LGBT rights in the 19th century explained
This is a list of important events relating to the LGBT community from 1801 to 1900. The earliest published studies of lesbian activity were written in the early 19th century.
1800s
1802
1803
1807
1809
1810s
1811
- The Netherlands abolished laws criminalizing homosexual conduct.[4]
- The French Empire annexes the German North Sea coast, thus extending the Napoleonic Code to the annexed territory.
1812
1813
1814
1815
1820s
1822
1824
- 28 October – The Marquis de Custine is beaten and left for dead after propositioning a male soldier in Saint-Denis. The scandal forces him out of the closet, but he recovers and lives the rest of his life as an open 'sodomite' with his partner Edward St. Barbe. Custine maintains a successful social life in Paris.[8]
1830s
1830
1832
- The Russian Empire criminalizes muzhelozhstvo, which courts interpret to mean anal sex between men, under Article 995 of the criminal code. Men convicted were stripped of their legal rights and sent to Siberia for four to five years.[10]
- Bolivia decriminalizes homosexuality.[11]
1835
1840s
1840
- Hannover abolishes laws criminalizing homosexual conduct between consenting adults.
1849
- Leona Florentino was born in Spanish-colonized Philippines, beginning her literary career which would kickstart feminism against the Spanish-imposed patriarchy in the region and the writing of the archipelago's foundational lesbian literature.[13] [14] [15]
1850s
1852
- Portugal decriminalizes homosexual acts.[16]
1853
1856
- The first known reference to lesbians in Mormon history occurred in 1856, when a Salt Lake man noted in his diary that a Mormon woman was "trying to seduce a young girl".[17]
1858
1860s
1861
1865
1867
- 29 August — Karl Heinrich Ulrichs became the first homosexual to speak out publicly in defence of homosexuality when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in Munich for a resolution urging the repeal of anti-homosexual laws. He was shouted down. In an interview, Robert Beachy said "I think it is reasonable to describe [Ulrichs] as the first gay person to publicly out himself."[19]
1869
- A German pamphlet by the Austrian-born novelist Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–1882), published anonymously, arguing against a Prussian anti-sodomy law contains the first known use of the word "homosexual" in print.[20]
- Homosexuality is decriminalised in Suriname.[21]
1870s
1870
- is published, possibly the first American novel about a homosexual relationship.
1871
- Homosexuality is criminalized throughout the German Empire by Paragraph 175 of the Reich Criminal Code. It made homosexual acts between males a crime, and in early revisions the provision also criminalized bestiality. The Nazis broadened the law in 1935; in the prosecutions that followed, thousands died in Nazi concentration camps. It was repealed on 10 March 1994.
- Guatemala decriminalizes homosexuality.
- Mexico decriminalizes homosexuality.
1880s
1880
1885
- In the United Kingdom, the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, whose Labouchere Amendment (Clause 11) outlaws oral sex between men—but not women—is given royal assent by Queen Victoria. A popular legend claims that Victoria struck references to lesbianism from the Act because of her refusal to believe that women "did such things"; in reality, they had simply never been mentioned in the Act. Clause 11 reads:
Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or is a party to the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and being convicted thereof shall be liable at the discretion of the court to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour.
Buggery, or anal sex between men, was already illegal.
1886
1889
1890s
1890
- Homosexuality is legalized in Italy through the creation of the Codice Zanardelli.
- Homosexuality is legalized in the Vatican.[23]
1892
- The words "bisexual" and "heterosexual" are first used in English in their current senses in Charles Gilbert Chaddock's translation of Kraft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis.
1892
1894
- Biologist and pioneer of human sexuality Alfred Kinsey is born on 23 June.
1895
- The trial of Oscar Wilde results in his being prosecuted under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 for "gross indecency" and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison.
- In Brazil, Adolfo Caminha publishes his controversial novel Bom-Crioulo (in English:The Black Man and the Cabin Boy) with homosexuality at its center and with a Black man as the story's hero.
1897
- December — Magnus Hirschfeld petitions the Reichstag to abolish Paragraph 175, the first salvo in a lifelong campaign for repeal.
- George Cecil Ives organizes the first homosexual rights group in England, the Order of Chaeronea.
1899
- Honduras decriminalizes homosexuality.[24]
See also
References
- Miller, Neil (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. New York, Vintage Books. .
Notes and References
- Book: Pickett, Brent L.. The A to Z of Homosexuality. 2 September 2009. Scarecrow Press. 9780810870727. Google Books.
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/03/20/the-improbable-story-of-one-of-americas-first-same-sex-marriages-from-over-200-years-ago/ "The improbable, 200-year-old story of one of America’s first same-sex ‘marriages’"
- http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/warsaw_S.pdf Warsaw
- Miller, p. 222
- Miller, p. 112
- http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults
- http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/el_salvador.html El Salvador
- Muhlstein, Anka. Trans. Teresa Waugh. (1996) A Taste for Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine. Helen Marx Books.
- http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/LIM/LIM-16-12-1830.htm 16 December 1830 Law
- Miller, p. 201
- https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA A WORLD SURVEY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION LAWS OF CRIMINALISATION, PROTECTION AND RECOGNITION
- Book: Galloway, Bruce. Prejudice and Pride: Discrimination Against Gay People in Modern Britain. registration. 79. The last known execution for buggery.. Routledge. 1984. 978-0-7100-9916-7.
- Blanton, S. (2016). A Threshold of Flowers: Public and Private Eroticism in the Poems of Leona Florentino. University of North Carolina.
- Jolo, J. B. & Manansala, A. M. B. (2020). Courting the Gaze, Romancing the Margins: Queer Re-Orientation in Emiliana Kampilan’s Komix. Review of Women's Studies. University of the Philippines.
- Mabanglo, R. E. (2020). Leona Florentino: Mother of Filipina poetry. Philippine Graphic.
- Web site: Sodomylaws.org . Sodomylaws.org . 2013-10-05 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190601/http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/ . 12 May 2013 . dmy-all .
- http://www.affirmation.org/history/lesbian_mormon_history.shtml Gay & Lesbian Mormons
- News: The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims – Tehmina Kazi . London . The Guardian . Tehmina . Kazi . 7 October 2011.
- Web site: Stack . Liam . Overlooked No More: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Pioneering Gay Activist . 1 July 2020 .
- Feray, Jean-Claude; Herzer, Manfred (1990). "Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny". Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 19, No. 1.
- Web site: The Criminalization of Homosexuality in Colonial History, by Dr Joseph O’Mahoney Gender History Research Cluster . 2024-05-08 . blogs.reading.ac.uk.
- Miller, p. 29
- Web site: Legge N. VIII: Norme complementari in materia penale, 11 July 2013 (see Article 8(4) and Article 4(a) – for sex within marriage see Article 8(5)). 2017-03-15. 2017-03-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170316114654/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRC-OP-SC/Shared%20Documents/VAT/INT_CRC-OP-SC_AIS_VAT_16025_O.pdf. dead.
- http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults", The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2012