametre (dam^2)	100 m^2	One are (a)
		162 m^2	Size of a volleyball court (18 × 9 metres)^[29]
		202 m^2	Floor area of a median suburban three-bedroom house in the US in 2010: 2169square feet^[30]
		261 m^2	Size of a tennis court^[31]
		437 m^2	Size of an NBA/WNBA/NCAA basketball court^[32]
		845 m^2	Wing area of Airbus A380, the largest commercial airliner^[33]
		978 m^2	Size of the primary mirror of the Extremely Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the world (under construction)^[34]
10^3	1 kilo square meter k(m^2)	1,000 m^2	Surface area of a modern stremma or dunam
		1,250 m^2	Surface area of the water in an Olympic-size swimming pool^[35]
		4,047 m^2	1 acre^[36]
		5,400 m^2	Size of an American football field^[37] ^[38]
		7,140 m^2	Size of a typical football (soccer) field^[39] ^[40]
10^4	1 square hectometre (hm^2)	10,000 m^2	1 hectare (ha)^[41]
		17,000 m^2	Approximate area of a cricket field (theoretical limits: 6,402 m^2 to 21,273 m^2)^[42]
		22,100 m^2	Area of a Manhattan city block
		53,000 m^2	Base of the Great Pyramid of Giza^[43] ^[44]
10^5		195,000 m^2	Irish National Botanic Gardens^[45]
		490,000 m^2	Vatican City^[46]
		600,000 m^2	Total floor area of the Pentagon^[47]
		887,800 m^2	AvtoVAZ main assembly building, Tolyatti, Russia (largest building by footprint)
10^6	1 mega square meter M(m^2)1 square kilometre (km^2)	1.76 km^2	New Century Global Center, Chengdu, China (largest building by total floor area)
		2 km^2	Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area)^[48]
		2.59 km^2	1 square mile^[49]
		2.9 km^2	City of London (not all of modern London)^[50]
10^7		59.5 km^2	Manhattan Island (land area)^[51]
		61 km^2	San Marino^[52]

10⁸ to 10¹⁴ square metres

Factor (m^2)	Multiple	Value	Item
10^8		105 km^2	Paris (inner city only)^[53]
		110 km^2	Walt Disney World^[54]
		272 km^2	Taipei City^[55]
		630 km^2	Toronto^[56]
10^9	1 giga square meter G(m^2)	1100 km^2	Hong Kong^[57]
		1290 km^2	Los Angeles, California, United States (city)^[58]
		1962 km^2	Jacksonville, Florida largest city in the Continental US^[59]
		2188 km^2	Tokyo^[60]
		3,130 km^2	Average area of an American county
		5780 km^2	Administrative area of Bali^[61]
		8030 km^2	Community of Madrid, Spain
10^10		11,000 km^2	Jamaica^[62]
		30,528 km^2	Belgium
		68,870 km^2	Lake Victoria^[63]
		84,000 km^2	Austria^[64]
10^11		100,000 km^2	South Korea^[65]
		167,996 km^2	Jiuquan in China
		232,000 km^2	Total area covered by underwater search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (including both 2014-2017 and 2018 searches)
		238,397	Romania^[66]
		301,338 km^2	Italy^[67]
		357,000 km^2	Germany^[68]
		377,900 km^2	Japan^[69]
		510,000 km^2	Spain^[70]
		780,000 km^2	Turkey^[71]
10^12	1 tera square meter T(m^2)1 square megametre (Mm^2)	1.0 Mm^2	Egypt (country ranked 29th by area)^[72]
		2 Mm^2	Mexico
		3.10 Mm^2	Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in Russia (largest subnational governing body)^[73]
		5 Mm^2	Largest extent of the Roman Empire^[74] ^[75]
		7.74 Mm^2	Australia (country ranked 6th by area)^[76]
		8.5 Mm^2	Brazil
		9.5 Mm^2	China/ United States of America
10^13		10 Mm^2	Canada (including water)^[77]
		14 Mm^2	Antarctica^[78]
		14 Mm^2	Arable land worldwide^[79]
		16.6 Mm^2	Surface area of Pluto^[80]
		17 Mm^2	Russia (country ranked 1st by area)^[81]
		30 Mm^2	Africa^[82]
		35.5 Mm^2	Largest extent of the British Empire^[83]
		38 Mm^2	Surface area of the Moon^[84]
		77 Mm^2	Atlantic Ocean^[85]
10^14		144 Mm^2	Surface area of Mars^[86]
		150 Mm^2	Land area of Earth^[87]
		156 Mm^2	Pacific Ocean^[88]
		360 Mm^2	Water area of Earth
		510 Mm^2	Total surface area of Earth

10¹⁵ to 10²⁶ square metres

List of orders of magnitude for areas 10¹⁵ to 10²⁶ square metres.!Factor (m²)!Multiple!Value!Item

10^15	1 peta square meter P(m^2)	1,000 Mm^2	Surface area of the white dwarf, Van Maanen's star
		7,600 Mm^2	Surface area of Neptune^[89]
10^16		43,000 Mm^2	Surface area of Saturn^[90]
		61 000 Mm^2	Surface area of Jupiter,^[91] the "surface" area of the spheroid (calculated from the mean radius as reported by NASA). The cross-sectional area of Jupiter, which is the same as the "circle" of Jupiter seen by an approaching spacecraft, is almost exactly one quarter the surface-area of the overall sphere, which in the case of Jupiter is approximately 1.535 m^2.
10^17		2-600 000 Mm^2	Surface area of the brown dwarf CT Chamaeleontis B.
		460,000 Mm^2	Area swept by the Moon's orbit of Earth
10^18	1 square gigametre (Gm^2)	6.1 Gm^2	Surface area of the Sun^[92]
10^19		30 Gm^2	Surface area of the star Vega
10^20		100 Gm^2
10^21	1 zetta square meter Z(m^2)	1 000 Gm^2
10^22		11 000 Gm^2	Area swept by Mercury's orbit around the Sun
		37 000 Gm^2	Area swept by Venus' orbit around the Sun
		71 000 Gm^2	Area swept by Earth's orbit around the Sun
10^23		160 000 Gm^2	Area swept by Mars' orbit around the Sun
		281 000 Gm^2	Surface area of a Dyson sphere with a radius of 1 AU
10^24	1 yotta square meter (m^2)1 square terametre (Tm^2)	1.9 Tm^2	Area swept by Jupiter's orbit around the Sun
		6.4 Tm^2	Area swept by Saturn's orbit around the Sun
		8.5 Tm^2	Surface area of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse
10^25		24 Tm^2	Surface area of the hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris
		26 Tm^2	Area swept by Uranus' orbit around the Sun
		64 Tm^2	Area swept by Neptune's orbit around the Sun
10^26		110 Tm^2	Area swept by Pluto's orbit around the Sun

10²⁷ square metres and larger

List of orders of magnitude for areas 10²⁷ square metres and larger.!Factor (m²)!Multiple!Value!Item

10^30	1 square petametre (Pm^2)
10^31		10 Pm^2
10^32		200 Pm^2	Roughly the surface area of an Oort Cloud
		300 Pm^2	Roughly the surface area of a Bok globule
10^33		1 000 Pm^2
10^34		30 000 Pm^2	Roughly the surface area of The Bubble nebula
10^35		100 000 Pm^2
10^36	1 square exametre (Em^2)
...
10^41		700 000 Em^2	Roughly the area of Milky Way's galactic disk
10^42	1 square zettametre (Zm^2)
...
10^48	1 square yottametre (Ym^2)
10^54	1 square ronnametre (Rm^2)	2.4 Rm^2	Surface area of the observable universe^[93]

See also

• Orders of magnitude
• List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area

Notes and References

1. Calculated: square of the Planck length = (1.62e-35 m)^2 = 2.6e-70 m^2
2. Web site: Russ Rowlett . September 1, 2004 . Units: S . How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . . 2011-10-25.
3. Web site: Femtobarn. CERN writing guidelines. CERN. 2015-10-22.
4. Web site: Thomson Cross Section. Eric W. Weisstein. Eric Weisstein's World of Science. Wolfram Research. 2015-10-22.
5. Web site: Other non-SI units . SI brochure . BIPM . 2011-10-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080821211324/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html . 2008-08-21 .
6. Web site: "Rule of thumb" for the area per molecule in lipid bilayer . BioNumbers . 2011-10-09 .
7. Web site: Individual Properties of the 20 Standard Amino Acids: Properties and Images . The Amino Acid Repository . Jena Library of Biological Macromolecules . 2011-10-10 .
8. Janin . J. E. L. . Surface and inside volumes in globular proteins . Nature . 277 . 5696 . 491–492 . 1979 . 763335 . 10.1038/277491a0. 1979Natur.277..491J . 4338901 .
9. Web site: The Nuclear Pore Complex . UIUC Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group . 2011-10-14 .
10. Web site: E. coli Statistics . The CyberCell Database . 2011-09-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111027220034/http://www.ccdb.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi . 2011-10-27 .
11. Marcelli . Gianluca . Parker . Kim H. . Winlove . C. Peter . 2005 . Thermal Fluctuations of Red Blood Cell Membrane via a Constant-Area Particle-Dynamics Model . Biophysical Journal . 89 . 4 . 2473–2480 . 16055528. 1366746. 2005BpJ....89.2473M. 10.1529/biophysj.104.056168 .
12. Calculated: Smallest and largest common pitches were 77 micrometers and 337 micrometers. (77e-6 m)^2 ~= 6e-9 m^2. (337e-6 m)^2 ~= 114e-9 m^2 ~= 110e-9 m^2
13. Calculated: (300 dots per inch / 2.54e-2 m/inch)^(-2) = 7.2e-9 m^2
14. Web site: Hair Fiber Composition . 2011-09-30 .
15. Calculated: 100 μm in diameter => pi * ((1e-4 m)/2)**2 = 7.9e-9 m^2
16. Calculated: pi * (0.5mm/2)^2 = 2.0e-7 m^2 and pi * (0.7mm/2)^2 = 3.8e-7 m^2)
17. Web site: Part XIII: Facts and Figures concerning the human retina. University of Utah. Webvision. 2011-09-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20111011004153/http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-xiii-cellular-remodeling-in-mammalian-retina-induced-by-retinal-detachment/. 2011-10-11. dead.
18. Calculated: ((6e-3 m)/2)**2 * pi = 2.8e-5 m^2 and ((8e-3 m)/2)**2 * pi = 5.0e-5 m^2
19. Web site: Coin specifications . United States Mint . 2011-12-28 .
20. Calculated: area = pi * diameter^2 / 4 = 3.14 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 = 2.850e-4 m^2
21. Taylor . Enid . Jennings . Alan . 1971 . Calculation of total retinal area . Br. J. Ophthalmol. . 55 . 262–5 . 10.1136/bjo.55.4.262. 1208280 . 5572268 . 4.
22. Web site: Credit Card Dimensions . 2011-09-30 .
23. Calculated: 3 inches * 5 inches * (2.54e-2 m/inch)^2 = 9.7e-3 m^2 ~= 0.01 m^2
24. Calculated: 1 foot * 1 foot * (0.3048 meters / foot)^2 = 0.092.90304 m^2
25. Web site: Rules of the Game . USA Basketball . 2011-10-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111027183121/http://www.usabasketball.com/rules/rules.html . 2011-10-27 .
26. Calculated: 29.5-29.75 inch circumference * 2.54 cm / in = 23.85-24.05 cm diameter => radius = 0.119-0.120 m => Area = 4 * pi * (0.119 m)^2 = 0.18 m^2
27. Sacco . Joseph J. . Botten . Joanne . Macbeth . Fergus . Bagust . Adrian . Clark . Peter . 2010 . The Average Body Surface Area of Adult Cancer Patients in the UK: A Multicentre Retrospective Study . PLOS ONE . 5 . 1 . e8933 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0008933 . 2010PLoSO...5.8933S . 20126669 . 2812484. free .
28. Book: Notter, Robert H. . Lung surfactants: basic science and clinical applications . Marcel Dekker . New York, N.Y . 2000 . 120 . 0-8247-0401-0 . 2011-09-27.
29. Book: Official Volleyball Rules 2011-2012 . http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/Documents/FIVB.2011-2012.VB.RulesOfTheGame.Eng.TextfileOnly.2.1.1.pdf . 2011-10-27 . 2010 . . Section 1.1 . The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides..
30. Web site: Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed by Location . US Census Bureau . 2011-09-26 .
31. Web site: Area of a Tennis Court . The Physics Factbook . 2011-09-27 .
32. Calculated: 4,700 sq ft * (0.3048 ft/m)² = 436.644288 m²
33. Web site: A380 Prestige Specifications . Airbus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161012152549/http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/media_gallery/files/tech_data/jetFamily/media_object_file_A380_specifications.pdf . 12 October 2016 . dmy-all.
34. Web site: Extremely Large Telescope - Timeline . 11 July 2023.
35. Calculated: 50 m * 25 m = 1250 m^2
36. Web site: General Tables of Units of Measurement . NIST . 2011-10-28 . 4046.87 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf . 2006-11-26 .
37. Web site: What are the Dimensions of a Football Field. Dimensions Guide. 2011-10-27.
38. Calculated: 360 feet * 160 feet * (0.3048 m/ft)^2 = 5351 m^2 ~= 5400 m^2
39. Web site: How Big Is An Olympic Soccer Field?. LIVESTRONG.COM. 2012-01-04. For the Olympics, fields are supposed to measure exactly 105 meters long and 68 meters wide.
40. Calculated: 105 m * 68 m = 7140 m^2
41. Web site: General Tables of Units of Measurement . NIST . 2011-10-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf . 2006-11-26 .
42. Web site: AFL Ground Sizes | Passy's World of Mathematics. passyworldofmathematics.com. 11 September 2011. 2016-11-12.
43. Web site: Greenberg. Ralph. THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA (Some Elegant Numerical Relationships). 2012-01-04. average length of the four sides is 230.364 meters.
44. Calculated: 230.364 m^2 ~= 53068 m^2
45. Web site: Gartland. Fiona. Valuable lead roofing stolen from Dublin bandstands. https://web.archive.org/web/20180530022253/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/valuable-lead-roofing-stolen-from-dublin-bandstands-1.485412. live. 30 May 2018. 29 May 2018.
46. Web site: Holy See (Vatican City) . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-10-28 .
47. Web site: The Pentagon - George Bergstrom. Great Buildings Online. 2011-10-28. Floor area of 6.5 million square feet, 34 acres, 13.8 hectares, of which 3.7 million square feet are used for offices..
48. Web site: Monaco . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-30 .
49. Calculated: 1 mile * 1 mile * (1.61 km / mile)^2 = 2.59 km^2
50. Web site: Jurisdictions: London. The International Finance Centre Portal. 2011-10-28.
51. Web site: New York -- Place and County Subdivision: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density 2000. Census 2000 Summary File 1. US Census Bureau. 2011-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20110103055349/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US36&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1-R&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=PEP_2006_EST_GCTT1_ST2&-format=ST-7S&-_sse=on. 2011-01-03. dead.
52. Web site: San Marino . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-30 .
53. Web site: Comparateur de territoire: Commune de Paris (75056). INSEE. 2020-08-26.
54. Web site: Walt Disney World Resort. Disney By The Numb3rs. 2011-10-28. 30,500 acres. https://web.archive.org/web/20150612090638/http://disneybythenumbers.com/wdw/wdw.html. 2015-06-12. dead.
55. Web site: Appendix II Statistics. Taipei Yearbook 2010. 2011-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20120522053744/http://tcgwww.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=6499588&ctNode=45847&mp=100089. 2012-05-22. dead.
56. Web site: Population and Dwelling Counts. 2001 Census. Statistics Canada. 2011-10-28.
57. Web site: Hong Kong . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
58. Web site: California by Place: Los Angeles city. US Census. 2011-10-28. 498.29 square miles. https://archive.today/20200212034038/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?-geo_id=04000US06&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U. 2020-02-12. dead.
59. Web site: Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Land Area (square miles) /1, 2000 in Rank Order. https://web.archive.org/web/20021017211112/http://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cit1010r.txt. dead. October 17, 2002. March 16, 2004. U.S. Census Bureau, Administrative and Customer Services Division, Statistical Compendia Branch. 2010-10-26.
60. Web site: OVERVIEW OF TOKYO. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. 2011-10-28. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111108043249/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview02.htm. 2011-11-08.
61. Web site: Kabupaten Klungkung : Data Agregat per Kecamatan. 2010. Sp2010.bps.go.id. 5 January 2018.
62. Web site: Jamaica . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
63. Web site: Lake Profile: Victoria. World Lakes. LakeNet. 2011-10-28.
64. Web site: Austria . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
65. Web site: South Korea . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
66. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
67. Web site: Italy . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
68. Web site: Germany . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
69. Web site: Japan . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
70. Web site: Spain . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
71. Web site: Turkey . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey . dead . January 10, 2021 . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
72. Web site: Egypt . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
73. http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b10_107/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctab1-01-09.xls Rosstat (Russian Statistical Service), 2010
74. Adams. Jonathan M.. Hall. Thomas D. December 2006. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires. Journal of World-Systems Research. 12. 2. 222. 1076-156X. Turchin. Peter. 2016-09-16.
75. 1979. Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.. 1170959. Social Science History. 3. 3/4. 125. 10.2307/1170959. Taagepera. Rein.
76. Web site: Australia . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-10-28 .
77. Web site: Canada . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
78. Web site: Antarctica . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-10-28 .
79. Web site: FAO Resources page . 2010 . FAO.org .
80. Web site: Pluto: By the Numbers . https://web.archive.org/web/20150928233048/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/pluto/facts . dead . 2015-09-28 . Solar System Exploration . NASA . 2015-12-11 .
81. Web site: Russia . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-29 .
82. Web site: Map of Africa. Worldatlas.com. 2012-01-04. 30,065,000 sq km.
83. September 1997. Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia. 2600793. International Studies Quarterly. 41. 3. 502. 10.1111/0020-8833.00053. Rein Taagepera. Rein Taagepera.
84. Web site: Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures . https://web.archive.org/web/20040224174315/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Moon&Display=Facts . dead . 2004-02-24 . Solar System Exploration . NASA . 2011-09-29 .
85. Web site: The World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean . 2011-03-24 . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-30 .
86. Web site: Mars: Facts & Figures . https://web.archive.org/web/20031215145455/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display=Facts . dead . 2003-12-15 . Solar System Exploration . NASA . 2011-09-29 .
87. Web site: The World Factbook: World . 2011-08-31 . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-27 .
88. Web site: The World Factbook: Pacific Ocean . 2011-11-17 . Central Intelligence Agency . 2011-09-30 .
89. Web site: Neptune: Facts & Figures . https://web.archive.org/web/20031215224327/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=Facts . dead . 2003-12-15 . Solar System Exploration . NASA . 2011-09-29 .
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