1993 in the United Kingdom explained
Events from the year 1993 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
Events
January
- 1 January
- 5 January – Oil tanker runs aground on the South Mainland of Shetland, spilling 84,700 tonnes of crude oil into the sea.[2]
- 6 January – The first episode of the children's series The Animals of Farthing Wood begins on BBC One.
- 8 January – Ford unveils its new Mondeo, a range of large family hatchbacks, saloons and estates which will reach showrooms on 22 March as a replacement for the long-running Sierra.
- 10 January
- British newspapers carry reports that The Princess of Wales wants a divorce from The Prince of Wales, despite the announcement of their separation (issued the previous month) stating that there were no plans for a divorce.
- Braer Storm at peak intensity across the British Isles, breaking up the wrecked tanker Braer.
- 11 January – British Airways admits liability and apologises "unreservedly" for a "dirty tricks" campaign against Virgin Atlantic.[3]
- 13 January – Wayne Edwards, a 26-year-old Lance corporal, becomes the first British fatality in the conflict in Bosnia, former Yugoslavia.[4]
- 17 January – Bookmakers cut their odds on the monarchy being abolished by the year 2000 from 100 to 1 to 50 to 1.
- 21 January – Unemployment has increased for the 31st month running, but is still just short of the 3,000,000 total that was last seen nearly six years ago. Economists warn that it could hit a new high of more than 3,500,000 by the end of this year. However, the Conservatives have still managed to cut Labour's lead in the opinion polls from 13 points to eight points, according to the latest MORI poll.[5]
- 26 January – The Bank of England lowers interest rates to 6% – the lowest since 1978.
February
- 1 February – Economists warn that unemployment could reach a new high of 3,400,000 this year.
- 12 February – Murder of James Bulger: a 2-year-old is murdered by two ten-year-old boys on Merseyside.[6]
- 14 February – Unemployment is reported to be rising faster in Conservative seats than in Labour ones.
- 15 February – The number of unfit homes in Britain is reported to have increased from 900,000 to more than 1,300,000 between 1986 and 1991.
- 17 February – Shadow Chancellor Gordon Brown claims that a Labour government could reduce taxation – a dramatic turn for a party known for high taxation.
- 18 February – Unemployment has reached 3,000,000 (and a rate of 10.6%) for the first time in six years.
- 19 February – Judith Chaplin, Conservative MP for Newbury in Berkshire, dies suddenly at the age of 53 after less than a year in parliament.
- 20 February – Economists are now warning that unemployment could rise as high at 3,500,000 within the next year.
- 25 February – A MORI poll shows that 80% of Britons are dissatisfied with the way that John Major is running the country, and nearly 50% believe that the economy will get worse during this year.
- 25–26 February – Warrington bomb attacks: Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombs are planted and explode at gas holders in Warrington, Cheshire.
March
- 4 March – Former Cabinet minister Nicholas Ridley dies from lung cancer less than a year after retiring from the House of Commons, aged 64.
- 16 March – Chancellor Norman Lamont unveils a budget plan which is centred on economic recovery, together with phased introduction of Value Added Tax on domestic fuel bills (8% for 1994). This will be the last Spring budget.
- 19 March – Unemployment has fallen for the first time since May 1990, now standing at 2,970,000, sparking hopes that the recession is nearly over.
- 20 March – Warrington bomb attacks: IRA bombs in the town centre of Warrington claim the life of 3-year-old Jonathan Ball and injure more than 50 other people. On 25 March the blasts claim a second fatality when 12-year-old Timothy Parry dies in hospital from his injuries.[7]
- 22 March – The Ford Mondeo goes on sale.[8]
April
- April – Staples, an American office superstore chain, opens its first store in Britain in Swansea.
- 2 April – Vauxhall launches its all-new Corsa supermini, the replacement for the long-running Nova which like its predecessor is built at the Zaragoza plant in Spain.
- 3 April – A false start forces the Grand National to be cancelled.[9] The race results are made void for the first time in history.[10]
- 5 April
- 22 April – Black London teenager Stephen Lawrence is stabbed to death at Eltham in south London while waiting for a bus.
- 24 April – Bishopsgate bombing. A massive IRA truck bomb explodes at Bishopsgate in the City of London. The blast destroys the medieval St Ethelburga's church, and badly damages the NatWest Tower and Liverpool Street tube station. A newspaper photographer is killed.[12]
- 26 April – Government declares official end of the recession after revealing that the economy grew by 0.6% in the first three months of this year. The recession began nearly three years ago and lasted much longer than most economists expected.[13]
- 29 April – The Queen announces that Buckingham Palace will open to the public for the first time.[14]
May
- 2 May - Manchester United become the first champions of the new FA Premier League after their last remaining title contenders, Aston Villa, lose 1–0 at home to Oldham Athletic. It is the first time in 26 years that Manchester United have been champions of the top division of English football.[15]
- 7 May
- 13 May – Robert Adley, Conservative MP for Christchurch in Dorset, dies from a heart attack aged 58.
- 14 May – The economic recovery continues as business failures are reported to have fallen for the second quarter running.
- 20 May – The latest MORI poll shows that the Conservative government has yet to benefit from bringing the economy out of recession, as they trail Labour (who have 44% of the vote) by 16 points.[5]
- 22 May – Inflation reaches a 29-year low of 1.3%.
- 27 May – Kenneth Clarke succeeds Norman Lamont as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
June
- Sunday newspaper The Observer is acquired by Guardian Media Group.
- 3–5 June – Hollbeck Hall Hotel in Scarborough collapses into the sea following a landslide.[16]
- 10 June – Comedian and TV presenter Les Dawson dies suddenly from a heart attack during a medical check-up in Greater Manchester hospital at the age of 62.
- 11 June – Actor and comedian Bernard Bresslaw dies suddenly from a heart attack following a collapse in his dressing room at London's Open Air Theatre at the age of 59.
- 17 June – Unemployment now stands at less than 2,900,000 after the fourth successive monthly fall.
- 20 June – A high speed train makes the first journey from France to England via the Channel Tunnel, which will open to the public next year.
- 21 June – Andrew Wiles announces a proof to Fermat's Last Theorem at the Isaac Newton Institute. The proof is slightly flawed, but Wiles announces a revised proof the following year.
- 24 June
- Northern Ireland Minister Michael Mates resigns over links with fugitive tycoon Asil Nadir.[17]
- Despite the recent end of the recession, support for the Conservative government has failed to recover, with the latest MORI poll showing that Labour has an 18-point lead over them with 46% of the vote.[18]
- 30 June – Michael Hunt, former deputy chairman of Nissan UK, is jailed for eight years for his involvement in Britain's worst case of tax fraud.
July
August
- 4 August – Labour Party leader John Smith opens Millwall F.C.'s New Den stadium in Bermondsey, London, which cost £16million to build and is the largest new football stadium to be built in England since before World War II.[23]
- 11 August – The Department of Health reveals that the number of people on hospital waiting lists has reached 1,000,000 for the first time.
September
- 3 September – The UK Independence Party, which supports breakaway from the European Union, is formed by members of the Anti-Federalist League, which itself was formed two years earlier by opponents of Britain's involvement in the Maastricht Treaty.[24]
- 16 September – Unemployment has risen for the second month running, now standing at 2,922,100 (10.4% of the workforce), sparking fears that the economic recovery could be stalling and the economy could soon slide back into recession just months after coming out of it.
- 17 September – The British National Party wins its first council seat, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.[25]
- 19 September – Production of the Ford Orion compact saloon ends.
- 30 September – The Queen approves an honorary knighthood for General Colin Powell, who the day before retired as chief of United States Armed Forces.
October
November
December
- 3 December – Diana, Princess of Wales, announces her withdrawal from public life.[34]
- 9 December – Despite the steady economic recovery, the Conservative government is now 18 points behind Labour (who have 47% of the vote) in the latest MORI poll. The Liberal Democrats have also eaten into their support and now have 20% of the vote.[5]
- 10 December
- 14 December – Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, makes his first official visit to Britain.
- 15 December – The Downing Street Declaration on the future of Northern Ireland is signed between the UK and Irish governments.[36]
- 25 December – The Queen speaks of her hopes for peace in Northern Ireland in her Christmas Day speech.
- 29 December – The Provisional IRA vows to fight on against the British presence in Northern Ireland.
Undated
- Completion of Thames Water Ring Main beneath London (80 km).[37]
- New car sales enjoy an increase this year for the first time since 1989. The Ford Escort is Britain's best selling car for the second year running, while the new Ford Mondeo and Vauxhall Corsa enjoy strong sales in their first year on the British market.
- With the economy growing for the first time since spring 1990, inflation is at a 33-year low of 1.6%.[38]
Publications
Births
- 1 January - Jon Flanagan, footballer
- 5 January - Franz Drameh, actor
- 10 January - Jacob Scipio, actor and writer
- 11 January - Michael Keane, footballer
- 12 January - Zayn Malik, pop singer-songwriter, member of One Direction[39]
- 13 January - Max Whitlock, gymnast
- 21 January - John Cofie, footballer
- 22 January - Tommy Knight, actor
- 28 January - Will Poulter, actor
- 30 January - Katy Marchant, track cyclist
- 4 February - Sam Hoskins, footballer
- 10 February
- 12 February - Benik Afobe, English footballer
- 15 February - Ben Foakes, English cricketer
- 11 March - Jodie Comer, actress
- 13 March - Tyrone Mings, footballer
- 16 March - George Ford, England rugby union player
- 24 March - Grace Cassidy, actress
- 8 April - TBJZL, YouTuber
- 9 April - Will Merrick, actor
- 18 April - Nathan Sykes, singer
- 19 April - Sebastian de Souza, English actor[40]
- 24 April
- 6 May - Naomi Scott, actress, singer and musician
- 9 May - Laura Muir, Scottish middle-distance runner[41]
- 10 May - Charlotte Owen, Baroness Owen of Alderley Edge, politician
- 12 May - Ali Price, Scotland rugby union player
- 13 May - Finn Harries, vlogger, designer and entrepreneur
- 16 May - Josephine Gordon, jockey[42]
- 22 May - Edward Bluemel, actor
- 28 May - Jonnie Peacock, sprinter
- 7 June – George Ezra, singer-songwriter
- 14 June - Callum McGregor, Scottish footballer
- 19 June - KSI, YouTube personality
- 23 June - Syndicate, YouTuber and Twitch streamer
- 25 June - Barney Clark, actor
- 29 June - Fran Kirby, footballer[43]
- George Sampson, English street dancer, presenter, dancer, singer and actor
- 6 July - Melissa Steel, singer
- 16 July - Katie McGlynn, actress[44]
- 18 July - Alex Esmail, actor and wrestler
- 22 July - Amber Beattie, actress
- 26 July - Stormzy (Michael Ebenazer Kwadjo Omari Owuo Jr.), grime rapper
- 27 July
- 28 July
- 2 August - Joivan Wade, actor
- 15 August - Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, footballer
- 21 August - Millie Bright, footballer
- 29 August - Liam Payne, pop singer-songwriter, member of One Direction
- 13 September - Niall Horan, Irish-born pop guitarist, member of One Direction
- 15 September - Fady Elsayed, actor
- 17 September - Alfie Deyes, vlogger[46]
- 18 September - Charlie Taylor, footballer
- 20 October - David Bolarinwa, sprinter
- 9 November - Pete Dunne, wrestler and promoter
- 25 November - Danny Kent, motorcycle racer
- 30 November - Cherry Valentine, drag queen (died 2022)[47]
- 5 December - Ross Barkley, footballer[48]
- 19 December - Hermione Corfield, actress
- 27 December - Olivia Cooke, actress
Deaths
January
- 1 January – Cathie Marsh, sociologist and statistician (born 1951)
- 2 January – Sean Devereux, missionary and aid worker (born 1964); murdered in Somalia
- 7 January – Sir John Cowley, Army lieutenant-general (born 1905)
- 8 January – George Rudé, Marxist historian (born 1910)
- 9 January
- 11 January – Tommy Walker, Scottish footballer (born 1915)
- 14 January – Victor Warrender, 1st Baron Bruntisfield, politician (born 1899)
- 15 January – Arthur Wallis Exell, botanist (born 1901)
- 16 January – Florence Desmond, actress (born 1905)
- 17 January – Albert Hourani, historian (born 1915)
- 18 January
- Eleanor Alice Burford, novelist (born 1906)
- Gordon Higginson, spiritual medium (born 1918)
- 19 January – Sir Reginald Hewetson, Army general (born 1908)
- 20 January – Audrey Hepburn, actress (born 1929); died in Switzerland
- 21 January – Delia de Leon, Panamanian-born actress (born 1901)[49]
- 24 January – Sir Henry Abel Smith, British Army officer and World War II veteran (born 1900)
- 28 January
- 30 January – Dorothy Miles, Welsh poet (born 1931)
- 31 January – John Poulson, businessman (born 1900)
February
- 2 February – Bernard Braden, actor and comedian (born 1916, Canada)
- 5 February
- 6 February – Sir George Bellew, herald (born 1899)
- 9 February – Bill Grundy, journalist (born 1923)
- 13 February
- 14 February – Eric Lionel Mascall, Anglican priest and theologian (born 1905)
- 17 February – Leslie Townsend, English cricketer (born 1903)
- 18 February
- 19 February – Judith Chaplin, politician (born 1939)
- 21 February
- 24 February – Bobby Moore, English footballer (born 1941)
- 25 February – Dave Cook, communist activist (born 1941); road accident in Turkey
- 28 February – Joyce Carey, actress (born 1898)
March
- 3 March – Tony Bland, football supporter injured in Hillsborough disaster in 1989 allowed to die after a landmark legal challenge by his family[50] (born 1970)
- 4 March – Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale, politician, Secretary of State for Transport (1983–1986), Secretary of State for the Environment (1986–1989) and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (1989–1990) (born 1929)
- 5 March – Robert McCance, paediatrician, biochemist and nutritionist (born 1898)
- 6 March – Andrew Gilchrist, diplomat (born 1910)
- 7 March
- 9 March – C. Northcote Parkinson, historian (born 1909)
- 13 March – Ann Way, actress (born 1915)
- 14 March – Harold Soref, politician (born 1916)
- 16 March – Gordon Donaldson, historian (born 1913)
- 17 March
- 21 March – Digby Tatham-Warter, British Army officer (born 1917)
- 24 March
- 29 March – Sir John Rodgers, 1st Baronet, politician (born 1906)
- 31 March – Ailwyn Fellowes, 3rd Baron de Ramsey, peer (born 1910)
April
- 1 April – Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman, zoologist and public servant (born 1904)
- 4 April – Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy, British Royal Air Force commander (born 1911)
- 6 April – Charles Burkill, mathematician (born 1900)
- 7 April – Terry Price, Welsh rugby player (born 1945); road accident
- 9 April – Jess Yates, television presenter (born 1918)
- 10 April – Donald Broadbent, psychologist (born 1926)
- 15 April
- 18 April – Dame Elisabeth Frink, sculptor (born 1930)
- 20 April – Rowland Hilder, artist (born 1905)
- 22 April – Stephen Lawrence, student (born 1974); murdered
- 23 April – Daniel Jones, composer (born 1912)
- 24 April – Sir Ian Jacob, Army general and broadcasting executive (born 1899)
- 26 April – Bob Broadbent, cricketer (born 1924)
- 29 April
- 30 April – Tommy Caton, footballer (born 1962)
May
- 1 May – Gerry Fowler, politician (born 1935)
- 5 May – Sir Dermot Boyle, British Royal Air Force commander (born 1904)
- 6 May
- 8 May – Edward Ward, 7th Viscount Bangor, peer (born 1905)
- 9 May
- 12 May – John Treasure Jones, naval captain, last master of RMS Queen Mary (born 1905)
- 13 May
- 17 May – Elizabeth Wilmot, costume designer (born 1902)
- 21 May – John Frost, British Army officer and Battle of Arnhem veteran (born 1912)
- 22 May – David Rees, author (born 1936)
- 27 May – Roger MacDougall, screenwriter and playwright (born 1910)
- 28 May
- 30 May – Mel Rees, footballer (born 1968)
June
- 1 June – Austin Robinson, economist (born 1897)
- 4 June
- 5 June – George Strauss, Baron Strauss, politician, Father of the House of Commons (1974–1979) (born 1901)
- 6 June – Sir Richard Norman, chemist (born 1932)
- 9 June – Samuel Finer, historian (born 1915)
- 10 June
- 11 June
- 15 June – James Hunt, racing driver and media commentator (born 1947)
- 19 June – William Golding, novelist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1911)
- 21 June
- 22 June – Victor Maddern, actor (born 1928)
- 23 June – Flora Bramley, actress and comedian (born 1904)
July
- 1 July – Tom Berry, rugby union player and manager (born 1911)
- 6 July
- 8 July – John Riseley-Pritchard, racing driver (born 1924)
- 12 July – Dan Eldon, journalist (born 1970);[20] murdered in Somalia
- 15 July – Bert Greeves, motorcycle pioneer (born 1906)
- 18 July – Michael Winstanley, Baron Winstanley, politician (born 1918)
- 19 July – Gordon Gray, Scottish cardinal (born 1910)
- 21 July – John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute, peer and art collector (born 1933)
- 23 July
- 25 July – Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, Scottish noblewoman (born 1912)
- 27 July – T. Dan Smith, politician (born 1915)
- 28 July – Jack Browne, Baron Craigton, politician (born 1904)
August
- 1 August – Gerry Sundquist, actor (born 1955); suicide
- 2 August – Sir Nigel Henderson, British Royal Navy admiral, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (1968–1971) (born 1909)
- 3 August – James Donald, actor (born 1917)
- 7 August – Roy Budd, jazz pianist and composer (born 1947)
- 10 August – Diana Holman-Hunt, writer and art critic (born 1913)
- 15 August – Patricia St. John, novelist (born 1919)
- 16 August
- 18 August – Tony Barwick, television scriptwriter (born 1934)
- 20 August – Tony Barton, English footballer, coach and manager (born 1937)
- 24 August – George Cansdale, zoologist, writer and television presenter (born 1909)
- 25 August – Mildred Creak, child psychiatrist (born 1898)
- 28 August
- 30 August
September
- 1 September
- 2 September – Eric Berry, actor (born 1913)
- 4 September – Tommy Cheadle, English footballer (born 1919)
- 5 September – Edwin Malindine, politician (born 1910)
- 6 September – A. L. F. Rivet, archaeologist and cartographer (born 1915)
- 12 September – Harold Innocent, actor (born 1933)
- 14 September
- 19 September – Helen Adam, poet, collagist and photographer (born 1909)
- 20 September – Leonard Parkin, television newsreader (born 1929)
- 23 September – Myer Galpern, politician (born 1903)
- 24 September – Tamara Talbot Rice, art historian (born 1904, Russian Empire)
- 25 September – Sir John Moores, businessman, founder and chairman of Littlewoods 1923-1977 and 1980-1982 (born 1896)
- 30 September
October
- 3 October – Rory Peck, journalist (born 1956); murdered in Russia
- 4 October – Jim Holton, Scottish footballer (born 1951)
- 7 October – Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, journalist and scientific writer (born 1905)
- 8 October – Peter Conder, ornithologist and conservationist (born 1919)
- 10 October
- 11 October – Andy Stewart, singer and musician (born 1933)
- 12 October – Patrick Holt, actor (born 1912)
- 22 October – Innes Ireland, soldier and motor racing driver (born 1930)
- 23 October – Wilhelm Feldberg, physiologist and biologist (born 1900, German Empire)
- 24 October – Jo Grimond, politician, Leader of the Liberal Party (1956–1967) (born 1913)
- 26 October – Maurice Henry Dorman, diplomat (born 1912)
- 27 October
- 30 October
November
- 1 November
- 3 November
- H. G. Callan, zoologist and cytologist (born 1917)
- Aidan Crawley, journalist, television executive and politician (born 1908)
- Duncan Gibbins, film director and screenwriter (born 1952); accidentally burnt
- 5 November – Michael Bilton, actor (born 1919)
- 8 November – James Moffat, novelist (born 1922, Canada)
- 9 November
- 13 November – Sir George Taylor, botanist, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens (1956–1971) (born 1904)
- 19 November – Christopher Frank, British-born French screenwriter (born 1942)
- 21 November
- 22 November – Anthony Burgess, novelist and composer (born 1917)
- 24 November – John Blythe, actor (born 1921)
- 28 November
- 29 November
- Alan Clare, jazz pianist and composer (born 1921)
- Sir Jack Longland, educator, mountain climber and broadcaster (born 1905)
- 30 November – Wogan Philipps, 2nd Baron Milford, only Communist member of the House of Lords (born 1902)
December
See also
Notes and References
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- News: BA dirty tricks against Virgin cost £3m . 2008-02-13. 11 January 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/11/newsid_2520000/2520189.stm. 7 March 2008 . live.
- Web site: Operations in the Balkans: British Fatalities. Ministry of Defence. 10 June 2006. 2011-09-26. 9 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121009164623/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/BalkansBritishFatalities. dead.
- Web site: Poll tracker: Interactive guide to the opinion polls. Election 2010. BBC. 2013-03-20.
- Web site: James Bulger 'battered with bricks' . The Guardian . 9 January 2022 . en . 2 November 1993.
- News: Child killed in Warrington bomb attack. 2008-02-13. 20 March 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/20/newsid_2544000/2544121.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
- Web site: Mk1 Ford Mondeo review. Motoring Research. 2018-07-11.
- News: Grand National ends in 'shambles' . 2008-02-13. 3 April 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/3/newsid_4216000/4216143.stm. 7 March 2008 . live.
- Web site: 3 April 1993: Esha Ness 'wins' the Grand National that never was. The Guardian. 11 October 2022.
- Web site: The Royal Logistic Corps and Forming Corps. The Royal Logistic Corps Museum. 13 May 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130814155505/http://rlcmuseum.co.uk/docs/history.html. 14 August 2013.
- News: IRA bomb devastates City of London. 2008-02-13. 24 April 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120154/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/24/newsid_2523000/2523345.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
- Web site: Recession over – it's official. 2013-03-20. 26 April 1993. BBC News.
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- News: Minister resigns over business links. 2008-02-13. 24 June 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120358/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/24/newsid_2519000/2519201.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
- Web site: Voting Intention in Great Britain: 1976–present . . 18 July 2012 . 2012-11-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120923031349/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=103 . 23 September 2012.
- Web site: UNISON Family Tree. unionancestors.co.uk. 4 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110221062847/http://www.unionancestors.co.uk/Images/UnisonFamTree.pdf. 21 February 2011. dead.
- News: Young photographer exposed Somalia's horrors. CNN. 7 December 1997. 27 March 2023.
- News: 16 July 1993: Secret Service goes public. BBC. On This Day. 2011-01-18. 2008.
- Web site: How the Government's Majority Disappeared. BBC. Politics 97. 1997. 2013-03-20.
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- News: Shock as racist wins council seat. 2008-02-13. 17 September 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120139/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/17/newsid_2520000/2520085.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
- News: Major goes back to the old values. The Guardian. 2007-09-26. London. Patrick. Wintour. 9 October 1993.
- Announced 18 November.
- Book: Lowe . Rodney . Pemberton . Hugh . The Official History of the British Civil Service: Reforming the Civil Service, Volume II: The Thatcher and Major Revolutions, 1982-97 . 7 May 2020 . Routledge . 978-0-429-89476-3 . 202 . en.
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- News: The M40 Crash: Day trip to disaster for 11 young musicians. Steve. Boggan. The Independent. London. 19 November 1993. 2012-07-30. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-m40-crash-day-trip-to-disaster-for-11-young-musicians-steve-boggan-outlines-the-events-leading-to-the-accident-which-killed-11-pupils-and-a-teacher-after-an-outing-to-london-1505175.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live.
- News: 13th pupil dies but crash cause still unknown. Steve. Boggan. The Independent. 20 November 1993. 2012-07-30. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/13th-pupil-dies-but-crash-cause-still-unknown-1505611.html . 1 May 2022 . subscription . live. London.
- Web site: Do I Not Like That. FrontlineFootball. 1994. 2013-03-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20120609021831/http://www.frontlinefootball.com/Football-Documentaries/do-i-not-like-that/. 9 June 2012. dead.
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- Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993. 2008-02-13.
- News: Anglo-Irish pact paves way for peace . 2008-02-13. 15 December 1993. BBC News. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120320/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/15/newsid_4032000/4032141.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
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