A four-question referendum was held in Belarus on 14 May 1995, alongside parliamentary elections.[1] The four issues were the possibility of giving the Russian language equal status with Belarusian, whether new national symbols should be adopted, whether there should be economic integration with Russia and changes to the constitution that would allow early elections if Parliament systematically violated the constitution.[2] According to official results, all four were approved by at least three-quarters of voters, with a turnout of 64.8%.[2]
The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly stated that the referendum violated international standards. Members of the opposition claimed that the organisation of the referendum involved several serious violations of legislation, including the constitution.[3]
Before becoming president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko had tried to hold a similar referendum on state symbols in 1993 while still an MP, but had failed to obtain parliamentary support. Two months before the May 1995 referendum, Lukashenko proposed a flag design that consisted of two small bars of green and one wide bar of red. While it is not known what became of this suggestion, new designs (called "projects" in Belarus) were suggested a few days later, which were then put up to vote.[4]
On 11 April 1995 Parliament considered the questions for the referendum, approved the date, but approved only the question regarding economic integration with Russia. Lukashenko declared that he would not change his decision and would accept personal responsibility for the referendum, and left the Parliament, announcing that it would be his last discussions with Parliament in its current form. Nineteen MPs from the Belarusian Popular Front, including Zianon Pazniak, Piatro Sadoŭski and others, decided to carry out a hunger strike within Parliament, protesting against the president organizing the referendum despite the parliament's decision. They were beaten and forcibly removed by OMON.[5] The parliamentarians sued the special forces for battery but were unsuccessful.
A conciliatory commission was called upon to resolve the conflict between the President and Parliament, and decided in favour of President Lukashenko.
Voters were asked four questions:
| Question | For | Against | Invalid/ blank | Total votes | Registered voters | Turnout | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||||
| Giving Russian language equal status | 4,017,273 | 86.8 | 613,516 | 13.2 | 192,693 | 4,823,482 | 7,445,820 | 64.8 | |
| Economic integration with Russia | 4,020,001 | 87.0 | 602,144 | 13.0 | 201,337 | ||||
| New flag and coat of arms | 3,622,851 | 78.6 | 988,839 | 21.4 | 211,792 | ||||
| President can dismiss parliament | 3,749,266 | 81.4 | 857,485 | 18.6 | 216,731 | ||||
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | |||||||||
The opposition questioned the validity of the 1995 referendum itself. According to Siarhei Navumchyk, former parliament member, the referendum was illegal and thus its results have no legal power:[6]
The opposition raised several other issues related to organisation of the referendum:
According to Mikhail Pastukhov, a former judge of the Constitutional Court of Belarus, the referendum are "invalid from the legal point of view and should be abolished".[10] He agrees with the point that numerous issues related to national history, traditions, culture and language were put to the referendum in violation of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus.[11]
Quote:
Міхаіл Пастухоў кажа: пытаньні на рэфэрэндум выносіліся з парушэньнем Канстытуцыі Рэспублікі Беларусь, Дэклярацыі аб сувэрэнітэце, законаў аб народным галасаваньні (рэфэрэндуме), аб выбарах дэпутатаў Вярхоўнага Савету Рэспублікі Беларусь і шэрагу іншых заканадаўчых актаў: «Для прыкладу возьмем моўнае пытаньне. Беларуская мова была адзінай дзяржаўнай, пра што запісана ў артыкуле 17 Канстытуцыі. Гэта пацьвярджалася і ў Законе аб мовах, які прынялі яшчэ ў 1990 годзе. І была прынятая доўгатэрміновая праграма паступовага ўвядзеньня беларускай мовы ва ўсе сфэры жыцьця. Да таго ж у законе аб народным галасаваньні (рэфэрэндуме) было прапісана, што нельга выносіць на рэфэрэндум пытаньні, зьвязаныя з нацыянальнай гісторыяй, традыцыямі, культурай, мовай. То бок гэтыя пытаньні наагул не павінны былі стаць прадметам нейкіх сумненьняў і абмеркаваньняў. І тым ня менш гэтыя пытаньні былі пастаўленыя на галасаваньне».
Спадар Пастухоў падсумоўвае:
«Гэтыя пытаньні не павінны былі выносіцца на рэфэрэндум. У выніку тое, што адбылося, супярэчыла і Канстытуцыі, і дзейнаму тады заканадаўству. І таму вынікі рэфэрэндуму ня могуць мець легітымнасьці і юрыдычнай моцы з моманту вынясеньня гэтых пытаньняў на разгляд»."
["Mikhail Pastukhou says: the questions were put to the referendum in violation of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the Declaration of Sovereignty, the Laws on Popular Voting (Referendum), the Election of Members to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus and a number of other legislative acts: Take the language issue as an example. The Belarusian language was the only state language, as written in Article 17 of the Constitution. This was confirmed in the Law on Languages, which was adopted in 1990. And a long-term program of gradual introduction of the Belarusian language in all spheres of life was adopted. In addition, the law on popular voting (referendum) stipulated that issues related to national history, traditions, culture and language could not be put to a referendum. That is, these issues should not have been the subject of any doubts and discussions. Nevertheless, these issues were put to the vote. Mr. Pastukhou summarises: "[All] these issues should not have been put to a referendum. As a result, what happened contradicted both the Constitution and the current legislation. That is why the results of the referendum cannot have legitimacy and legal force from the moment these issues are submitted for consideration." According to Pastukhov, Pahonia and the white-red-white flag remain the state symbols of Belarus de jure.[11]
The Russian State Duma issued a statement supporting the official results of the referendum.[12]
The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly stated that the referendum violated international standards and noted concerns over governmental control over the media, interference with the voting process, and obstacles to the opposition's activities.[13] The US Department of State also criticized the Belarusian government over the referendum.[14]
The decrees about the new state flag and new coat of arms were signed by Lukashenko on 7 July 1995.